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Journal articles on the topic 'NbC composite'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Akhtar, Farid. "High Volume Fraction Carbide Reinforced Copper Matrix Composites for Sliding Contact Applications." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.627.

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This study deals with the processing, microstructure and properties of the carbide reinforced copper matrix composites. Powder technology was used to successfully fabricate the composites. NbC particulates were used as reinforcements for copper matrix. The microstructure of the composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The microstructural study revealed that the NbC particles were distributed uniformly in the matrix phase. No interface debonding and micro- cracks were observed in the composite. NbC particles were found in round shape in copper matrix composite. The composite hardness of 78 HRA was found with 60vol% NbC content. Electrical conductivity as high as 7%IACS was achieved. The wear performance and conductivity value predicts that NbC reinforced copper matrix composites can be used as sliding contact applications.

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2

Long, B. D., R. Othman, Hussain Zuhailawati, and M. Umemoto. "Comparison of Two Powder Processing Techniques on the Properties of Cu-NbC Composites." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/160580.

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Anin situCu-NbC composite was successfully synthesized from Cu, Nb, and C powders using ball milling and high pressure torsion (HPT) techniques. The novelty of the new approach, HPT, is the combination of high compaction pressure and large shear strain to simultaneously refine, synthesize, and consolidate composite powders at room temperature. The HPTed Cu-NbC composite was formed within a short duration of 20 min without Fe contamination from the HPT’s die. High porosity of 3–9%, Fe and niobium oxidations, from grinding media and ethanol during ball milling led to low electrical conductivity of the milled Cu-NbC composite. The electrical conductivity of the HPTed Cu-NbC composite showed a value 50% higher than that of milled Cu-NbC composite of the same composition.

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3

Muralimanokar, M., Vignesh R. Vaira, R. Padmanaban, and Priyadharshini G. Suganya. "Characterization of AZ31-NbC surface composite fabricated by friction stir processing." Koroze a ochrana materialu 64, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kom-2020-0005.

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AbstractAZ31D magnesium alloy is widely used in automotive, aircraft, and aerospace applications because of its high strength to weight ratio. However, the softness of the alloy results in higher wear rate and the high activity results in higher corrosion rate. With an aim of reducing the wear rate and corrosion rate of AZ31 alloy, surface composite of AZ31 alloy is fabricated by reinforcing niobium carbide (NbC) by friction stir processing. The microstructure and dispersion of the reinforcements in AZ31-NbC surface composite is analysed by optical microscopy. In addition, the microhardness and tribological characteristics of the developed AZ31-NbC surface composite are investigated. The results demonstrated an increase in microhardness (23.2 %) and the decrease in wear rate (15.6 % for a normal load of 2 kg) in the developed AZ31-NbC surface composite with respect to the base material. The immersion corrosion test was performed to analyse the corrosion rate of the developed AZ31-NbC surface composite in simulated sea water environment (3.5 wt % NaCl solution). The results indicate that the corrosion rate of the developed AZ31-NbC surface composite is higher than that of base material. A comprehensive analysis on the wear and corrosion mechanism of the developed AZ31-NbC surface composite is presented.

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4

Scheffler, M., O. Dernovsek, D. Schwarze, A. H. A. Bressiani, J. C. Bressiani, W. Acchar, and P. Greil. "Polymer/filler derived NbC composite ceramics." Journal of Materials Science 38, no. 24 (December 2003): 4925–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:jmsc.0000004415.23316.b0.

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5

Shi, Baoming, Shiming Huang, Ping Zhu, Changen Xu, and Tengfei Zhang. "Microstructure and Wear Behavior of In-Situ NbC Reinforced Composite Coatings." Materials 13, no. 16 (August 5, 2020): 3459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13163459.

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In the present study, plasma spray welding was used to prepare an in-situ niobium carbide (NbC) reinforced Ni-based composite coating on the low carbon steel, and the phase composition and the microstructure of the composite coatings were studied. The wear resistance and the wear mechanism of the composite coatings were also researched by the wear tests. The results showed that the main phases of the composite coating were NbC, γ-Ni, Cr23C6, Ni3Si, CrB, Cr5B3, Cr7C3 and FeNi3. A number of fine in-situ NbC particles and numerous chromium carbide particles were distributed in the γ-Ni matrix. The increase in the mass fraction of Nb and NiCr-Cr3C2 could lead to the increase in NbC particles in the composite coatings. Due to the high hardness of NbC and chromium carbides, the micro-hardness and the wear resistance of the composite coatings were advanced. The composite coating with the powder mixtures of 20% (Nb + NiCr-Cr3C2) and 80% NiCrBSi had the highest micro-hardness and the best wear resistance in this study. The average micro-hardness reached the maximum value 1025HV0.5. The volume loss was 39.2 mm3, which was merely 37% of that of the NiCrBSi coating and 6% of that of the substrate under the identical conditions.

