Journal articles: 'NDE techniques'

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Matikas, Theodore E., and Robert L. Crane. "Ultrasonic Nondestructive Techniques for Materials Characterization." MRS Bulletin 21, no. 10 (1996): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400031596.

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Characterization of materials properties is critical for the understanding of materials behavior and performance under operating conditions. Tailoring materials properties, which are functions of the materials states, is essential for advanced product design. The need to characterize materials for a myriad of applications has spurred the development of many new methods and instruments. Unfortunately many of these characterization tools require destructive sectioning. Also many characterization techniques do not provide key information about material parameters in their operating environments. An ideal characterization tool would provide data about the material properties that are related to micro-and macrostructure without destructive sectioning. Such data can only be obtained using nondestructive-evaluation (NDE) methodologies. Therefore NDE is essential for almost any industrial product. Nondestructive evaluation has become an integral part of materials research because it enables the determination of material parameters (such as micro- and macrostructure, stress, physical properties, and defects) at nearly any point, line, surface, or volume element of interest and at nearly any state during the life of the material. Nondestructive evaluation is based on many different methods that rely on elastic waves, penetrating radiation, light, electric and magnetic fields, chemical sensing, etc. The large number of potential methods makes NDE not a single field but a synergism of many scientific and engineering disciplines. Since it would be impractical here to present all the new NDE methodologies with application to materials research, this issue of MRS Bulletin focuses exclusively on those ultrasonic techniques that are increasingly important in materials characterization.

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Taheri, Hossein, Maria Gonzalez Bocanegra, and Mohammad Taheri. "Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Smart Technologies for Nondestructive Evaluation." Sensors 22, no. 11 (2022): 4055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22114055.

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Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques are used in many industries to evaluate the properties of components and inspect for flaws and anomalies in structures without altering the part’s integrity or causing damage to the component being tested. This includes monitoring materials’ condition (Material State Awareness (MSA)) and health of structures (Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)). NDE techniques are highly valuable tools to help prevent potential losses and hazards arising from the failure of a component while saving time and cost by not compromising its future usage. On the other hand, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques are useful tools which can help automating data collection and analyses, providing new insights, and potentially improving detection performance in a quick and low effort manner with great cost savings. This paper presents a survey on state of the art AI-ML techniques for NDE and the application of related smart technologies including Machine Vision (MV) and Digital Twins in NDE.

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Morozov, M., G. Y. Tian, and D. Edgar. "Comparison Of Pec And Sfec Nde Techniques." Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation 24, no. 1-2 (2009): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10589750802195543.

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Barbosa, C. H., A. C. Bruno, L. F. Scavarda, E. A. Lima, P. Costa Ribeiro, and C. Kelber. "Image processing techniques for NDE SQUID systems." IEEE Transactions on Appiled Superconductivity 5, no. 2 (1995): 2478–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/77.403093.

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Popovics, J. S. "NDE techniques for concrete and masonry structures." Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials 5, no. 2 (2003): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pse.146.

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Davis, Allen, Mirmilad Mirsayar, and Darren Hartl. "Structural Health Monitoring by Magnetic Sensing in Concrete Structures via Embedded Shape Memory Alloy Components." MATEC Web of Conferences 271 (2019): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927101003.

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In the field of structural health monitoring (SHM), innovative methods of non-destructive evaluation (NDE) are currently being investigated with the purpose of providing prognostic information toward safer, longer lasting structures. Therefore, it is desirable to integrate NDE techniques with existing structural reinforcement techniques for in situ measurement capability, increasing service life. Magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) offer the potential for NDE via magnetic sensing, while further offering the multi-functionality of crack closing and structural reinforcement. The current research proposes a novel SHM approach for concrete structures using embedded MSMAs for magnetic sensing, and investigates the properties of such a system.

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Skafidas, Panagiotis. "Non-Destructive Testing of Mechanical Properties of Magnetic Materials Using Barkhausen Noise and B-H Loop Techniques." Key Engineering Materials 495 (November 2011): 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.495.272.

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A magnetic-based nondestructive evaluation (NDE) method, which employs Barkhausen effect and measurement of hysteresis loops, is developed and used to correlate the magnetic and mechanical properties. The NDE test equipment offers the capability to detect small deviations from linearity that occur in the stress-strain curve.

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Jasiūnienė, Elena, Bengisu Yilmaz, Damira Smagulova, et al. "Non-Destructive Evaluation of the Quality of Adhesive Joints Using Ultrasound, X-ray, and Feature-Based Data Fusion." Applied Sciences 12, no. 24 (2022): 12930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122412930.

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The aim of this work is to achieve reliable nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of adhesively bonded aerospace components by developing novel multidimensional data fusion techniques, which would combine the information obtained by ultrasonic and X-ray NDE methods. Separately, both NDE techniques have their advantages and limitations. The integration of data obtained from pulse echo immersion ultrasound testing and radiography holds immense potential to help improve the reliability of non-destructive evaluation. In this study, distinctive features obtained from single techniques, traditional ultrasonic pulse echo testing, and radiography, as well as fused images, were investigated and the suitability of these distinctive features and fusion techniques for improving the probability of defect detection was evaluated. For this purpose, aluminum single lap joints with brass inclusions were analyzed using ultrasound pulse echo and radiography techniques. The distinctive features were extracted from the data obtained, and images of features obtained by both techniques were fused together. Different combinations of features and fusion algorithms were investigated, considering the desire to automate data evaluation in the future.

