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Hasty, J. D., M. M. Pfeifer, L. C. Eastwood, D. A. Gredell, C. L. Gifford, J. R. Levey, C. M. Cashman, et al. "National Beef Quality Audit-2016: Phase 1, Face-to-face interviews." Translational Animal Science 1, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 320–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/tas2017.0039.
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Abstract The National Beef Quality Audit (NBQA) is conducted every 5 yr and was most recently again conducted in 2016. Face-to-face interviews gauged progress in quality associated with live cattle production using procedures first utilized in NBQA 2011. The 2016 NBQA was the first in which interviews concerning fed steers and heifers were combined with an audit of market cow and bull beef. Face-to-face interviews were designed to illicit definitions for beef quality, estimate willingness to pay (WTP) for quality attributes, establish relative importance rankings for important quality factors, and assess images, strengths, weaknesses, potential threats, and shifting trends in the beef industry since the 2011 audit. Individuals making purchasing decisions in 5 market sectors of the steer/heifer and cow/bull beef supply chain were interviewed, including packers (n = 36), retailers (including large and small supermarket companies and warehouse food sales companies; n = 35), food service operators (including quick-serve, full-service, and institutional establishments; n = 29), further processors (n = 64), and peripherally-related government and trade organizations (GTO; n = 30). Face-to-face interviews were conducted between January and November of 2016 using a designed dynamic routing system. Definitions (as described by interviewees) for 7 pre-determined quality factors, including: (1) How and where the cattle were raised, (2) Lean, fat, and bone, (3) Weight and size, (4) Visual characteristics, (5) Food safety, (6) Eating satisfaction, and (7) Cattle genetics were recorded verbatim and categorized into similar responses for analysis. Compared to NBQA-2011, a higher percentage of companies were willing to pay premiums for guaranteed quality attributes, but overall were willing to pay lower average premiums than the companies interviewed in 2011. Food safety had the highest share of preference among all interviewees, generating a double-digit advantage over any other quality factor. The 2 beef industries have an overall positive image among interviewees, and despite lingering weaknesses, product quality continued to be at the forefront of the strengths category for both steer and heifer beef and market cow and bull beef.
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Harris, McKensie K., L. Clay Eastwood, Courtney A. Boykin, Ashley N. Arnold, Kerri B. Gehring, Daniel S. Hale, Christopher R. Kerth, et al. "National Beef Quality Audit–2016: assessment of cattle hide characteristics, offal condemnations, and carcass traits to determine the quality status of the market cow and bull beef industry." Translational Animal Science 2, no. 1 (January 22, 2018): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txx002.
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Abstract To continue the series that began in 1994, the National Beef Quality Audit (NBQA) – 2016 was conducted to quantify the quality status of the market cow and bull beef sector, as well as determine improvements made in the beef and dairy industry since 2007. The NBQA-2016 was conducted from March through December of 2016, and assessed hide-on carcasses (n = 5,278), chilled carcasses (n = 4,285), heads (n = 5,720), and offal items (n = 4,800) in 18 commercial processing facilities throughout the United States. Beef cattle were predominantly black-hided; 68.0% of beef cows and 67.2% of beef bulls possessed a black hide. Holstein was the predominant type of dairy animal observed. Just over half (56.0%) of the cattle surveyed had no mud contamination on the hide, and when mud was present, 34.1% of cattle only had small amounts. Harvest floor assessments found 44.6% of livers, 23.1% of lungs, 22.3% of hearts, 20.0% of viscera, 8.2% of heads, and 5.9% of tongues were condemned. Liver condemnations were most frequently due to abscess presence. In contrast, contamination was the primary reason for condemnation of all other offal items. Of the cow carcasses surveyed, 17.4% carried a fetus at the time of harvest. As expected, mean carcass weight and loin muscle area values observed for bulls were heavier and larger than cows. The marbling scores represented by cull animal carcasses were most frequently slight and traces amounts. Cow carcasses manifested a greater amount of marbling on average than bull carcasses. The predominant fat color score showed all carcasses surveyed had some level of yellow fat. Only 1.3% of carcasses exhibited signs of arthritic joints. Results of the NBQA-2016 indicate there are areas in which the beef and dairy industries have improved and areas that still need attention to prevent value loss in market cows and bulls.
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Eastwood, L. C., C. A. Boykin, M. K. Harris, A. N. Arnold, D. S. Hale, C. R. Kerth, D. B. Griffin, et al. "National Beef Quality Audit-2016: Transportation, mobility, and harvest-floor assessments of targeted characteristics that affect quality and value of cattle, carcasses, and by-products1." Translational Animal Science 1, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/tas2017.0029.
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Abstract The National Beef Quality Audit-2016 (NBQA-2016) was conducted to assess current transportation, mobility, and quality characteristics of U.S. fed steers and heifers. Data were collected at 17 beef processing facilities between March and November 2016. About 8,000 live cattle were evaluated for transportation and mobility, and about 25,000 carcasses were evaluated on the slaughter floor. Cattle were in transit to the slaughter facility for a mean duration of 2.7 h from a mean distance of 218.5 km using trailers with dimensions ranging from 17.84 m2 to 59.09 m2. Area allotted per animal averaged 1.13 m2 and ranged from 0.85 m2 to 2.28 m2. A total of 96.8% of cattle received a mobility score of 1 (walks easily, no apparent lameness). Identification types (35.1% had multiple) were lot visual tags (61.5%), individual tags (55.0%), electronic tags (16.9%), metal-clip tags (9.2%), bar-coded tags (0.05%), wattles (0.01%), and other (2.6%). Cattle were black-hided (57.8%), Holstein (20.4%), red-hided (10.5%), yellow-hided (4.8%), gray-hided (2.9%), brown-hided (1.3%), and white-hided (1.1%). Unbranded hides were observed on 74.3% of cattle; 18.6% had brands located on the butt, 6.3% on the side, and 1.3% on the shoulder (values exceed 100% due to multiple brands). For hide-on carcasses, 37.7% displayed no mud or manure; specific locations for mud or manure were legs (40.8%), belly (33.0%), tail region (15.5%), side (6.8%), and top-line (3.9%). Cattle without horns represented 83.3% of the sample, and cattle that did have horns measured: < 2.54 cm (5.5%), 2.54 to 12.7 cm (8.3%), and > 12.7 cm (2.9%). Carcasses without bruises represented 61.1% of those sampled, whereas 28.2% had 1, 8.2% had 2, 2.1% had 3, and 0.3% had 4 bruises. Of those carcasses with a bruise, the bruise was located on the loin (29.7%), round (27.8%), chuck (16.4%), rib (14.4%), and brisket/plate/flank (11.6%). Frequencies of offal condemnations were livers (30.8%), lungs (18.2%), viscera (16.3%), hearts (11.1%), heads (2.7%), and tongues (2.0%). Compared to NBQA-2011, fewer cattle were identified for traceability, fewer were black-hided, a greater number were Holstein cattle, more with no brand and no horns, fewer without bruises, more liver, lung, and viscera condemnations, and fewer heads and tongues were condemned. The NBQA remains an influential survey for the U.S. beef industry to provide benchmarks and strategic plans for continued improvement of beef quality and consistency.
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Hyphantis, Thomas, Anna Kaltsouda, John Triantafillidis, Odysseas Platis, Soula Karadagi, Konstantinos Christou, Christos Mantas, Argyrios Argyropoulos, and Venetsanos Mavreas. "Personality Correlates of Adherence to Type 2 Diabetes Regimens." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 35, no. 1 (March 2005): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/nbqa-08a7-6mg9-gc8w.
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Kim, Yong-Hak, Wooseok Song, Jin-Sik Kim, Li Jiao, Kangseok Lee, and Nam-Chul Ha. "Structural and Mechanistic Insights into the Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-Nitrobenzoate 2-Nitroreductase NbaA." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 15 (May 29, 2015): 5266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01289-15.
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ABSTRACTThe bacterial 2-nitroreductase NbaA is the primary enzyme initiating the degradation of 2-nitrobenzoate (2-NBA), and its activity is controlled by posttranslational modifications. To date, the structure of NbaA remains to be elucidated. In this study, the crystal structure of a Cys194Ala NbaA mutant was determined to a 1.7-Å resolution. The substrate analog 2-NBA methyl ester was used to decipher the substrate binding site by inhibition of the wild-type NbaA protein. Tandem mass spectrometry showed that 2-NBA methyl ester produced a 2-NBA ester bond at the Tyr193 residue in the wild-type NbaA but not residues in the Tyr193Phe mutant. Moreover, covalent binding of the 2-NBA methyl ester to Tyr193 reduced the reactivity of the Cys194 residue on the peptide link. The Tyr193 hydroxyl group was shown to be essential for enzyme catalysis, as a Tyr193Phe mutant resulted in fast dissociation of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) from the protein with the reduced reactivity of Cys194. FMN binding to NbaA varied with solution NaCl concentration, which was related to the catalytic activity but not to cysteine reactivity. These observations suggest that the Cys194 reactivity is negatively affected by a posttranslational modification of the adjacent Tyr193 residue, which interacts with FMN and the substrate in the NbaA catalytic site.