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6

Öveçoğlu, M. Lütfi, Emre Tekoğlu, Sıddıka Mertdinç, and Duygu Ağaoğulları. "Characterization Investigations of a Al-5 wt.% Si/2 wt% (NbB₂, NbC) Hybrid Composite Fabricated via Mechanically Alloying and Sequentially Milling (Mechanical Alloying + Cryomilling)." Key Engineering Materials 759 (January 2018): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.759.35.

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In this study, microstructural and mechanical properties of a Al-5 wt.% Si/2 wt% (NbB2, NbC) composite synthesized by sequentially milling (mechanical alloying (MA) and/or cryogenic milling (CM)) were investigated. Nb2O5, B2O3 and C powder blends were milled using high energy milling for 5 h and annealed at 1400 oC for 12 h to produce NbB2-NbC hybrid powders. The NbB2-NbC hybrid powders were mixed with the matrix Al-5 wt.% Si powders to constitute the Al-5 wt.% Si/2 wt.% (NbB2-NbC) powders blends which were mechanically alloyed (MA'd) for 4 h using SpexTM Mixer/Mill, cryo-milled for 10 min in a SpexTM 6870 Freezer/Mill and finally MA’d for 1h in SpexTM Mixer/Mill again. As-blended, MA’d and cryomilled powders were compacted in a hydraulic press with a uniaxial pressure of 450 MPa. Compacted samples were sintered at 570°C for 2 h under Ar gas atmosphere. Microstructural characterizations of the as-blended/MA'd powders and the sintered composites were performed using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Density and microhardness measurements and sliding wear tests were performed on the sintered composite samples. Sequentially milled and sintered Al-5 wt.% Si-2 wt.% (NbB2-NbC) samples had the highest mean microhardness value (2.29 ± 24.98 GPa) and the lowest wear volume loss (0.038 mm3).

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7

Voitovich, Elena Valerievna, Alla Vasilievna Cherevatova, Igor Vladimirovich Zhernovsky, Hans Bertram Fischer, Valeria Valerievna Strokova, Natalya Valentinovna Makarova, and Elena Nikolaevna Chikileva. "Influence of Nanosized Silica Component on Physical and Mechanical Properties of a Composite Gypsum Binder." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 1756–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.1756.

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The work presents the results of development of the composite gypsum binder (GB) with nanostructured binder on the basis of silica component (NBC). Introduction of NBC changes the kinetics of hardening, as well as improves physical and mechanical properties of gypsum system. Analysis of the microstructure of the GB has demonstrated in the presence of the NB the size and morphology of crystals are changed, promoting the formation of fine-crystalline structure and increase the contact area between new formations, compared to NBC – free gypsum system. Experimental studies have shown that the mechanical properties of the composite gypsum application of NBC increased, reduced water absorption, density increases, and increases the setting time.

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8

Rasib, Siti Zalifah Md, and Zuhailawati Hussain. "Mechanical Alloying of Fe-Nb-N with Different Ball to Powder Weight Ratio for the Formation of Fe-NbC Composite." Advanced Materials Research 620 (December 2012): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.620.94.

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Milling process through mechanical alloying method was performed on a powder mixture of Fe-80.11 wt%, Nb-17.62 wt% and C-2.26 wt% to produce Fe-NbC composite by in situ reaction. Ball to powder weight ratio parameter was selected since formation of phase and microstructure characteristics of this composite were expected to depend on ball collision event during milling. The as-milled and sintered Fe-NbC was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM). We found that formation of Fe-NbC by in situ required mechanical alloying of the mixture using 10:1 of ball to powder weight ratio to achieve small crystallite size and more homogeneous of NbC phase.

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9

Sun, Yao Ning, Ding Fan, Yu Feng Zheng, Min Zheng, and Jian Bin Zhang. "In Situ Formation of NbC Reinforced Ni₃Si Intermetallic Compounds by Laser Cladding." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 1351–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.1351.

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Laser cladding technique was used to form Ni3Si intermetallic composite coating reinforced by in-situ formation NbC particles on Ni-based superalloy substrate. The process parameters were optimized to obtain cladding. The effect of Nb-C addition to the microstructure of the coating was investigated. The morphology of reinforcement particles was discussed. The experimental results showed that an excellent bonding between the coating and the substrate was ensured by a strong metallurgical interface. The clad coating was very good and free from cracks and pores. The microstructure of the coating was mainly composed of Ni(Si), Ni3(Si, Nb) and NbC. The NbC particles were formed by in-situ reaction between Nb and C during laser cladding process. NbC particles were homogeneously distributed in the composite material. Moreover, the maximum size of NbC particles was more than 4 μm.

