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Journal articles on the topic 'Nazi-occupied Poland'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 20 February 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Lane, Nicholas. "Tourism in Nazi‐occupied Poland: Baedeker'sGeneralgouvernement." East European Jewish Affairs 27, no. 1 (1997): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13501679708577840.

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Naliwajek-Mazurek, Katarzyna. "Music in Nazi-Occupied Poland between 1939 and 1945." Musicology Today 13, no. 1 (2016): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/muso-2016-0006.

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Abstract The paper is a survey of research on music in territories of occupied Poland conducted by the author in recent years, as well as a review of selected existing literature on this topic. A case study illustrates a principal thesis of this essay according to which music was used by the German Nazis in the General Government as a key elements of propaganda and in appropriation of conquered territories as both physical and symbolic spaces.

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Kłoczowski, Jerzy. "The Religious Orders and the Jews in Nazi-occupied Poland." Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry 3, no. 1 (1988): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/polin.1988.3.238.

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4

Lowe, Martyn. "Alternatives in Poland: I The Clandestine Press in Poland/ II Krakow And Other Ecological Initiatives In Poland." Information for Social Change, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 14–20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4615682.

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There were two periods of non-violent resistance in Poland: during the Nazi occupation of World War Two and during the period of Martial Law in the 1980s. There are many myths about World War Two, particularly when it comes to the question of non-violent civilian defence. Yet throughout Europe during the Nazi occupation some circa 9,000 clandestine newspapers were produced. The figures are both impressive and a testament to the efforts that ordinary people will make to resist evil. The statistics are truly amazing when you take into account the number of clandestine newspapers that were produc

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Paulsson, Gunnar S. "The Rescue of Jews by Non-Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland." Journal of Holocaust Education 7, no. 1-2 (1998): 19–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17504902.1998.11087056.

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Tingler, Jason. "Chełm's Unraveling: The Holocaust and Interethnic Violence in Nazi-Occupied Poland." Slavic Review 81, no. 3 (2022): 653–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/slr.2022.305.

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This article explores the myriad ways that Polish and Ukrainian residents engaged in violent and cruel behavior during World War II through a case study of the Chełm region. Under Nazi occupation, this formerly peaceful community exploded into a horrific scene of nationalist and popular violence. Jews were widely assaulted by their Polish and Ukrainian countrymen; Poles and Ukrainians engaged in mutual killings and ethnic cleansing; rural villagers were subjected to countless raids from area partisans; and escaped Soviet POWs were often denounced or otherwise attacked by area residents. Treati

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Przewoźnik, Sylwia. "Korespondencja więźniów z obozu w Auschwitz w świetle akt Sądu Grodzkiego w Krakowie z lat 1946–1950." Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne 70, no. 1 (2018): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cph.2018.1.12.

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The Auschwitz concentration camp was established in 1940. It was the largest Nazi concentration camp situated on the territory of the occupied Poland. It was also an extermination camp of the prisoners incarcerated there. The Jews and the Poles were the largest national groups which were confined to the Nazi camp in Auschwitz. In January of 1945, the Auschwitz camp was liberated by the Red Army. The following article is based on the archives of Cracow Magistrate’s Court from 1946 until 1950 which are accompanied by the prisoner correspondence from the Nazi death camp in Auschwitz.

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Salmonowicz, Stanisław. "The Legal Status of Poles under German Occupation (1939–1945). Some Remarks on the Need for Research." Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa 9, Special Issue (2017): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844131ks.16.036.6974.

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The article describes the legal status of Poles residing within the territories occupied by Nazi Germany or areas incorporated into the Third Reich during the Second World War. The author points to the examples of the limitations placed on Poles in access to goods and services, including transport, healthcare, and cultural institutions. Furthermore, he reminds us of the orders and prohibitions derived from civil, administrative, and labour laws which were imposed on Poles. The author emphasises some significant differences between the Nazi occupation in Poland and in other European countries.

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Liekis, Šarūnas. "„Parade of flee“ and unhappened occupation of Klaipėda in 1938. Unknows pages of Lithuania and Germany relationship." Genocidas ir rezistencija 2, no. 16 (2025): 162–71. https://doi.org/10.61903/gr.2004.211.

