Relevant bibliographies by topics / NDT of bridge decks

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'NDT of bridge decks'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 3 June 2025
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "NDT of bridge decks"

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Rapaport, Guy. "Applications of State of the Art NDT Techniques in Bridge Inspections." ce/papers 6, no. 5 (2023): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.2083.

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AbstractThis article introduces the author's accumulated experience in applying state of the art NDT techniques in bridge special inspections. The NDT techniques and their applications introduced in this paper, including some examples from actual bridge inspections, are the Ultrasound Tomography, Impact‐Echo and Impulse‐Response. The main applications of those systems in bridge special inspections are in evaluation of post‐tensioned bridges' ducts' injection as the prestressing system is an internal system embedded inside the concrete structure, in integrity evaluation of road bridge decks sur
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Hamad, Samie. "Condition Assessment Using None Destructive Tests at Montauk Bridge Deck." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 12 (2021): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39337.

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Abstract: Ground penetrating radar (GPR) and portable seismic property analyzer (PSPA), was used in concrete structures for monitoring, quantifying, and mapping the deterioration of bridge decks. The Montauk Bridge deck was assessed based on PSPA and GPR data. Based on the analysis of the PSPA data, it was determined that over 65% of bridge conditions were rated serious to poor condition with an average compressive strength of less than 2500 psi; less than 35% of bridge deck conditions were rated fair to good with an average compressive strength over 2500 psi. Based on GPR data, it was determi
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CC, Obiamalu, Ahaneku CV, Aseh P, et al. "The Use of Ground Penetrating Radar in Road and Bridge Deck Evaluation: A Review." International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies 5, no. 3 (2025): 1221–28. https://doi.org/10.62225/2583049x.2025.5.3.4438.

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Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a non-invasive geophysical method widely used for imaging near-surface subsurface features, providing detailed insights into dielectric properties. Bridges, critical for infrastructure, face threats from natural elements and traffic, compromising their structural integrity. Non-destructive testing (NDT), including GPR, is essential for monitoring and preserving bridge health, ensuring safety and minimizing repair costs. This review comprehensively explores GPR's application in assessing road and bridge decks. It surveys advancements in GPR technology for bridg
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Oh, Ri-On, Hwang-Hee Kim, Yeon-Jae Choo, et al. "Evaluation of Delaminations and Defects in Concrete Deck Using Non-Destructive Multi-Physical Scanning Technology." Sustainability 16, no. 21 (2024): 9225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16219225.

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Condition assessment of concrete bridge decks is critical for ensuring structural integrity and public safety, particularly as infrastructure ages. Traditionally, such assessments are made using destructive techniques, such as coring through concrete to collect samples for analysis. However, these invasive methods create weak points within the structure and risk damaging essential components, such as cutting through rebars. This paper explores the use of three non-destructive testing (NDT) methods—electrical resistivity (ER), impact echo (IE), and infrared thermography (IRT)—to evaluate the st
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Omar, Tarek, Moncef L. Nehdi, and Tarek Zayed. "Performance of NDT Techniques in Appraising Condition of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 31, no. 6 (2017): 04017104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0001098.

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Sultan, Ali A., and Glenn A. Washer. "Comparison of Two Nondestructive Evaluation Technologies for the Condition Assessment of Bridge Decks." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 41 (2018): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118790835.

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Selection of the appropriate condition assessment tool to meet the decision-making needs for preservation, maintenance, and repair (PM&R) actions can be difficult, because different nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technologies have different performance characteristics. The objective of the research was to compare the reliability of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and infrared thermography (IRT) for the detection of delamination in concrete bridge decks. Field tests were conducted on two in-service concrete decks constructed in the same era and having significant deterioration due to corros
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Pashoutani, Sepehr, and Jinying Zhu. "Real Depth-Correction in Ground Penetrating RADAR Data Analysis for Bridge Deck Evaluation." Sensors 23, no. 2 (2023): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23021027.