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10

Dong, Gang, Biao Yan, Qi Lin Deng, Ting Yu, Yu Xin Wang, and Yin Hui Yang. "Fabrication of Ni-Based Composite Coating Reinforced with NbC Particles by Laser Cladding." Materials Science Forum 686 (June 2011): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.686.553.

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The in situ synthesized NbC particles reinforced Ni-based alloy composite coating has been successfully prepared on 1045 steel substrate by laser cladding a precursor mixture of Ni-based alloy, graphite and niobium powders. The microstructure, phase composition and wear property of the composite coating are investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and dry sliding wear test. The experiment results show that the coating is uniform, continuous and free of pores and cracks with excellent bonding between the coating and the substrate. The microstructure of the coating is mainly composed of γ-Ni dendrite, a large amount of interdendritic eutectics of M23(CB)6, N3B with γ-Ni, M23(CB)6type carbides and dispersed NbC particles. The growth mechanism of the NbC particles with cores is nucleation-growth and the un-melted niobium may act as the nucleation core for NbC, Compared to the pure Ni-based alloy coating, the hardness of the composite coating is increased about 36 %, giving a high average hardness of approximate HV0.2750. Moreover, the wear volume and wear rate of the composite coating are decreased about 50 % and 42 %, respectively. This is attributed to the presence of in situ synthesized NbC particles and their well distribution in the coating.

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11

Rasib, Siti Zalifah Md, and Zuhailawati Hussain. "Effect of Milling Speed on Properties of Fe-NbC Composite Prepared by Mechanical Alloying." Key Engineering Materials 471-472 (February 2011): 804–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.471-472.804.

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Nowadays, mechanical alloy (MA) method has turned up as one of a new and applicable method for metal matrix composite fabrication due to some advantages such as the ability to form nanocrystalline structure with improved properties. In this work, different milling speed of MA process (100, 200, 300 and 400 rpm) was performed on Fe-17.21wt%Nb-2.23wt%C with milling duration of 10 hours. The mixture was pressed and sintered at 1300oC into a pellet form. Investigation by X-ray diffraction, measurement of hardness and density were carried out. High milling speed resulted on crystalline-to-amorphous transition of XRD peaks of Fe and NbC phases. Different level of MA at different speed also produced fine NbC particles and strain hardening which resulted in increase value of hardness. The presence of pores, particularly in the composite with high milling speed, decreased the density of Fe-NbC composite.

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12

CHENG, Qian, Haiyan CHEN, Yue HOU, Li FAN, Lihua DONG, and Yansheng YIN. "Wear and Corrosion Properties of Plasma Transferred Arc Ni-based Coatings Reinforced with NbC Particles." Materials Science 27, no. 3 (August 23, 2021): 294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.ms.24211.

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The wear and corrosion resistance of Ni-based niobium carbide (NbC) coatings were investigated via scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction, electrochemical polarization, electrochemicl impedance spectroscopy, digital microhardness testing and wear testing. The results showed that the substrate was mainly composed of a γ-Cr (Fe) solid solution, and the composite coating was composed of FeNi, NbC, and Ni. In addition, the hardness of the coating increased gradually with increasing NbC content. The optimal corrosion resistance and wear resistance of the coating were realized at an NbC content of 20%.

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13

Jiang, Ai Min, Quan Li, and Feng Jie Yang. "Effects of Combined Addition of Cr₃C₂ and NbC on Microstructure and Properties of Cemented Carbides Prepared by WС-Co Composite Powder." Materials Science Forum 849 (March 2016): 794–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.849.794.

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With addition various contents of combined grain growth inhibitors Cr3C2 and NbC into the ultrafine WC-Co6% composite powder, and the effects of codoped Cr3C2 and NbC addition on microstructure and properties of the alloys have been investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that increasing the content of inhibitors in the composite powder, the abnormal grain growth disappeared and homogeneous ultrafine grain structure formed, i.e., the grain growth inhibitor promoted sintering densification process. WC grains were refined by the comprehensive effects of the Cr3C2/NbC dissolving in the Co phase to alter the interface energy and interfere the WC solution in the binder phase, which prevents the structure of cobalt change from the face-center-cubic into dense-hexagonal crystal, and to increases the transverse rupture strength.

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14

Kaneyoshi, Takahiro, Teruo Takahashi, Yukinobu Hayashi, and Muneyki Motoyama. "Preparation of NbC-dispersion Al3Nb Composite by Mechanical Alloying." Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy 39, no. 8 (1992): 660–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.39.660.

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15

Movchan, O. V., and K. O. Chornoivanenko. "In situ Composites: A Review." Uspehi Fiziki Metallov 22, no. 1 (March 2021): 58–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ufm.22.01.058.