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Kim, Yong-Hak, Woo-Seok Song, Hayoung Go, Chang-Jun Cha, Cheolju Lee, Myeong-Hee Yu, Peter C. K. Lau, and Kangseok Lee. "2-Nitrobenzoate 2-Nitroreductase (NbaA) Switches Its Substrate Specificity from 2-Nitrobenzoic Acid to 2,4-Dinitrobenzoic Acid under Oxidizing Conditions." Journal of Bacteriology 195, no. 2 (November 2, 2012): 180–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.02016-12.
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ABSTRACT2-Nitrobenzoate 2-nitroreductase (NbaA) ofPseudomonas fluorescensstrain KU-7 is a unique enzyme, transforming 2-nitrobenzoic acid (2-NBA) and 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid (2,4-DNBA) to the 2-hydroxylamine compounds. Sequence comparison reveals that NbaA contains a conserved cysteine residue at position 141 and two variable regions at amino acids 65 to 74 and 193 to 216. The truncated mutant Δ65-74 exhibited markedly reduced activity toward 2,4-DNBA, but its 2-NBA reduction activity was unaffected; however, both activities were abolished in the Δ193-216 mutant, suggesting that these regions are necessary for the catalysis and specificity of NbaA. NbaA showed different lag times for the reduction of 2-NBA and 2,4-DNBA with NADPH, and the reduction of 2,4-DNBA, but not 2-NBA, failed in the presence of 1 mM dithiothreitol or under anaerobic conditions, indicating oxidative modification of the enzyme for 2,4-DNBA. The enzyme was irreversibly inhibited by 5,5′-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and ZnCl2, which bind to reactive thiol/thiolate groups, and was eventually inactivated during the formation of higher-order oligomers at high pH, high temperature, or in the presence of H2O2. SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry revealed the formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds by involvement of the two cysteines at positions 141 and 194. Site-directed mutagenesis indicated that the cysteines at positions 39, 103, 141, and 194 played a role in changing the enzyme activity and specificity toward 2-NBA and 2,4-DNBA. This study suggests that oxidative modifications of NbaA are responsible for the differential specificity for the two substrates and further enzyme inactivation through the formation of disulfide bonds under oxidizing conditions.
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Iwaki, Hiroaki, Takamichi Muraki, Shun Ishihara, Yoshie Hasegawa, Kathryn N. Rankin, Traian Sulea, Jason Boyd, and Peter C. K. Lau. "Characterization of a Pseudomonad 2-Nitrobenzoate Nitroreductase and Its Catabolic Pathway-Associated 2-Hydroxylaminobenzoate Mutase and a Chemoreceptor Involved in 2-Nitrobenzoate Chemotaxis." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 9 (February 2, 2007): 3502–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01098-06.
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ABSTRACT Pseudomonas fluorescens strain KU-7 is a prototype microorganism that metabolizes 2-nitrobenzoate (2-NBA) via the formation of 3-hydroxyanthranilate (3-HAA), a known antioxidant and reductant. The initial two steps leading to the sequential formation of 2-hydroxy/aminobenzoate and 3-HAA are catalyzed by a NADPH-dependent 2-NBA nitroreductase (NbaA) and 2-hydroxylaminobenzoate mutase (NbaB), respectively. The 216-amino-acid protein NbaA is 78% identical to a plasmid-encoded hypothetical conserved protein of Polaromonas strain JS666; structurally, it belongs to the homodimeric NADH:flavin mononucleotide (FMN) oxidoreductase-like fold family. Structural modeling of complexes with the flavin, coenzyme, and substrate suggested specific residues contributing to the NbaA catalytic activity, assuming a ping-pong reaction mechanism. Mutational analysis supports the roles of Asn40, Asp76, and Glu113, which are predicted to form the binding site for a divalent metal ion implicated in FMN binding, and a role in NADPH binding for the 10-residue insertion in the β5-α2 loop. The 181-amino-acid sequence of NbaB is 35% identical to the 4-hydroxylaminobenzoate lyases (PnbBs) of various 4-nitrobenzoate-assimilating bacteria, e.g., Pseudomonas putida strain TW3. Coexpression of nbaB with nbaA in Escherichia coli produced a small amount of 3-HAA from 2-NBA, supporting the functionality of the nbaB gene. We also showed by gene knockout and chemotaxis assays that nbaY, a chemoreceptor NahY homolog located downstream of the nbaA gene, is responsible for strain KU-7 being attracted to 2-NBA. NbaY is the first chemoreceptor in nitroaromatic metabolism to be identified, and this study completes the gene elucidation of 2-NBA metabolism that is localized within a 24-kb chromosomal locus of strain KU-7.
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Anderson, William B. "Labor’s Denial: A Case Study of How Labor Used the Media and Public Relations to Block the First NBA–ABA Merger Attempt." International Journal of Sport Communication 10, no. 1 (March 2017): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2016-0091.
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The owners of professional basketball teams in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the American Basketball Association (ABA) wanted to merge the 2 leagues because a war between them over players had led to escalating salaries. The National Basketball Players Association (NBPA) responded with a lawsuit to block the merger citing antitrust regulations. When the owners went to Congress to ask for a special antitrust exemption, they were denied. This case study discusses the impact of communication on legislative lobbying, specifically how the NBPA used direct and indirect lobbying techniques to block the first NBA–ABA merger attempt. This case study offers a means to understand how and why some entities succeed in their public debates, while others fail. For the scholar, this case study adds to the limited literature on legislative lobbying from a communication perspective. For the practitioner, this study provides some guidelines for the effective use of lobbying.
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Ullah, M. W., N. Haraguchi, M. A. Ali, M. R. Alam, M. Mahiuddin, and S. K. Ahamed. "Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Styrene and Acrylates: Effects of Catalyst, Ligand, Solvent, and Initiator." Journal of Scientific Research 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 999–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v13i3.53347.
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Well-defined polystyrenes were successfully prepared by the CuX/(dN)bpy or CuX/ PMDETA catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene using 1-phenylethyl bromide (1-PEBr) or benzyl bromide (BnBr) as initiators. We found that the CuX/PMDETA catalyzed ATRP of styrene proceeded faster than CuX/(dN)bpy catalyzed counterpart in bulk, diphenyl ether (DPE) and anisole. Using CuX/(dN)bpy catalyst, well-defined polystyrenes were obtained with good chain-end functionalities and low polydispersity (Mw/Mn <1.5) compared to CuX/PMDETA catalyst. The CuBr/PMDETA catalyzed ATRP of n-butyl acrylate (nBA), n-butyl methacrylate (nBMA), and tert-butyl methacrylate (tBMA) were also proceeded in a controlled manner. The molecular structure and molecular weight of polymers were determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography (SEC), respectively.
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Kong, Du, Wei Wang, Gang Du, Binyao Shi, Zhengchen Jiang, and Bin Jin. "Liver Retraction Using n-Butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate (NBCA) Glue during Laparoscopic Splenectomy and Azygoportal Disconnection in Cirrhotic Patients." BioMed Research International 2018 (August 19, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3064046.
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Background. Although liver retraction using n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) glue has been applied to laparoscopic upper abdominal surgery in noncirrhotic patients, there is still no consensus on its safety and feasibility for cirrhotic patients. In this study, we aimed to investigate the safety and effectiveness of liver retraction using NBCA glue during laparoscopic splenectomy and azygoportal disconnection (LSD) for gastroesophageal varices and hypersplenism secondary to liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Methods. Thirty-nine gastroesophageal varices and hypersplenism secondary to liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension patients were included in our study. We performed LSD in the presence of NBCA glue (n = 22, NBCA group) and absence of NBCA glue (n = 17, n-NBCA group), respectively. The operation time, blood loss, postoperative hospitalization, and liver function were compared between the two groups. Results. There was no mortality during the operation. One patient in non-NBCA group received open surgery due to parenchyma hemorrhage. Postoperative pleural effusion occurred in 2 cases of the NBCA group and 1 of the non-NBCA group. One showed left subphrenic abscess in the non-NBCA group. No postoperative bleeding occurred after 9-30 months of follow-up. The time of operation in NBCA group was significantly shorter than those in n-NBCA group (198.86±17.86 versus 217.81±20.25min, P<0.01). Blood loss in NBCA group was significantly lower than non-NBCA group (159.09±56.98 versus 212.50±88.51 ml, P<0.05). The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were increased on day 1 after LSD and decreased to normal level on day 7 after LSD in both groups. There was no significant difference in postoperative hospitalization and liver function between the two groups. Conclusion. Liver retraction using NBCA glue during LSD for gastroesophageal varices and hypersplenism secondary to liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension is safe, effective, and feasible.
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Hvizdošová, Lenka, Michaela Kaiserová, Petr Kaňovský, and Marek Baláž. "NBIA - neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation." Neurologie pro praxi 17, no. 5 (November 7, 2016): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/neu.2016.068.
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Velat, Gregory J., John F. Reavey-Cantwell, Christopher Sistrom, David Smullen, Gregory L. Fautheree, Jobyna Whiting, Stephen B. Lewis, Robert A. Mericle, Christopher S. Firment, and Brian L. Hoh. "Comparison of N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate and Onyx for the Embolization of Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations: Analysis of Fluoroscopy and Procedure Times." Operative Neurosurgery 63, suppl_1 (July 1, 2008): ONS73—ONS80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000320136.05677.91.