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This article present document found in archive in USA. It is a the plan of Nazi German military operation named Flottenparade (Vessel parade). According this plan, if Poland have started military actions against Lithuania, Germany would have occupied Klaipėda. This document reveals details of the plans, also describes atmosphere of these days, Lithuanian army situation and potential.

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Franz, Maciej. "Profesor Roman Pollak jako współtwórca i JM Rektor Uniwersytetu Ziem Zachodnich." Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Literacka, no. 45 (December 30, 2023): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pspsl.2023.45.8.

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The aggression of Nazi Germany against Poland on September 1, 1939 was followed by the occupation of Poznan, during which the Germans dissolved the University of Poznań and wanted to denationalise Greater Poland by expelling Poles from the Warta Land, as they called it. Risking their lives, professors and students decided to create a secret University of the Western Lands in Warsaw and other cities of the General Government. It was the largest secret university in occupied Poland and one of its key figures was professor Roman Pollak. He was the second chancellor of the university, managing it

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Harrison, E. D. R. "'Not with Sentimentality, but with Passion for Germany': Nazi Policies in Occupied Poland." German History 13, no. 2 (1995): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/13.2.233.

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Harvey, Elizabeth. "‘We Forgot All Jews and Poles’: German Women and the ‘Ethnic Struggle’ in Nazi-occupied Poland." Contemporary European History 10, no. 3 (2001): 447–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096077730100306x.

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During the Second World War, the Nazi regime sent thousands of German women to occupied Poland to work with the ethnic German population, comprising native ethnic Germans and resettlers from the Baltic states, eastern Poland and Romania. They were to be trained to act as model colonisers for the newly conquered territories. Meanwhile the non-German population was subjugated and terrorised. This article examines what German women witnessed in Poland and how far they can be seen as complicit in acts of violence and injustice committed against Poles and Jews. To what extent did a gendered divisio

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Володимир Васильович Очеретяний and Інна Іванівна Ніколіна. "THE PROCESS OF CREATING THE NAZI CAMP SYSTEM IN POLAND DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR." Intermarum history policy culture, no. 5 (January 1, 2018): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.111817.

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This article analyzes the process of creating the German camp system in Poland. The Nazi racial politics towards the Jews promoted their isolation from the so-called "full part of society". For this purpose, two main mechanisms for their separation were created: concentration camps, some of which were transformed into "factories of death", and Jewish ghettos. The establishment of concentration camps in Poland was preceded by a long process of organizational and legal registration first in Germany itself, and later on the territories occupied by it. This process was accompanied by numerous Jewi

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RÖGER, MAREN. "The Sexual Policies and Sexual Realities of the German Occupiers in Poland in the Second World War." Contemporary European History 23, no. 1 (2014): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777313000490.

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AbstractSexual policies were a core component of the National Socialist racial policies, both in the Altreich (territories considered part of Nazi Germany before 1938), as well as in the occupied territories. In occupied Poland the Germans imposed a ‘prohibition of contact’ (Umgangsverbot) with the local Polish population, a restriction that covered both social as well as sexual encounters. But this model of absolute racial segregation was never truly implemented. This paper attempts to show that there existed a wide range of sexual contacts between the occupiers and the local inhabitants, wit

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Ward, James Mace. "“People Who Deserve It”: Jozef Tiso and the Presidential Exemption." Nationalities Papers 30, no. 4 (2002): 571–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2002.10540508.

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Between March and October of 1942, Slovakia deported the majority of its Jews to extermination camps in German-occupied Poland. Since then, critics and apologists of the nominally independent Nazi satellite state have argued bitterly over who was to blame. Did the Slovaks act voluntarily or under German pressure? If the latter, were they in any position to do otherwise? With equal vigor, the two sides have clashed over whether the Slovaks realized they were participating in genocide, whether they acted to limit or stop the deportations once the truth came out, and whether, compared with other

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Harrison, E. D. R. "Review Article : 'Not with Sentimentality, but with Passion for Germany' : Nazi Policies in Occupied Poland." German History 13, no. 2 (1995): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635549501300209.

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Huener, Jonathan. "Nazi Kirchenpolitik and Polish Catholicism in the Reichsgau Wartheland, 1939–1941." Central European History 47, no. 1 (2014): 105–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938914000648.