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When ground penetrating radar (GPR) is used for the non-destructive evaluation of concrete bridge decks, the rebar reflection amplitudes should be corrected for rebar depths to account for the geometric spreading and material attenuation of the electromagnetic wave in concrete. Most current depth-correction methods assume a constant EM wave velocity in the entire bridge deck and correct GPR amplitudes based on the two-way travel time (TWTT) instead of the actual rebar depth. In this paper, we proposed a depth-correction algorithm based on the real rebar depths. To compare different depth-corre
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Farhangdoust, Saman, and Armin Mehrabi. "Non-Destructive Evaluation of Closure Joints in Accelerated Bridge Construction using a Damage Etiology Approach." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (2020): 1457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041457.

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In accelerated bridge construction (ABC), prefabricated bridge deck elements are merged using “closure joints.” Because of the cast-in-place nature of closure joints that are expected to go into service rapidly and problems observed for some types of closure joints, there have been some concerns about their long-term durability. This has necessitated the need for monitoring the condition of ABC closure joints using non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. Closure joints contain unique features and details that sets them apart from conventional deck panels. This requires a special treatment of cl
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Erdogmus, Ece, Eric Garcia, Ahmad Shoaib Amiri, and Michael Schuller. "A Novel Structural Health Monitoring Method for Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves." Infrastructures 5, no. 6 (2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures5060049.

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This article presents the latest improvements in a recently developed nondestructive testing (NDT) approach for early detection of various flaws (corrosion, delamination, and concrete cracking) in reinforced concrete (RC) bridge decks. The proposed method involves the use of internal steel reinforcement as a wave guide for transmitting ultrasonic waves through the system and the measurement of leaked energy from the surface of the concrete. This paper builds upon the progress made in the previously published phases of the project and aims to further explore the capabilities and practicality of
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Ichi, Eberechi, Faezeh Jafari, and Sattar Dorafshan. "SDNET2021: Annotated NDE Dataset for Subsurface Structural Defects Detection in Concrete Bridge Decks." Infrastructures 7, no. 9 (2022): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7090107.

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Annotated datasets play a significant role in developing advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) models that can detect bridge structure defects autonomously. Most defect datasets contain visual images of surface defects; however, subsurface defect data such as delamination which are critical for effective bridge deck evaluations are typically rare or limited to laboratory specimens. Three Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) methods (Infrared Thermography (IRT), Impact Echo (IE), and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)) were used for concrete delamination detection and reinforcement corrosion detection.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "NDT of bridge decks"

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Miceli, Marybeth. "Assessment of Infrared Thermography for NDE of FRP Bridge Decks." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36320.

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Statistics released in the fall 1989 showed that 238,357 (41%) of the nation's 577,710 bridges are either structurally deficient or functionally obsolete. New materials, such as fiber reinforced polymeric composites (FRP), are being suggested for use in bridge systems to solve some of the current problems. These materials are thought to be less affected by corrosive environmental conditions than conventional civil engineering materials. Therefore they may require less maintenance and provide longer life spans. More specifically, glass fiber reinforced vinyl ester matrix composites are cons
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Ahamdi, Hossein. "Concrete Bridge Deck Aging, Inspection and Maintenance." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1513292224089599.

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Adams, Michael A. "Comparison of Crack Performance of Structural Slab Bridge Decks with Stringer Supported Bridge Decks." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1304455595.

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Shearrer, Andrew Joseph. "Sustainable and durable bridge decks." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17646.

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Master of Science<br>Department of Civil Engineering<br>Robert J. Peterman<br>Epoxy polymer overlays have been used for decades on existing bridge decks to protect the deck and extend its service life. The polymer overlay’s ability to seal a bridge deck is now being specified for new construction. Questions exist about the amount of drying time needed to achieve an acceptable concrete moisture content to ensure an adequate bond to the polymer overlay. Current Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) specifications for new bridge decks call a 14 day wet curing period followed by 21 days of dr
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Peralta, David Fernando. "Non-destructive evaluation of bridge decks." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10396.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1997.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-101).<br>by David Fernando Peralta.<br>M.S.
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Saleem, Muhammad A. "Alternatives to Steel Grid Bridge Decks." FIU Digital Commons, 2011. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/372.

