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Journal articles on the topic 'Neandertal'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 March 2023

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1

Trinkaus, Erik, João Zilhão, and Cidália Duarte. "O Menino do Lapedo." Archaeological Dialogues 8, no. 1 (September 2001): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203800001860.

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AbstractThe emergence of modern humans during the Late Pleistocene and the phylogenetic fate of the northwestern Eurasian Neandertals have been closely linked to our perceptions of the behavior and abilities of those late archaic humans, the Neandertals. In the past several years, several lines of evidence, including radiometric dating of archeological assemblages, taphonomic analyses of faunal remains, stable isotope analysis of Neandertal remains, the dating of late Neandertal remains, considerations of initial Upper Paleolithic associations and chronologies, and reassessments of Neandertal to early modern human phylogenetic relationships have tended to minimise the perceived behavioral differences between the Neandertals and early modern humans across Europe. Into this context, the discovery of an earlier Upper Paleolithic (Gravettian) early modern human child's skeleton at the Abrigo do Lagar Velho, Lapedo Valley, Portugal with distinctive Neandertal features provides further support for the de-dehumanising of the Neandertals. Its anatomical evidence for population blending when early modern humans spread into southern Iberia after 30,000 B.P. indicates that the behavioral differences between the local Neandertals and in-dispersing early modern humans were subtle and did not preclude them from regarding each other as human.

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2

Zeberg, Hugo, Janet Kelso, and Svante Pääbo. "The Neandertal Progesterone Receptor." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 9 (May 21, 2020): 2655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa119.

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Abstract The hormone progesterone is important for preparing the uterine lining for egg implantation and for maintaining the early stages of pregnancy. The gene encoding the progesterone receptor (PGR) carries introgressed Neandertal haplotypes with two missense substitutions and a mobile Alu element. These Neandertal gene variants have reached nearly 20% frequency in non-Africans and have been associated with preterm birth. Here, we show that one of the missense substitutions appears fixed in Neandertals, while the other substitution as well as the Alu insertion were polymorphic among Neandertals. We show that two Neandertal haplotypes carrying the PGR gene entered the modern human population and that present-day carriers of the Neandertal haplotypes express higher levels of the receptor. In a cohort of present-day Britons, these carriers have more siblings, fewer miscarriages, and less bleeding during early pregnancy suggesting that the Neandertal progesterone receptor alleles promote fertility. This may explain their high frequency in modern human populations.

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3

Mafessoni, Fabrizio, Steffi Grote, Cesare de Filippo, Viviane Slon, Kseniya A. Kolobova, Bence Viola, Sergey V. Markin, et al. "A high-coverage Neandertal genome from Chagyrskaya Cave." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 26 (June 16, 2020): 15132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004944117.

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We sequenced the genome of a Neandertal from Chagyrskaya Cave in the Altai Mountains, Russia, to 27-fold genomic coverage. We show that this Neandertal was a female and that she was more related to Neandertals in western Eurasia [Prüfer et al., Science 358, 655–658 (2017); Hajdinjak et al., Nature 555, 652–656 (2018)] than to Neandertals who lived earlier in Denisova Cave [Prüfer et al., Nature 505, 43–49 (2014)], which is located about 100 km away. About 12.9% of the Chagyrskaya genome is spanned by homozygous regions that are between 2.5 and 10 centiMorgans (cM) long. This is consistent with the fact that Siberian Neandertals lived in relatively isolated populations of less than 60 individuals. In contrast, a Neandertal from Europe, a Denisovan from the Altai Mountains, and ancient modern humans seem to have lived in populations of larger sizes. The availability of three Neandertal genomes of high quality allows a view of genetic features that were unique to Neandertals and that are likely to have been at high frequency among them. We find that genes highly expressed in the striatum in the basal ganglia of the brain carry more amino-acid-changing substitutions than genes expressed elsewhere in the brain, suggesting that the striatum may have evolved unique functions in Neandertals.