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The review of the works on the fabrication-technology studies, patterns of structure formation, and properties of in situ composites is presented. The main advantage of in situ (natural) composites is the thermodynamic stability of their composition and the coherence (conjugation) of the lattices of the contacting phases. All these ones provide the composite with a high level of the physical and mechanical properties. As shown, composite materials of this type are formed in the process of directed phase transformations, such as eutectic crystallization, eutectoid decomposition, etc., caused by a temperature gradient, as well as a result of diffusional changes in composition. The conditions for the growth of in situ composites are formulated. The mechanisms of growth of composite structures of the eutectic type are considered. The factors influencing on the morphology of structures of the eutectic type are indicated. The considered technological methods make it possible to obtain materials with predetermined properties, in which the size, volumetric composition, and spatial arrangement of phases are characteristic of in situ composites. The paper provides a large number of examples of in situ composites: from low-melting Bi-based alloys to refractory eutectics based on Mo and W (Bi–MnBi, Cd–Zn, Al–Al3Ni, Al–Al4La, Al–Al10CaFe2, Al–Al9FeNi, Al–Al3Zr, Al–Al3Sc, Au–Co, Si–TaSi2, Cr–HfC, Cr–ZrC, Cr–NbC, Cr–NbC, Cr–TaC, Nb–Nb5Si3, Mo–ZrC, Mo–HfC, W–TiC, W–ZrC, W–HfC, etc.). Processes and aspects of structure formation are considered. The influence of additional doping on the structure and properties of composite materials of the eutectic type of binary systems, as well as the features of the structure formation of ternary colonies in the composite are considered.

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16

Cui, Chun Xiang, Yan Chun Li, Tie Bao Wang, Shuang Jin Liu, and Suek Bong Kang. "NbC and VC Nanoparticles Reinforced Fe-Si-Mn Matrix Composite In Situ Synthesized by Plasma Jet." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.71.

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In situ NbC and VC nanoparticles reinforced Fe-Si-Mn-Nb-V matrix composite was carried out using a plasma jet with a plasma gas flow of (Ar + CH4) for very short time. The process involve improving the efficiency of the reaction in terms of consumption of the available active nitrogen atoms as well as the production of very fine and homogeneous distribution of all reinforcing phases of ceramic particles, preferable in the nanometer range. The nanoreinforcements synthesized by in situ reaction in this hybrid composite are NbC and VC ceramic particles.

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17

Acchar, Wilson, Marcus Diniz, Ygor Alexandre A. Fonseca, and F. C. C. Costa. "Effect of a LZSA Glass Infiltration on the Properties of a Porous Ceramic Composite Material Derived from Polysiloxane/Al/Nb." Materials Science Forum 591-593 (August 2008): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.591-593.409.

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By using the active filler controlled polymer pyrolysis, new and cost-effective composite materials can be obtained. In this work, ceramic matrix composites were prepared by using this precursor route, using a polysiloxane network filled with metallic niobium and aluminum powders as active fillers. The mixtures were blended, uniaxially warm pressed, and pyrolyzed in flowing argon at 1400 °C. Porous ceramic preforms were infiltrated with a LZSA glass material, in order to improve the density of a porous composite material. The properties of the pyrolyzed composite material and the effect of the LZSA infiltration on the Al2O3-NbC-SiOC ceramic composite material were investigated. The results have showed that the infiltration processes has improved the physical and mechanical properties of the composite material.

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18

Lei, Xiongxin, Jianping Gao, Fangyu Xing, Yang Zhang, Ye Ma, and Guifeng Zhang. "Comparative evaluation of the physicochemical properties of nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen and natural bone ceramic/collagen scaffolds and their osteogenesis-promoting effect on MC3T3-E1 cells." Regenerative Biomaterials 6, no. 6 (October 5, 2019): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rb/rbz026.

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Abstract The use of various types of calcium phosphate has been reported in the preparation of repairing materials for bone defects. However, the physicochemical and biological properties among them might be vastly different. In this study, we prepared two types of calcium phosphates, nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) and natural bone ceramic (NBC), into 3D scaffolds by mixing with type I collagen (CoL), resulting in the nHA/CoL and NBC/CoL scaffolds. We then evaluated and compared the physicochemical and biological properties of these two calcium phosphates and their composite scaffold with CoL. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) and compressive tests were used to, respectively, characterize the morphology, composition, distribution and the effect of nHA and NBC to collagen. Next, we examined the biological properties of the scaffolds using cytotoxicity testing, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, biocompatibility testing, CCK-8 assays and RT-PCR. The results reflected that the Ca2+ released from nHA and NBC could bind chemically with collagen and affect its physicochemical properties, including the infrared absorption spectrum and compression modulus, among others. Furthermore, the two kinds of scaffolds could promote the expression of osteo-relative genes, but showed different gene induction properties. In short, NBC/CoL could promote the expression of early osteogenic genes, while nHA/CoL could upregulate late osteogenic genes. Conclusively, these two composite scaffolds could provide MC3T3-E1 cells with a biomimetic surface for adhesion, proliferation and the formation of mineralized extracellular matrices. Moreover, nHA/CoL and NBC/CoL had different effects on the period and extent of MC3T3-E1 cell mineralization.

