Journal articles: 'NCC'

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Ríos, José Julián, María Roca, and Antonio Pérez-Gálvez. "Systematic HPLC/ESI-High Resolution-qTOF-MS Methodology for Metabolomic Studies in Nonfluorescent Chlorophyll Catabolites Pathway." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/490627.

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Characterization of nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs) and dioxobilane-type nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolite (DNCC) in peel extracts of ripened lemon fruits (Citrus limonL.) was performed by HPLC/ESI-high resolution-qTOF-MS method. Compounds were identified in samples on the basis of measured accurate mass, isotopic pattern, and characteristic fragmentation profile with an implemented software postprocessing routine. Three NCC structures already identified in other vegetal tissues were present in the lemon fruit peels (Cl-NCC1;Cl-NCC2;Cl-NCC4) while a new structure not defined so far was characterized (Cl-NCC3). This catabolite exhibits an exceptional arrangement of the peripheral substituents, allowing concluding that the preferences for the NCC modifications could be a species-related matter.

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Pathare, Ganesh, Omar A. Z. Tutakhel, Mark C. van der Wel, Luke M. Shelton, Jaap Deinum, Jacques W. M. Lenders, Joost G. J. Hoenderop, and René J. M. Bindels. "Hydrochlorothiazide treatment increases the abundance of the NaCl cotransporter in urinary extracellular vesicles of essential hypertensive patients." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 312, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): F1063—F1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00644.2016.

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The thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC), located apically in distal convoluted tubule epithelia, regulates the fine-tuning of renal sodium excretion. Three isoforms of NCC are generated through alternative splicing of the transcript, of which the third isoform has been the most extensively investigated in pathophysiological conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different anti-hypertensive treatments on the abundance and phosphorylation of all three NCC isoforms in urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) of essential hypertensive patients. In uEVs isolated from patients ( n = 23) before and after hydrochlorothiazide or valsartan treatment, the abundance and phosphorylation of the NCC isoforms was determined. Additionally, clinical biochemistry and blood pressure of the patients was assessed. Our results show that NCC detected in human uEVs has a glycosylated and oligomeric structure, comparable to NCC present in human kidney membrane fractions. Despite the inhibitory action of hydrochlorothiazide on NCC activity, immunoblot analysis of uEVs showed significantly increased abundance of NCC isoforms 1 and 2 (NCC1/2), total NCC (NCC1–3), and the phosphorylated form of total NCC (pNCC1–3-T55/T60) in essential hypertensive patients treated with hydrochlorothiazide but not with valsartan. This study highlights that NCC1/2, NCC1–3, and pNCC1–3-T55/T60 are upregulated by hydrochlorothiazide, and the increase in NCC abundance in uEVs of essential hypertensive patients correlates with the blood pressure response to hydrochlorothiazide.

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Tutakhel, Omar A. Z., Sabina Jeleń, Marco Valdez-Flores, Henrik Dimke, Sander R. Piersma, Connie R. Jimenez, Jaap Deinum, Jacques W. Lenders, Joost G. J. Hoenderop, and René J. M. Bindels. "Alternative splice variant of the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter: a novel player in renal salt handling." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 310, no. 3 (February 1, 2016): F204—F216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00429.2015.

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The thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) is an important pharmacological target in the treatment of hypertension. The human SLC12A3 gene, encoding NCC, gives rise to three isoforms. Only the third isoform has been extensively investigated. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to establish the abundance and localization of the almost identical isoforms 1 and 2 (NCC1/2) in the human kidney and to determine their functional properties and regulation in physiological conditions. Immunohistochemical analysis of NCC1/2 in the human kidney revealed that NCC1/2 localizes to the apical plasma membrane of the distal convoluted tubule. Importantly, NCC1/2 mRNA constitutes ∼44% of all NCC isoforms in the human kidney. Functional analysis performed in the Xenopus laevis oocyte revealed that thiazide-sensitive 22Na+ transport of NCC1 was significantly increased compared with NCC3. Mimicking a constitutively active phosphorylation site at residue 811 (S811D) in NCC1 further augmented Na+ transport, while a nonphosphorylatable variant (S811A) of NCC1 prevented this enhanced response. Analysis of human urinary exosomes demonstrated that water loading in human subjects significantly reduces the abundance of NCC1/2 in urinary exosomes. The present study highlights that previously underrepresented NCC1/2 is a fully functional thiazide-sensitive NaCl-transporting protein. Being significantly expressed in the kidney, it may constitute a unique route of renal NaCl reabsorption and could, therefore, play an important role in blood pressure regulation.

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Papyan, Vardan, X. Y. Han, and David L. Donoho. "Prevalence of neural collapse during the terminal phase of deep learning training." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 40 (September 21, 2020): 24652–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015509117.

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Modern practice for training classification deepnets involves a terminal phase of training (TPT), which begins at the epoch where training error first vanishes. During TPT, the training error stays effectively zero, while training loss is pushed toward zero. Direct measurements of TPT, for three prototypical deepnet architectures and across seven canonical classification datasets, expose a pervasive inductive bias we call neural collapse (NC), involving four deeply interconnected phenomena. (NC1) Cross-example within-class variability of last-layer training activations collapses to zero, as the individual activations themselves collapse to their class means. (NC2) The class means collapse to the vertices of a simplex equiangular tight frame (ETF). (NC3) Up to rescaling, the last-layer classifiers collapse to the class means or in other words, to the simplex ETF (i.e., to a self-dual configuration). (NC4) For a given activation, the classifier’s decision collapses to simply choosing whichever class has the closest train class mean (i.e., the nearest class center [NCC] decision rule). The symmetric and very simple geometry induced by the TPT confers important benefits, including better generalization performance, better robustness, and better interpretability.

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5

Burns, Betty. "NCC Correction." AWHONN Lifelines 2, no. 3 (June 1998): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6356.1998.tb01023.x.

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Narita, T., H. Funahashi, K. Kontani, and R. Kannagi. "NCC-ST-439." Drugs of the Future 19, no. 12 (1994): 1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1358/dof.1994.019.12.276103.

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7

Inman, Admiral R. B. "NCC keynote address." Computer Compacts 4, no. 1 (January 1986): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7136(86)90052-1.

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8

Ko, Benjamin, Erik-Jan Kamsteeg, Leslie L. Cooke, Lauren N. Moddes, Peter M. T. Deen, and Robert S. Hoover. "RasGRP1 stimulation enhances ubiquitination and endocytosis of the sodium-chloride cotransporter." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 299, no. 2 (August 2010): F300—F309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00441.2009.

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The sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) is the principal salt-absorptive pathway in the distal convoluted tubule. Recently, we described a novel pathway of NCC regulation in which phorbol esters (PE) stimulate Ras guanyl-releasing protein 1 (RasGRP1), triggering a cascade ultimately activating ERK1/2 MAPK and decreasing NCC cell surface expression (Ko B, Joshi LM, Cooke LL, Vazquez N, Musch MW, Hebert SC, Gamba G, Hoover RS. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 20120–20125, 2007). Little is known about the mechanisms which underlie these effects on NCC activity. Regulation of NCC via changes in NCC surface expression has been reported, but endocytosis of NCC has not been demonstrated. In this study, utilizing biotinylation, internalization assays, and a dynamin dominant-negative construct, we demonstrate that the regulation of NCC by PE occurs via an enhancement in internalization of NCC and is dynamin dependent. In addition, immunoprecipitation of NCC and subsequent immunoblotting for ubiquitin showed increased ubiquitination of NCC with phorbol ester treatment. MEK1/2 inhibitors and gene silencing of RasGRP1 indicated that this effect was dependent on RasGRP1 and ERK1/2 activation. Inhibition of ubiquitination prevents any PE-mediated decrease in NCC surface expression as measured by biotinylation or NCC activity as measured by radiotracer uptake. These findings confirmed that the PE effect on NCC is mediated by endocytosis of NCC. Furthermore, ubiquitination of NCC is essential for this process and this ubiquitination is dependent upon RasGRP1-mediated ERK1/2 activation.

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Indarti, Eti, and W. D. Wan Rosli. "Effects of Drying Techniques on the Crystallinity and Thermal Properties of Empty Fruit Bunch Nanocrystalline Cellulose." Key Engineering Materials 708 (September 2016): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.708.20.