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Rathod, Vijay R., R. S. Anand, and Alaknanda Ashok. "Comparative analysis of NDE techniques with image processing." Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation 27, no. 4 (2012): 305–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10589759.2011.645820.

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Hedengren, K. H., R. O. McCary, and J. D. Young. "Use of imaging techniques for eddy current NDE." NDT International 23, no. 6 (1990): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-9126(90)90969-u.

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Millberg, L. S. "Up Close: Johns Hopkins Center for Nondestructive Evaluation." MRS Bulletin 13, no. 1 (1988): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400066550.

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Nondestructive evaluation has historically been used almost exclusively for detecting macroscopic defects after materials have been made or put into service. However, the role of NDE is now changing to include in-process control in an effort to increase yields and performance of materials. This includes materials stability during transport, storage, and fabrication, as well as degradation behavior during in-service life. The NDE community has implied that applying NDE in these ways is crucial to solving the economic problems of U.S. manufacturing industries. So called “intelligent manufacturing” is impossible without integrating modern NDE techniques into the production of today's advanced materials.The Johns Hopkins University Center for Nondestructive Evaluation (CNDE) was established in 1984 as an interdisciplinary center for research and instruction, drawing on the resources and talent of the School of Engineering, Applied Physics Laboratory, School of Medicine, and School of Arts and Sciences. Currently 31 faculty or senior staff work with the Center. The techniques being developed are aimed at reliable in-process control of materials and processes. Another important purpose is the education of talented students who will enter the NDE field; 150 students are associated with the Center, a third of whom are graduate students. The CNDE also provides both research collaborators and industrial sponsors with access to all NDE research and instruction at Johns Hopkins University. Twenty-six research institutions have formal cooperative research programs and 19 organizations are corporate sponsors (see Figure 1).

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Asha, Gokul, Srinivas K., Radhika D., and Dhanasekaran J. "INSPECTION OF GFRP COMPOSITES BY MICROWAVE NDE." International Journal Of Microwave Engineering (JMICRO) 5, no. 1 (2022): 11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6375661.

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Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites form a major structural part ofaerospace and defence applications. Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) plays an important role in assessing the quality and health monitoring of FRP composite structures.Defect detection of FRPcomposite structures are by different NDE techniques, such as ultrasonics, thermography, X-ray radiography. Depending on the type of material, their characteristic features and accessibility of the test object etc. suitable techniquesare employed. Microwave non-destructive evaluation (MWNDE) is an emerging NDE technique for characterizing and inspecting dielectric structures. Microwave NDE finds application in the areas of dielectric material characterization, determining thickness variation, defect detection and bond quality inspection.Inspection of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites by near-field reflection microwave NDE technique is presented in this paper. GFRP composite with known inserted defects such as inclusion and flat bottom holes are inspected to understand and establish Microwave NDE. Results of inspected structures by swept frequency reflection microwave NDE technique in the frequency range 8.2- 12.4GHz (X-band) and 12.4-18GHz (Ku-band) respectively are presented. The position of the reflection characteristic curve indicates the depth of the defect in the inspected structure

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Asha, Gokul1 K. Srinivas2 D. Radhikaand3 and J. Dhanasekaran4. "INSPECTION OF GFRP COMPOSITES BY MICROWAVE NDE." International Journal Of Microwave Engineering (JMICRO) Vol.5, No.1, January 2020 5, no. 1 (2020): 01–11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3653904.

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Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites form a major structural part ofaerospace and defence applications. Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) plays an important role in assessing the quality and health monitoring of FRP composite structures.Defect detection of FRPcomposite structures are by different NDE techniques, such as ultrasonics, thermography, X-ray radiography. Depending on the type of material, their characteristic features and accessibility of the test object etc. suitable techniquesare employed. Microwave non-destructive evaluation (MWNDE) is an emerging NDE technique for characterizing and inspecting dielectric structures. Microwave NDE finds application in the areas of dielectric material characterization, determining thickness variation, defect detection and bond quality inspection.Inspection of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites by near-field reflection microwave NDE technique is presented in this paper. GFRP composite with known inserted defects such as inclusion and flat bottom holes are inspected to understand and establish Microwave NDE. Results of inspected structures by swept frequency reflection microwave NDE technique in the frequency range 8.2- 12.4GHz (X-band) and 12.4-18GHz (Ku-band) respectively are presented. The position of the reflection characteristic curve indicates the depth of the defect in the inspected structure.

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14

Gupta, Ranjeetkumar, Daniel Mitchell, Jamie Blanche, et al. "A Review of Sensing Technologies for Non-Destructive Evaluation of Structural Composite Materials." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 12 (2021): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5120319.