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19

Schiavon, Marco Antônio, I. V. P. Yoshida, José Carlos Bressiani, and Wilson Acchar. "Ceramic Composites Derived from Polysiloxane/Al/Nb by AFCOP Process." Materials Science Forum 498-499 (November 2005): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.498-499.375.

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In this work, ceramic matrix composites (CMC) were prepared by AFCOP process, using a polysiloxane network filled with metallic niobium and aluminum powders as active fillers. The liquid polysiloxane precursor was loaded with a suitable polymer/filler ratio in relation to stoichiometric Nb : C and Al : O molar ratios. Changing Al for a-Al2O3, which acted as an inert filler, non-stoichiometric conditions were obtained. The mixtures were blended, uniaxially warm pressed, and pyrolysed in flowing argon at 800, 1000 and 1200 °C. Thermogravimetry was used to follow the weight changes during the pyrolysis process. X-ray diffraction was used to identify the formation of new crystalline phases, such as Al2O3, NbC, Nb2C and Al3Nb in the composites. Sintered specimens were also characterized by SEM and EDS. The results indicated good potential for this system to obtain multiphasic composite material in the Al-Nb system at lower temperatures.

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20

Acchar, Wilson, Carlos Alberto Cairo, and Ana Maria Segadães. "TEM study of a hot-pressed Al2O3-NbC composite material." Materials Research 8, no. 1 (March 2005): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-14392005000100019.

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21

LI, Hong-mei, Qiu-shi SONG, Qian XU, Ying CHEN, and Jing-chun MENG. "Electrochemical synthesis of NbC–Sn composite powder in molten chloride." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 27, no. 10 (October 2017): 2310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(17)60257-7.

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22

Nakamura, M., K. Kanayama, and Y. Hirai. "ELECTRO-DISCHARGE MACHINING OF TRANSFORMATION TOUGHENED ZrO - NbC CERAMIC COMPOSITE." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 4, no. 3 (January 1989): 425–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426918908956302.

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23

Tomita, Tomoki, Yasuyuki Takatani, Yoshio Harada, and Kensuke Nagai. "Preparation of Ni-Cr Overlay Weld Alloy with Finely Dispersed NbC Particles from (Ni-Cr)/NbC Composite Powder." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 56, no. 11 (1992): 1296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet1952.56.11_1296.

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24

Paulo, Domingos S., Antonio Eduardo Martinelli, Clodomiro Alves Jr., Jorge H. Echude-Silva, Michelle P. Távora, and Rubens Maribondo Nascimento. "Sintering Behavior of NbC-Reinforced Steel." Materials Science Forum 498-499 (November 2005): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.498-499.192.

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Powdered steel reinforced by NbC dispersed particles was sintered both in resistive furnace at 1180°C or in plasma reactor at 850°C (reference temperature) using heating rates that ranged from 10 to 100°C/min. Fe3P was used as liquid phase sintering additive. The microstructure of the resulting materials was visualized by scanning electronic microscopy. Distinctive microstructural features were observed as a function of the heating source and heating rate. Plasma sintering at rates ~ 30°C/min revealed different microstructural features comparing edge and sample bulk. Homogeneous mixtures of Fe and NbC could be sintered in resistive furnace and plasma reactor using relatively low heating rates. Plasma sintering at 800°C for 1 h (heating rate of 10°C/min) resulted in relative densities of ~ 91% of the theoretical density of the composite. Sintering in resistive furnace for 1150°C resulted in relative densities ~ 94%.

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25

Gordo, Elena, B. Gómez, Roberto González, and E. M. Ruiz-Navas. "Study for the Development of Fe-NbC Composites by Advanced PM Techniques." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 637–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.637.

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The development of Fe-based metal matrix composites (MMCs) with high content of hard phase has been approached by combining the use of advanced powder metallurgy techniques like high-energy milling (HEM), cold isostatic pressing (CIP) and vacuum sintering. The most innovative is the use of HEM for the obtaining of a composite powder avoiding the formation of clusters in the microstructure of the sintered material, and the study of hardenability of sintered materials. A 30 % vol. of NbC particles was mixed with Fe powder by HEM in a planetary mill under Ar atmosphere to prevent oxidation. The optimal milling time was determined by sampling every two hours until 10 hours of milling, characterising the powder by the observation of morphology and microstructure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and controlling the carbon content by a LECO analyser. Composite powders were compacted by CIP and then sintered in vacuum at temperatures between 1300 °C and 1375 °C, during 30 min and 60 min. The variation of density, hardness and carbon content with sintering temperature and time, besides the microstructural changes observed, permits to find the optimal conditions of processing. Afterwards, a heat treatment study was performed to study the hardenability of the cermet.