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4

Churchill, Steven E., Kamryn Keys, and Ann H. Ross. "Midfacial Morphology and Neandertal–Modern Human Interbreeding." Biology 11, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11081163.

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Ancient DNA from, Neandertal and modern human fossils, and comparative morphological analyses of them, reveal a complex history of interbreeding between these lineages and the introgression of Neandertal genes into modern human genomes. Despite substantial increases in our knowledge of these events, the timing and geographic location of hybridization events remain unclear. Six measures of facial size and shape, from regional samples of Neandertals and early modern humans, were used in a multivariate exploratory analysis to try to identify regions in which early modern human facial morphology was more similar to that of Neandertals, which might thus represent regions of greater introgression of Neandertal genes. The results of canonical variates analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis suggest important affinities in facial morphology between both Middle and Upper Paleolithic early modern humans of the Near East with Neandertals, highlighting the importance of this region for interbreeding between the two lineages.

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5

Weaver, Timothy D., Hélène Coqueugniot, Liubov V. Golovanova, Vladimir B. Doronichev, Bruno Maureille, and Jean-Jacques Hublin. "Neonatal postcrania from Mezmaiskaya, Russia, and Le Moustier, France, and the development of Neandertal body form." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 23 (May 23, 2016): 6472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1523677113.

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Neandertal and modern human adults differ in skeletal features of the cranium and postcranium, and it is clear that many of the cranial differences—although not all of them—are already present at the time of birth. We know less, however, about the developmental origins of the postcranial differences. Here, we address this deficiency with morphometric analyses of the postcrania of the two most complete Neandertal neonates—Mezmaiskaya 1 (from Russia) and Le Moustier 2 (from France)—and a recent human sample. We find that neonatal Neandertals already appear to possess the wide body, long pubis, and robust long bones of adult Neandertals. Taken together, current evidence indicates that skeletal differences between Neandertals and modern humans are largely established by the time of birth.

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6

Rios-Garaizar, Joseba, Eneko Iriarte, Lee J. Arnold, Laura Sánchez-Romero, Ana B. Marín-Arroyo, Aixa San Emeterio, Asier Gómez-Olivencia, et al. "The intrusive nature of the Châtelperronian in the Iberian Peninsula." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 30, 2022): e0265219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265219.

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Multiple factors have been proposed to explain the disappearance of Neandertals between ca. 50 and 40 kyr BP. Central to these discussions has been the identification of new techno-cultural complexes that overlap with the period of Neandertal demise in Europe. One such complex is the Châtelperronian, which extends from the Paris Basin to the Northern Iberian Peninsula between 43,760–39,220 BP. In this study we present the first open-air Châtelperronian site in the Northern Iberian Peninsula, Aranbaltza II. The technological features of its stone tool assemblage show no links with previous Middle Paleolithic technology in the region, and chronological modeling reveals a gap between the latest Middle Paleolithic and the Châtelperronian in this area. We interpret this as evidence of local Neandertal extinction and replacement by other Neandertal groups coming from southern France, illustrating how local extinction episodes could have played a role in the process of disappearance of Neandertals.

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7

Zeberg, Hugo, and Svante Pääbo. "A genomic region associated with protection against severe COVID-19 is inherited from Neandertals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 9 (February 16, 2021): e2026309118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026309118.

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It was recently shown that the major genetic risk factor associated with becoming severely ill with COVID-19 when infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is inherited from Neandertals. New, larger genetic association studies now allow additional genetic risk factors to be discovered. Using data from the Genetics of Mortality in Critical Care (GenOMICC) consortium, we show that a haplotype at a region on chromosome 12 associated with requiring intensive care when infected with the virus is inherited from Neandertals. This region encodes proteins that activate enzymes that are important during infections with RNA viruses. In contrast to the previously described Neandertal haplotype that increases the risk for severe COVID-19, this Neandertal haplotype is protective against severe disease. It also differs from the risk haplotype in that it has a more moderate effect and occurs at substantial frequencies in all regions of the world outside Africa. Among ancient human genomes in western Eurasia, the frequency of the protective Neandertal haplotype may have increased between 20,000 and 10,000 y ago and again during the past 1,000 y.