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The growing demand and diversity in the application of industrial composites and the current inability of present non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods to perform detailed inspection of these composites has motivated this comprehensive review of sensing technologies. NDE has the potential to be a versatile tool for maintaining composite structures deployed in hazardous and inaccessible areas, such as offshore wind farms and nuclear power plants. Therefore, the future composite solutions need to take into consideration the niche requirements of these high-value/critical applications. Composite materials are intrinsically complex due to their anisotropic and non-homogeneous characteristics. This presents a significant challenge for evaluation and the associated data analysis for NDEs. For example, the quality assurance, certification of composite structures, and early detection of the failure is complex due to the variability and tolerances involved in the composite manufacturing. Adapting existing NDE methods to detect and locate the defects at multiple length scales in the complex materials represents a significant challenge, resulting in a delayed and incorrect diagnosis of the structural health. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the NDE techniques, that includes a detailed discussion of their working principles, setup, advantages, limitations, and usage level for the structural composites. A comparison between these techniques is also presented, providing an insight into the future trends for composites’ prognostic and health management (PHM). Current research trends show the emergence of the non-contact-type NDE (including digital image correlation, infrared tomography, as well as disruptive frequency-modulated continuous wave techniques) for structural composites, and the reasons for their choice over the most popular contact-type (ultrasonic, acoustic, and piezoelectric testing) NDE methods is also discussed. The analysis of this new sensing modality for composites’ is presented within the context of the state-of-the-art and projected future requirements.

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Calixto Machado, Andrew Newberg, Yanin Machado, et al. "Neural correlates of memories of near-death and mystical experiences: Preliminary research." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 16, no. 2 (2022): 611–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.16.2.1202.

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This study compares the critical neural correlates of two altered states of consciousness: near-death experience (NDE) and spiritual contemplative experience (SCE), a.k.a. mystical experience. For Centuries NDE and SCE have been reported by all faiths, including Abrahamic religious contemplatives: Christian mystics, Muslim Sufis, and Jewish Kabbalists. Their anecdotal reports show that both NDE and SCE have similar attributes: cognitive timelessness, affective peace, transcendent oneness, and paranormal out-of-body. Our Greyson Scale evaluation of these attributes shows a correlation between NDE and SCE. Contemporary first-person SCE leading to relived NDE provided the insight and incentive for this unique scientific study comparing the memories of NDE and SCE in separate subjects. We recorded and processed brain activity by quantitative electroencephalography tomography (QEEGt) methodology. There was a clear correlation of brain activation in delta, alpha, and gamma bands. We also found frontal lobe activation for both NDE and SCE subjects. However, there was a statistically greater activation for the SCE subjects. QEEGt allows a reformulation of QEEG techniques in a 3D anatomic framework using anatomical information provided by MRI to constrain EEG inverse solutions to the sites where primary currents might be generated. These constraints contribute to overcoming the nonuniqueness of the inverse solutions. This study has relevance to neuroscientists studying consciousness.

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Calixto, Machado, Newberg Andrew, Machado Yanin, et al. "Neural correlates of memories of near-death and mystical experiences: Preliminary research." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 16, no. 2 (2022): 611–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7786192.

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This study compares the critical neural correlates of two altered states of consciousness: near-death experience (NDE) and spiritual contemplative experience (SCE), a.k.a. mystical experience. For Centuries NDE and SCE have been reported by all faiths, including Abrahamic religious contemplatives: Christian mystics, Muslim Sufis, and Jewish Kabbalists. Their anecdotal reports show that both NDE and SCE have similar attributes: cognitive timelessness, affective peace, transcendent oneness, and paranormal out-of-body. Our Greyson Scale evaluation of these attributes shows a correlation between NDE and SCE. Contemporary first-person SCE leading to relived NDE provided the insight and incentive for this unique scientific study comparing the memories of NDE and SCE in separate subjects. We recorded and processed brain activity by quantitative electroencephalography tomography (QEEGt) methodology. There was a clear correlation of brain activation in delta, alpha, and gamma bands. We also found frontal lobe activation for both NDE and SCE subjects. However, there was a statistically greater activation for the SCE subjects. QEEGt allows a reformulation of QEEG techniques in a 3D anatomic framework using anatomical information provided by MRI to constrain EEG inverse solutions to the sites where primary currents might be generated. These constraints contribute to overcoming the nonuniqueness of the inverse solutions. This study has relevance to neuroscientists studying consciousness.

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Montinaro, Nicola, Mario Fustaino, Denise Bellisario, Fabrizio Quadrini, Loredana Santo, and Antonio Pantano. "Testing the Dispersion of Nanoparticles in a Nanocomposite with an Ultra-Low Fill Content Using a Novel Non-Destructive Evaluation Technique." Materials 15, no. 3 (2022): 1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15031208.

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A non-destructive evaluation (NDE) technique capable of testing the dispersion of nanoparticles in a nanocomposite would be of great use to the industry to check the quality of the products made and to ensure compliance with their specifications. Very few NDE techniques found in the literature can evaluate the level of dispersion of the nanoparticles in the whole nanocomposite. Here, a recently developed NDE technique based on pulsed phase thermography (PPT) in transmission mode was used to assess the particle dispersion in ultra-low, less than 0.05 wt%, Ag enriched polymeric based nanocomposite manufactured with an innovative nano-coating fragmentation technique. The phasegrams obtained with the presented technique clearly showed clusters or bundles of Ag nanoparticles when present, down to the size of 6 µm. Therefore, the new NDE approach can be applied to verify that the expected levels of dispersion are met in the production process.

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Schimleck, Laurence, Joseph Dahlen, Luis A. Apiolaza, et al. "Non-Destructive Evaluation Techniques and What They Tell Us about Wood Property Variation." Forests 10, no. 9 (2019): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10090728.