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With the invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, National Socialist Germany aimed to destroy the Polish nation and Polish national consciousness. The Nazi regime attempted to accomplish this in a variety of ways, including the destruction of Polish cultural institutions, forced resettlement, forced labor, incarceration in prisons and camps, random and systematic roundups of prisoners, and mass murder. To the German authorities in occupied Poland and to many Poles, it was obvious that the occupation would target the Polish Catholic Church with vigor and brutality. Catholicism was the religion

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18

Kaczmarek, Ryszard. "The events of 1938 in Silesia as a prelude to the outbreak of the Second World War." Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka 73 (July 15, 2024): 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/skhs.2018.s.07.

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The article presents the genesis of the Second World War in Central and Eastern Europe from the perspective of 1938, highlighting in particular the area of Silesia, which in the 20th century belonged to the German Reich, the Czechoslovak Republic and the Republic of Poland. The text focuses primarily on the diplomatic situation in which Silesia became an object of a political game, both of the great powers and of the actions taken by small and medium-sized Central European states (including Poland), seeking to guarantee their sovereignty in the new geopolitical conditions. The main role in the

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Neufeldt, Colin P., and Wojciech Marchlewski. "Escape to Freedom and Return to Bondage." Polish Review 69, no. 3 (2024): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/23300841.69.3.03.

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Abstract In January 1945, the Red Army began its Vistula-Oder offensive forcing the German army to abandon many territories that it occupied west of the Vistula River. The offensive also resulted in the westward evacuation of thousands of ethnic Germans, including Mennonites, seeking refuge in the shrinking Third Reich. This paper examines the evacuation strategies and experiences of Mennonites from Deutsch Wymyschle and Gąbin, Poland during this chaotic time. It also investigates the Red Army's brutal treatment of Mennonites following their capture and during the journey back to their village

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20

Kuzovova, Natalia. "SOVIET REPRESSION AGAINST REFUGEE JEWS FROM THE TERRITORY OF POLAND AND CZECH-SLOVAKIA BEFORE AND AT THE BEGINNING OF WORLD WAR II." Intermarum history policy culture, no. 9 (December 25, 2021): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.112018.

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Purpose: to analyze a set of documents stored in the funds of the State Archives of Kherson region – cases of repressed refugees from Poland and Czechoslovakia in 1938-1941. Based on historiographical and source studies on this topic, to outline the general grounds for arrest and persecution of refugees by Soviet authorities and to find out why Jews – former citizens of Poland and Czechoslovakia – found themselves in the focus of repression. Research methodology. The main research methods were general and special-historical, as well as methods of archival heuristics and scientific criticism of

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21

Banakh, Vasyl. "Soviet and Nazi museum propaganda using the examples of occupied Lviv and Kyiv (1939-1942)." Scientific Papers of the Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University. History 44 (October 7, 2024): 245–56. https://doi.org/10.32626/2309-2254.2024-44.245-256.

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The purpose of the research is to analyze, based on archival sources and historiography, the specific features of how the occupying totalitarian regimes used museum activities as a form of propaganda during World War II in 1939-1942. The research methodology relies on the principles of the concrete-historical approach, or historicism, objectivity, comprehensiveness and integrity, systematicity, as well as on the use of methods such as analysis and synthesis, historical-comparative, historical-typological, and problem-chronological methods. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that, for the

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22

Poprawa, Marcin. "Propaganda as a weapon and a tool of totalitarian power: The image of the concept in the common discourse of the war and occupation years 1939–1945." Język a Kultura 27 (June 13, 2019): 177–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1232-9657.27.12.

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Propaganda as a weapon and a tool of totalitarian power: The image of the concept in the common discourse of the war and occupation years 1939–1945The author of the article describes the ways of conceptualizing Nazi totalitarian propaganda during the Second World War 1939–1945 in occupied Poland. This totalitarian discourse created many defense mechanisms on the level of colloquial knowledge, humor directed against the occupant, and was the object of counter-propaganda activities conducted by Polish underground organizations. This article describes a fragment of the “anti-totalitarian discours

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Xavier, Riaud. "General-leutnant Dr Karl Mauss (1898-1959)." Journal of Dental Problems and Solutions 4, no. 1 (2017): 008–10. https://doi.org/10.17352/2394-8418.000039.

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After it has invaded Poland, Germany will have to carry on paying the bills for Hitler’s expansion projects. Thus, thousands of men will die on the battle fields. Many more will come back crippled. A lot of men abuse their power over the civilian populations of the occupied territories. Throughout these battles, true personalities got revealed and, although one might think that true courage would have been to resist and fight against the Nazi government, some of men have distinguished themselves on the battle fields. Dentists were no exception. The following story deals with one of them.