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The effect of drying techniques on the crystallinity and thermal stability nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) prepared from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) via the TEMPO-oxidation process was investigated. NCC was subjected to three separate drying techniques viz. oven drying (OD), freeze drying (FD) and solvent exchange (SE). The crystallinity and thermal properties were investigated for all samples using DSC and X-ray diffraction (XRD). There is no significant difference in the degree of crystallinity for both OD-NCC and FD-NCC as compared to the starting material of unbleached pulp (UP) (72% vs 76%), however SE-NCC showed a tremendous reduction with the crystallinity of only 40%. Both OD-NCC and FD-NCC have almost similar thermal behavior but the SE-NCC showed a significant difference. For the application of NCC in non-polar bionanocomposites, both OD-NCC and FD-NCC is recommended due to its relatively superior thermal stability and a higher crystallinity index.

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Zhao, Guoyu, Chongyin Zhou, and Fangyu Fan. "Preparation and Properties of Soy Protein Isolate/Cotton-Nanocrystalline Cellulose Films." International Journal of Polymer Science 2021 (March 6, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5518136.

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This study was performed to estimate the effect of the incorporation of different cotton-nanocrystalline cellulose (C-NCC) contents with soy protein isolate (SPI) films. The results indicated that the C-NCC content had no effect on the thickness of the composite films ( 0.06 ± 0.01 mm ), and the optical property of the composite films decreased as the C-NCC contents increased. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and oxygen permeability decreased with the introduction of C-NCC and started to increase when the peak of 7% C-NCC was reached. Water solubility of the SPI/C-NCC films decreased from 44.46% of the SPI films to 35.36% of the SPI/C-NCC films with 5% C-NCC. The tensile strength (TS) of films increased from 4.25 MPa to 6.02 MPa by increasing the C-NCC content from 0 to 7%. Then, the TS decreased as the C-NCC content was further increased. The trend of the elongation at break was opposite to that of the TS. The results from FTIR and DSC indicated that the addition of C-NCC did not change functional groups of the SPI films, and the glass transition temperature shifted toward a higher temperature as the C-NCC content increased. Hence, the addition of C-NCC enhanced the barrier and mechanical properties of the SPI/C-NCC composite films.

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11

Valdez-Flores, Marco A., Rosa Vargas-Poussou, Sjoerd Verkaart, Omar A. Z. Tutakhel, Angel Valdez-Ortiz, Anne Blanchard, Cyrielle Treard, Joost G. J. Hoenderop, René J. M. Bindels, and Sabina Jeleń. "Functionomics of NCC mutations in Gitelman syndrome using a novel mammalian cell-based activity assay." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 311, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): F1159—F1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00124.2016.

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Gitelman syndrome (GS) is an autosomal recessive salt-wasting tubular disorder resulting from loss-of-function mutations in the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC). Functional analysis of these mutations has been limited to the use of Xenopus laevis oocytes. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to analyze the functional consequences of NCC mutations in a mammalian cell-based assay, followed by analysis of mutated NCC protein expression as well as glycosylation and phosphorylation profiles using human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. NCC activity was assessed with a novel assay based on thiazide-sensitive iodide uptake in HEK293 cells expressing wild-type or mutant NCC (N59I, R83W, I360T, C421Y, G463R, G731R, L859P, or R861C). All mutations caused a significantly lower NCC activity. Immunoblot analysis of the HEK293 cells revealed that 1) all NCC mutants have decreased NCC protein expression; 2) mutant N59I, R83W, I360T, C421Y, G463R, and L859P have decreased NCC abundance at the plasma membrane; 3) mutants C421Y and L859P display impaired NCC glycosylation; and 4) mutants N59I, R83W, C421Y, C731R, and L859P show affected NCC phosphorylation. In conclusion, we developed a mammalian cell-based assay in which NCC activity assessment together with a profiling of mutated protein processing aid our understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of the NCC mutations.

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Ko, Benjamin, Abinash Mistry, Lauren Hanson, Rickta Mallick, and Robert S. Hoover. "Mechanisms of angiotensin II stimulation of NCC are time-dependent in mDCT15 cells." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 308, no. 7 (April 1, 2015): F720—F727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00465.2014.

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Angiotensin II (ANG II) increases thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) activity both acutely and chronically. ANG II has been implicated as a switch that turns WNK4 from an inhibitor of NCC into an activator of NCC, and ANG II's effect on NCC appears to require WNK4. Chronically, ANG II stimulation of NCC results in an increase in total and phosphorylated NCC, but the role of NCC phosphorylation in acute ANG II actions is unclear. Here, using a mammalian cell model with robust native NCC activity, we corroborate the role that ANG II plays in WNK4 regulation and clarify the role of Ste20-related proline alanine-rich kinase (SPAK)-induced NCC phosphorylation in ANG II action. ANG II was noted to have a biphasic effect on NCC, with a peak increase in NCC activity in the physiologic range of 10−11 M ANG II. This effect was apparent as early as 15 min and remained sustained through 120 min. These changes correlated with significant increases in NCC surface protein expression. Knockdown of WNK4 expression sharply attenuated the effect of ANG II. SPAK knockdown did not affect ANG II action at early time points (15 and 30 min), but it did attenuate the response at 60 min. Correspondingly, NCC phosphorylation did not increase at 15 or 30 min, but increased significantly at 60 min. We therefore conclude that within minutes of an increase in ANG II, NCC is rapidly trafficked to the cell surface in a phosphorylation-independent but WNK4-dependent manner. Then, after 60 min, ANG II induces SPAK-dependent phosphorylation of NCC.

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Sabaruddin, Fatimah Athiyah, M. T. Paridah, S. M. Sapuan, R. A. Ilyas, Seng Hua Lee, Khalina Abdan, Norkhairunnisa Mazlan, Adlin Sabrina Muhammad Roseley, and H. P. S. Abdul Khalil. "The Effects of Unbleached and Bleached Nanocellulose on the Thermal and Flammability of Polypropylene-Reinforced Kenaf Core Hybrid Polymer Bionanocomposites." Polymers 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010116.

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The thermal, thermo-mechanical and flammability properties of kenaf core hybrid polymer nanocomposites reinforced with unbleached and bleached nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) were studied. The studied chemical composition found that unbleached NCC (NCC-UB) had 90% more lignin content compared to bleached NCC (NCC-B). Nanocelluloses were incorporated within polypropylene (PP) as the matrix, together with kenaf core as a main reinforcement and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) as a coupling agent via a melt mixing compounding process. The result showed that the thermal stability of the nanocomposites was generally affected by the presence of lignin in NCC-UB and sulfate group on the surface of NCC-B. The residual lignin in NCC-UB appeared to overcome the poor thermal stability of the composites that was caused by sulfation during the hydrolysis process. The lignin helped to promote the late degradation of the nanocomposites, with the melting temperature occurring at a relatively higher temperature of 219.1 °C for PP/NCC-UB, compared to 185.9 °C for PP/NCC-B. Between the two types of nanocomposites, PP/NCC-B had notably lower thermo-mechanical properties, which can be attributed to the poor bonding and dispersion properties of the NCC-B in the nanocomposites blend. The PP/NCC-UB showed better thermal properties due to the effect of residual lignin, which acted as a compatibilizer between NCC-UB and polymer matrix, thus improved the bonding properties. The residual lignin in PP/NCC-UB helped to promote char formation and slowed down the burning process, thus increasing the flame resistance of the nanocomposites. Overall, the residual lignin on the surface of NCC-UB appeared to aid better stability on the thermal and flammability properties of the nanocomposites.

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Feng, Xiuyan, Yiqian Zhang, Ningjun Shao, Yanhui Wang, Zhizhi Zhuang, Ping Wu, Matthew J. Lee, et al. "Aldosterone modulates thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter abundance via DUSP6-mediated ERK1/2 signaling pathway." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 308, no. 10 (May 15, 2015): F1119—F1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00543.2014.