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Abstract Objective: Intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVM) may be managed through staged preoperative embolization and resection. Two commonly used liquid embolics are N-butyl cyanoacrylate (nBCA; Cordis Microvascular, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ) and Onyx (ev3, Inc., Irvine, CA). We sought to compare the utility of these agents in terms of fluoroscopy and procedure times. Methods: All intracranial AVMs embolized from 2002 to 2006 at the University of Florida were included in this study. Patients were stratified into three treatment groups: nBCA, Onyx, and patients who received both nBCA and Onyx during separate embolizations. Cohorts were compared by sex, age, Spetzler-Martin grade, AVM volume, fluoroscopy time, procedure time, surgical blood loss, and complications. Results: A total of 182 embolizations were performed on 88 patients (nBCA, 60 patients and 106 procedures; Onyx, 20 patients and 43 procedures; and nBCA/Onyx, eight patients and 16 nBCA and 17 Onyx procedures). There were no significant differences in patient demographics, AVM volumes, and Spetzler-Martin grades. Mean fluoroscopy and procedure times were increased for Onyx (57 min; 2.6 h) compared with nBCA (37 min; 2.1 h) embolizations (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.001, respectively). Cumulative mean fluoroscopy time was increased for Onyx (135 min) and nBCA/Onyx (180 min) cohorts relative to nBCA (64 min; P < 0.0001). Cumulative mean procedure time was increased in the nBCA/Onyx group (10.4 h) compared with nBCA (3.7 h) and Onyx (5.4 h; P< 0.0001). Seventy patients (80%) underwent AVM resection. No significant differences in surgical blood loss or complication rates were observed among the cohorts. Conclusion: Onyx AVM embolization requires increased fluoroscopy and procedure times compared with nBCA. Further investigation is necessary to justify increased radiation exposure and procedure time associated with Onyx.
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Baier, Kerstin, Heike Lehmann, Dirk Paul Stephan, and Wolfgang Lockau. "NblA is essential for phycobilisome degradation in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 but not for development of functional heterocysts." Microbiology 150, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 2739–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27153-0.
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Phycobilisomes (PBS) are the major light-harvesting complexes of cyanobacteria. These usually blue-coloured multiprotein assemblies are rapidly degraded when the organisms are starved for combined nitrogen. This proteolytic process causes a colour change of the cyanobacterial cells from blue-green to yellow-green (‘bleaching’). As is well documented for the unicellular, non-diazotrophic cyanobacteria Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, a gene termed nblA plays a key role in PBS degradation. Filamentous, diazotrophic cyanobacteria like Anabaena adapt to nitrogen deprivation by differentiation of N2-fixing heterocysts. However, during the first hours after nitrogen deprivation all cells degrade their PBS. When heterocysts mature and nitrogenase becomes active, vegetative cells resynthesize their light-harvesting complexes while in heterocysts the phycobiliprotein content remains very low. Expression and function of nblA in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 was investigated. This strain has two nblA homologous genes, one on the chromosome (nblA) and one on plasmid delta (nblA-p). Northern blot analysis indicated that only the chromosomal nblA gene is up-regulated upon nitrogen starvation. Mutants with interrupted nblA and nblA-p genes, respectively, grew on N2 and developed functional heterocysts. Mutant ΔnblA-p behaved like the wild-type. However, mutant ΔnblA was unable to degrade its PBS, which was most obvious in non-bleaching heterocysts. The results show that NblA, encoded by the chromosomal nblA gene, is required for PBS degradation in Anabaena but is not essential for heterocyst differentiation.
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Jang, Hye Young, Kyoung Won Kim, Jae Hyun Kwon, Heon-Ju Kwon, Bohyun Kim, Nieun Seo, Jeongjin Lee, Gi-Won Song, and Sung-Gyu Lee. "N-butyl-2 cyanoacrylate (NBCA) embolus in the graft portal vein after portosystemic collateral embolization in liver transplantation recipient: what is the clinical significance?" Acta Radiologica 58, no. 11 (February 22, 2017): 1326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0284185117693460.
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Background An N-butyl-2 cyanoacrylate (NBCA) embolus in the graft portal vein was frequently observed after an intraoperative embolization of portosystemic collaterals performed to prevent portal steal in liver transplant (LT) recipients. The radiological and clinical features of NBCA emboli have not yet been described. Purpose To describe radiological and clinical features of NBCA embolus in graft portal vein after portosystemic collateral embolization in LT recipients. Material and Methods A total of 165 consecutive LT recipients who had undergone intraoperative NBCA embolization of varix were found in single institution’s computerized databases of a clinical cohort of LT. Patients were evaluated for NBCA emboli (categorized into major and minor emboli according to location) on first postoperative computed tomography (CT). All electronic medical records and radiologic studies including follow-up was evaluated to determine any radiological and clinical abnormality associated with NBCA embolus. Results NBCA emboli were found in 24% (39/165) of recipients. Although most patients had minor emboli (77%, 30/39) without remarkable ultrasonography (US) abnormalities, seven (78%) of nine recipients with major emboli showed intraluminal echogenic lesions in graft portal vein on grayscale US, and five of them (71%) showed partial portal flow obstruction, although none exhibited any abnormality on contrast-enhanced US. Recipients with NBCA portal emboli showed no significant clinical abnormalities and were discharged safely. NBCA embolus eventually disappeared mostly within six months (82%, 32/39). Conclusion NBCA emboli are frequently observed after portosystemic collateral embolization in LT recipients and are not associated with poor clinical outcome. They may mimic ordinary thromboemboli on US.
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Klucken, A., H. Jaskolka, P. Wood, N. Ali, A. López, A. Nagel, N. Scalise, et al. "PP15.15 – 2688: NBIA Alliance – The impact of the international NBIA patient advocacy on NBIA research and vice versa." European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 19 (May 2015): S93—S94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-3798(15)30312-3.
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Sinha, Kunal R., Gary Duckwiler, and Daniel B. Rootman. "Urticarial reaction following endovascular embolization of an orbital arteriovenous malformation (AVM) with n-butyl cyanoacrylate (nBCA) glue." Interventional Neuroradiology 23, no. 6 (September 11, 2017): 666–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1591019917728400.
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Orbital arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare vascular lesions that may be managed with endovascular embolization followed by surgical resection. Embolization is often accomplished with n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (nBCA), which is considered to be a safe and effective liquid occlusive agent. Localized vascular inflammation has been associated with endovascular nBCA use in histopathologic studies, but reports of systemic hypersensitivity reactions following endovascular embolization with nBCA are rare. We present a case of a 26-year-old male who developed an intermittent systemic urticarial reaction without cardiopulmonary compromise beginning four weeks after nBCA embolization of an orbital AVM. Subsequent skin allergy testing performed by an allergist confirmed hypersensitivity to nBCA glue and the patient has since been successfully managed with daily oral antihistamines. Awareness of this rare potential complication of endovascular embolization with nBCA will aid in the counseling and management of patients with AVMs.
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Nurse, Suzanne, and Dale Corbett. "Neuroprotection after Several Days of Mild, Drug-Induced Hypothermia." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 16, no. 3 (May 1996): 474–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-199605000-00014.
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Stroke trials are initiated after demonstrated pharmacological protection in animal models. NBQX protects CA1 neurons against global ischemia; however, this glutamate antagonist induces a period of subnormal temperature (e.g., a decrease of only 1.0–1.5°C) lasting several days. In this study, NBQX (3 × 30 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered starting 60 min after reperfusion, and brain temperature had declined significantly below vehicle-treated animals by 2 h after reperfusion. When the postischemic brain temperature of NBQX-treated gerbils was regulated, no neuronal protection was found. Mimicking an NBQX-induced temperature profile for 28 h postischemia yielded histological protection 4 days later comparable to that of NBQX. However, both the NBQX and temperature simulation groups showed decreased protection after 10-day survival. Our data suggest that a protracted period of subnormal temperature during the postischemic period can obscure the interpretation of preclinical drug studies.
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Hinarejos, Isabel, Candela Machuca, Paula Sancho, and Carmen Espinós. "Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA)." Antioxidants 9, no. 10 (October 20, 2020): 1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9101020.
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The syndromes of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) encompass a group of invalidating and progressive rare diseases that share the abnormal accumulation of iron in the basal ganglia. The onset of NBIA disorders ranges from infancy to adulthood. Main clinical signs are related to extrapyramidal features (dystonia, parkinsonism and choreoathetosis), and neuropsychiatric abnormalities. Ten NBIA forms are widely accepted to be caused by mutations in the genes PANK2, PLA2G6, WDR45, C19ORF12, FA2H, ATP13A2, COASY, FTL1, CP, and DCAF17. Nonetheless, many patients remain without a conclusive genetic diagnosis, which shows that there must be additional as yet undiscovered NBIA genes. In line with this, isolated cases of known monogenic disorders, and also, new genetic diseases, which present with abnormal brain iron phenotypes compatible with NBIA, have been described. Several pathways are involved in NBIA syndromes: iron and lipid metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics, and autophagy. However, many neurodegenerative conditions share features such as mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, given the bioenergetics requirements of neurons. This review aims to describe the existing link between the classical ten NBIA forms by examining their connection with mitochondrial impairment as well as oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
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Attademo, Luigi, Enrico Paolini, Francesco Bernardini, Roberto Quartesan, and Patrizia Moretti. "Adult-Onset Case of Undiagnosed Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation with Psychotic Symptoms." Case Reports in Psychiatry 2014 (2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/742042.