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24

Friedrich, Klaus Peter. "Nazistowski mord na Żydach w prasie polskich komunistów (1942–1944)." Zagłada Żydów. Studia i Materiały, no. 2 (December 2, 2006): 54–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32927/zzsim.180.

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Facing the decisive struggle between Nazism and Soviet communism for dominance in Europe, in 1942/43 Polish communists sojourning in the USSR espoused anti-German concepts of the political right. Their aim was an ethnic Polish ‘national communism’. Meanwhile, the Polish Workers’ Party in the occupied country advocated a maximum intensification of civilian resistance and partisan struggle. In this context, commentaries on the Nazi judeocide were an important element in their endeavors to influence the prevailing mood in the country: The underground communist press often pointed to the fate of t

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Kmeťová, Marianna, and Marek Syrný. "The 1944 Warsaw Uprising." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2020-1-18-23.

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After the German campaign at the beginning of World War II (1939), Poland was divided between nazi Germany which occupied the west and center of the country, and the Soviet Union which occupying the Eastern regions. The controversial relationship with Moscow has seen several diametrical breaks from a positive alliance after the invasion of the Soviet Union by the Axis powers in 1941, to a very critical relationship with the USSR after the revelation of the so-called Katyn massacre in 1943. With the approach of the Eastern Front to the frontiers of pre-war Poland, massive Polish Resistance was

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Savchuk, B. P., and G. V. Bilavych. "Formation of the Education System of the Rusins in Lemkivshchyna During the Second World War: Scientific Discourse." Rusin, no. 62 (2020): 115–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/62/7.

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The article suggests discussing the education system of the Rusins in Lemkivshchyna during WWII through the prism of scientific discourse. The authors show the specificity of socio-political and cultural development of the education system in the late 19th – the first half of the 20th centuries and describe the essence of the Nazi regime that established in Lemkivshchyna from September 1939 to 1944, within which Lemkivshchyna was part of the General Government – an administrative-territorial entity in Poland and Western Ukraine occupied by Nazi Germany. The focus is the local administrative st

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Bondyrev, Vladimir Evgenievich. "For the day of the great victory: Berlin operation 1945." Social'naja politika i social'noe partnerstvo (Social Policy and Social Partnership), no. 5 (May 15, 2024): 346–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pol-01-2405-02.

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In the spring of 1945, fighting on the territory of Nazi Germany was carried out by the allied armies of the states of the anti-Hitler coalition — the Soviet Union, the USA, Great Britain and France. Having defeated large groups of Nazi troops in Poland, Prussia and eastern Pomerania, Soviet troops reached the banks of the Oder and Neisse rivers. By mid-April, the Red Army had liberated all of Hungary, almost the entire territory of Czechoslovakia and occupied Vienna,after which the offensive, despite fierce resistance from the Nazis, successfully continued in the eastern and southern directio

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Van Der Meer, Kastle Michael. ""It is Unfair to the Animals to Call the German Rapists Animals": Jewish Resistance to Rape at the Hands of Nazis in Polish Ghettos." Graduate History Review 11, no. 1 (2022): 71–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ghr111202220536.

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Despite the close examination of Nazi brutality in the postwar years, certain atrocities remain relatively understudied. Crimes involving sexualized violence in particular were neglected by scholars until recently for a variety of reasons, including the incorrect notion that German laws prohibiting Rassenschande (racial defilement) prevented “Aryan” Germans from raping Jews. As a result, certain forms of violence such as rape have not traditionally been considered part of the Nazi terror apparatus. In an effort to shed light on the topic of sexualized violence in the Holocaust and to emphasize

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Fox, John P. "Nechama Tec. When Light Pierced the Darkness. Christian Rescue of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland." Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry 2, no. 1 (1987): 462–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/polin.1987.2.462.

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Engelking, Barbara. "Murdering and Denouncing Jews in the Polish Countryside, 1942-1945." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 25, no. 3 (2011): 433–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325411398912.