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Thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC) plays an important role in maintaining blood pressure. Aldosterone is known to modulate NCC abundance. Previous studies reported that dietary salts modulated NCC abundance through either WNK4 [with no lysine (k) kinase 4]-SPAK (Ste20-related proline alanine-rich kinase) or WNK4-extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathways. To exclude the influence of SPAK signaling pathway on the role of the aldosterone-mediated ERK1/2 pathway in NCC regulation, we investigated the effects of dietary salt changes and aldosterone on NCC abundance in SPAK knockout (KO) mice. We found that in SPAK KO mice low-salt diet significantly increased total NCC abundance while reducing ERK1/2 phosphorylation, whereas high-salt diet decreased total NCC while increasing ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Importantly, exogenous aldosterone administration increased total NCC abundance in SPAK KO mice while increasing DUSP6 expression, an ERK1/2-specific phosphatase, and led to decreasing ERK1/2 phosphorylation without changing the ratio of phospho-T53-NCC/total NCC. In mouse distal convoluted tubule (mDCT) cells, aldosterone increased DUSP6 expression while reducing ERK1/2 phosphorylation. DUSP6 Knockdown increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation while reducing total NCC expression. Inhibition of DUSP6 by (E)-2-benzylidene-3-(cyclohexylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation and reversed the aldosterone-mediated increments of NCC partly by increasing NCC ubiquitination. Therefore, these data suggest that aldosterone modulates NCC abundance via altering NCC ubiquitination through a DUSP6-dependent ERK1/2 signal pathway in SPAK KO mice and part of the effects of dietary salt changes may be mediated by aldosterone in the DCTs.

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Ko, Benjamin, Abinash C. Mistry, Lauren Hanson, Rickta Mallick, Leslie L. Cooke, Bradley K. Hack, Patrick Cunningham, and Robert S. Hoover. "A new model of the distal convoluted tubule." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 303, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): F700—F710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00139.2012.

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The Na+-Cl− cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) of the kidney is a key determinant of Na+ balance. Disturbances in NCC function are characterized by disordered volume and blood pressure regulation. However, many details concerning the mechanisms of NCC regulation remain controversial or undefined. This is partially due to the lack of a mammalian cell model of the DCT that is amenable to functional assessment of NCC activity. Previously reported investigations of NCC regulation in mammalian cells have either not attempted measurements of NCC function or have required perturbation of the critical without a lysine kinase (WNK)/STE20/SPS-1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase regulatory pathway before functional assessment. Here, we present a new mammalian model of the DCT, the mouse DCT15 (mDCT15) cell line. These cells display native NCC function as measured by thiazide-sensitive, Cl−-dependent 22Na+ uptake and allow for the separate assessment of NCC surface expression and activity. Knockdown by short interfering RNA confirmed that this function was dependent on NCC protein. Similar to the mammalian DCT, these cells express many of the known regulators of NCC and display significant baseline activity and dimerization of NCC. As described in previous models, NCC activity is inhibited by appropriate concentrations of thiazides, and phorbol esters strongly suppress function. Importantly, they display release of WNK4 inhibition of NCC by small hairpin RNA knockdown. We feel that this new model represents a critical tool for the study of NCC physiology. The work that can be accomplished in such a system represents a significant step forward toward unraveling the complex regulation of NCC.

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Cheng, Liangsong, Shaobo Ren, and Xiaoning Lu. "Application of Eco-Friendly Waterborne Polyurethane Composite Coating Incorporated with Nano Cellulose Crystalline and Silver Nano Particles on Wood Antibacterial Board." Polymers 12, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020407.

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To endow wood plate with antimicrobial properties, waterborne polyurethane (WPU) coatings incorporated with nano cellulose crystalline (NCC) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared. AgNPs were obtained by the chemical reactions of silver nitrate solution and sodium borohydride solution. The scribe testing results showed that the adhesion of the NCC-WPU composites was improved with the addition of NCC. The adhesion reached its peak when the amount of NCC added was 1%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation displayed that the NCC dispersed into the WPU without aggregation. NCC was well able to bind WPU and wood cell walls tightly together. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) results revealed that WPU/NCC/AgNPs composites were homogeneous. This compatibility was also confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. The antibacterial property was improved too. When the adding amount of NCC was 0.5%, and the proportion of silver elements added was 5%, the antibacterial effect was at its best. As a comparison, the antibacterial effect of hybrid colloid without the addition of NCC was far less than that of including NCC. The WPU/NCC/AgNPs composite could be applied as an antibacterial coating in wood materials.

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Воронова (Voronova), Марина (Marina) Игоревна (Igorevna), Олег (Oleg) Валентинович (Valentinovich) Суров (Surov), Наталья (Natal'ya) Викторовна (Viktorovna) Рублева (Rubleva), Наталья (Natal'ya) Евгеньевна (Evgenievna) Кочкина (Kochkina), and Анатолий (Anatoliy) Георгиевич (Georgievich) Захаров (Zakharov). "DISPERSIBILITY OF NANOCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 1 (March 6, 2019): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2019014240.

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Aqueous suspensions of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) were obtained by sulfuric acid hydrolysis using the standard procedure. Suspensions, films and airgel of NCC were characterized by various methods: the degree of polymerization was determined, elemental analysis was carried out, the degree of crystallinity and crystallite size were calculated on the basis of X-ray data, the morphology of NCC aerogels was studied using scanning electron microscopy. The particle size of the NCC was determined using a transmission electron microscope, a scanning atomic-force microscope and the method of dynamic light scattering. NFC hydrosols with different pH were used to prepare lyophilized NCC samples. From NCC hydrosols with pH 2.2, by gradual replacement of water with an organic solvent, NCC organogels with acetone, acetonitrile and ethanol were obtained. The process of dispersion of lyophilized NCC and NCC organogels (acetone, acetonitrile and ethanol) in water and in 11 organic solvents was investigated. The effect of the pH of the initial aqueous suspension of the NCC and the solvent forming the NCC organogel on the repeated dispersibility of the NCC is shown. The optimum pH value of the initial aqueous suspension of NCC was determined, which determines the maximum dispersibility of the lyophilized samples in each specific solvent. It was shown that dispersion of acetone, acetonitrile and ethanol organogels in most of the solvents studied occurs with the formation of particles less than 100 nm.

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Hachaichi, Amina, Benalia Kouini, Lau Kia Kian, Mohammad Asim, Hassan Fouad, Mohammad Jawaid, and Mohini Sain. "Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Microcrystalline Cellulose of Date Palm Fibers as a Promising Candidate for Bio-Nanocomposites: Isolation and Characterization." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 15, 2021): 5313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185313.

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Date palm fiber (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a natural biopolymer rich in lignocellulosic components. Its high cellulose content lends them to the extraction of tiny particles like microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). These cellulose-derived small size particles can be used as an alternative biomaterial in wide fields of application due to their renewability and sustainability. In the present work, NCC (A) and NCC (B) were isolated from date palm MCC at 60 min and 90 min hydrolysis times, respectively. The isolated NCC product was subjected to characterization to study their properties differences. With the hydrolysis treatment, the yields of produced NCC could be attained at between 22% and 25%. The infrared-ray functional analysis also revealed the isolated NCC possessed a highly exposed cellulose compartment with minimized lignoresidues of lignin and hemicellulose. From morphology evaluation, the nanoparticles’ size was decreased gradually from NCC (A) (7.51 nm width, 139.91 nm length) to NCC (B) (4.34 nm width, 111.51 nm length) as a result of fragmentation into cellulose fibrils. The crystallinity index was found increasing from NCC (A) to NCC (B). With 90 min hydrolysis time, NCC (B) showed the highest crystallinity index of 71% due to its great cellulose rigidity. For thermal analysis, NCC (B) also exhibited stable heat resistance, in associating with its highly crystalline cellulose structure. In conclusion, the NCC isolated from date palm MCC would be a promising biomaterial for various applications such as biomedical and food packaging applications.

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Komers, Radko, Shaunessy Rogers, Terry T. Oyama, Bei Xu, Chao-Ling Yang, James McCormick, and David H. Ellison. "Enhanced phosphorylation of Na+–Cl− co-transporter in experimental metabolic syndrome: role of insulin." Clinical Science 123, no. 11 (August 1, 2012): 635–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20120003.