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Most of the moveable bridges use open grid steel decks, because these are factory assembled, light-weight, and easy to install. Open grid steel decks, however, are not as skid resistant as solid decks. Costly maintenance, high noise levels, poor riding comfort and susceptibility to vibrations are among the other disadvantages of these decks. The major objective of this research was to develop alternative deck systems which weigh no more than 25 lb/ft2, have solid riding surface, are no more than 4-5 in. thick and are able to withstand prescribed loading. Three deck systems were considered in t
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Paulsson-Tralla, Johatan. "Service life of repaired concrete bridge decks." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Structural Engineering, 1999. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-2862.

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<p>Pre-mature deterioration of reinforced concrete causesproblems world-wide and the search for reliable cost effectiveand environmental friendly repairs is intense. The service lifeof the repaired structure is important in order to establishthe annual cost and environmental impact for differentalternatives. This doctoral thesis focuses on the service lifeof concrete bridge decks repaired with bonded concreteoverlays. The approach was broad and based on the performanceof a number of bridge decks after approximately ten years inservice. The main aims were to establish the overall servicelife an
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Burns, James P. A. "Dynamic modeling and monitoring of bridge decks." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1986. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1207/.

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Williamson, Gregory Scott. "Service Life Modeling of Virginia Bridge Decks." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26594.

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A model to determine the time to the End of Functional Service Life (EFSL) for concrete bridge decks in Virginia was developed. The service life of Virginia bridge decks is controlled by chloride-induced corrosion of the reinforcing steel. Monte Carlo resampling techniques were used to integrate the statistical nature of the input variables into the model. This is an improvement on previous deterministic models in that the effect of highly variable input parameters is reflected in the service life estimations. The model predicts the time required for corrosion to initiate on 2% of the rein
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Baah, Prince. "Cracking Behavior of Structural Slab Bridge Decks." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1417539467.

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Books on the topic "NDT of bridge decks"

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Poston, R. W. Durability of prestressed bridge decks. The Center, 1985.

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Tadros, Maher K. Rapid replacement of bridge decks. National Academy Press, 1998.

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Manning, David G. Waterproofing membranes for concrete bridge decks. National Academy Press, 1995.

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Hiss, J. G. Fred. Mechanical texturing of three bridge decks. Engineering Research and Development Bureau, New York State Dept. of Transportation, 1991.

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Bettigole, Neal H. Bridge decks: Design, construction, rehabilitation, replacement. ASCE Press, 1997.

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Whiting, D. Silica fume concrete for bridge decks. National Academy Press, 1998.

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Russell, H. G. Waterproofing membranes for concrete bridge decks. Transportation Research Board, 2012.

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W, Poston R., Texas. State Dept. of Highways and Public Transportation., United States. Federal Highway Administration., and University of Texas at Austin. Center for Transportation Research., eds. Design procedures for prestressed concrete bridge decks. The Center, 1985.

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Krauss, Paul D. Transverse cracking in newly constructed bridge decks. National Academy Press, 1996.

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Chamberlin, William P. Long-term evaluation of unprotected concrete bridge decks. New York State Dept. of Transportation, Engineering Research and Development Bureau, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "NDT of bridge decks"

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Shiotani, T., H. Asaue, K. Hashimoto, and K. Watabe. "Assessment of RC Bridge Decks with Active/Passive NDT." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9199-0_42.

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Mehue, Pierre. "Cracks in Steel Orthotropic Decks." In Bridge Management. Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7232-3_55.

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Beales, C., and J. R. Cuninghame. "Fatigue Assessment of Orthotropic Steel Bridge Decks." In Bridge Management. Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7232-3_41.

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Azad, Shadi, and Behrouz Shafei. "Performance Evaluation of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Bars in Bridge Decks." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69626-8_114.