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8

Karakostis, Fotios Alexandros, Gerhard Hotz, Vangelis Tourloukis, and Katerina Harvati. "Evidence for precision grasping in Neandertal daily activities." Science Advances 4, no. 9 (September 2018): eaat2369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat2369.

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Neandertal manual activities, as previously reconstructed from their robust hand skeletons, are thought to involve systematic power grasping rather than precise hand movements. However, this interpretation is at odds with increasing archeological evidence for sophisticated cultural behavior. We reevaluate the manipulative behaviors of Neandertals and early modern humans using a historical reference sample with extensive genealogical and lifelong occupational documentation, in combination with a new and precise three-dimensional multivariate analysis of hand muscle attachments. Results show that Neandertal muscle marking patterns overlap exclusively with documented lifelong precision workers, reflecting systematic precision grasping consistent with the use of their associated cultural remains. Our findings challenge the established interpretation of Neandertal behavior and establish a solid link between biological and cultural remains in the fossil record.

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9

Welker, Frido, Mateja Hajdinjak, Sahra Talamo, Klervia Jaouen, Michael Dannemann, Francine David, Michèle Julien, et al. "Palaeoproteomic evidence identifies archaic hominins associated with the Châtelperronian at the Grotte du Renne." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 40 (September 16, 2016): 11162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605834113.

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In Western Europe, the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition is associated with the disappearance of Neandertals and the spread of anatomically modern humans (AMHs). Current chronological, behavioral, and biological models of this transitional period hinge on the Châtelperronian technocomplex. At the site of the Grotte du Renne, Arcy-sur-Cure, morphological Neandertal specimens are not directly dated but are contextually associated with the Châtelperronian, which contains bone points and beads. The association between Neandertals and this “transitional” assemblage has been controversial because of the lack either of a direct hominin radiocarbon date or of molecular confirmation of the Neandertal affiliation. Here we provide further evidence for a Neandertal–Châtelperronian association at the Grotte du Renne through biomolecular and chronological analysis. We identified 28 additional hominin specimens through zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry (ZooMS) screening of morphologically uninformative bone specimens from Châtelperronian layers at the Grotte du Renne. Next, we obtain an ancient hominin bone proteome through liquid chromatography-MS/MS analysis and error-tolerant amino acid sequence analysis. Analysis of this palaeoproteome allows us to provide phylogenetic and physiological information on these ancient hominin specimens. We distinguish Late Pleistocene clades within the genus Homo based on ancient protein evidence through the identification of an archaic-derived amino acid sequence for the collagen type X, alpha-1 (COL10α1) protein. We support this by obtaining ancient mtDNA sequences, which indicate a Neandertal ancestry for these specimens. Direct accelerator mass spectometry radiocarbon dating and Bayesian modeling confirm that the hominin specimens date to the Châtelperronian at the Grotte du Renne.

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10

Stoessel, Alexander, Romain David, Philipp Gunz, Tobias Schmidt, Fred Spoor, and Jean-Jacques Hublin. "Morphology and function of Neandertal and modern human ear ossicles." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 41 (September 26, 2016): 11489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605881113.