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The Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland had several phases. First, Jews were marked with the Star of David badge, then isolated in ghettos, and—at the end—they were murdered in the extermination camps. But thousands of Jews had managed to escape both from ghettos and from camps. Often they were jumping from the trains going to Treblinka, or—after surviving a shooting—escaping from a mass grave. All of them wanted to survive the war. Some tried to stay in the cities; others were looking for help in the countryside. The article is about those Jews who wanted to live through the war among Polish pe

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Wichert, Wojciech. "„Exerzierplatz des Nationalsozialismus“ — der Reichsgau Wartheland in den Jahren 1939–1945." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 40, no. 2 (2018): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.40.2.4.

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The aim of the article is the analysis of German policy in Reichsgau Wartheland, an area of western Poland annexed to Germany in the years 1939–1945. In scientific literature German rule in Warthegau with its capital in Poznań is often defined as ,,experimental training area of National Socialism”, where the regime could test its genocidal and racial practices, which were an emanation of the German occupation of Poland. The Nazi authorities wanted to accomplish its ideological goals in Wartheland in a variety of cruel ways, including the ethnic cleansing, annihilation of Polish intelligentsia,

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Vedra, Dana. "Ve stínu říšské orlice : nacistická germanizační politika ve střední Evropě s přihlédnutím k vytváření vojenských záborů." Studia historica Brunensia, no. 1 (2024): 139–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/shb2024-1-7.

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The paper is focused on the Nazi settlement policy in Central Europe during World War II, with a focus on the displacement of inhabitants due to the creation or expansion of military training grounds. Several of these relocations took place in occupied Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Poland and played a key role in Nazi Germanization policy. In addition to the state of existing research on the topic, the paper is focused on the delineating the basic contours of these plans, which were presented by the occupiers themselves primarily as military needs of the Reich. In fact, it was one of the few Ge

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Jankowska, Agata. "Ciało zbrodniarza. Wizualne reprezentacje procesu i egzekucji Arthura Greisera." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 41, no. 2 (2019): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.41.2.5.

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THE BODY OF A WAR CRIMINAL: VISUAL REPRESENTATIONS OF ARTHUR GREISER’S TRIAL AND EXECUTIONThe essay depicts the representations of the public image of Arthur Greiser, the Governor of Reichsgau Wartheland and a war criminal, tried and sentenced to death in post-war Poland in 1946. The author analyzes visual sources, such as photographs and films. The post-war images of Arthur Greiser suggest a different figure of the Nazi leader who tried to create his own, well-considered public image as a beginner member of the Nazi party, and later — as the leader of an occupied territory. The Polish discour

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Rudling, Per Anders. "Rehearsal for Volhynia: Schutzmannschaft Battalion 201 and Hauptmann Roman Shukhevych in Occupied Belorussia, 1942." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 34, no. 1 (2019): 158–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325419844817.

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This article is part of the special cluster titled Conceptualizations of the Holocaust in Germany, Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine since the 1990s, guest edited by Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe. In 2007, Roman Shukhevych (1907–1950), the commander of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), was designated an official Ukrainian state hero. He has since become the object of an elaborate cult of personality. Lauded for his resistance to the Soviet authorities in 1944–1950, Shukhevych is highly controversial in neighbouring Poland for the ethnic cleansing that the UPA carried out in 1943–1944, as he comman

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Kislyakov, Anatoly S., and Vladimir V. Eremin. "Features of Currency Circulation in the Nazi Ghettos of Litzmannstadt (Łódź) and Theresienstadt." Общество: философия, история, культура, no. 3 (March 19, 2025): 148–54. https://doi.org/10.24158/fik.2025.3.20.

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This article addresses the issues of currency circulation in the ghettos created by the Nazi regime of the Third Reich in occupied territories during World War II (1939–1945). In these isolated areas, the Nazis confined the Jewish population, whom they deemed racially inferior and subject to extermination. The authors examine the financial aspects of the functioning of specific ghettos within the Third Reich, focusing on the replacement of currency with the ghetto’s own money, the production features, pictorial characteristics, and methods of obtain-ing. Particular attention is given to two gh

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Ruta, Magdalena. "The Gulag of Poets: The Experience of Exile, Forced Labour Camps, and Wandering in the USSR in the Works of Polish-Yiddish Writers (1939–1949)." Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia 18 (2021): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843925sj.20.010.13878.