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26

Li, D., S. Ma, W. F. Li, B. Wu, and Z. D. Zhang. "Disordering and the electronic transport behaviors of NbC–Al4C3–C composite." Journal of Materials Science 42, no. 16 (August 2007): 6929–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-1330-y.

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27

Zhong, Lisheng, Yunhua Xu, Xiaojie Liu, and Fangxia Ye. "Study on NbC particulate-reinforced iron matrix composite produced in situ." Journal of Materials Science 46, no. 8 (December 16, 2010): 2814–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-5157-1.

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28

Wan Omar, Wan Mohd Hilmi Hussein, Nurulhuda Bashirom, Zuhailawati Hussain, Indra Putra Almanar, and Wan Abdul Rahman Assyahid Wan Ibrahim. "Characterization of In Situ Cu-NbC-VC Nanocomposite by Mechanical Alloying and Microwave Sintering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (November 2014): 344–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.344.

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This paper presents a study on the characterization of physical and electrical properties of Niobium Carbide (NbC) and Vanadium Carbide (VC) in Copper (Cu) matrix by mechanical alloying (MA) technique. The elemental powders of Cu, Niobium (Nb), Vanadium (V) and synthetic graphite powder were mechanically alloyed for 30 hours at 400 rpm in a planetary ball mill according to the stoichiometric ratio of Cu-(10-x) vol%NbC-(0+x) vol%VC (x=0,1,3,5,7,9) under Argon atmosphere. The as-milled powder were compacted at 400 MPa and sintered using microwave sintering furnace at 900°C with 1 hour soaking time. The phase identification was made by using the X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. The microhardness, relative density and apparent porosity of sintered pellets were measured using Vickers microhardness and Archimedes principle, respectively. Electrical conductivity was measured using 2 point probe technique. Density of composite increase with increasing NbC content, while electrical conductivity also increase when NbC was added. Microhardness showed that single phase carbide has higher hardness value then multicarbide.

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López, Marta, José A. Jiménez, and R. Benavente. "Effect of Milling Condition on Properties and Microstructure of Copper Reinforced with 1% vol. NbC." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 826–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.826.

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Composites materials consisting of pure copper reinforced with 1 vol.% of NbC were prepared by the powder metallurgy route to determine the influence of the milling process on the mechanical and electrical properties. For comparative purpose different milling times at four different rotational speeds were used. The resulting powders were consolidated by hot uniaxial pressing under 90MPa for 2h at 923K to obtain materials with a fine microstructure without residual porosity. It was found that the microstructure and properties of composite materials could be principally related to the amount of Fe, Cr, C and O incorporated as impurities during the milling process. Therefore, the rotational speeds used for milling has an important influence on the properties of the final product. A lower energy-ball milling is accompanied by a smaller amount of impurities (Fe, C and O) incorporated during milling. Composites materials combine electrical conductivity above 40% IACS with high strength. A detailed microstructural analysis by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and X ray diffraction showed that these properties are related not only to NbC particles, but also to the presence of very fine particles of carbides and oxides.

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Shon, In Jin, Hyun Su Kang, Soo Kyung Bae, and In Yong Ko. "Simultaneous Synthesis and Densification of Nanostructured NbSi₂-SiC-Si₃N₄ by Rapid Sintering." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.209.

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A dense nanostructured 5NbSi2-SiC-Si3N4 composite was synthesized by the high-frequency induction-heated combustion synthesis (HFIHCS) method within 1 minute in one step from mechanically activated powders of 4NbN, NbC and 14Si. A highly dense 5NbSi2-SiC-Si3N4 composite with relative density of up to 98% was produced under the simultaneous application of a pressure of 80 MPa and the induced current. The average grain size and mechanical properties (hardness and fracture toughness) of the composite were investigated.

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Long, B. D., M. Umemoto, Y. Todaka, R. Othman, and H. Zuhailawati. "Fabrication of high strength Cu–NbC composite conductor by high pressure torsion." Materials Science and Engineering: A 528, no. 3 (January 2011): 1750–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.11.005.

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Du Jingnan, 杜竞楠, 董刚 Dong Gang, 邓琦林 Deng Qilin, and 姚建华 Yao Jianhua. "Microstructure and Poperties of NbC/Ni60 Alloy composite Coating by Laser Cladding." APPLIED LASER 32, no. 4 (2012): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/al20123204.277.

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33

Zhao, Nana, Yunhua Xu, and Yonghong Fu. "Mechanical properties of one-step in situ synthesized NbC-Fe composite coating." Surface and Coatings Technology 309 (January 2017): 1105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.08.075.