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In the present study, we investigated the activity of the thiazide-sensitive NCC (Na+–Cl− co-transporter) in experimental metabolic syndrome and the role of insulin in NCC activation. Renal responses to the NCC inhibitor HCTZ (hydrochlorothiazide), as a measure of NCC activity in vivo, were studied in 12-week-old ZO (Zucker obese) rats, a model of the metabolic syndrome, and in ZL (Zucker lean) control animals, together with renal NCC expression and molecular markers of NCC activity, such as localization and phosphorylation. Effects of insulin were studied further in mammalian cell lines with inducible and endogenous expression of this molecule. ZO rats displayed marked hyperinsulinaemia, but no differences in plasma aldosterone, compared with ZL rats. In ZO rats, natriuretic and diuretic responses to NCC inhibition with HCTZ were enhanced compared with ZL rats, and were associated with a decrease in BP (blood pressure). ZO rats displayed enhanced Thr53 NCC phosphorylation and predominant membrane localization of both total and phosphorylated NCC, together with a different profile in expression of SPAK (Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase) isoforms, and lower expression of WNK4. In vitro, insulin induced NCC phosphorylation, which was blocked by a PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) inhibitor. Insulin-induced reduction in WNK4 expression was also observed, but delayed compared with the time course of NCC phosphorylation. In summary, we report increased NCC activity in hyperinsulinaemic rodents in conjunction with the SPAK expression profile consistent with NCC activation and reduced WNK4, as well as an ability of insulin to induce NCC stimulatory phosphorylation in vitro. Together, these findings indicate that hyperinsulinaemia is an important driving force of NCC activity in the metabolic syndrome with possible consequences for BP regulation.

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Jin, Li Qiang, Yan Wei Wei, and Wei Gong Li. "Study on the Acrylic Resin Coating Agent Modified by Nanocrystalline Cellulose." Advanced Materials Research 821-822 (September 2013): 1287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.821-822.1287.

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In this paper, nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was prepared from bleached aspen kraft pulp by the method of sulfuric acid hydrolysis. The morphology and the size of NCC were characterized by atomic force microscopy(AFM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD). The acrylic resin /NCC composite was prepared by physical blends of acrylic resin and NCC. The physical-mechanical properties of the film from acrylic resin /NCC composite were measured . The results show that the resulting NCC has a rigid rod-shape structure with crystallinity of more than 80%, 26.51 nm in diameter and 200―400 nm in length. The dosage of NCC has important influnce on the physical-mechnical properties of the film from acrylic resin /NCC composite. The tensile strength, the moisture permeability and water absorption of the film increase with the dosage of NCC notably, the elongation at break of the resulting film decreases compared to the control sample..

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You, Xueqing, Qingjian Hu, Xiaoyong Hu, Hanxian Chen, Wenbin Yang, and Xinxiang Zhang. "An Effective, Economical and Ultra-Fast Method for Hydrophobic Modification of NCC Using Poly(Methylhydrogen)Siloxane." Polymers 11, no. 6 (June 3, 2019): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11060963.

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Poor compatibility between nanocellulose crystals (NCCs) and major polymers has limited the application of NCC as bio-reinforcements. In this work, an effective and ultra-fast method was investigated to significantly improve the hydrophobicity of NCC by using poly(methylhydrogen)siloxane (PMHS) as modifier. PMHS possessed amounts of reactive –Si–H groups and hydrophobic –CH3 groups. The former groups were reactive with the hydroxyl groups of NCC, while the latter groups afforded NCC very low surface energy. As the weight ratio of PMHS to NCC was only 0.0005%, the hydrophobicity of NCC was significantly improved by increasing the water contact angle of NCC from 0° to 134°. The effect of weight ratio of PMHS to NCC and the hydrogen content of –Si–H in PMHS on the hydrophobicity and thermal stability was investigated in detail by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), (X-ray Diffraction) XRD and (thermogravimetric analysis) TGA. The results indicated that PMHS chains were covalently grafted onto NCC and PMHS modification improved the thermal stability of NCC.

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Ivy, Jessica Ruth, Natalie K. Jones, Hannah M. Costello, Morag K. Mansley, Theresa S. Peltz, Peter W. Flatman, and Matthew A. Bailey. "Glucocorticoid receptor activation stimulates the sodium-chloride cotransporter and influences the diurnal rhythm of its phosphorylation." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 317, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): F1536—F1548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00372.2019.

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The sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule contributes importantly to sodium balance and blood pressure (BP) regulation. NCC phosphorylation determines transport activity and has a diurnal rhythm influenced by glucocorticoids. Disturbing this rhythm induces “nondipping” BP, an abnormality that increases cardiovascular risk. The receptor through which glucocorticoids regulate NCC is not known. In this study, we found that acute administration of corticosterone to male C57BL6 mice doubled NCC phosphorylation without affecting total NCC abundance in both adrenalectomized and adrenal-intact mice. Corticosterone also increased the whole kidney expression of canonical clock genes: period circadian protein homolog 1 ( Per1), Per2, cryptochrome 1, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1. In adrenal-intact mice, chronic blockade of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) with RU486 did not change total NCC but prevented corticosterone-induced NCC phosphorylation and activation of clock genes. Blockade of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) with spironolactone reduced the total pool of NCC but did not affect stimulation by corticosterone. The diurnal rhythm of NCC phosphorylation, measured at 6-h intervals, was blunted by chronic GR blockade, and a similar dampening of diurnal variation was seen in GR heterozygous null mice. These effects on NCC phosphorylation did not reflect altered rhythmicity of plasma corticosterone or serum and glucocorticoid-induced kinase 1 activity. Both mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids emerge as regulators of NCC, acting via distinct receptor pathways. MR activation provides maintenance of the NCC protein pool; GR activation dynamically regulates NCC phosphorylation and establishes the diurnal rhythm of NCC activity. This study has implications for circadian BP homeostasis, particularly in individuals with abnormal glucocorticoid signaling as is found in chronic stress and corticosteroid therapy.

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Wyse, Bruce, Nawb Ali, and David H. Ellison. "Interaction with grp58 increases activity of the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 282, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): F424—F430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.0028.2001.

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The thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) is expressed by distal convoluted tubule cells of the mammalian kidney. We used yeast two-hybrid screening to identify that glucose-regulated protein 58 (grp58), a protein induced by glucose deprivation, binds to the COOH terminus of the NCC. Immunoprecipitation of rat kidney cortex homogenates using a guinea pig anti-NCC antibody confirmed that grp58 associates with the NCC in vivo. Northern blots indicated that grp58 is highly expressed in rat kidney cortex. Immunofluorescence showed that grp58 protein abundance in kidney is highest in epithelial cells of the distal nephron, where it colocalizes with NCC near the apical membrane. To determine whether this interaction has a functional significance, NCC and grp58 cRNA were coexpressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. In oocytes overexpressing grp58, sodium uptake was increased compared with control. Because oocytes express endogenous grp58, antisense experiments were performed to evaluate whether endogenous grp58 affected NCC activity in oocytes. Sodium uptake was lower in oocytes injected with both antisense grp58 cRNA and sense NCC compared with sense NCC oocytes. Western blot analysis did not show any effect of grp58 expression on processing of the NCC. These data indicate a novel, functionally important interaction between grp58 and the NCC in rat kidney cortex.

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Sekhon, Mypinder S., Peter Gooderham, Brian Toyota, Navid Kherzi, Vivien Hu, Vinay K. Dhingra, Morad S. Hameed, Dean R. Chittock, and Donald E. Griesdale. "Implementation of Neurocritical Care Is Associated With Improved Outcomes in Traumatic Brain Injury." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 44, no. 4 (March 27, 2017): 350–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2017.25.