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The literary output of the Polish-Yiddish writers who survived WWII in the Soviet Union is mostly a literary mirror of the times of exile and wartime wandering. The two major themes that reverberate through these writings are: the refugees’ reflection on their stay in the USSR, and the Holocaust of Polish Jews. After the war, some of them described that period in their memoirs and autobiographical fiction, however, due to censorship, such accounts could only be published abroad, following the authors’ emigration from Poland. These writings significantly complement the texts produced during the

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Nathans, Eli, and Diemut Majer. ""Non-Germans" under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939-1945." American Journal of Legal History 47, no. 1 (2005): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30039499.

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Wachsmann, N. "'Non-Germans' under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939-1945." English Historical Review 119, no. 483 (2004): 1008–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/119.483.1008.

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Michlic, Joanna. "The history of rescue in Poland and genderperspective: new approaches and questions." Tekstualia 1, no. 9 (2024): 63–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.7298.

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This essay does not claim to be a gender and quantitative analysis of rescue. Its modest aim is todiscuss complexities and diffi culties of studying the subject of rescue of Jews in wartime Polandfrom a gender perspective. The initial analysis put forward here is intended to investigate to whatextent gender mattered in the treatment of the non-Jewish Polish rescuers by members of theirlocal communities during and after the war. The essay demonstrates how the use of the categoryof gender in the study of rescue of Jews in Nazi-occupied Poland can facilitate an in-depth analysisof the nature of r

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GRABOWSKI, JAN, and ZBIGNIEW R. GRABOWSKI. "Germans in the Eyes of the Gestapo: The Ciechanów District, 1939–1945." Contemporary European History 13, no. 1 (2004): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777303001450.

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The files of the Ciechanów (Zichenau) Gestapo – one of the few remaining archives of this kind from German-occupied Poland – offer interesting insights into the social policy of the Nazi state. The Germanisation of Polish territories occurred by deporting and exterminating the Jews, depriving Poles of their rights and supporting the local Germans and the ethnic Germans resettled from the East. The German minority living in this ethnically mixed region was required to adhere to strict codes of behaviour and was held accountable for all unauthorised contacts with their Polish and, even more so,

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Kiselev, Alexander. "Memory and Narratives of the Second World War in Polish Public Opinion (2000–2020)." Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 1, no. 2025 (2025): 79–88. https://doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2025-0-1-79-88.

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In Polish public opinion Poland’s participation in the World War II remains one of the most important events in Polish history of the 20th century. However, largely due to the influence of historical politics, collective memory and public opinion undergone significant revision in assessments of the main events and the role of historical figures during this war. The main trend was a predominantly negative interpretation of Polish-Soviet relations across the entire spectrum of events: from the moving in of Soviet troops on the territory of western Belarus and Ukraine on September 17, 1939, to th

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Diepenbroek, Marta, Sandra Cytacka, Maria Szargut, Joanna Arciszewska, Grażyna Zielińska, and Andrzej Ossowski. "Analysis of male specific region of the human Y chromosome sheds light on historical events in Nazi occupied eastern Poland." International Journal of Legal Medicine 133, no. 2 (2018): 395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-018-1943-0.

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Black, Peter. "Sonderdienst w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie." Zagłada Żydów. Studia i Materiały, no. 12 (November 30, 2016): 91–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.32927/zzsim.409.

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The Sonderdienst (Special Service) was an enforcement agency developed by German SS and Police authorities, specifically in the Lublin District of the so called Government General (central and southeastern German-occupied Poland) to assist in enforcing German occupation ordinances in the cities and particularly in the countryside, where lack of police personnel, ignorance of local conditions, and perceived fear of partisan attack discouraged a direct German police presence. After February 1941, the SS and Police relinquished control over the Sonderdienst to the German civilian occupation autho

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Yakovlev, V. "SPECIAL NATURE OF KHARKIV SHOW TRIAL CONDUCTING (dated December 15-18, 1943) OF NAZI WAR CRIMINALS." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 150 (2021): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2021.150.12.

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Until the end of 1945 the Kharkiv show trial (dated December 15-18, 1943) was the first and unique process in the USSR of war criminals, Hitler's Germany military personnel. Its conducting took time, which was used for the legal framework forming, evidence gathering, and reaching of the relevant international agreements. In Kharkiv the war criminals were publicly tried for the first time in accordance with the Declaration on the Responsibility of the Nazis for Committed Atrocities and the Decree of the USSR Supreme Soviet Presidium number 39 dated April 19, 1943. The Kharkiv show trial was a w

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Johnson, Randall Lewis. "Weighing the anchor: Lotmanian perspectives on the Fighting Poland symbol." Sign Systems Studies 51, no. 3-4 (2023): 638–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2023.51.3-4.06.