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Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a collective term to indicate a group of neurodegenerative diseases presenting accumulation of iron in the basal ganglia. These disorders can result in progressive dystonia, spasticity, parkinsonism, neuropsychiatric abnormalities, and optic atrophy or retinal degeneration. Onset age ranges from infancy to late adulthood and the rate of progression is very variable. So far, the genetic bases of nine types of NBIA have been identified, pantothenate-kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) being the most frequent type. The brain MRI “eye-of-the-tiger” sign, T2-weighted hypointense signal in theglobus palliduswith a central region of hyperintensity, has been considered virtually pathognomonic for PKAN but recently several reports have denied this. A significant percentage of individuals with clinical and radiographic evidence of NBIA do not have an alternate diagnosis or mutation of one of the nine known NBIA-associated genes (idiopathic NBIA). Here we present an adult-onset case of “undiagnosed” NBIA with the brain MRI “eye-of-the-tiger” sign, and with psychotic symptoms which were successfully treated with antipsychotic and mood stabilizer medications. Here, the term “undiagnosed” is used because the patient has not been screened for all known NBIA genes, but only for two of them.
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Woodhams, Reiko, Go Ogasawara, Kenichiro Ishida, Kaoru Fujii, Takuro Yamane, Hiroshi Nishimaki, Keiji Matsunaga, and Yusuke Inoue. "Successful treatment of acquired uterine arterial venous malformation using N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate under balloon occlusion." Acta Radiologica Short Reports 3, no. 8 (September 1, 2014): 204798161454591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047981614545910.
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We present two cases of acquired uterine arterial venous malformation (AVM) which was diagnosed because of massive genital bleeding successfully treated with transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE), using N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) under balloon occlusion. Balloon occlusion at the uterine artery was performed in both patients for diffuse distribution of NBCA in multiple feeding branches, as well as to the pseudoaneurysm, and for the prevention of NBCA reflux. In one of our patients, balloon occlusion of the draining vein was simultaneously performed to prevent NBCA migration through accompanying high-flow arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Doppler ultrasound at 6 months of both patients documented persistent complete occlusion of AVM. Complete and safe obliteration of acquired uterine AVM was accomplished using NBCA as embolic agent, under balloon occlusion at the communicating vessels of acquired uterine AVM.
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Inagawa, S., H. Isoda, H. Kougo, S. S. Isogai, and H. Sakahara. "In-Vitro Simulation of NBCA Embolization for Arteriovenous Malformation." Interventional Neuroradiology 9, no. 4 (December 2003): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/159101990300900404.
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Embolization using n-butyl-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) for arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is now a daily practice over the world, but there exists no objective data that can be a basis for discussion or decision-making on the best concentration and injection rate of NBCA mixture. The purpose of this study was to obtain objective data on control and behavior of NBCA mixture with an in vitro simulation system of NBCA embolization for AVM. A nidus model made of a one-ml syringe filled with small beads was connected to a pulsatile flow circuit. A microcatheter was introduced just before the nidus model. Endoluminal pressures proximal and distal to the nidus and flow volume through the nidus were measured. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was performed to calculate transit time of the contrast medium (CM) through the nidus. NBCA was injected at various rates with an autoinjector and transit time of NBCA through the nidus was calculated. 27 trials were completed. Transit time of CM through the nidus model is well correlated to flow volume per unit of time through the nidus model. Shorter the transit time, larger was the flow volume per unit of time. The correlation was statistically significant (P < .0001). Though statistical significance was not attained, transit time of NBCA mixture at 50% concentration had a tendency to be correlated to flow volume per unit of time through the nidus, and slower injection of the NBCA mixture led to slower filling of the nidus model. Though this simulation system was artificial and the results should be interpreted carefully, it was shown with this system that transit time of CM through the nidus could be a good index for flow volume per unit of time through the nidus. Also suggested was a possibility to utilize this in vitro system for research and training on NBCA embolization of AVM.
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Fiani, Brian, Marisol Soula, Kasra Sarhadi, Daniel Nikolaidis, Neha Gautam, Nicholas J. Fiani, Ryne Jenkins, and Alexander Rose. "Direct N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injections to the head and neck for percutaneous embolized devascularization." Surgical Neurology International 12 (March 30, 2021): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_154_2021.
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Background: N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) has been used for vascular malformations since the 1980s; however, few studies have looked at applications, procedural techniques, and outcome throughout many institutions. Herein, we review applications, procedural techniques, previous literature, and outcomes for the use of NBCA specifically through percutaneous technique in treating head and neck vascular pathology. Methods: An extensive literature review using PubMed database with published literature containing “N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate embolization,” was performed. No date restrictions were used. Cross-checking of articles was conducted to exclude duplicate articles. The articles were screened for their full text and English language availability. We finalized those articles pertaining to the topic. Results: The search yielded 1124 related articles. When comparing surgical resection to embolization with NBCA for cerebral AVMs, complications were similar in both groups and included hemorrhage (15%), residual AVM (6%), and cerebrospinal fluid leak (3%). Their mortality rate was 3% in both groups. Preoperative percutaneous embolization does show improved surgical outcomes. Conclusion: NBCA is a fast-acting liquid embolic material used in the treatment of a variety of vascular malformations and lesions of the head and neck. Investigations surrounding the use of NBCA injections as a new alternative embolic agent began in the 1980’s. Administration of NBCA has been shown to be useful in minimizing intraoperative blood loss and controlling acute hemorrhage. Performing percutaneous embolization with NBCA provides a successful alternative for surgeons when transcatheter embolization techniques may prove to be too difficult to perform. Embolization using NBCA will continue to play in integral role in the treatment of malignant lesions and vascular malformations. Continued research is warranted to improve safety, outcomes, and further develop clinical applications of NBCA.
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Harada, Tomoaki, Atsushi Fujita, Junichi Sakata, Masaaki Kohta, and Eiji Kohmura. "Endovascular Internal Trapping by Low-Concentration N-butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate for a Ruptured Giant Common Carotid Artery Pseudoaneurysm." Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 55, no. 1 (September 2, 2020): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538574420953942.
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Treating carotid blowout syndrome following rupture of giant pseudoaneurysms is difficult because the destroyed parent artery precludes conventional treatment. We present a patient with a ruptured giant pseudoaneurysm that we occluded using a modified internal trapping technique with low-concentration N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) and a minimum number of coils. An 80-year-old man with a history of chemoradiation therapy for oropharyngeal cancer presented with several episodes of active bleeding from the subsequent tracheostomy site. Radiological examination revealed a giant right common carotid artery (CCA) pseudoaneurysm. Endovascular internal trapping was performed using both NBCA and coils under proximal flow control. We slowly injected 9 ml of low-concentration NBCA, which subsequently filled the entire pseudoaneurysm. We then injected an additional 2 ml of NBCA into the proximal CCA to achieve complete obliteration. No re-bleeding was observed during the 6-month follow-up. Endovascular internal trapping using low-concentration NBCA was feasible to treat a giant CCA pseudoaneurysm. The injected low-concentration NBCA filled the entire pseudoaneurysm without the risk of catheter entrapment.
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Yadav, Rajanikant R., Deb K. Boruah, Vishwaroop Bhattacharyya, Raghunandan Prasad, Sheo Kumar, V. A. Saraswat, V. K. Kapoor, and Rajan Saxena. "Percutaneous Direct Needle Puncture and Transcatheter N-butyl Cyanoacrylate Injection Techniques for the Embolization of Pseudoaneurysms and Aneurysms of Arteries Supplying the Hepato-pancreato-biliary System and Gastrointestinal Tract." Journal of Clinical Imaging Science 6 (December 20, 2016): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2156-7514.196278.
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Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of percutaneous direct needle puncture and transcatheter N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) injection techniques for the embolization of pseudoaneurysms and aneurysms of arteries supplying the hepato-pancreato-biliary (HPB) system and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Subjects and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted, where the study group comprised 11 patients with pseudoaneurysms/aneurysms of arteries supplying the HPB system and GI tract presenting to a tertiary care center from January 2015 to June 2016. Four patients (36.4%) underwent percutaneous direct needle puncture of pseudoaneurysms with NBCA injection, 3 patients (27.3%) underwent transcatheter embolization with NBCA as sole embolic agent, and in 4 patients (36.4%), transcatheter NBCA injection was done along with coil embolization. Results: This retrospective study comprised 11 patients (8 males and 3 females) with mean age of 35.8 years ± 1.6 (standard deviation [SD]). The mean volume of NBCA: ethiodized oil (lipiodol) mixture injected by percutaneous direct needle puncture was 0.62 ml ± 0.25 (SD) (range = 0.5–1 ml), and by transcatheter injection, it was 0.62 ml ± 0.37 (SD) (range = 0.3–1.4 ml). Embolization with NBCA was technically and clinically successful in all patients (100%). No recurrence of bleeding or recurrence of pseudoaneurysm/aneurysm was noted in our study. Conclusions: Percutaneous direct needle puncture of visceral artery pseudoaneurysms and NBCA glue injection and transcatheter NBCA injection for embolization of visceral artery pseudoaneurysms and aneurysms are cost-effective techniques that can be used when coil embolization is not feasible or has failed.
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Hu, Ping, Nils Henrik Diemer, Torben Bruhn, and Flemming Fryd Johansen. "Effects of the AMPA-Receptor Antagonist, NBQX, on Neuron Loss in Dentate Hilus of the Hippocampal Formation after 8, 10, or 12 Min of Cerebral Ischemia in the Rat." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 17, no. 2 (February 1997): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-199702000-00003.