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AbstractBackground Traditionally, the delivery of dedicated neurocritical care (NCC) occurs in distinct NCC units and is associated with improved outcomes. Institution-specific logistical challenges pose barriers to the development of distinct NCC units; therefore, we developed a consultancy NCC service coupled with the implementation of invasive multimodal neuromonitoring, within a medical-surgical intensive care unit. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of a consultancy NCC program on neurologic outcomes in severe traumatic brain injury patients. Methods: We conducted a single-center quasi-experimental uncontrolled pre- and post-NCC study in severe traumatic brain injury patients (Glasgow Coma Scale ≤8). The NCC program includes consultation with a neurointensivist and neurosurgeon and multimodal neuromonitoring. Demographic, injury severity metrics, neurophysiologic data, and therapeutic interventions were collected. Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at 6 months was the primary outcome. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression was used to model the association between NCC implementation and GOS at 6 months. Results: A total of 113 patients were identified: 76 pre-NCC and 37 post-NCC. Mean age was 39 years (standard deviation [SD], 2) and 87 of 113 (77%) patients were male. Median admission motor score was 3 (interquartile ratio, 1-4). Daily mean arterial pressure was higher (95 mmHg [SD, 10]) versus (88 mmHg [SD, 10], p<0.001) and daily mean core body temperature was lower (36.6°C [SD, 0.90]) versus (37.2°C [SD, 1.0], p=0.001) post-NCC compared with pre-NCC, respectively. Multivariable regression modelling revealed the NCC program was associated with a 2.5 increased odds (odds ratios, 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-5.3; p=0.022) of improved 6-month GOS. Conclusions: Implementation of a NCC program is associated with improved 6 month GOS in severe TBI patients.

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Oulachgar, Hassane, Martin Bolduc, Gregory Chauve, Yan Desroches, Patrick Beaupre, Jean Bouchard, and Pierre Galarneau. "Fabrication and Electro-Optical Characterization of a Nanocellulose-Based Spatial Light Modulator." MRS Advances 1, no. 10 (December 28, 2015): 631–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2015.34.

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ABSTRACTNanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) is an emerging renewable nanomaterial that is promising for many diverse applications. As a renewable material, NCC and its derivatives have been widely studied, focusing on their biological, chemical, as well as mechanical properties. The electro-optical properties of NCC, however, remain relatively under explored. Birefringence is one of the important properties that make the NCC very attractive for photonic applications. The rode-like NCC fibers dispersed in certain solutions exhibit a specific preferred orientation which depends on their electrical charge, physical dimensions and the type of solutions used to disperse NCC fibers. In a recent study of Kerr-effect in functionalized NCC solutions, we demonstrated that it is possible to control the orientation of NCC fibers under an applied electric field. NCC-based spatial light modulator devices were fabricated and characterized. Results showed that the transmittance of the device can be controlled through frequency modulation of the applied electric field. In this paper we present the fabrication and electro-optical characterization of the device and discuss the relevant properties of NCC and future approaches to optimize and improve their characteristics and performance.

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Zhang, Hao, Ying She, Shu Ping Song, and Jun Wen Pu. "Modified Nanocrystalline Cellulose Used for Improving Formaldehyde Emission and Bonding Strength of Urea Formaldehyde Resin Adhesive." Key Engineering Materials 562-565 (July 2013): 846–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.562-565.846.

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Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was used for improving the formaldehyde (HCHO) emission and bonding strength of urea formaldehyde (UF) resin adhesive in fiberboard and plywood. The original NCC was modified by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and the wetting property with UF resin adhesive was improved by 26.4%. The UF resin adhesive with modified NCC was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). The crystal region of UF resin adhesive was influenced by NCC and the diffraction intensity of the peak at 2θ = 22.82° was enhanced significantly. The thermal stability of UF resin adhesive with 1.0% modified NCC increased by 4.9%. And modified NCC led hydroxyl groups into the UF resin adhesive. HCHO emission and bonding strength of the UF resin adhesive with modified NCC were tested according to Chinese National Standards GB/T 17657-1999 and GB/T 9846-2004. The HCHO emission of fiberboard and plywood with 1.5% modified NCC decreased by 13.0% and 53.2%, respectively. The bonding strength of fiberboard increased by 158.3% (from 0.12 MPa of control group to 0.31 MPa of fiberboard with 1.5% modified NCC), while 1.5% modified NCC led to a 23.6% increase in the plywood.

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Jiang, Weihui, Peiyao Shen, and Ju Gu. "Nanocrystalline cellulose prepared by double oxidation as reinforcement in polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels." Journal of Polymer Engineering 40, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2019-0258.

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Abstract As a biopolymer with high mechanical strength, nanocellulose was increasingly studied to improve polymer properties. In this study, nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was efficiently isolated from eucalyptus pulp by double oxidation (ammonium persulfate oxidation and ultrasonic oxidation). The total yield of NCC (405.1 ± 180.5 nm long and 31.7 ± 9.5 nm wide) was 38.3%. A novel hybrid hydrogel was produced from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and NCC using the freeze-thaw technique. In this hybrid architecture, hydrogen bonds were formed between PVA and NCC. With the increasing proportion of NCC, the pore size of hydrogels shank gradually and the structure of the hybrid hydrogels became denser. The tensile strength of PVA/NCC hybrid hydrogels increased by 42.4% compared to the neat PVA hydrogel. The results showed that NCC can improve the swelling, thermal properties, and water evaporation rate of PVA hydrogels due to the hydrophilic hydroxyl groups of NCC and hydrogen bonds between PVA and NCC, indicating that PVA hydrogels would have a wider range of application due to the existence of NCC, a green hybrid filler. Most importantly, this novel double oxidation method for preparing nanocellulose will promote an efficient production of nanocellulose.

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Carney, Ellen F. "Aldosterone-dependent NCC activation." Nature Reviews Nephrology 11, no. 10 (August 25, 2015): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2015.145.

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Mount, David B. "Regulated endocytosis of NCC." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 299, no. 2 (August 2010): F297—F299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00280.2010.

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NORMAN, DAVID B., and WILLIAM A. WIMBLEDON. "Palaeontology in the NCC." Geology Today 4, no. 6 (November 1988): 194–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2451.1988.tb00589.x.

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Pijnappels, Kees. "NCC goed uit startblok." Advocatenblad 100, no. 2 (February 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5553/ab/0165-13312020100002003.

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Crumpton, Paul. "The NCC needs you." Production Engineer 68, no. 1 (1988): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/tpe.1988.0256.

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Wang, Dexuan, Shufang Pan, Yixiao Xu, Xiaohua Ye, Xiaobi Ren, and Qiyi Zeng. "WNK3 interacts with NCC." Science China Life Sciences 59, no. 11 (July 4, 2016): 1189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11427-016-5091-9.

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34

Ferdaus, Mohammed Z., Anindit Mukherjee, Jonathan W. Nelson, Philip J. Blatt, Lauren N. Miller, Andrew S. Terker, Olivier Staub, Dao-Hong Lin, and James A. McCormick. "Mg2+ restriction downregulates NCC through NEDD4-2 and prevents its activation by hypokalemia." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 317, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): F825—F838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00216.2019.

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Hypomagnesemia is associated with reduced kidney function and life-threatening complications and sustains hypokalemia. The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) determines final urinary Mg2+ excretion and, via activity of the Na+-Cl− cotransporter (NCC), also plays a key role in K+ homeostasis by metering Na+ delivery to distal segments. Little is known about the mechanisms by which plasma Mg2+ concentration regulates NCC activity and how low-plasma Mg2+ concentration and K+ concentration interact to modulate NCC activity. To address this, we performed dietary manipulation studies in mice. Compared with normal diet, abundances of total NCC and phosphorylated NCC (pNCC) were lower after short-term (3 days) or long-term (14 days) dietary Mg2+ restriction. Altered NCC activation is unlikely to play a role, since we also observed lower total NCC abundance in mice lacking the two NCC-activating kinases, STE20/SPS-1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase and oxidative stress response kinase-1, after Mg2+ restriction. The E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NEDD4-2 regulates NCC abundance during dietary NaCl loading or K+ restriction. Mg2+ restriction did not lower total NCC abundance in inducible nephron-specific neuronal precursor cell developmentally downregulated 4-2 (NEDD4-2) knockout mice. Total NCC and pNCC abundances were similar after short-term Mg2+ or combined Mg2+-K+ restriction but were dramatically lower compared with a low-K+ diet. Therefore, sustained NCC downregulation may serve a mechanism that enhances distal Na+ delivery during states of hypomagnesemia, maintaining hypokalemia. Similar results were obtained with long-term Mg2+-K+ restriction, but, surprisingly, NCC was not activated after long-term K+ restriction despite lower plasma K+ concentration, suggesting significant differences in distal tubule adaptation to acute or chronic K+ restriction.