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Wang, Jinqian, Chonggui Li, Ming Zeng, Yajun Guo, Xiaosong Feng, Lina Tang, and You Wang. "Microstructural evolution and wear behaviors of NbC-reinforced Ti-based composite coating." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 107, no. 5-6 (March 2020): 2397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05198-w.

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35

Umemoto, Minoru, Bui Duc Long, Yoshikazu Todaka, and Koichi Tsuchiya. "Work-Softening, High Pressure Phase Formation and Powder Consolidation by HPT." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 1205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.1205.

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Among the various severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes, high pressure torsion (HPT) has several unique characteristics. These are applicability of very large strain and deformation under high pressure. Due to these abilities of HPT, several unique phenomena have been observed. In the present paper, three topics were reviewed; 1) work-softening in pure Cu, 2) high pressure phase formation in pure Ti and 3) synthesis of Cu-NbC composite. Work softening in pure Cu was observed when low strain rate and high pressure were applied. In Ti high pressure ω phase is obtained after unloading only when the deformation at high pressure was applied. The volume fraction of ω phase increased with the increase in the amount of strain. In pure Fe, high pressure ε phase was not retained at ambient pressure. The bulk Cu-NbC composite was synthesized starting from elemental powders. This demonstrates that HPT is an efficient tool for mechanical alloying and cold consolidation.

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36

Xiao, Zhi Yu, Tungwai Leo Ngai, Ming Shao, and Yuan Yuan Li. "Manufacturing of a NbC Particulate Reinforced P/M Iron-Base Valve-Guide Cup." Materials Science Forum 532-533 (December 2006): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.532-533.5.

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The introduction of ceramic particulate into metallic powder will unavoidably lower the compressibility and formability of the mixed powder. In order to overcome these problems, in this study, warm compaction was introduced in the forming of an NbC particulate reinforced iron-base valve-guide cup, which is used in a combustion engine. Warm compaction was used not only because it can provide compacts with high green density but also it can increase the formability of the mixed powder. The part composed of an iron-base material which possesses 10wt%NbC with a relative density of 97.7%, a tensile strength of 815MPa, an elongation of 1.5%, a hardness of HRC33 and an impact toughness of 11J/cm2. Its working surface composed of an iron-base material which possesses 15wt% NbC with a high relative density of 98.2%, a tensile strength of 515MPa, a hardness of HRC 58 and a remarkable tribological behavior. The sintered part successfully passed a 500 hours bench test. No serious wear on the working surface can be observed after the test. Results indicated that the sintered part has excellent wear resistivity and the NbC particulate reinforced iron-base composite is a suitable material for parts that work under severe wear condition.

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Kang, Duck Soo, Kee Do Woo, Sang Hyuk Kim, In Jin Shon, Ji Young Kim, and Sang Hoon Park. "The Effect of Holding Time on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Sintered NbC Composite." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 803–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.803.

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High frequency induction heated sintering (HFIHS) method is one of the rapid sintering methods. The advantage of rapid sintering method is that grain growth can be prevented during sintering at high temperature. Refinement of grains was known to increase the yield and flow stresses of crystals. The relation between the yield stress and the grain size is known as Hall-Petch relation. NbC-10vol.%Co, Ni and Fe composites were fabricated by HFIHS at 1060°C for 0 and 3 min as holding times under a pressure of 80MPa.The relative density of NbC-10vol.%Co, Ni and Fe composites which were sintered at 1060°C for 0min as holding time under 80MPa were 91.90%, 91.26% and 91.26%, respectively. These composites are difficult to use industrial parts due to low relative density. The longer sintering time was conducted for increasing relative density in this study. Nano-sized specimens, which were calculated grain size by full-width at half maximum (FWHM), can be obtained by HFIHS. The value of hardness and fracture toughness was investigated using 20kgf load Vickers indenter.

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Ding, Jinhua, Chunxiang Cui, Yijiao Sun, Licong Kang, and Lichen Zhao. "Interfacial Characterization and High‐Temperature Property of NbB 2 +NbC Nanoparticles‐Reinforced 2219Al Matrix Composite Synthesized by Melt Spinning." Advanced Engineering Materials 22, no. 7 (May 14, 2020): 2000248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adem.202000248.

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39

Xiao, Zhi Yu, Tungwai Leo Ngai, Li Pin Wen, and Yuan Yuan Li. "Preparation of Warm Compacted NbC Reinforced Iron-Based Composite and Its Tribological Behavior." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 913–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.913.