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To maximize utilization of our forest resources, detailed knowledge of wood property variation and the impacts this has on end-product performance is required at multiple scales (within and among trees, regionally). As many wood properties are difficult and time-consuming to measure our knowledge regarding their variation is often inadequate as is our understanding of their responses to genetic and silvicultural manipulation. The emergence of many non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methodologies offers the potential to greatly enhance our understanding of the forest resource; however, it is critical to recognize that any technique has its limitations and it is important to select the appropriate technique for a given application. In this review, we will discuss the following technologies for assessing wood properties both in the field: acoustics, Pilodyn, Resistograph and Rigidimeter and the lab: computer tomography (CT) scanning, DiscBot, near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, radial sample acoustics and SilviScan. We will discuss these techniques, explore their utilization, and list applications that best suit each methodology. As an end goal, NDE technologies will help researchers worldwide characterize wood properties, develop accurate models for prediction, and utilize field equipment that can validate the predictions. The continued advancement of NDE technologies will also allow researchers to better understand the impact on wood properties on product performance.

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Ranjan, R. "Microstructural characterization of ferromagnetic materials using magnetic NDE techniques." NDT & E International 24, no. 1 (1991): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0963-8695(91)90760-z.

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Ranjan, R. "Microstructural characterization of ferromagnetic materials using magnetic NDE techniques." NDT & E International 24, no. 1 (1991): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0963-8695(91)90766-v.

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Sasahara, T., H. Yoneyama, and T. Arakawa. "Applications of new NDE techniques for the nuclear industry." NDT & E International 25, no. 1 (1992): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0963-8695(92)90035-f.

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Brigante, Michele, and Mariano Modano. "Theoretical Models and Experimental Techniques in Nondestructive Evaluation of Concrete." Key Engineering Materials 293-294 (September 2005): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.293-294.207.

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When evaluating concrete strength, common opinion is that adequate precisions can be achieved only by a particular or even total destruction. However, such methods are not always applied, besides they are very laborious. The NDE methods have a number of merits, when compared with destructive ones: a possibility to find cracks and hidden flaws in concrete; besides, they show good results in testing materials of other types, such as metals and composites. At the same time, application of NDE methods to concretes is difficult because of their complex internal structure. No existing theory can predict these properties of the transmitted wave. Therefore, the main goal of the present work is to propose a theoretical model enabling the wave penetration of ultrasonic wave through a medium with multiple internal obstacles to be described adequately. Practical applications of this ultrasonic method is toward the evaluation of mechanical properties of concrete, where the influence of internal dislocations, such as pores and cracks, is of significant importance.

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Kim, Jeong Guk, Jong Duk Chung, Joon Hyun Lee, et al. "Damage Characterization of Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) during Tensile Testing." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 2533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.2533.

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Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques were used for the tensile damage characterization in ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). Ultrasonic testing (UT) and infrared (IR) thermography were employed to assess defects and/or damage evolution before and during mechanical testing. Prior to tensile testing, a UT C-scan and a xenon flash method were performed to obtain initial defect information in light of UT C-scans and thermal diffusivity maps, respectively. An IR camera was used for in-situ monitoring of progressive damages. The IR camera measured temperature changes during tensile testing. This paper has presented the feasibility of using NDE techniques to interpret structural performance of CMCs.

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Kupperman, D. S., S. Majumdar, and J. P. Singh. "Neutron Diffraction NDE for Advanced Composites." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 112, no. 2 (1990): 198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2903307.

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The strength and toughness of whisker- and fiber-reinforced composites are controlled to a large extent by the nature of the bonding between the fibers/whiskers and the matrix. An important problem in the development of metal matrix and ceramic-ceramic matrix composites is the simultaneous measurement of whisker and matrix residual stress. In certain systems, chemical bonding should be nonexistent and frictional forces at the interfaces provide the necessary link between the fiber and the matrix. In metal matrix composites, stresses in the fibers can lead to thermal-cyclic fatigue damage. Strain measurements have been acquired nondestructively for alumina/silicon carbide and titanium/silicon carbide composites by means of neutron diffraction techniques at the Argonne National Laboratory Intense Pulsed Neutron Source. Analysis of the experimental results shows that the in situ measurement of stress in the laboratory by neutron diffraction techniques is practical. The accumulated strain data could be used to calculate residual stresses in the fibers and the matrix (including stresses at the interface) simultaneously, or to determine stresses resulting from external loading.

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Trivisonno, N. M. "Nondestructive Evaluation of Tires." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 58, no. 3 (1985): 469–526. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536077.

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Abstract The application of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods to tires is a growing field. Increasingly more stringent demands have been placed on tire performance as vehicles have become more refined, roads have become better, fuel economy has become an important consideration, and the customer has become more critical. In addition, radial tires have become increasingly dominant, and the performance of radial tires is much more sensitive to the placement of components than is true for bias-ply or belted-bias tires. Therefore, it has become necessary to develop several different types of NDE equipment for tires. Quality-control instruments are needed to monitor production to keep tires within specifications. Inspection equipment is needed for retread candidate tires to cull out tires with unacceptable anomalies. Research and development equipment is needed to measure the effects of material, construction, and production variations on tire performance. NDE methods are being used to improve the efficiency of tire testing by separating out tires with pretest anomalies and by monitoring tires during testing. Increasing efforts are being made to use NDE methods to identify anomalies and material and construction factors which can be related to tire durability and other performance factors. At this time, x ray, holography, ultrasonics, and infrared are the most important NDE methods for tires. As NDE technology continues to evolve, more techniques will be developed, instrumentation will become more reliable and more automated, and more knowledge will be developed to relate tire performance to the features which NDE methods can detect.