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AbstractGlass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars have been used as a viable environment-friendly alternative to the steel reinforcement in bridge decks. The GFRP bars have comparable structural performance while providing a non-corrosive option for corrosion-prone-reinforced concrete bridge decks. This study presents the results of the performance evaluation of two similar bridge decks, one reinforced with GFRP bars and the other one reinforced with steel bars. The two bridges were instrumented using several vibrating wire strain gauges to collect their long-term data over time in response t
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Garcia-Sanchez, David, Alvaro Gaute-Alonso, Jean-François Caron, and Javier Torres Ruíz. "Optimisation of Bridge Decks Modal Analysis." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39109-5_38.

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Al-Mandil, M. Y., A. K. Azad, M. H. Baluch, A. M. Sharif, and D. Pearson-Kirk. "Structural and Material Damage to Concrete Highway Bridge Decks in Saudi Arabia." In Bridge Management. Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7232-3_48.

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Koekkoek, Rutger T., Cor van der Veen, and Ane de Boer. "Fatigue Tests on Post-tensioned Bridge Decks." In High Tech Concrete: Where Technology and Engineering Meet. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59471-2_106.

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Dagher, H., W. Hamilton, and S. Kulendran. "Durability of Concrete Bridge Decks with Reduced Reinforcement." In Bridge Evaluation, Repair and Rehabilitation. Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2153-5_44.

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Cheng, Lijuan. "Steel-Free Bridge Decks Reinforced with FRP Composites." In Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Infrastructure Applications. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2357-3_8.

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Halabe, Udaya B., H. L. Chen, Vasudev Bhandarkar, and Zahid Sami. "Defect Detection in Concrete Bridge Decks Using Radar." In Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation. Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0383-1_233.

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Conference papers on the topic "NDT of bridge decks"

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Kitaichi, Sayuri, Koichi Yokozeki, Masakazu Takeno, Taro Tonegawa, Kazusa Morikawa, and Takashi Yamaguchi. "Rapid Redecking of Urban Steel Bridges: Effective Width of Replaced Orthotropic Steel Decks Connected by Discrete Shear Connectors to Existing Steel Girders." In IABSE Symposium, Tokyo 2025: Environmentally Friendly Technologies and Structures: Focusing on Sustainable Approaches. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2025. https://doi.org/10.2749/tokyo.2025.1173.

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&lt;p&gt;The rapid redecking of deteriorating concrete decks of steel bridges is a critical challenge worldwide. To realize the rapid redecking, we have developed a novel structure. The structural key is the Shear Force Transferring Members (SFTMs), which enable a discrete connection between new orthotropic steel decks and existing steel girders, encouraging composite action. SFTMs are bolted to the webs of girders, bypassing the labor-intensive cleaning of upper flanges. This unique approach results in a structure where steel decks are not continuously affixed to the girder’s upper flange but
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Sansone, Jacqueline M., and Michael C. Brown. "The Effect of Cracking on Reinforcement Corrosion in Concrete Bridge Decks." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07282.

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Abstract Reinforcement corrosion may compromise the safety and serviceability of a reinforced concrete structure. It is crucial to understand the causes of corrosion so that measures may be taken to guarantee the safety and service life of a structure. The results of this study pertaining to the corrosion of reinforcement indicate that the percentage of surface area corroded for both bare steel and epoxy coated reinforcement increased with the presence of cracks. Also, the incidence of corrosion observed on the two types of bars is not different. For the subset of bare steel reinforcement, 90%
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Scannell, William T., and Ali Akbar Sohanghpurwala. "Rehabilitation of Reinforced Concrete Balconies on a Multistory Condominium in South Florida." In CORROSION 1992. NACE International, 1992. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1992-92202.