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Mohd, Nurul Hanisah, Nur Farahein Hadina Ismail, Johan Iskandar Zahari, Wan Farahhanim bt Wan Fathilah, Hanieh Kargarzadeh, Suria Ramli, Ishak Ahmad, Mohd Ambar Yarmo, and Rizafizah Othaman. "Effect of Aminosilane Modification on Nanocrystalline Cellulose Properties." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4804271.

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The application of renewable nanomaterials, like nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), has recently been widely studied by many researchers. NCC has many benefits such as high aspect ratio, biodegradability, and high number of hydroxyl groups which offer great opportunities for modification. In this study, the NCC derived from empty fruit bunches (EFB) was modified with aminosilane, 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl-dimethoxymethylsilane (AEAPDMS), and the characterization was performed to investigate the potential as carbon dioxide (CO2) capture. Modification of NCC with AEAPDMS was carried out in water/ethanol solvent (80/20) (v/v) with a ratio of NCC to aminosilane of 1 : 1, 1 : 2, 1 : 3, and 1 : 4 w/w%. The effects of AEAPDMS on NCC were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, elemental analysis (CHNS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The existence of AEAPDMS onto NCC was confirmed by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy as the new peaks of NH2were bending and wagging, and Si-CH3appeared. The thermal stability of NCC increased after modification due to the interaction with AEAPDMS. The elemental analysis result showed that the nitrogen content increased with an enhancement ratio of the modifiers. The XRD indicated that the crystallinity decreased while the rod-like geometry of NCC was maintained after amorphous AEAPDMS grafted on the NCC. Since AEAPDMS can be grafted on the NCC, the sample is applicable as CO2capture.

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R, Rohaizu. "Effect of OPEFB-NCC Axial Ratio on Optical Properties of NCC Film." International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 5, no. 6 (December 2014): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijcea.2014.v5.430.

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Poulsen, Søren Brandt, and Birgitte Mønster Christensen. "Long-term aldosterone administration increases renal Na+-Cl− cotransporter abundance in late distal convoluted tubule." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 313, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): F756—F766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00352.2016.

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Renal Na+-Cl− cotransporter (NCC) is expressed in early distal convoluted tubule (DCT) 1 and late DCT (DCT2). NCC activity can be stimulated by aldosterone administration, and the mechanism is assumed to depend on the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2), which inactivates glucocorticoids that would otherwise occupy aldosterone receptors. Because 11β-HSD2 in rat may only be abundantly expressed in DCT2 cells and not in DCT1 cells, it has been speculated that aldosterone specifically stimulates NCC activity in DCT2 cells. In mice, however, it is debated if 11β-HSD2 is expressed in DCT2 cells. The present study examined whether aldosterone administration in mice stimulates NCC abundance and phosphorylation in DCT2 cells but not in DCT1 cells. B6/C57 male mice were administered 100 µg aldosterone·kg body weight−1·24 h−1 for 6 days and euthanized during isoflurane inhalation. Western blotting of whole kidney homogenate showed that aldosterone administration stimulated NCC and pT58-NCC abundances ( P < 0.001). In DCT1 cells, confocal microscopy detected no effect of the aldosterone administration on NCC and pT58-NCC abundances. By contrast, NCC and pT58-NCC abundances were stimulated by aldosterone administration in the middle of DCT2 ( P < 0.001 and <0.01, respectively) and at the junction between DCT2 and CNT ( P < 0.001 and <0.05, respectively). In contrast to rat, immunohistochemistry in mouse showed no/very weak 11β-HSD2 expression in DCT2 cells. Collectively, long-term aldosterone administration stimulates mouse NCC and pT58-NCC abundances in DCT2 cells and presumably not in DCT1 cells.

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Rosenbaek, Lena L., Federica Rizzo, Nanna MacAulay, Olivier Staub, and Robert A. Fenton. "Functional assessment of sodium chloride cotransporter NCC mutants in polarized mammalian epithelial cells." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 313, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): F495—F504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00088.2017.

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The thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter NCC is important for maintaining serum sodium (Na+) and, indirectly, serum potassium (K+) levels. Functional studies on NCC have used cell lines with native NCC expression, transiently transfected nonpolarized cell lines, or Xenopus laevis oocytes. Here, we developed the use of polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney type I (MDCKI) mammalian epithelial cell lines with tetracycline-inducible human NCC expression to study NCC activity and membrane abundance in the same system. In radiotracer assays, induced cells grown on filters had robust thiazide-sensitive and chloride dependent sodium-22 (22Na) uptake from the apical side. To minimize cost and maximize throughput, assays were modified to use cells grown on plastic. On plastic, cells had similar thiazide-sensitive 22Na uptakes that increased following preincubation of cells in chloride-free solutions. NCC was detected in the plasma membrane, and both membrane abundance and phosphorylation of NCC were increased by incubation in chloride-free solutions. Furthermore, in cells exposed for 15 min to low or high extracellular K+, the levels of phosphorylated NCC increased and decreased, respectively. To demonstrate that the system allows rapid and systematic assessment of mutated NCC, three phosphorylation sites in NCC were mutated, and NCC activity was examined. 22Na fluxes in phosphorylation-deficient mutants were reduced to baseline levels, whereas phosphorylation-mimicking mutants were constitutively active, even without chloride-free stimulation. In conclusion, this system allows the activity, cellular localization, and abundance of wild-type or mutant NCC to be examined in the same polarized mammalian expression system in a rapid, easy, and low-cost fashion.

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Isobe, Kiyoshi, Takayasu Mori, Takako Asano, Hiroyuki Kawaguchi, Shigeaki Nonoyama, Naonori Kumagai, Fumiaki Kamada, et al. "Development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for urinary thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter measurement." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 305, no. 9 (November 1, 2013): F1374—F1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00208.2013.

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The Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubules in kidney is known to be excreted in urine. However, its clinical significance has not been established because of the lack of quantitative data on urinary NCC. We developed highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for urinary total NCC (tNCC) and its active form, phosphorylated NCC (pNCC). We first measured the excretion of tNCC and pT55-NCC in urinary exosomes in pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII) patients since PHAII is caused by NCC activation. Highly increased excretion of tNCC and pNCC was observed in PHAII patients. In contrast, the levels of tNCC and pNCC in the urine of patients with Gitelman's syndrome were not detectable or very low, indicating that both assays could specifically detect the changes in urinary NCC excretion caused by the changes of NCC activity in the kidney. Then, to test whether these assays could be feasible for a more general patient population, we measured tNCC and pNCC in the urine of outpatients with different clinical backgrounds. Although urinary protein levels >30 mg/dl interfered with our ELISA, we could measure urinary pNCC in all patients without proteinuria. Thus we established highly sensitive and quantitative assays for urinary NCC, which could be valuable tools for estimating NCC activity in vivo.

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40

Rojas-Vega, Lorena, Luis A. Reyes-Castro, Victoria Ramírez, Rocío Bautista-Pérez, Chloe Rafael, María Castañeda-Bueno, Patricia Meade, et al. "Ovarian hormones and prolactin increase renal NaCl cotransporter phosphorylation." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 308, no. 8 (April 15, 2015): F799—F808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00447.2014.

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Unique situations in female physiology require volume retention. Accordingly, a dimorphic regulation of the thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl− cotransporter (NCC) has been reported, with a higher activity in females than in males. However, little is known about the hormones and mechanisms involved. Here, we present evidence that estrogens, progesterone, and prolactin stimulate NCC expression and phosphorylation. The sex difference in NCC abundance, however, is species dependent. In rats, NCC phosphorylation is higher in females than in males, while in mice both NCC expression and phosphorylation is higher in females, and this is associated with increased expression and phosphorylation of full-length STE-20 proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK). Higher expression/phosphorylation of NCC was corroborated in humans by urinary exosome analysis. Ovariectomy in rats resulted in decreased expression and phosphorylation of the cotransporter and promoted the shift of SPAK isoforms toward the short inhibitory variant SPAK2. Conversely, estradiol or progesterone administration to ovariectomized rats restored NCC phosphorylation levels and shifted SPAK expression and phosphorylation towards the full-length isoform. Estradiol administration to male rats induced a significant increase in NCC phosphorylation. NCC is also modulated by prolactin. Administration of this peptide hormone to male rats induced increased phosphorylation of NCC, an effect that was observed even using the ex vivo kidney perfusion strategy. Our results indicate that estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin, the hormones that are involved in sexual cycle, pregnancy and lactation, upregulate the activity of NCC.