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Abdollahi-Mamoudan, Farima, Clemente Ibarra-Castanedo, and Xavier P. V. Maldague. "Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation of Hybrid and Advanced Structures: A Comprehensive Review of Methods, Applications, and Emerging Trends." Sensors 25, no. 12 (2025): 3635. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123635.

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Non-destructive testing (NDT) and non-destructive evaluation (NDE) are essential tools for ensuring the structural integrity, safety, and reliability of critical systems across the aerospace, civil infrastructure, energy, and advanced manufacturing sectors. As engineered materials evolve into increasingly complex architectures such as fiber-reinforced polymers, fiber–metal laminates, sandwich composites, and functionally graded materials, traditional NDT techniques face growing limitations in sensitivity, adaptability, and diagnostic reliability. This comprehensive review presents a multi-dimensional classification of NDT/NDE methods, structured by physical principles, functional objectives, and application domains. Special attention is given to hybrid and multi-material systems, which exhibit anisotropic behavior, interfacial complexity, and heterogeneous defect mechanisms that challenge conventional inspection. Alongside established techniques like ultrasonic testing, radiography, infrared thermography, and acoustic emission, the review explores emerging modalities such as capacitive sensing, electromechanical impedance, and AI-enhanced platforms that are driving the future of intelligent diagnostics. By synthesizing insights from the recent literature, the paper evaluates comparative performance metrics (e.g., sensitivity, resolution, adaptability); highlights integration strategies for embedded monitoring and multimodal sensing systems; and addresses challenges related to environmental sensitivity, data interpretation, and standardization. The transformative role of NDE 4.0 in enabling automated, real-time, and predictive structural assessment is also discussed. This review serves as a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners developing next-generation NDT/NDE solutions for hybrid and high-performance structures.

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Kim, Jeong Guk, Sung Tae Kwon, and Won Kyung Kim. "NDE Characterization and Mechanical Behavior in Ceramic Matrix Composites." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 946–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.946.

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Several nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques, including ultrasonic C-scan, X-ray computed tomography (CT), and infrared (IR) thermography, were employed on ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) to illustrate defect information that might effect mechanical behavior and to analyze structural performance of CMCs. Prior to tensile testing, through C-scan and CT analyses results, the qualitative relationship between the relative ultrasonic transmitted amplitude and porosity based on CT was exhibited. An IR camera was used for in-situ monitoring of progressive damages and to determine temperature changes during tensile testing. Moreover, scanning-electron microscopy characterization was used to perform microstructural failure analyses. This paper describes the use of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques to facilitate the understanding of tension behavior of CMCs.

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Van Quekelberghe, Renaud, Peter Göbel, and Eleonore Hertweck. "Simulation of Near-Death and out-of-Body Experiences under Hypnosis." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 14, no. 2 (1994): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/gdfw-xlel-enql-5wq6.

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In this article we report on an OBE and NDE-simulation study carried out with psychology students ( n = 21). In addition to deep relaxation and special forms of hypnotic induction, a number of supplementary techniques were introduced. Effects of the simulation were examined by means of a questionnaire developed especially for the simulation experiment. Modifications and improvements were tested on several subjects who scored high on our questionnaires, and qualitative analysis were performed. Our observations and data are in accordance with findings from NDE and OBE research.

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Mohammadi, Samira, Sasan Sattarpanah Karganroudi, and Vahid Rahmanian. "Advancements in Smart Nondestructive Evaluation of Industrial Machines: A Comprehensive Review of Computer Vision and AI Techniques for Infrastructure Maintenance." Machines 13, no. 1 (2024): 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13010011.

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Infrastructure maintenance is critical to ensuring public safety and the longevity of essential structures. Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) techniques allow for infrastructure inspection without causing damage. Computer vision has emerged as a powerful tool in this domain, providing automated, efficient, and accurate solutions for defect detection, structural monitoring, and real-time analysis. This review explores the current state of computer vision in NDE, discussing key techniques, applications across various infrastructure types, and the integration of deep learning models such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), vision transformers (ViTs), and hybrid models. The review also highlights challenges, including data availability and scalability. It proposes future research directions, including real-time monitoring and the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) with Internet of Things (IoT) devices for comprehensive inspections.

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Vega, Jean-Paul, and Ranier Valentin. "NDE of Electrical Generators using Radiographic Inspection." AM&P Technical Articles 177, no. 6 (2019): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2019-06.p018.

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Abstract Use of radiography to inspect insulated generator components without the need to strip insulation offers advantages over other inspection methods to assess serviceability and need for repair. This article outlines some of the considerations involved in using nondestructive radiography techniques to assess component integrity.

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Kwang-Hee Im, Woo Yong Deuk, 조영태, 김선규, and 정종안. "NDE Inspecting Techniques for Wind Turbine Blades Using Terahertz Waves." Journal of Advanced Engineering and Technology 11, no. 4 (2018): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35272/jaet.2018.11.4.245.