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The diminutive middle ear ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) housed in the tympanic cavity of the temporal bone play an important role in audition. The few known ossicles of Neandertals are distinctly different from those of anatomically modern humans (AMHs), despite the close relationship between both human species. Although not mutually exclusive, these differences may affect hearing capacity or could reflect covariation with the surrounding temporal bone. Until now, detailed comparisons were hampered by the small sample of Neandertal ossicles and the unavailability of methods combining analyses of ossicles with surrounding structures. Here, we present an analysis of the largest sample of Neandertal ossicles to date, including many previously unknown specimens, covering a wide geographic and temporal range. Microcomputed tomography scans and 3D geometric morphometrics were used to quantify shape and functional properties of the ossicles and the tympanic cavity and make comparisons with recent and extinct AMHs as well as African apes. We find striking morphological differences between ossicles of AMHs and Neandertals. Ossicles of both Neandertals and AMHs appear derived compared with the inferred ancestral morphology, albeit in different ways. Brain size increase evolved separately in AMHs and Neandertals, leading to differences in the tympanic cavity and, consequently, the shape and spatial configuration of the ossicles. Despite these different evolutionary trajectories, functional properties of the middle ear of AMHs and Neandertals are largely similar. The relevance of these functionally equivalent solutions is likely to conserve a similar auditory sensitivity level inherited from their last common ancestor.

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11

Trinkaus, E. "The Sexual Attribution of the La Quina 5 Neandertal." Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 28, no. 3-4 (April 26, 2016): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13219-016-0159-4.

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Morphological and paleobiological assessments of the Neandertals are improved by appropriate sexual attributions of fossil remains. The La Quina 5 partial Neandertal skeleton has usually been considered as female, despite the absence of its pelvis and recognition of its large and robust facial skeleton. Its sexual affinities were therefore reassessed relative to pelvically sexed and unsexable Neandertal remains, using its neurocranial, facial, and appendicular dimensions. Its endocranial capacity and parietal thickness, although small, appear undiagnostic with regard to sex. Its radial length, femoral diaphyseal size, mandibular corpus dimensions, and supraorbital torus thickness are intermediate between those of males and females. Its mandible length and mastoid process projection and its humeral length, articular size, and diaphyseal hypertrophy align it with male Neandertals. On the basis of these comparisons, La Quina 5 appears to be either male or indeterminate with regard to its sex, the latter conclusion being the more cautious one. It is unlikely to have been a female.

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12

Balter, M. "NEANDERTAL GENOMICS: A Neandertal Primer." Science 323, no. 5916 (February 13, 2009): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.323.5916.870.

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13

Jaouen, Klervia, Michael P. Richards, Adeline Le Cabec, Frido Welker, William Rendu, Jean-Jacques Hublin, Marie Soressi, and Sahra Talamo. "Exceptionally high δ15N values in collagen single amino acids confirm Neandertals as high-trophic level carnivores." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 11 (February 19, 2019): 4928–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1814087116.

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Isotope and archeological analyses of Paleolithic food webs have suggested that Neandertal subsistence relied mainly on the consumption of large herbivores. This conclusion was primarily based on elevated nitrogen isotope ratios in Neandertal bone collagen and has been significantly debated. This discussion relies on the observation that similar high nitrogen isotopes values could also be the result of the consumption of mammoths, young animals, putrid meat, cooked food, freshwater fish, carnivores, or mushrooms. Recently, compound-specific C and N isotope analyses of bone collagen amino acids have been demonstrated to add significantly more information about trophic levels and aquatic food consumption. We undertook single amino acid C and N isotope analysis on two Neandertals, which were characterized by exceptionally high N isotope ratios in their bulk bone or tooth collagen. We report here both C and N isotope ratios on single amino acids of collagen samples for these two Neandertals and associated fauna. The samples come from two sites dating to the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition period (Les Cottés and Grotte du Renne, France). Our results reinforce the interpretation of Neandertal dietary adaptations as successful top-level carnivores, even after the arrival of modern humans in Europe. They also demonstrate that high δ15N values of bone collagen can solely be explained by mammal meat consumption, as supported by archeological and zooarcheological evidence, without necessarily invoking explanations including the processing of food (cooking, fermenting), the consumption of mammoths or young mammals, or additional (freshwater fish, mushrooms) dietary protein sources.

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14

Boë, Louis-Jean, Shinji Maeda, and Jean-Louis Heim. "Neandertal man was not morphologically handicapped for speech." Phonetics of the Origins and Evolution of Speech 3, no. 1 (December 31, 1999): 49–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eoc.3.1.05boe.