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The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole (AMPA) receptor antagonist, 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo( F)quinoxaline (NBQX), offers protection to hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells after short episodes of transient cerebral ischemia. Besides CA1 pyramidal cells, neurons containing somatostatin (SS) and located in the dentate hilus of the hippocampal formation are lost after cerebral ischemia. We studied the protective effects of NBQX on SS neurons in the hilus and on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells following 8, 10, or 12 min of four-vessel occlusion ischemia during systemic hypotension. NBQX was administered 3 × 30 mg/kg at 0, 10, and 25 after induction of ischemia or sham, and all rats survived for 7 days. NBQX given to control rats without ischemia had no influence on number or morphology of hilar SS neurons and CA1 pyramidal cells. After 8 min of ischemia, NBQX prevented loss of hilar SS neurons. After 10 and 12 min of ischemia, NBQX had no significant effects on loss of SS neurons in the dentate hilus. However, in all ischemic groups, NBQX significantly reduced loss of CA1 pyramidal cells as compared to control rats. This neuroprotective effect decreased gradually and significantly as the time of ischemia increased. Our results support the observation that SS neurons in hilus are among the most ischemia-vulnerable neurons in the brain. We found that administration of NBQX in generally accepted dosages can protect the rapidly dying SS neurons in hilus from only brief episodes of ischemia.
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Baumgarten, C. M., S. C. Dudley, R. B. Rogart, and H. A. Fozzard. "Unitary conductance of Na+ channel isoforms in cardiac and NB2a neuroblastoma cells." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 269, no. 6 (December 1, 1995): C1356—C1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1995.269.6.c1356.
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Unitary conductances of native Na+ channel isoforms (gamma Na) have been determined under a variety of conditions, making comparisons of gamma Na difficult. To allow direct comparison, we measured gamma Na in cell-attached patches on NB2a neuroblastoma cells and rabbit ventricular myocytes under identical conditions [pipette solution (in mM): 280 Na+ and 2 Ca2+, pH 7.4; 10 degrees C]. gamma Na of NB2a channels, 22.9 +/- 0.9 pS, was 21% greater than that of cardiac channels, 18.9 +/- 0.9 pS. In contrast, respective extrapolated reversal potentials, +62.4 +/- 4.6 and +57.9 +/- 5.1 mV, were not significantly different. Several kinetic differences between the channel types were also noted. Negative to -20 mV, mean open time (MOT) of the NB2a isoform was significantly less than that of cardiac channels, and, near threshold, latency to channel opening decayed more rapidly in NB2a. On the basis of analysis of MOT between -60 and 0 mV, the rate constants at 0 mV for the open-to-closed (O-->C) and open-to-inactivated (O-->I) transitions were 0.42 +/- 0.11 and 0.47 +/- 0.11 ms-1 in NB2a and 0.10 +/- 0.06 and 1.19 +/- 0.07 ms-1 in myocytes. The slope factors were -38.9 +/- 8.7 and +10.7 +/- 6.1 mV in NB2a and -27.3 +/- 7.1 and +23.7 +/- 4.9 mV in myocytes. Transition rate constants were significantly different in NB2a and cardiac cells, but voltage dependence was not.
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Bonnet, Cleo S., Anwen S. Williams, Sophie J. Gilbert, Ann K. Harvey, Bronwen A. Evans, and Deborah J. Mason. "AMPA/kainate glutamate receptors contribute to inflammation, degeneration and pain related behaviour in inflammatory stages of arthritis." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 74, no. 1 (October 15, 2013): 242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203670.
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ObjectivesSynovial fluid glutamate concentrations increase in arthritis. Activation of kainate (KA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptors (GluRs) increase interleukin-6 (IL-6) release and cause arthritic pain, respectively. We hypothesised that AMPA and KA GluRs are expressed in human arthritis, and that intra-articular NBQX (AMPA/KA GluR antagonist) prevents pain and pathology in antigen-induced arthritis (AIA).MethodsGluR immunohistochemistry was related to synovial inflammation and degradation in osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A single intra-articular NBQX injection was given at induction, and knee swelling and gait of AIA and AIA+NBQX rats compared over 21 days, before imaging, RT-qPCR, histology and immunohistochemistry of joints. Effects of NBQX on human primary osteoblast (HOB) activity were determined.ResultsAMPAR2 and KA1 immunolocalised to remodelling bone, cartilage and synovial cells in human OA and RA, and rat AIA. All arthritic tissues showed degradation and synovial inflammation. NBQX reduced GluR abundance, knee swelling (p<0.001, days 1–21), gait abnormalities (days 1–2), end-stage joint destruction (p<0.001), synovial inflammation (p<0.001), and messenger RNA expression of meniscal IL-6 (p<0.05) and whole joint cathepsin K (p<0.01). X-ray and MRI revealed fewer cartilage and bone erosions, and less inflammation after NBQX treatment. NBQX reduced HOB number and prevented mineralisation.ConclusionsAMPA/KA GluRs are expressed in human OA and RA, and in AIA, where a single intra-articular injection of NBQX reduced swelling by 33%, and inflammation and degeneration scores by 34% and 27%, respectively, exceeding the efficacy of approved drugs in the same model. AMPA/KA GluR antagonists represent a potential treatment for arthritis.
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Natarajan, Sabareesh Kumar, Donald Born, Basavaraj Ghodke, Gavin W. Britz, and Laligam N. Sekhar. "Histopathological changes in brain arteriovenous malformations after embolization using Onyx or N-butyl cyanoacrylate." Journal of Neurosurgery 111, no. 1 (July 2009): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2008.12.jns08441.
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Object The aim of this study was to analyze the histopathological changes in a consecutive series of 32 patients with brain arteriovenous malformations that were resected after undergoing endovascular embolization (22 using Onyx and 10 using N-butyl cyanoacrylate [NBCA]). Methods Selections from fixed paraffin-embedded specimens were stained for histological examination with H & E and Verhoeff-van Gieson stain. Lipid dye Oil Red O was used to stain vessel specimens that were embolized using NBCA. Specimens were evaluated for the presence of embolic agent, inflammation, angionecrosis, and evidence of recanalization. These results were correlated with the time interval between the bleeding, embolization, and resection. Results The smallest vessel occluded by the embolic agent was 5 μm in the Onyx group and 20 μm in the NBCA group. There was evidence of vascular or perivascular inflammation in 20 (90.9%) of 22 and 9 (90%) of 10 specimens after Onyx and NBCA embolization, respectively. Chronic foreign-body giant cells were observed in 12 (54.5%) of 22 specimens after Onyx embolization, but were absent in specimens after NBCA embolization. Angionecrosis of the embolized vessel was observed in 13 (59.1%) of 22 specimens and in 4 (40%) of 10 specimens after Onyx and NBCA embolization, respectively. There was evidence of recanalization in Onyx embolized vessels in 4 (18.2%) of 22 specimens, and there was no evidence of recanalization after NBCA embolization. Conclusions Onyx penetrates much smaller vessels than NBCA. Inflammation occurs with both embolic agents at equal frequency. Evidence of chronic foreign-body giant cells and recanalization after Onyx embolization shows a long-standing reaction to Onyx and raises questions about the permanence of occlusion after Onyx embolization.
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Aoki, Mitsuru, Fumikazu Nomura, Michael E. Stromski, Miles K. Tsuji, James C. Fackler, Paul R. Hickey, David Holtzman, and Richard A. Jonas. "Effects of MK-801 and NBQX on Acute Recovery of Piglet Cerebral Metabolism after Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 14, no. 1 (January 1994): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1994.21.
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Brain protection during open heart surgery in the neonate and infant remains inadequate. Effects of the excitatory neurotransmitter antagonists MK-801 and NBQX on recovery of brain cellular energy state and metabolic rates were evaluated in 34 4-week-old piglets (10 MK-801, 10 NBQX, 14 controls) undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermic circulatory arrest at 15°C nasopharyngeal temperature for 1 h, as is used clinically for repair of congenital heart defects. MK-801 (dizocilpine) (0.75 mg/kg) or NBQX [2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo( F)quinoxaline] (25 mg/kg) was given intravenously before cardiopulmonary bypass. Equivalent doses were placed in the cardiopulmonary bypass prime plus continuous infusions after reperfusion (0.15 mg kg−1h−1 and 5 mg kg−1h−1). Changes in high-energy phosphate concentrations and pH were analyzed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 17 animals until 225 min after reperfusion. Cerebral blood flow determined by radioactive microspheres as well as cerebral oxygen and glucose consumption were studied in 17 other animals. Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption were depressed relative to control by both MK-801 and NBQX at baseline. Recovery of phosphocreatine (p = 0.010), ATP (p = 0.030), and intracellular pH (p = 0.004) was accelerated by MK-801 and retarded by NBQX over the 45 min of rewarming reperfusion and the first hour of normothermic reperfusion. The final recovery of ATP at 3 h and 45 min reperfusion was significantly reduced by NBQX (46 ± 26% baseline, mean ± SD) versus control (81 ± 19%) and MK-801 (75 ± 8%) (p = 0.030). Cerebral oxygen consumption recovered to 105 ± 30% baseline in group MK-801 and 94 ± 31% in control but only to 61 ± 22% in group NBQX (p = 0.070). Cerebral blood flow stayed significantly lower in group NBQX relative to control. Thus, MK-801 accelerates recovery of cerebral high-energy phosphates and metabolic rate after cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermic circulatory arrest in the immature animal. At the dosage used NBQX exerts an adverse effect.