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Chiao, R. Y., and L. J. Thomas. "Analytic evaluation of sampled aperture ultrasonic imaging techniques for NDE." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control 41, no. 4 (1994): 484–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/58.294109.

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Crutzen, S. "Discussion on session II—Recent developments in other NDE techniques." International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 28, no. 1-5 (1987): 269–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-0161(87)90080-9.

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Liu, Zheng, David S. Forsyth, Jerzy P. Komorowski, Koichi Hanasaki, and Thia Kirubarajan. "Survey: State of the Art in NDE Data Fusion Techniques." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 56, no. 6 (2007): 2435–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2007.908139.

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Chen, C. H., and S. K. Sin. "High-Resolution deconvolution techniques and their applications in ultrasonic NDE." International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology 1, no. 2 (1989): 223–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ima.1850010212.

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Pangborn, R. N., C. E. Bakis, and A. E. Holt. "NDE Engineering in the Materials Life Cycle." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 113, no. 2 (1991): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2928742.

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The emergence of nondestructive evaluation as a factor to be considered in the entire life cycle of materials, from design, through fabrication of components and structures, to in-service monitoring, is reviewed. Current directions in research and development and in practical application are discussed within the context of NDE as an engineering function. Particular emphasis is directed towards reliability, requirements for in-process and health monitoring, and implementation for the inspection and analysis of composite materials, that offer a particularly challenging domain in which to demonstrate the performance of NDE techniques and procedures.

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Khudhair, Mustafa, and Nenad Gucunski. "Integrating Data from Multiple Nondestructive Evaluation Technologies Using Machine Learning Algorithms for the Enhanced Assessment of a Concrete Bridge Deck." Signals 4, no. 4 (2023): 836–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/signals4040046.

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Several factors impact the durability of concrete bridge decks, including traffic loads, fatigue, temperature changes, environmental stress, and maintenance activities. Detecting problems such as corrosion, delamination, or concrete degradation early on can lower maintenance costs. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques can detect these issues at early stages. Each NDE method, meanwhile, has limitations that reduce the accuracy of the assessment. In this study, multiple NDE technologies were combined with machine learning algorithms to improve the interpretation of half-cell potential (HCP) and electrical resistivity (ER) measurements. A parametric study was performed to analyze the influence of five parameters on HCP and ER measurements, such as the degree of saturation, corrosion length, delamination depth, concrete cover, and moisture condition of delamination. The results were obtained through finite element simulations and used to build two machine learning algorithms, a classification algorithm and a regression algorithm, based on Random Forest methodology. The algorithms were tested using data collected from a bridge deck in the BEAST® facility. Both machine learning algorithms were effective in improving the interpretation of the ER and HCP measurements using data from multiple NDE technologies.

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Albakri, Mohammad I., Logan D. Sturm, Christopher B. Williams, and Pablo A. Tarazaga. "Impedance-based non-destructive evaluation of additively manufactured parts." Rapid Prototyping Journal 23, no. 3 (2017): 589–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-03-2016-0046.

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Purpose This work proposes the utilization of electromechanical impedance measurements as a means of non-destructive evaluation (NDE) for additive manufacturing (AM). The effectiveness and sensitivity of the technique for a variety of defect types commonly encountered in AM are investigated. Design/methodology/approach To evaluate the feasibility of impedance-based NDE for AM, the authors first designed and fabricated a suite of test specimens with build errors typical of AM processes, including dimensional inaccuracies, positional inaccuracies and internal porosity. Two polymer AM processes were investigated in this work: material jetting and extrusion. An impedance-based analysis was then conducted on all parts and utilized, in a supervised learning context, for identifying defective parts. Findings The newly proposed impedance-based NDE technique has been proven to be an effective solution for detecting several types of print defects. Specifically, it was shown that the technique is capable of detecting print defects resulting in mass change (as small as 1 per cent) and in feature displacement (as small as 1 mm) in both extruded nylon parts and jetted VeroWhitePlus parts. Internal porosity defects were also found to be detectable; however, the impact of this defect type on the measured impedance was not as profound as that of dimensional and positional inaccuracies. Originality/value Compared to currently available NDE techniques, the newly proposed impedance-based NDE is a functional-based technique with the advantages of being cost-effective, sensitive and suitable for inspecting AM parts of complex geometry and deeply embedded flaws. This technique has the potential to bridge the existing gaps in current NDE practices, hence paving the road for a wider adoption of AM to produce mission-critical parts.

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Chung, Jong Duk, Jeong Guk Kim, and Dae Sung Bae. "Safety Diagnosis of Collided Subway Electric Multiple Units (EMUs)." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 1876–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.1876.

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Engineering safety diagnosis of collided subway electric multiple units (EMUs) was conducted for safety assessment. Several advanced engineering analysis techniques including nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques and stress and structural analyses programs, were performed for better understandings and exploration of failure analysis and safety concerns. NDE techniques such as ultrasonic testing and magnetic particle testing, were used to detect manufactureinduced and/or in-service defects and collision-induced flaws, and measure the dimensions of deformed and non-deformed parts on damaged EMUs due to a rear-end collision. Moreover, stress and structural analyses using commercial I-DEAS software provided important information on stress distribution and load transfer mechanisms as well as the amount of damages during the crash. A good agreement has been found between structural analysis results and the results of actual damages in EMUs during crash. In this investigation, various advanced engineering analysis techniques for the safety analysis of subway EMUs have been introduced and the analysis results have been used to rovide the critical information for the safety assessment of collided EMUs.