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Since Lieberman and Crelin (1971) postulated a theory that Neandertals were speechless species, the speech capability of Neandertals has been a subject of hot debate for over 30 years and remains as a controversial question. These authors claimed that the acquisition of a low laryngeal position during evolution is a necessary condition for having a vowel space large enough to realize the necessary vocalic contrasts for speech. Moreover, Neandertals didn't posses this anatomical base and therefore could not speak, presumably causing their extinction. In this study, we refute Lieberman and Crelin's theory by showing, first with the analysis of biometric data, that the estimated laryngeal position for two Neandertals is relatively high, but not as high as claimed by the two authors. In fact, the length ratio of the pharyngeal cavity to the oral cavity, i.e., an acoustically important parameter, of the Neandertals corresponds to that of a modern female adult or of a child. Second, using an anthropomorphic articulatory model, the potentially maximum vowel space estimated by varying the model morphology from a newborn, a child, a female adult and to a male adult didn't show any relevant variation. We infer then that a Neandertal could have a vowel space no smaller than that of a modern human. Our study is strictly limited to the morphological aspects of the vocal tract. We, therefore, cannot offer any definitive answer to the question whether Neandertals actually spoke or not. But we feel safe saying that Neandertals were not morphologically handicapped for speech.

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15

Boë, Louis-Jean, Jean-Louis Heim, Christian Abry, and Pierre Badin. "Neandertal vocal tract." Interaction Studies 5, no. 3 (April 18, 2005): 409–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.5.3.06boe.

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Potential speech abilities constitute a key component in the description of the Neandertals and their relations with modern Homo Sapiens. Since Lieberman & Crelin postulated in 1971 the theory that “Neanderthal man did not have the anatomical prerequisites for producing the full range of human speech” their speech capability has been a subject of hot debate for over 30 years, and remains a controversial question. In this study, we first question the methodology adopted by Lieberman and Crelin, and we point out articulatory and acoustic flaws in the data and the modeling. Then we propose a general articulatory-acoustic framework for testing the acoustic consequences of the trade-off between oral and pharyngeal cavities. Specifically, following Honda & Tiede (1998), we characterize this trade-off by a Laryngeal Height Index (LHI) corresponding to the length ratio of the pharyngeal cavity to the oral cavity. Using an anthropomorphic articulatory model controlled by lips, jaw, tongue and larynx parameters, we can generate the Maximal Vowel Space (MVS), which is a triangle in the F1 / F2 plane, the three point vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/ being located at its three extremities. We sample the evolution of the position of the larynx from birth to adulthood with four different LHI values, and we show that the associated MVS are very similar. Therefore, the MVS of a given vocal tract does not depend on the LHI: gestures of the tongue body, lips and jaw allow compensations for differences in the ratio between the dimensions of the oral cavity and pharynx. We then infer that the vowel space of Neandertals (with high or low larynx) was potentially no smaller than that of a modern human and that Neandertals could produce all the vowels of the world’s languages. Neandertals were no more vocally handicapped than children at birth are. Therefore, there is no reason to believe that the lowering of the larynx and a concomitant increase in pharynx size are necessary evolutionary pre-adaptations for speech. However, since our study is strictly limited to the morphological and acoustic aspects of the vocal tract, we cannot offer any definitive answer to the question of whether Neandertals could produce human speech or not.

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16

Pennisi, E. "NEANDERTAL GENOMICS: Wanted: Clean Neandertal DNA." Science 323, no. 5916 (February 13, 2009): 868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.323.5916.868.

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17

Arsuaga, Juan Luis, José-Miguel Carretero, Carlos Lorenzo, Asier Gómez-Olivencia, Adrián Pablos, Laura Rodríguez, Rebeca García-González, et al. "Postcranial morphology of the middle Pleistocene humans from Sima de los Huesos, Spain." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 37 (August 31, 2015): 11524–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514828112.