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Gupta, Murli Manohar, Nagendra Chaudhary, Santosh Pathak, Nikhil Agrawal, Jaydev Yadav, Sandeep Shrestha, Om Prakash Kurmi, Baldev Bhatia, and Kailash Nath Agarwal. "Neurocysticercosis in Children with Seizures: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Pediatrics 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1030878.

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Background. Neurocysticercosis (NCC), a common cause of seizures in children from low and middle income countries (LMICs), if not diagnosed and treated early enough may lead to considerable morbidity and mortality. There is a lack of data on the prevalence of NCC and its clinical characteristics among those with seizure in South-Western Nepal. Aims and Objectives. To study the prevalence and clinical characteristics of NCC in children with seizures. Material and Methods. All children admitted to Universal College of Medical Sciences, a tertiary hospital in South-Western Nepal with seizures during 2014–16, were tested for NCC. NCC was diagnosed by neuroimaging [computerized tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]. We used logistic regression to test the association between NCC with participants’ characteristics and clinical symptoms. Results. Among 4962 in-patient children, 168 (104 boys and 64 girls) had seizures (138 with generalized tonic clonic seizures (GTCS) and 30 with focal seizures). 43% of children with seizures had CT scan confirmed NCC. The prevalence of NCC in the oldest children (13–16 years) was significantly greater (57.1% versus 15.6%) compared to the youngest (0–4 years) one (p<0.001). Among 72 children with NCC, the proportions of children with vesicular, calcified, and colloidal stages were 76% (n=35), 18% (n=13), and 6% (n=2), respectively. Children with focal seizures had 13% more NCC compared to those with GTCS but the result was statistically not significant. The adjusted odds of having NCC among 5–8 years, 9–12 years, and 13–16 years children were 6.6 (1.78–24.60), 11.06 (2.74–44.60), and 14.47 (3.13–66.96), respectively, compared to 0–4-year-old children. Reoccurrence of seizures within the first 3 months of taking antiepileptic drug in those with NCC was approximately 3 times higher compared to those without NCC (11% versus 4%, p=0.084). Conclusions. This study shows that NCC contributes significantly to higher prevalence of seizures in children in South-Western region of Nepal.

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Lin, Wensheng, Xiaoyong Hu, Xueqing You, Yingying Sun, Yueqin Wen, Wenbin Yang, Xinxiang Zhang, Yan Li, and Hanxian Chen. "Hydrophobic Modification of Nanocellulose via a Two-Step Silanation Method." Polymers 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2018): 1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10091035.

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Dodecyltrimethoxysilane (DTMOS), which is a silanation modifier, was grafted onto nanocellulose crystals (NCC) through a two-step method using KH560 (ɤ-(2,3-epoxyproxy)propytrimethoxysilane) as a linker to improve the hydrophobicity of NCC. The reaction mechanism of NCC with KH560 and DTMOS and its surface chemical characteristics were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and HCl–acetone titration. These analyses confirmed that KH560 was grafted onto the surface of NCC through the ring-opening reaction, before DTMOS was covalently grafted onto the surface of NCC using KH560 as a linker. The grafting of NCC with DTMOS resulted in an improvement in its hydrophobicity due to an increase in its water contact angle from 0° to about 140°. In addition, the modified NCC also possessed enhanced thermal stability.

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Vallon, Volker, Jana Schroth, Florian Lang, Dietmar Kuhl, and Shinichi Uchida. "Expression and phosphorylation of the Na+-Cl− cotransporter NCC in vivo is regulated by dietary salt, potassium, and SGK1." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 297, no. 3 (September 2009): F704—F712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00030.2009.

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The Na-Cl cotransporter NCC is expressed in the distal convoluted tubule, activated by phosphorylation, and has been implicated in renal NaCl and K+ homeostasis. The serum and glucocorticoid inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) contributes to renal NaCl retention and K+ excretion, at least in part, by stimulating the epithelial Na+ channel and Na+-K+-ATPase in the downstream segments of aldosterone-sensitive Na+/K+ exchange. In this study we confirmed in wild-type mice (WT) that dietary NaCl restriction increases renal NCC expression and its phosphorylation at Thr53, Thr58, and Ser71, respectively. This response, however, was attenuated in mice lacking SGK1 ( Sgk1−/−), which may contribute to impaired NaCl retention in those mice. Total renal NCC expression and phosphorylation at Thr53, Thr58, and Ser71 in WT were greater under low- compared with high-K+ diet. This finding is consistent with a regulation of NCC to modulate Na+ delivery to downstream segments of Na+/K+ exchange, thereby modulating K+ excretion. Dietary K+-dependent variation in renal expression of total NCC and phosphorylated NCC were not attenuated in Sgk1−/− mice. In fact, high-K+ diet-induced NCC suppression was enhanced in Sgk1−/− mice. The hyperkalemia induced in Sgk1−/− mice by a high-K+ diet may have augmented NCC suppression, thereby increasing Na+ delivery and facilitating K+ excretion in downstream segments of impaired Na+/K+ exchange. In summary, changes in NaCl and K+ intake altered NCC expression and phosphorylation, an observation consistent with a role of NCC in NaCl and K+ homeostasis. The two maneuvers dissociated plasma aldosterone levels from NCC expression and phosphorylation, implicating additional regulators. Regulation of NCC expression and phosphorylation by dietary NaCl restriction appears to involve SGK1.

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Sandberg, Monica B., Anne D. M. Riquier, Kaarina Pihakaski-Maunsbach, Alicia A. McDonough, and Arvid B. Maunsbach. "ANG II provokes acute trafficking of distal tubule Na+-Cl− cotransporter to apical membrane." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 293, no. 3 (September 2007): F662—F669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00064.2007.

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The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) Na+-Cl− cotransporter (NCC), the target of thiazide diuretics, is responsible for the reabsorption of 5–10% of filtered NaCl. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that acute infusion of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril (at 12 μg/min) for 20 min provokes trafficking of NCC from apical plasma membranes (APM) to subapical cytoplasmic vesicles (SCV), which is reversed by acute ANG II infusion (ANG II at 20 ng·kg−1·min−1 along with 12 μg/min captopril) for 20 min in male Sprague-Dawley rats (250–350 g). By immuno-electron microscopy using an anti-NCC (D. Ellison) 71.5 ± SD 4.9% of the NCC gold labeling was associated with the APM in control, sham operated, and infused rats, while captopril infusion reduced NCC in APM to 54.9 ± 6.9% ( P < 0.001) and markedly increased immunogold labeling of SCV. Subsequent infusion of ANG II with captopril restored NCC immunogold labeling of APM to 72.4 ± 4.2%, that is, 20% of the total NCC trafficked between APM and SCV. Likewise, on density gradients of cortex, captopril provoked redistribution of 27.3% of total NCC from low-density APM-enriched membranes to higher-density membranes and ANG II+captopril restored 20.3% of the NCC to APM-enriched fractions. Redistribution occurred independent of a change in NCC total abundance. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that ACE inhibition provokes acute trafficking of NCC out of the plasma membrane, which likely decreases DCT Na+ reabsorption, while ANG II provokes rapid trafficking of NCC from stores in subapical vesicles to the plasma membrane, which likely increases DCT Na+ reabsorption.

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Yang, Yih-Sheng, Jian Xie, Sung-Sen Yang, Shih-Hua Lin, and Chou-Long Huang. "Differential roles of WNK4 in regulation of NCC in vivo." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 314, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): F999—F1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00177.2017.