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Kominami, S., A. Watanabe, M. Suzuki, T. Mizunari, S. Kobayashi, and A. Teramoto. "Preoperative Embolization of Meningiomas with N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate." Interventional Neuroradiology 18, no. 2 (June 2012): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/159101991201800202.
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Meningiomas are often embolized before their surgical resection to reduce blood loss during surgery. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles have been the most frequently used material for embolization of meningiomas. We have used n-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) as the first-choice material since 2001. Thirty-one meningiomas were embolized with NBCA. We report the result of embolization of meningiomas with NBCA in comparison with PVA particles.
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Izzo, Francesca Caterina, Eleonora Balliana, Emanuela Perra, and Elisabetta Zendri. "Accelerated Ageing Procedures to Assess the Stability of an Unconventional Acrylic-Wax Polymeric Emulsion for Contemporary Art." Polymers 12, no. 9 (August 26, 2020): 1925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12091925.
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This research evaluates the stability of an aqueous emulsion of acrylic copolymers and waxes. Edelwachs, generally applied on wood, has been recently used as an unconventional medium in contemporary painting. Through Pyrolysis–Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) and Fourier Transformed Infrared Attenuated Total Reflectance (FT-IR-ATR) analyses, the composition of Edelwachs was defined as a mixture of acrylic polymers (MA, MMA, nBA, nBMA), Carnauba and microcrystalline waxes and additives. Mock-ups-obtained mixing Edelwachs with titanium white, zinc white and ultramarine blue were subjected to UV, high temperatures, and high relative humidity accelerated ageing. The effect of the ageing procedures was evaluated through optical microscopy, colourimetric measurements, FT-IR-ATR, Thermogravimetry and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TG-DSC) and wettability measures. FT-IR-ATR spectra do not show significant variations in terms of chemical stability, indicating a fair stability of Edelwachs as a painting binder. UV and high temperature treatments show the most relevant effects in terms of colorimetric changes (increasing of b*) and thermal stability. The TG-DSC highlights the influence of the pigments (specifically zinc white) mainly on the thermal behaviour of the acrylates. The unexpected decrease of wettability of the paint films, registered after ageing, may indicate a possible phase separation among acrylates and waxes.
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Ahmed, Ramy, Satomi Ide, Hiro Kiyosue, Shuichi Tanoue, Shunro Matsumoto, and Hiromu Mori. "Retrieval of a migrated N-butyl-2 cyanoacrylate cast using a snare-kit system during dural AVF embolization: A case report." Interventional Neuroradiology 24, no. 5 (May 23, 2018): 571–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1591019918775957.
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N-butyl-2 cyanoacrylate (NBCA) is a liquid embolic material that is widely used in various endovascular procedures because of its permanent and rapid vascular occluding effect regardless of the coagulation profile of the patient. However, NBCA migration to unintended vessels may result in serious complications. This report describes the retrieval of a migrated NBCA cast from the transverse-sigmoid sinus during dural arteriovenous fistula embolization using a transvenous snaring technique.
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Salomão, Rubens Paulo Araújo, José Luiz Pedroso, Maria Thereza Drumond Gama, Lívia Almeida Dutra, Ricardo Horta Maciel, Clécio Godeiro-Junior, Hsin Fen Chien, Hélio A. G. Teive, Francisco Cardoso, and Orlando G. P. Barsottini. "A diagnostic approach for neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation: clinical features, genetics and brain imaging." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 74, no. 7 (July 2016): 587–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20160080.
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ABSTRACT Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) represents a heterogeneous and complex group of inherited neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by excessive iron accumulation, particularly in the basal ganglia. Common clinical features of NBIA include movement disorders, particularly parkinsonism and dystonia, cognitive dysfunction, pyramidal signs, and retinal abnormalities. The forms of NBIA described to date include pantothenase kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN), phospholipase A2 associated neurodegeneration (PLAN), neuroferritinopathy, aceruloplasminemia, beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN), Kufor-Rakeb syndrome, mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN), fatty acid hydroxylase-associated neurodegeneration (FAHN), coenzyme A synthase protein-associated neurodegeneration (CoPAN) and Woodhouse-Sakati syndrome. This review is a diagnostic approach for NBIA cases, from clinical features and brain imaging findings to the genetic etiology.
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Ohba, Shota, Masashi Shimohira, Takuya Hashizume, Masahiro Muto, Kengo Ohta, Yusuke Sawada, Akihiro Mizuno, Yosuke Nakai, Hisao Suda, and Yuta Shibamoto. "Feasibility and Safety of Sac Embolization Using N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate in Emergency Endovascular Aneurysm Repair for Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms or Isolated Iliac Artery Aneurysms." Journal of Endovascular Therapy 27, no. 5 (May 21, 2020): 828–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1526602820923954.
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Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of sac embolization with N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) in emergency endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and iliac artery aneurysm (IAA) in comparison to EVAR without sac embolization. Materials and Methods: Between February 2012 and December 2019, among 44 consecutive patients with ruptured AAA or IAA, 29 underwent EVAR. Of these, 22 patients (median age 77.5 years; 18 men) had concomitant sac embolization using NBCA; the remaining 7 patients (median age 88 years; 6 men) underwent EVAR without sac embolization and form the control group. The technical success, clinical success (hemodynamic stabilization), procedure-related complications, and mortality were compared between the groups. Results: All EVAR procedures and embolizations were successful. The clinical success rates in the NBCA and control groups were 95% (21/22) and 71% (5/7), respectively (p=0.14). There was no complication related to the procedure. Type II endoleak occurred in 4 of 21 patients (19%) in the NBCA group vs none of the control patients. One patient (5%) died in the NBCA group vs 3 (43%) in the controls (p=0.034). Conclusion: Sac embolization using NBCA in emergency EVAR appears to be feasible and safe for ruptured AAA and IAA.
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Wang, BH, D. Pelz, D. Lee, MR Boulton, and SP Lownie. "F.05 Characterization of NBCA glue polymerization for embolization of brain AVM’s." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 43, S2 (June 2016): S19—S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2016.100.
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Background: Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVM’s) are abnormal connections between arteries and veins. Endovascular glue embolization with N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) is an accepted form of treatment, with most complications related to timing of polymerization. Current literature reports a wide range of polymerization times with large discrepancies between in-vivo and in-vitro results. Methods: Polymerization time was measured for mixtures of lipiodol/NBCA of 50/50, 60/40, 70/30. The influence of pH, temperature and presence of biological catalysts on polymerization rate was investigated in-vivo using submerged droplet tests. PVA-C, silicone and endothelium surfaces were compared and contact angles were measured to assess physical interaction with NBCA. High-speed video of glue injection through a microcatheter was captured to characterize coaxial flow. Results: Polymerization rate increases with pH and temperature. A hydrophilic substrate such as PVA-C provides surface properties that are most similar to endothelium. Endothelium provides a catalytic surface that increases the rate of polymerization. Blood products further increase the polymerization rate with RBC’s providing almost instantaneous polymerization of NBCA upon contact. Characterization of coaxial flow shows dripping to jetting transition with significant wall effect. Conclusions: We have successfully deconstructed and characterized the dynamic behavior of NBCA embolization. A refined understanding of NBCA behavior could help reduce embolization-related complications.
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Mies, Günter, Kanehisa Kohno, and Konstantin-Alexander Hossmann. "Prevention of Periinfarct Direct Current Shifts with Glutamate Antagonist NBQX following Occlusion of the Middle Cerebral Artery in the Rat." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 14, no. 5 (September 1994): 802–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1994.100.
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The effect of the glutamate (AMPA subtype) receptor antagonist NBQX on periinfarct direct current (DC) shifts and cortical ATP depletion volume was examined in rats subjected to 3 h of occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). MCA occlusion produced an immediate DC shift in the periphery of the ischemic territory. Vehicle-treated (untreated) animals developed one to five additional DC shifts (median, 2) during the 3-h occlusion time. NBQX treatment (2 × 30 mg/kg i.v. immediately after MCA occlusion and 1 h later) significantly reduced the number of DC deflections (median, 0; range, 0–2; p < 0.05) without changing blood flow in the border zone of the infarct (untreated, 50.6 ± 10.6%; NBQX-treated: 51.9 ± 7.7% of control; mean ± SD). NBQX treatment significantly decreased the cortical volume of ATP depletion (untreated, 75.3 ± 11.4 mm3; NBQX-treated, 47.9 ± 10.1 mm3; p < 0.05). Moreover, a significant linear relationship between the number of periinfarct DC shifts and the volume of cortical ATP depletion was obtained ( y = 38.3 + 9.4x; r = 0.866; p < 0.001). The reduction of brain infarct volume by NBQX treatment is explained by the suppression of DC shifts and the decrease of metabolic workload in hemodynamically compromised cortex.
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Costa, Fernando Antonio De Oliveira, Pedro Henrique Almeida Soares, Bárbara Kraemer Ferreira, Guilherme Gago, and Frederico De Lima Gibbon. "Neurodegeneration Associated with Pantothenate Kinase. Case reportNeurodegeneration Associated with Pantothenate Kinase. Case report." JBNC - JORNAL BRASILEIRO DE NEUROCIRURGIA 28, no. 3 (December 12, 2018): 190–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22290/jbnc.v28i3.1671.