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Abstract The damaging effects of corrosion on reinforced concrete bridge decks and parking structures are well known. Although not as well documented, problems associated with reinforcing steel corrosion are prevalent among many other types of concrete structures, including high-rise buildings along the Florida coast. Extensive research efforts stimulated by the bridge deck crisis have resulted in several corrosion evaluation techniques. These same techniques are applicable for reinforced concrete balconies of high-rise buildings, but differences in structural characteristics, exposure conditi
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Hartt, William H. "A Protocol for Projecting Time-to-Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete Exposed to Chlorides." In CORROSION 2010. NACE International, 2010. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2010-10123.

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Abstract A protocol is described whereby time-to-corrosion, Ti, of reinforcing steel in concrete exposed to chlorides was calculated as a distributed, rather than discrete, parameter. The method consists of inputting 1) an average value for surface [Cl-] and the effective diffusion coefficient, 2) the mean and standard deviation of concrete cover over the reinforcement, and 3) a distribution function for the critical Cl- threshold concentration to initiate corrosion, CT, based upon values previously reported. The calculation result is a cumulative distribution function (CDF) plot of Ti. Exampl
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Gallishaw, Nathaniel, Gunnstein Frøseth, Anders Rönnquist, Rune Schlanbusch, and Surya Kandukuri. "Quantifying error in finite-element models of steel railway bridges." In IABSE Symposium, Tokyo 2025: Environmentally Friendly Technologies and Structures: Focusing on Sustainable Approaches. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2025. https://doi.org/10.2749/tokyo.2025.2567.

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&lt;p&gt;More than half of the 900 steel railway bridges in Norway have exceeded their design service life. The design of these bridges did not account for modern axle loads and train speeds, nor fatigue limit states. Replacing every bridge that has exceeded its design service life, however, would not be feasible, and many of these bridges are still structurally sound. To calculate the remaining service life of bridges, finite-element models have been established. The accuracy of a remaining service life calculation is dependent on the accuracy of the model. In this case, a model of Lundamo ra
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Tinnea, J. S. "Evaluation of Bridge Deck Rehabilitation Strategies." In CORROSION 1991. NACE International, 1991. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1991-91121.

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Abstract A three year study of the effectiveness of bridge deck rehabilitation strategies is being conducted under a U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) research contract. Excepting control structures, the bridges evaluated had high rates of salt application, high freeze-thaw cycles and design rebar depth of not more than 1½ inches (38.1mm). The extent of single site pre-rehabilitation deterioration of non-control bridges exceeded 5% of the deck surface area and chloride contamination exceeded nominal corrosion threshold levels at over 60% of sample locations. Rehabilitation techniques
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Schell, H. C., D. G. Manning, and F. Pianca. "A Decade of Bridge Deck Cathodic Protection in Ontario." In CORROSION 1987. NACE International, 1987. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1987-87123.

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Abstract Impressed current cathodic protection has been employed as a repair method for reinforced concrete bridge decks in Ontario's Provincial highway system since the mid-1970's. Over thirty decks have received the treatment employing a conductive asphalt overlay. Typical operating characteristics and installation costs are discussed. The condition of three decks under long term protection is described.
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Maeda, Satoshi, Takayuki Kawakami, Hironori Ishii, Takeshi Hanji, and Kazuo Tateishi. "Structural improvement of orthotropic steel decks focusing on fatigue durability and manufacturing cost." In IABSE Symposium, Tokyo 2025: Environmentally Friendly Technologies and Structures: Focusing on Sustainable Approaches. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2025. https://doi.org/10.2749/tokyo.2025.2732.

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&lt;p&gt;Orthotropic steel decks (OSDs) are widely used for long-span bridges or urban expressways because they are lightweight and allow rapid construction. However, an OSD designed according to Japanese specifications for highway bridges has several issues. For example, an OSD with closed ribs (CRD) requires a minimum deck plate thickness of 16 mm, but it has been revealed that this does not completely prevent fatigue crack initiation from the weld root in the rib to deck plate welded joints under heavy traffic loads. In contrast, an OSD with open ribs (ORD) has fewer fatigue problems, but t
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Lu, Zhiqu. "LDV-BASED MASW METHOD FOR PAVEMENTS/CONCRETE SLABS/BRIDGE DECKS NDT: A PRELIMINARY STUDY." In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2014. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4133/sageep.27-095.