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Simple symbols occupy a unique position within the semiosphere, constituting the symbolic core of culture with their ability to condense cultural memory into nimble, economic forms. This simplicity facilitates persistence, allowing these elementary symbols to recur diachronically, penetrating multiple layers of cultural strata to emerge and flourish in new contexts and variations. A novel example of a symbol which illustrates these attributes is Znak Polski Walczącej – the Fighting Poland symbol. Created in 1942 by the Polish Underground State as a propaganda tool, this straightforward monogra

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Jureit, Ulrike. "Großraum versus Lebensraum. Die Interdependenzen geographischer, juristischer und rassenbiologischer Ordnungsvorstellungen." Geographica Helvetica 78, no. 1 (2023): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-78-75-2023.

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Abstract. Between 1940 and 1943, Nazi jurists such as Reinhard Höhn and Werner Best worked on a political theory of racial-biological rule, which they contoured in a controversy with Carl Schmitt over the basic principles of international law and of a European Großraum. The focus of the contribution is on the entanglement and transformation of geographical, international legal and racial-biological relations between the „peoples“ living in a Großraum. On the one hand, the multiple change in discourse raises the fundamental question of the relevance of geographical knowledge (such as Ratzel's L

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Boćkowski, Daniel. "Vilnius, which did not become the capital of West Belarus." Genocidas ir rezistencija 1, no. 25 (2024): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.61903/gr.2009.101.

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The article deals with the problem of the State dependence of Vilnius on the eve and at the beginning of World War II (August–October 1939). The problem of Vilnius is considered within the broad context of international relations in Europe. Special attention is devoted to the plans and actions on the eve of Poland’s onslaught and in the second half of September 1939. After the partition by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union the spheres of influence of Poland and the Baltic States, the question of occupation and annexation of the eastern lands of Poland (Western Ukraine, Western Belarus and Viln

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Machniak, Arkadiusz. "Polityczne oraz ideologiczne motywacje działalności Romana Kisiela, pseudonim „Sęp”, „Dźwignia”. Studium przypadku." Polityka i Społeczeństwo 19, no. 1 (2021): 54–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/polispol.2021.1.4.

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Roman Kisiel was born in 1916 in the small village of Bystrowice near Jarosław. Before the outbreak of World War II, he worked as a merchant. He also served in the Polish Army. During the war, Kisiel was active in the armed underground against the Nazi Germans who occupied Poland. He was the commander of an armed detachment that also defended the Polish population against attacks by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army troops. He continued his political and underground activities after the end of World War II. For many years he was involved in the Polish People's Party. After 1945, as an independence

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Machnikowski, Piotr. "Badania nad totalitaryzmem — prawda historyczna i wolność indywidualna — prawo prywatne w służbie publicznej. Uwagi na tle „cywilnoprawnych” przepisów ustawy o IPN." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 43, no. 3 (2021): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.43.3.8.

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The much-publicised and rather unfortunate amendment of 2018 to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance introduced not only the controversial and subsequently repealed penal provisions, but also the provisions on “Protection of the good name of the Republic of Poland and the Polish Nation”. According to these, protecting the good name of the Republic of Poland and the Polish Nation is subject to the provisions of the Civil Code. The intention of the lawmakers was to prevent the dissemination in public discourse of the false expression “Polish death camps” and similar expressions somet

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Krystian Bedyński. "Pozawarszawska konspiracja więzienna na terenach okupowanych przez Niemców 1939-1945. (Udział polskiego personelu)." Archives of Criminology, no. XXIII-XXIV (January 4, 1998): 167–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak1997-1998e.

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In 1939-1945, the Nazi invaders organized over 1300 prisons and jails in the occupied territory of Poland. The institutions were instrumental to the policy of extermination the Polish nation which was among the aims of the invasion. Prisons and jails were places where Polish people were isolated, tortured and slaughtered. Inmates were transported to places of mass execution and to concentration camps; during evacuation in January l945, route columns were sent on ,,death marches”. The prisons where such genocidal practices were particularly intense are still present in Polish historical conscio

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