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Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA) belongs to a group of disorders characterized by the predominant involvement of the basal ganglia. Patients may present psychiatric symptoms, extrapyramidal signs and cognitive decline. Few cases of this disease have been reported in Brazil. We present a typical NBIA case. This case has the classical signs and symptoms of NBIA in a woman with advanced/end-stage disease, in addition to the presence of cerebral atrophy, which is not a common finding.
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Venco, Paola, Sabrina Dusi, Lorella Valletta, and Valeria Tiranti. "Alteration of the coenzyme A biosynthetic pathway in neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation syndromes." Biochemical Society Transactions 42, no. 4 (August 1, 2014): 1069–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20140106.
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NBIA (neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation) comprises a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases having as a common denominator, iron overload in specific brain areas, mainly basal ganglia and globus pallidus. In the past decade a bunch of disease genes have been identified, but NBIA pathomechanisms are still not completely clear. PKAN (pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration), an autosomal recessive disorder with progressive impairment of movement, vision and cognition, is the most common form of NBIA. It is caused by mutations in the PANK2 (pantothenate kinase 2) gene, coding for a mitochondrial enzyme that phosphorylates vitamin B5 in the first reaction of the CoA (coenzyme A) biosynthetic pathway. A distinct form of NBIA, denominated CoPAN (CoA synthase protein-associated neurodegeneration), is caused by mutations in the CoASY (CoA synthase) gene coding for a bifunctional mitochondrial enzyme, which catalyses the final steps of CoA biosynthesis. These two inborn errors of CoA metabolism further support the concept that dysfunctions in CoA synthesis may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of NBIA.
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Yao, Kevin C., and Adel M. Malek. "Transpedicular N-butyl cyanoacrylate–mediated percutaneous embolization of symptomatic vertebral hemangiomas." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 18, no. 5 (May 2013): 450–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.1.spine11173.
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Object The resection of spinal hemangiomas is often challenging because of characteristic high-volume and potentially prohibitive intraoperative blood loss. Although transarterial embolization can mitigate this risk, it can be suboptimal when tumor arterial supply is diffuse or poorly defined. The authors present their experience in the use of preoperative percutaneous direct injection of spinal hemangiomas with N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) as an effective preoperative adjunct that may reduce operative blood loss and facilitate resection of these vascular tumors. Methods Four patients with symptomatic spinal hemangiomas were treated using percutaneous transpedicular direct NBCA-Lipiodol injection; 2 patients had undergone prior spinal angiography, with suboptimal transarterial embolization in 1. Each patient underwent percutaneous bilateral transpedicular NBCA-assisted tumor embolization prior to resection. Retrospective analysis of operative times, blood loss, and clinical data is presented. Results There were no complications associated with the percutaneous NBCA embolization technique. The procedure was effective at facilitating tumor removal and minimizing intraoperative blood loss, especially at the vertebral body resection stage. Improved tumor filling was achieved as the filling characteristics of dilute NBCA-Lipiodol mixture within large-channel, high-flow hemangiomas were appreciated with experience. Conclusions Transpedicular NBCA direct-puncture embolization of spinal hemangiomas is an effective preoperative adjunct that facilitates resection of these highly vascular tumors. It is particularly useful when transarterial embolization is unsafe or suboptimal due to constraints imposed by the local angioarchitecture.
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Brambrink, Ansgar M., Lee J. Martin, Daniel F. Hanley, Kyra J. Becker, Raymond C. Koehler, and Richard J. Traystman. "Effects of the AMPA Receptor Antagonist NBQX on Outcome of Newborn Pigs after Asphyxic Cardiac Arrest." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 19, no. 8 (August 1999): 927–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-199908000-00012.
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In neonates, asphyxia is a common cause of neuronal injury and often results in seizures. The authors evaluated whether blockade of a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors during asphyxia and early recovery with 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo-(F)-quinoxaline (NBQX) ameliorates neurologic deficit and histopathology in 1-week-old piglets. Anesthetized piglets were exposed to a sequence of 30 minutes of hypoxia, 5 minutes of room air ventilation, 7 minutes of airway occlusion, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Vehicle or NBQX was administered intravenously before asphyxia (30 mg/kg) and during the first 4 hours of recovery (15 mg/kg/h). Neuropathologic findings were evaluated at 96 hours of recovery by light microscopic and cytochrome oxidase histochemical study. Cardiac arrest occurred at 5 to 6 minutes of airway occlusion, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation restored spontaneous circulation independent of treatment modalities in about 2 to 3 minutes. Neurologic deficit over the 96-hour recovery period was not ameliorated by NBQX. Seizure activity began after 24 to 48 hours in 7 of 10 animals with vehicle and in 9 of 10 of animals with NBQX. In each group, four animals died in status epilepticus. Neuropathologic outcomes were not improved by NBQX. The density of remaining viable neurons was decreased in parietal cortex and putamen by NBQX treatment. Metabolic defects in cytochrome oxidase activity were worsened by NBQX treatment. Seizure activity during recovery was associated with reduced neuronal viability in neocortex and striatum in piglets from both groups that survived for 96 hours. This neonatal model of asphyxic cardiac arrest and resuscitation generates neurologic deficits, clinical seizure activity, and selective damage in regions of basal ganglia and sensorimotor cortex. In contrast to other studies in mature brain, AMPA receptor blockade with NBQX failed to protect against neurologic damage in the immature piglet and worsened postasphyxic histopathologic outcome in neocortex and putamen.
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DeGraba, T. J., P. Ostrow, S. Hanson, and J. C. Grotta. "Motor Performance, Histologic Damage, and Calcium Influx in Rats Treated with NBQX after Focal Ischemia." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 14, no. 2 (March 1994): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1994.33.
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2,3-Dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo( F)-quinoxaline (NBQX), an α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist, has been reported to provide neuronal protection after global ischemia. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of NBQX initiated after focal cortical ischemia and to validate a method for measuring functional outcome in this model. Male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were exposed to various durations of transient or permanent tandem middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Studies compared motor performance using balance beam and prehensile-traction tests, calcium–calmodulin (Ca–CaM) binding by immunohistochemistry, and infarct volume between NBQX-treated animals [intravenous (i.v.) 5 mg/kg/h × 6 h or intraperitoneal (i.p.) 30 mg/kg q 30 min × 3 begun postischemia] and controls. All ischemic groups performed less well than sham-operated controls on the motor performance tasks in proportion to the severity of ischemia. No significant improvement in motor performance was noted in the NBQX-treated versus the control animals after 1 h or permanent MCA/CCA occlusion. Treatment with NBQX (i.v. or i.p. dosing) did not reduce Ca–CaM binding after 1 h of occlusion with 1 h of reperfusion or after 2 h of occlusion. Similarly, there was no reduction in infarct size between NBQX-treated and control animals after 24 h of permanent MCA/CCA occlusion (74.6 ±7.1 vs. 80.1 ± 6.0 ml; ns) or after 1 h of occlusion with 23 h of reperfusion (55.1 ± 4.4 vs. 47.4 ± 6.2 ml; ns). We conclude that therapy with NBQX alone has no protective effect in this model of ischemia, which may be related in part to its inability to prevent a postischemic increase in intracellular Ca in cortical neurons, and that our method of measuring motor performance is a useful indicator of functional outcome in this model.
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Li, Hui, and Alastair M. Buchan. "Treatment with an AMPA Antagonist 12 Hours following Severe Normothermic Forebrain Ischemia Prevents CA1 Neuronal Injury." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 13, no. 6 (November 1993): 933–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1993.116.
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The neuroprotective effects of 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo( f)quinoxaline (NBQX), GYKI 52466, and MK-801 were tested following severe forebrain ischemia. Wistar rats were subjected to 10 min of normothermic ischemia and reperfused for 7 days. Necrotic hippocampal CA1 neurons were counted and expressed as a percentage (mean ± SD). In Experiment 1, saline-treated rats sustained 81 ± 20% damage to dorsal CA1. Rats given NBQX 30 mg/kg i.p. x 3 lost 21 ± 27% (p < 0.01). Neither MK-801 1 mg i.p. x 3 alone, nor in combination with the cytoprotective dose of NBQX protected CA1, with 83 ± 18 and 54 ± 34% damage, respectively (NS). Giving NBQX 90 mg/kg i.v. did not protect cells (94 ± 5%) and resulted in nephrotoxicity. In Experiment 2, rats were given saline or three doses of NBQX 30 mg/kg i.p. immediately at reperfusion (RP) or after a 6-, 12-, or 24-h delay. Saline-treated rats suffered 79 ± 16% injury. NBQX given immediately resulted in 17 ± 17% injury, and even if treatment was delayed by either 6 or 12 h, there was marked protection with only 27 ± 32 and 25 ± 17% injury, respectively (all p < 0.01). Delaying the initiation of treatment to 24 h was not successful, resulting in 50 ± 28% injury (NS). In Experiment 3, saline-treated rats lost 81 ± 19% of CA1 cells, while those given GYKI 52466 10 mg/kg i.p. x 5 starting immediately following RP lost 80 ± 14%. Blocking α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors with NBQX postischemia is highly efficacious, indicating that delayed degeneration of CA1 cells is AMPA rather than N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-linked and is reversible for CA1 cells for at least 12 h.