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A 15 wt.% NbC particulate reinforced iron-based composite was prepared by using warm compaction PM technique. It possesses a high relative density of 98%, a tensile strength of 515 MPa, a hardness of HRC 58 and a remarkable tribological behavior. Warm compaction was used because it can provide compacts with high green density and also increase the formability of the mixed powder. Furthermore, it can provide green strength that is strong enough to handle compacts before sintering. Block on ring tribotester was employed to study the compact’s friction and wear behavior using GCr15 steel as counterpart. A load of 980 N was used. The friction coefficient was 0.085 when the number 20 engine oil as lubricant was used. The results showed that the sintered composite has excellent wear resistivity. This material was then applied in the valve-guide cup of a combustion engine and subject to 500 hour bench test. The cup showed good performance for this test and did not shown any severe wear on the working surface after the test was completed. Therefore, it is a suitable material for parts that are exposed to severe wear condition.

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Chen, Ling, Weidong He, and Jie Liu. "Safe Fabrication, Thermal Decomposition Kinetics, and Mechanism of Nanoenergetic Composite NBC/CL-20." ACS Omega 5, no. 48 (November 27, 2020): 31407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c04958.

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41

Zhao, Nana, Yunhua Xu, Weiqiang Zhang, Ziyuan Zhao, Lisheng Zhong, and Yonghong Fu. "Gradually varying mechanical properties of in situ synthesized NbC–Fe-graded composite coating." Materials Science and Technology 33, no. 2 (May 8, 2016): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2016.1182339.

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42

Long, B. D., H. Zuhailawati, M. Umemoto, Y. Todaka, and R. Othman. "Effect of ethanol on the formation and properties of a Cu–NbC composite." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 503, no. 1 (July 2010): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.04.243.

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43

Zapata, W. C., C. E. Da Costa, and J. M. Torralba. "Wear and thermal behaviour of M2 high-speed steel reinforced with NbC composite." Journal of Materials Science 33, no. 12 (June 1998): 3219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1004324729342.

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44

Zhong, Lisheng, Yunhua Xu, and Fangxia Ye. "In Situ NbC Particulate-Reinforced Iron Matrix Composite: Microstructure and Abrasive Wear Characteristics." Tribology Letters 47, no. 2 (May 27, 2012): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11249-012-9977-9.

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45

Franco, Eliana, César Edil da Costa, Sophia Alexandra Tsipas, and Elena Gordo. "Cermets based on FeAl–NbC from composite powders: Design of composition and processing." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 48 (January 2015): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2014.09.030.

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46

Lan, Fangjie, Wenhui Du, Changling Zhuang, and Changrong Li. "Effect of Niobium on Inclusions in Fe-Mn-C-Al Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steel." Metals 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11010083.

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The effect of Nb addition on the composition, morphology, quantity, and size of inclusions in Fe-Mn-C-Al steel was studied by SEM, EDS, and thermodynamic analysis. The research shows that the number of inclusions in Fe-Mn-C-Al high manganese steel decreases obviously after adding 0.04% element Nb, and some inclusions in the steel evolve into complex niobium inclusions. When the niobium content increases to 0.08%, the influence of niobium on inclusions in steel becomes more obvious. The precipitation temperature of inclusions in Fe-Mn-C-Al steel was analyzed by thermodynamics. The results show that the nucleation core of the composite inclusions is AlN, and then NbC and MnS precipitate locally on its surface. With the increase of Nb, the amount and volume fraction of NbC inclusions precipitated in steel increase.

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Sun, Yao Ning, Xu Dong Zhang, Wen Lei Sun, and Qing Yu. "Oxidation Corrosion Behavior of Composite Cladding of Intermetallic Compound Ni3Si." Key Engineering Materials 522 (August 2012): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.522.72.

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The oxidation resistance of Ni-Si-Ti-C, Ni-Si-C-Nb in-situ reinforcement clad layers has been investigated by cyclic oxidation tests at the temperature 1100°C. The oxidation performance were characterized by Thermo-gravimetric (TG),scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD),the TG date indicates good oxidation resistant was reached for the clad layers. The kinetic constant Kp and the micrograph of oxidized samples shown that NbC reinforce clad layers which oxide products including NiO, SiO2 and Nb2O5 has better oxidation resistant than TiC reinforce clad layers which oxide products including NiO, some SiO2 and TiO2.

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Sun, Shuting, Hanguang Fu, Xuelong Ping, Xingye Guo, Jian Lin, Yongping Lei, Wenbo Wu, and Jianxin Zhou. "Formation mechanism and mechanical properties of titanium-doped NbC reinforced Ni-based composite coatings." Applied Surface Science 476 (May 2019): 914–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.01.171.

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Xie Songjing, 谢颂京, and 董刚 Dong Gang. "Investigation of Microstructure and Poperties of NbC/Ni45 Alloy Composite Coating by Laser Cladding." APPLIED LASER 32, no. 6 (2012): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/al20123206.459.

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50

Peng, B., Z. D. Liu, H. Tan, and Q. Wang. "Preparation and characteristic analysis of TiCx-NbC/Ti composite cladding on pure titanium substrate." Materials Research Innovations 19, sup9 (November 2015): S9–187—S9–191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1432891715z.0000000001957.

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