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Chung, Jong Duk, Seok Yoon Han, and Hong Jung Chun. "A Study on the Methodology of Safety Diagnosis for Urban Railway Vehicle." Solid State Phenomena 116-117 (October 2006): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.116-117.114.

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Engineering safety diagnosis of crashed subway electric multiple units (EMUs) was conducted for safety assessment. Several advanced engineering analysis techniques including nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques and stress and structural analyses programs, were performed for better understandings and exploration of failure analysis and safety concerns. NDE techniques such as ultrasonic testing and magnetic particle testing, were used to detect manufacture-induced and/or in-service defects and collision-induced flaws, and measure the dimensions of deformed and non-deformed parts on damaged EMUs due to a rear-end collision. Moreover, stress and structural analyses using commercial I-DEAS software provided important information on stress distribution and load transfer mechanisms as well as the amount of damages during the crash. A good agreement has been found between structural analysis results and the results of actual damages in EMUs during crash. In this investigation, various advanced engineering analysis techniques for the safety analysis of subway EMUs have been introduced and the analysis results have been used to provide the critical information for the safety assessment of crashed EMUs.

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Engelbrecht, Jüri, Arvi Ravasoo, and Jaan Janno. "Nonlinear Acoustic NDE – Qualitative and Quantitative Effects." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.17.

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The recent results in constructing the mathematical basis of nonlinear acoustic techniques for NDE of inhomogeneous materials are discussed. These include microstructural materials and materials with weakly or strongly changing properties of specimens (structural elements) under inhomogeneous prestress. The idea is to extract additional information from nonlinear and dispersive effects of wave propagation. Novel concepts are introduced: (i) the analysis of dispersive effects; (ii) the analysis of two counter-propagating nonlinear waves.

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Balasubramaniam, Krishnan. "Inverse Models and Implications for NDE." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.6.

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Any NDE process may be considered to involve three systems, each having a unique set of parameters that define its characteristics viz. (a) The Input to the material, (b) The material itself, and (c) The output response measured by the NDE system. Traditionally, the input and the material parameters are assumed known and numerous Forward Models have been developed that predict or estimate the output response function. Over the years, forward models are very well established and serve the key purpose, for improved interpretation of the, as well as to optimize the input parameters to obtain the desired, output response. The other two scenarios i.e. if the output response function in the form of measured data is available, to obtain one of system parameters, i.e. either the input function or the material properties, while the other one is assumed to be known are classified as Inverse Problems. Due to the availability of computational resources, the inverse problem solutions are becoming increasingly feasible. Typical applications include measurement of material properties such as modulus, viscosity, temperature, hardness and stress profiles, etc. This paper will discuss the different techniques and the kinds of problems that have been successfully addressed in the area of NDE and their implications on the expanding horizons in NDE.

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Jaber, Ali, Sasan Sattarpanah Sattarpanah Karganroudi, Mohammad Saleh Meiabadi, et al. "On Smart Geometric Non-Destructive Evaluation: Inspection Methods, Overview, and Challenges." Materials 15, no. 20 (2022): 7187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15207187.

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Inspection methods, also known as non-destructive evaluation (NDE), is a process for inspecting materials, products, and facilities to identify flaws, imperfections, and malfunctions without destruction or changing the integrity of materials, structures, and mechanisms. However, detecting those defects requires test conducting and results inferring, which is highly demanding in terms of analysis, performance, and time. New technologies are therefore needed to increase the efficiency, probability of detection, and interpretability of NDE methods to establish smart inspection. In this context, Artificial intelligence (AI), as a fundamental component of the Industry 4.0, is a well-suited tool to address downsides associated with the current NDE methods for analysis and interpretation of inspection results, where methods integrating AI into their inspection process become automated and are known as smart inspection methods. This article sheds a light on the conventional methods and the smart techniques used in defects detection. Subsequently, a comparison between the two notions is presented. Furthermore, it investigates opportunities for the integration of non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods and Industry 4.0 technologies. In addition, the challenges hindering the progress of the domain are mentioned as the potential solutions. To this end, along with Industry 4.0 technologies, a virtual inspection system has been proposed to deploy smart inspection.

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Mineo, Carmelo, and Yashar Javadi. "Robotic Non-Destructive Testing." Sensors 22, no. 19 (2022): 7654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197654.

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Non-destructive testing (NDT) and evaluation (NDE) are commonly referred to as the vast group of analysis techniques used in civil, medical, and industrial sectors to evaluate the properties of materials, tissues, components, or structures without causing any damage [...]

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Lin, Zhi Bin, Fardad Azarmi, Qusay Al-Kaseasbeh, Mohsen Azimi, and Fei Yan. "Advanced Ultrasonic Testing Technologies with Applications to Evaluation of Steel Bridge Welding - An Overview." Applied Mechanics and Materials 727-728 (January 2015): 785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.727-728.785.

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Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods are widely accepted for quality control of welding in steel bridges. Recent development of advanced ultrasonic testing technologies enriched the categories of NDE methods used for steel bridges and more importantly these enhanced techniques provided more effective flaw detection and characterization. No guidelines, however, is available in existing bridge welding code for their more widespread applications to bridges. In this study, we overview the state-of-the-art advanced ultrasonic testing technologies in welding inspection. Benefits of the enhanced ultrasonic testing technologies are summarized, aiming to pave the way for deciding methods need for various steel bridge welding inspections.