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Yuce, Gokhan, Omer Faruk Ateş, Burçak Polat, Birgül Genç, and Murat Canyigit. "ABLATION OF CYSTIC THYROID NODULES WITH N-BUTYL CYANOACRYLATE: A PRELIMINARY STUDY." Endocrine Practice 26, no. 5 (May 2020): 492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/ep-2019-0497.
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Objective: Generally recommended treatment options for cystic nodules with compressive symptoms are simple aspiration, percutaneous ethanol injection, or surgery. N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) is a glue-like substance widely used in neurointerventions, mainly for treating arteriovenous malformations. It obstructs and attaches to the vessel walls, preventing recanalization. Our purpose was to investigate the efficacy and safety of NBCA in volume reduction of benign cystic thyroid nodules with compressive symptoms. Methods: Twenty patients with 21 benign pure or partially cystic nodules were enrolled. After simple cyst aspiration, NBCA/lipiodol mixture was injected within the cyst cavity. Success was defined as at least 50% volume reduction after the intervention. Pre- and postintervention longest diameter and volume (calculated with ultrasonography after measuring three dimensions) of the nodules were compared. Posttreatment measurements were made at the 9-month final visit. Results: Median largest diameter of the nodules measured before and after NBCA treatment was 4.8 cm (min-max, 3.1 and 6.3 cm) and 3.4 cm (min-max, 2.4 and 5.6 cm), respectively. Pre-NBCA treatment median volume was 24.8 mL (min-max, 10.9 and 46.1 mL), whereas post-treatment median volume was 5.5 mL (min-max, 2.1 and 29.6 mL). Median volume reduction was 72.6% (min-max, 21.0 and 95.4%). Intervention was successful in 20 of 21 nodules according to the predefined criteria. The changes in pre- and postintervention median longest diameter and volume were statistically significant. Conclusion: For large cystic thyroid nodules, ablation with NBCA may be an effective treatment choice, as it significantly reduces the cyst volume and prevents fluid re-accumulation. There is need for further studies with a larger number of patients and longer follow-up. Abbreviations: NBCA = N-butyl cyanoacrylate; PEI = percutaneous ethanol injection; US = ultrasonography
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Ugajin, Atsushi, Hiroyuki Fujii, Hiroyasu Nakamura, Akifumi Fujita, Takahiro Sasaki, Naoko Mato, and Hideharu Sugimoto. "Transcatheter Proximal Coil Blocking with n-Butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate Injection via the Pulmonary Artery Alone for Rasmussen’s Aneurysm." Case Reports in Radiology 2019 (April 15, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1725238.
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Rasmussen’s aneurysm is a peripheral pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm (PAP) within a tuberculosis cavity. Because it can be perfused from the bronchial and pulmonary arterial circulations, combined embolization via the bronchial and pulmonary arteries is sometimes required. Herein, we present case of a 51-year-old man with Rasmussen’s aneurysm that was successfully treated by proximal coil blocking with n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) injection via the pulmonary artery alone. With proximal coil blocking, a sufficient amount of NBCA could be injected without unintended reflux of the NBCA cast to the proximal pulmonary artery. To our knowledge, there has been no report that attempted NBCA injection under proximal coil blocking for Rasmussen’s aneurysm. Our treatment approach may be safe and effective for infectious lung disease-related PAP, which has to be treated from the pulmonary artery side.
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Choo, Douglas M., and Jai Jai Shiva Shankar. "Onyx versus nBCA and coils in the treatment of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas." Interventional Neuroradiology 22, no. 2 (January 8, 2016): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1591019915622170.
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Background and purpose Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) with cortical venous drainage have significant morbidity and mortality. Complete closure of these lesions is necessary to reduce these risks. The purpose of our study was to compare the outcome of DAVFs treated with Onyx versus those treated with n-Butyl Cyanoacrylate (nBCA) and coil embolization in a case-control study. Compared with nBCA and coil embolization, we hypothesized that Onyx embolization for DAVF is safer and has a higher chance of complete obliteration, with no need for post-embolization surgery for the DAVF. Materials and methods From 1998 to 2015, 29 patients who had DAVFs were treated with endovascular embolization. Of these, 24 patients had imaging available for analysis. Successful closure rates, complications, and procedure time were compared between the embolization techniques. Results The chance of not requiring post-embolization surgery with Onyx (81.8%) was significantly higher ( p = 0.005) than with nBCA (22.22%). The complication rate with Onyx (9.1%) tended to be lower compared with that of nBCA (22.22%; p = 0.37). Procedural time was not significantly different between Onyx (mean 267 minutes) and nBCA (mean 288 minutes) ( p = 0.59). The odds ratio of a DAVF being treated with Onyx and then requiring no follow-up surgery was 17.5 (95% CI 1.97–155.4). Conclusion Our case-control study suggests that Onyx embolization is superior to nBCA and coil embolization in completely obliterating DAVFs, with higher odds of no post-embolization surgery. We also found that Onyx is safe for embolization of DAVFs, with no associated neurological mortality and morbidity.
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Kmiec, T., H. Koziara, W. Bonicki, B. Brodacki, and T. Mandat. "Neuromodulation of NBIA-related dystonia." Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 46 (January 2018): e36-e37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.11.118.
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Warnecke, T., J. Schmitz, S. Kerkhoff, and J. Hinkelbein. "Anästhesie bei Patienten mit NBIA." Der Anaesthesist 67, no. 11 (September 20, 2018): 871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00101-018-0488-4.
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Zhang, Huiming, and Jack B. Kelly. "AMPA and NMDA Receptors Regulate Responses of Neurons in the Rat's Inferior Colliculus." Journal of Neurophysiology 86, no. 2 (August 1, 2001): 871–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.86.2.871.
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The contribution of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and AMPA receptors to auditory responses in the rat's inferior colliculus was examined by recording single-unit activity before, during, and after local iontophoretic application of receptor-specific antagonists. Tone bursts and sinusoidal amplitude modulated sounds were presented to one ear, and recordings were made from the contralateral central nucleus of inferior colliculus (ICC). The receptor specific antagonists, (±)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) for NMDA receptors and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-nitro-2,3-dioxo-benzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide (NBQX) for AMPA receptors, were released at the recording site through a multi-barreled pipette. For most neurons, either CPP or NBQX alone resulted in a reversible reduction in the number of action potentials evoked by tonal stimulation. For neurons with an onset response pattern, NBQX either completely eliminated or greatly reduced the number of action potentials. CPP also reduced the number of action potentials but had a less pronounced effect than NBQX. For neurons with a sustained firing pattern, NBQX reduced the total number of action potentials, but had a preferential effect on the early part (first 10–20 ms) of the response. CPP also resulted in a reduction in the total number of action potentials, but had a more pronounced effect on the later part (>20 ms) of the response. These results indicate that both AMPA and NMDA receptors contribute to sound evoked excitatory responses in the ICC. They have a selective influence on early and late components of tone-evoked responses. Both receptor types are involved in generating excitatory responses across a wide range of sound pressure levels as indicated by rate level functions obtained before and during drug application. In addition, both CPP and NBQX reduced responses to sinusoidal amplitude modulated sounds. The synchrony of firing to the modulation envelope as measured by vector strength at different rates of modulation was not greatly affected by either CPP or NBQX in spite of the decrease in firing rate.
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Chevallier, Olivier, Kévin Guillen, Pierre-Olivier Comby, Thomas Mouillot, Nicolas Falvo, Marc Bardou, Marco Midulla, Ludwig-Serge Aho-Glélé, and Romaric Loffroy. "Safety, Efficacy, and Outcomes of N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate Glue Injection through the Endoscopic or Radiologic Route for Variceal Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 2298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10112298.
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We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies to assess the efficacy, safety, and outcomes of N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) injection for the treatment of variceal gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB). The MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, and SCOPUS databases were searched for English-language studies published from January 1980 to December 2019 and including patients who had injection of NBCA for variceal GIB. Two independent reviewers extracted and evaluated the data from eligible studies. Exclusion criteria were sample size < 5, article reporting the use of NBCA with other embolic agents, no extractable data, and duplicate reports. NBCA was injected during endoscopy in 42 studies and through a direct percutaneous approach for stomal varices in 1 study. The study’s endpoints were: Technical success, 30-day rebleeding, and 30-day overall and major complications. The estimated overall rates were computed with 95% confidence intervals, based on each study rate, weighted by the number of patients involved in each study. In total, 43 studies with 3484 patients were included. The technical success rate was 94.1% (95% CI: 91.6–96.1%), the 30-day rebleeding rate was 24.2% (18.9–29.9%), and 30-day overall and major complications occurred in 15.9% (11.2–21.3%) and 5.3% (3.3–7.8%) of patients, respectively. For treating variceal GIB, NBCA injection is a safe and effective method that demonstrates high technical success rate and very low major complication rate.
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Kwon, B. J., T. K. Kim, S. I. Seo, J. B. Kyung, H. Y. Seol, and M. H. Han. "N-Butyl 2-Cyanoacrylate Embolization of Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula." Interventional Neuroradiology 11, no. 1 (March 2005): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/159101990501100112.
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We report an unusual case of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) presenting with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Cure was achieved with endovascular treatment with n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA). A review of the literature revealed five cases of cervical SDAVF that presented with SAH. None of these cases were treated with NBCA.