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The Na+-Cl− cotransporter (NCC) in distal convoluted tubule (DCT) plays important roles in renal NaCl reabsorption. The current hypothesis for the mechanism of regulation of NCC focuses on WNK4 and intracellular Cl− concentration ([Cl−]i). WNK kinases bind Cl−, and Cl− binding decreases the catalytic activity. It is believed that hypokalemia under low K+ intake decreases [Cl−]i to activate WNK4, which thereby phosphorylates and stimulates NCC through activation of SPAK. However, increased NCC activity and apical NaCl entry would mitigate the fall in [Cl−]i. Whether [Cl−]i in DCT under low-K+ diet is sufficiently low to activate WNK4 is unknown. Furthermore, increased luminal NaCl delivery also stimulates NCC and causes upregulation of the transporter. Unlike low K+ intake, increased luminal NaCl delivery would tend to increase [Cl−]i. Thus we investigated the role of WNK4 and [Cl−]i in regulating NCC. We generated Wnk4-knockout mice and examined regulation of NCC by low K+ intake and by increased luminal NaCl delivery in knockout (KO) and wild-type mice. Wnk4-KO mice have marked reduction in the abundance, phosphorylation, and functional activity of NCC vs. wild type. Low K+ intake increases NCC phosphorylation and functional activity in wild-type mice, but not in Wnk4-KO mice. Increased luminal NaCl delivery similarly upregulates NCC, which, contrary to low K+ intake, is not abolished in Wnk4-KO mice. The results reveal that modulation of WNK4 activity by [Cl−]i is not the sole mechanism for regulating NCC. Increased luminal NaCl delivery upregulates NCC via yet unknown mechanism(s) that may override inhibition of WNK4 by high [Cl−]i.

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San-Cristobal, Pedro, José Ponce-Coria, Norma Vázquez, Norma A. Bobadilla, and Gerardo Gamba. "WNK3 and WNK4 amino-terminal domain defines their effect on the renal Na+-Cl− cotransporter." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 295, no. 4 (October 2008): F1199—F1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.90396.2008.

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Loss of physiological regulation of the renal thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl− cotransporter (NCC) by mutant WNK1 or WNK4 results in pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII) characterized by arterial hypertension and hyperkalemia. WNK4 normally inhibits NCC, but this effect is lost by eliminating WNK4 catalytic activity or through PHAII-type mutations. In contrast, another member of the WNK family, WNK3, activates NCC. The positive effect of WNK3 on NCC also requires its catalytic activity. Because the opposite effects of WNK3 and WNK4 on NCC were observed in the same expression system, sequences within the WNKs should endow these kinases with their activating or inhibiting properties. To gain insight into the structure-function relationships between the WNKs and NCC, we used a chimera approach between WNK3 and WNK4 to elucidate the domain of the WNKs responsible for the effects on NCC. Chimeras were constructed by swapping the amino or carboxyl terminus domains, which flank the central kinase domain, between WNK3 and WNK4. Our results show that the effect of chimeras toward NCC follows the amino-terminal domain. Thus the amino terminus of the WNKs contains the sequences that are required for their activating or inhibiting properties on NCC.

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Mohd, Nurul Hanisah, Aina Aqila Arman Alim, Johan Iskandar Zahari, Mohd Ambar Yarmo, Ishak Ahmad, Maratun Najiha Abu Tahari, Hanieh Kargarzadeh, and Rizafizah Othaman. "Properties of Aminosilane Modified Nanocrytalline Cellulose (NCC) from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) Fibers." Materials Science Forum 888 (March 2017): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.888.284.

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Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is one of the lignocellulosic materials which very well known as an abundant waste at oil mills and need to be utilized. The nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was extracted from OPEFB fiber through several of chemical treatment and hydrolyzed with sulphuric acid (H2SO4). NCC acts as support to modify with aminosilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropylmethyldimethoxy silane (AEAPDMS) which has possibility for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of NCC properties after modified with AEAPDMS. The raw OPEFB fiber, cellulose, NCC and modified NCC were characterized by attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD) but the morphology and the size of NCC was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The NCC treated with AEAPDMS was proved by FTIR with the emerging of several new peaks especially for NH2 bending and wagging around 1600 cm-1 and 798 cm-1, respectively. While, the XRD result showed the CrI of modified NCC decreased to 64 % from 76 % after the treatment due to the interaction of silanization occurred during the treatment since AEAPDMS has amorphous region. The NCC used in this study was classed as nanomaterial within nanosize and rod-like morphology observed by TEM analysis. Thus, these results give a good possibility for the AEAPDMS modified NCC to capture CO2 via covalent bonding.

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VERMA, AVANTIKA, KASHI N. PRASAD, KISHAN K. NYATI, SATYENDRA K. SINGH, ALOUKICK K. SINGH, VIMAL K. PALIWAL, and RAKESH K. GUPTA. "Association of MMP-2 and MMP-9 with clinical outcome of neurocysticercosis." Parasitology 138, no. 11 (August 4, 2011): 1423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011001259.

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SUMMARYMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the major endopeptidases involved in proteolysis of blood brain barrier (BBB) during central nervous system (CNS) infections. The present study detected serum levels and activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in patients with neurocysticercosis (NCC) and their association with symptomatic disease. In total, 68 individuals with NCC (36 symptomatic patients with active seizures and 32 asymptomatic individuals) and 37 healthy controls were enrolled for the study. Serum MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels and their activities were measured by ELISA and gel zymography respectively. Mean serum MMP-2 levels (ng/ml) were higher both in asymptomatic and symptomatic NCC cases compared to healthy controls. However, significantly higher levels of serum MMP-9 (ng/ml) were detected only in symptomatic NCC patients compared to asymptomatic NCC cases and healthy controls. Levels of both MMPs positively correlated with symptomatic NCC. Serum MMP-2 activities were significantly higher in symptomatic and asymptomatic NCC compared to healthy controls whereas serum MMP-9 activity was significantly associated with symptomatic NCC compared to healthy controls and asymptomatic NCC. In conclusion, the elevated level of MMP-9 in serum appears to play an important role in the development of symptoms i.e. active seizures in patients with NCC. However, further studies are needed to elucidate its precise role in disease pathogenesis.

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Ko, Benjamin, Abinash C. Mistry, Lauren Hanson, Rickta Mallick, Brandi M. Wynne, Tiffany L. Thai, James L. Bailey, Janet D. Klein, and Robert S. Hoover. "Aldosterone acutely stimulates NCC activity via a SPAK-mediated pathway." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 305, no. 5 (September 1, 2013): F645—F652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00053.2013.

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Hypertension is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and disordered sodium balance has long been implicated in its pathogenesis. Aldosterone is perhaps the key regulator of sodium balance and thus blood pressure. The sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney is a major site of sodium reabsorption and plays a key role in blood pressure regulation. Chronic exposure to aldosterone increases NCC protein expression and function. However, more acute effects of aldosterone on NCC are unknown. In our salt-abundant modern society where chronic salt deprivation is rare, understanding the acute effects of aldosterone is critical. Here, we examined the acute effects (12–36 h) of aldosterone on NCC in the rodent kidney and in a mouse distal convoluted tubule cell line. Studies demonstrated that aldosterone acutely stimulated NCC activity and phosphorylation without affecting total NCC abundance or surface expression. This effect was dependent upon the presence of the mineralocorticoid receptor and serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1). Furthermore, STE20/SPS-1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) phosphorylation also increased, and gene silencing of SPAK eliminated the effect of aldosterone on NCC activity. Aldosterone administration via a minipump in adrenalectomized rodents confirmed an increase in NCC phosphorylation without a change in NCC total protein. These data indicate that acute aldosterone-induced SPAK-dependent phosphorylation of NCC increases individual transporter activity.

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Al-Dulaimi, Ahmed A., and W. D. Wan Rosli. "Water Dispersion Conductive Polypyrrole Based on Nanocrystalline Cellulose." Advanced Materials Research 1043 (October 2014): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1043.105.

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Conductive polypyrrole (PPY) was successfully synthesized via situ polymerization of pyrrole monomer in presence of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) suspension as a dopant and template with a rarity sedimentation. PPY-NCC composite having very good dispersion stability in aqueous media. The chemical structure of PPY and PPY-NCC was investigated by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. FTIR result shows that the synthesis of PPY in presence of NCC still retains its chemical structures well. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses shows obvious transformation in PPY morphology from cauliflower-like spherical particles with 400-500 nm to nanofibers with 200nm length after composite with NCC. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the typical morphology of NCC rod-like nanostructure with length 150 ±23 nm and diameter 6.5 ±0.68 nm and the NCC nanorod is coated by a cover of PPY with irregular thickness.

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Journal articles on the topic 'NCC'

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