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Keenan, S., E. J. Romans, and G. B. Donaldson. "HTS SQUID NDE of Curved Surfaces Using Background Field Cancellation Techniques." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 17, no. 2 (2007): 784–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2007.897882.

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Brown, Roger. "Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) of Polymer Matrix Composites, Techniques and Applications." Polymer Testing 32, no. 8 (2013): 1612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2013.08.014.

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Saboktakin, A., and T. Vu-Khanh. "Performance assessment of textile composite using NDE and mechanical testing techniques." International Journal of Structural Integrity 5, no. 1 (2014): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-04-2013-0007.

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Purpose – Quality assessment of textile composites needs to have sufficient knowledge about the various types of non-destructive testing techniques to detect defects as well as the effect of these defects on mechanical performance. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The major approach of this paper was to evaluate the potential of two inspection techniques named ultrasounds, vibrations for detecting textile reinforcement defects in composites and evaluate the composite performance in the presence of a damage. Findings – Potential solutions have been identified to solve the issue of signal attenuation observed during C-scan ultrasonic testing, and the criticality of initial defects on static test was determined. Originality/value – The research work presented here has been a first attempt to apply the combination of different techniques in particular polar scan for the textile composite inspection. This will become more crucial as requirements for high performance and complex shape textile composite parts.

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Ichi, Eberechi, Faezeh Jafari, and Sattar Dorafshan. "SDNET2021: Annotated NDE Dataset for Subsurface Structural Defects Detection in Concrete Bridge Decks." Infrastructures 7, no. 9 (2022): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7090107.

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Annotated datasets play a significant role in developing advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) models that can detect bridge structure defects autonomously. Most defect datasets contain visual images of surface defects; however, subsurface defect data such as delamination which are critical for effective bridge deck evaluations are typically rare or limited to laboratory specimens. Three Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) methods (Infrared Thermography (IRT), Impact Echo (IE), and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)) were used for concrete delamination detection and reinforcement corrosion detection. The authors have developed a unique NDE dataset, Structural Defect Network 2021 (SDNET2021), which consists of IRT, IE, and GPR data collected from five in-service reinforced concrete bridge decks. A delamination survey map locating the areas, extent and classes of delamination served as the ground truth for annotating IRT, IE and GPR field tests’ data in this study. The IRT were processed to create an ortho-mosaic maps for each deck and were aligned with the ground truth maps using image registration, affine transformation, image binarization, morphological operations, connected components and region props techniques to execute a semi-automatic pixel–wise annotation. Conventional methods such as Fast Fourier transform (FFT)/peak frequency and B-Scan were used for preliminary analysis for the IE and GPR signal data respectively. The quality of NDE data was verified using conventional Image Quality Assessment (IQA) techniques. SDNET2021 dataset consists of 557 delaminated and 1379 sound IE signals, 214,943 delaminated and 448,159 sound GPR signals, and about 1,718,083 delaminated and 2,862,597 sound IRT pixels. SDNET2021 addresses one of the major gaps in benchmarking, developing, training, and testing advanced deep learning models for concrete bridge evaluation by providing a publicly available annotated and validated NDE dataset.

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Light, G. M., J. L. Fisher, R. F. Tennis, J. S. Stolte, and G. J. Hendrix. "Detection and Sizing of Defects in Control Rod Drive Mechanism Penetrations Using Eddy Current and Ultrasonics." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 118, no. 3 (1996): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842192.

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Over the last two years, concern has been generated about the capabilities of performing nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of the closure-head penetrations in nuclear-reactor pressure vessels. These penetrations are primarily for instrumentation and control rod drive mechanisms (CRDMs) and are usually thick-walled Inconel tubes, which are shrink-fttted into the steel closure head. The penetrations are then welded between the outside surface of the penetration and the inside surface of the closure head. Stress corrosion cracks initiating at the inner surface of the penetration have been reported at several plants. Through-wall cracks in the CRDM penetration or CRDM weld could lead to loss of coolant in the reactor vessel. The CRDM penetration presents a complex inspection geometry for conventional NDE techniques. A thermal sleeve, through which pass the mechanical linkages for operating the control rods, is inserted into the penetration in such a way that only a small annulus (nominally 3 mm) exists between the thermal sleeve and inside surface of the penetration. Ultrasonic (UT) and eddy current testing (ET) techniques that could be used to provide defect detection and sizing capability were investigated. NDE techniques that could be applied inside and outside the annulus were investigated, but the major goal was to provide high defect-detection sensitivity without requiring removal of the thermal sleeve. As a result of this investigation, both ET and UT techniques for the CRDM penetrations have been developed and evaluated. Long, thin probes were designed to fit into the annulus to carry both eddy current coils and irrigated ultrasonic transducers into the region of interest. The eddy current probes were used primarily to detect cracks in the penetration while the ultrasonic transducers were used to provide an estimate of the remaining wall thickness. This paper describes the ET and UT techniques, the probes developed, and the results obtained using these probes and techniques on CRDM penetration mock-ups.

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Journal articles on the topic 'NDE techniques'

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