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Lu, Zhiqu. "LDV-BASED MASW METHOD FOR PAVEMENTS/CONCRETE SLABS/BRIDGE DECKS NDT: A PRELIMINARY STUDY." In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2014. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/sageep.27-095.

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Reports on the topic "NDT of bridge decks"

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Jia, Yunhui, Christopher S. Williams, Prince Baah, and Mark D. Bowman. Long-Term Project and Network-Level NDT Implementation Plan for Indiana. Purdue University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317582.

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Bridge deck condition assessments in Indiana are primarily reliant on visual inspection. The condition of bridge decks, however, is highly dependent on deterioration under the surface, which includes the corrosion of steel reinforcement and concrete delamination. The implementation of reliable nondestructive testing (NDT) methods can provide information about such internal deterioration, but considering the multiple NDT methods currently available, guidance is needed to find the best approach for assessing bridge decks in the state’s bridge inventory. A research program was conducted to examin
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Huang, Cihang, Yen-Fang Su, and Na Lu. Self-Healing Cementitious Composites (SHCC) with Ultrahigh Ductility for Pavement and Bridge Construction. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317403.

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Cracks and their formations in concrete structures have been a common and long-lived problem, mainly due to the intrinsic brittleness of the concrete. Concrete structures, such as rigid pavement and bridge decks, are prone to deformations and deteriorations caused by shrinkage, temperature fluctuation, and traffic load, which can affect their service life. Rehabilitation of concrete structures is expensive and challenging—not only from maintenance viewpoints but also because they cannot be used for services during maintenance. It is critical to significantly improve the ductility of concrete t
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Rodriguez-Ver, Rita, Nicolas Lombardi, and Marcelo Machado. Fiber Reinforced Polymer Bridge Decks. Purdue University, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314242.

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Kong, Zhihao, and Na Lu. Field Implementation of Concrete Strength Sensor to Determine Optimal Traffic Opening Time. Purdue University, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317724.

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In the fast-paced and time-sensitive fields of construction and concrete production, real-time monitoring of concrete strength is crucial. Traditional testing methods, such as hydraulic compression (ASTM C 39) and maturity methods (ASTM C 1074), are often laborious and challenging to implement on-site. Building on prior research (SPR 4210 and SPR 4513), we have advanced the electromechanical impedance (EMI) technique for in-situ concrete strength monitoring, crucial for determining safe traffic opening times. These projects have made significant strides in technology, including the development
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5

Rexin, Harry. Response of orthotropic bridge decks to highway loadings. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1610.

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6

Ramirez, J., and Jhon Smith. An Investigation on Transversely Prestressed Concrete Bridge Decks. Purdue University, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313145.

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Baah, Prince. Implementing Epoxy Injection in Concrete Overlaid Bridge Decks. Purdue University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317588.

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Concrete overlays have proven to be an effective maintenance treatment as they slow de-icing chemical and water penetration into the original deck surface. Typically, due to vibration, structural flexibility, and weak bond between the concrete overlay and deck concrete potentially due to poor construction, de-bonding develops at the boundary between the original deck and overlay. This de-bonding creates voids, providing reservoir for chloride laden water to fill after it penetrates cracks in the surface. Displacing this liquid solution and filling these cracks with epoxy helps reduce freeze/th
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Ritter, Michael A., Ronald K. Faller, Barry T. Rosson, Paula D. Hilbrich Lee, and Sheila Rimal Duwadi. Plans for crash-tested wood bridge railings for concrete decks. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-108.

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Ritter, M. A., R. K. Faller, P. D. Hilbrich Lee, B. T. Rosson, and S. R. Duwadi. Plans for crash-tested bridge railings for longitudinal wood decks. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-87.

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10

Ramirez, J., J. Olek, and Eric Rolle. Performance of Bridge Decks and Girders with Lightweight Aggregate Concrete. Purdue University, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313288.

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