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Current knowledge of the evolution of the postcranial skeleton in the genus Homo is hampered by a geographically and chronologically scattered fossil record. Here we present a complete characterization of the postcranium of the middle Pleistocene paleodeme from the Sima de los Huesos (SH) and its paleobiological implications. The SH hominins show the following: (i) wide bodies, a plesiomorphic character in the genus Homo inherited from their early hominin ancestors; (ii) statures that can be found in modern human middle-latitude populations that first appeared 1.6–1.5 Mya; and (iii) large femoral heads in some individuals, a trait that first appeared during the middle Pleistocene in Africa and Europe. The intrapopulational size variation in SH shows that the level of dimorphism was similar to modern humans (MH), but the SH hominins were less encephalized than Neandertals. SH shares many postcranial anatomical features with Neandertals. Although most of these features appear to be either plesiomorphic retentions or are of uncertain phylogenetic polarity, a few represent Neandertal apomorphies. Nevertheless, the full suite of Neandertal-derived features is not yet present in the SH population. The postcranial evidence is consistent with the hypothesis based on the cranial morphology that the SH hominins are a sister group to the later Neandertals. Comparison of the SH postcranial skeleton to other hominins suggests that the evolution of the postcranium occurred in a mosaic mode, both at a general and at a detailed level.

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18

Zilhão, João. "Genes, Fossils, and Culture. An Overview of the Evidence for Neandertal–Modern Human Interaction and Admixture." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 72 (2006): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00000761.

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This paper re-examines current arguments concerning the evidence for Neandertal-modern human interaction and admixture. While most researchers now agree that the ancestry of all present day humans can be traced back to African late Middle Pleistocene populations, at a time when the remainder of Eurasia was inhabited by ‘archaic humans’, most notably the Neandertals, issues that remain to be resolved are the tempo and mode of early modern human dispersal and interaction with archaic humans.This paper focuses on what happened at the time of contact in Europe, and assesses the level of admixture that may have occurred, as well as the extent to which such level may have varied in both time and space. It explains how the available mtDNA evidence does not preclude admixture at the time of contact, and is in fact consistent, depending on a number of parameters, with a possibly substantial Neandertal contribution to the initial modern human population of Europe. It is argued that the absence of Neandertal mtDNA lineages among present Europeans is likely, on dating evidence, to be simply a particular case of generalised loss of Pleistocene mtDNA lineages. Although the full range of interaction types (mutual avoidance, hostile confrontation, full integration) is conceivable, there is plenty of archaeological evidence to suggest that admixture must have been the general rule, and that the paleontological evidence for the generalised presence of archaic traits among Europe's earliest moderns implies the transmission of genes, and indicates that mixed groups should have been reproductively viable. In this context, it would seem that the most parsimonious explanation for the disappearance of the Neandertal mtDNA lineage is genetic swamping.

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19

Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Antonio Rosas, Almudena Estalrrich, Elena Gigli, Paula F. Campos, Antonio García-Tabernero, Samuel García-Vargas, et al. "Genetic evidence for patrilocal mating behavior among Neandertal groups." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 1 (December 20, 2010): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011553108.

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The remains of 12 Neandertal individuals have been found at the El Sidrón site (Asturias, Spain), consisting of six adults, three adolescents, two juveniles, and one infant. Archaeological, paleontological, and geological evidence indicates that these individuals represent all or part of a contemporaneous social group of Neandertals, who died at around the same time and later were buried together as a result of a collapse of an underground karst. We sequenced phylogenetically informative positions of mtDNA hypervariable regions 1 and 2 from each of the remains. Our results show that the 12 individuals stem from three different maternal lineages, accounting for seven, four, and one individual(s), respectively. Using a Y-chromosome assay to confirm the morphological determination of sex for each individual, we found that, although the three adult males carried the same mtDNA lineage, each of the three adult females carried different mtDNA lineages. These findings provide evidence to indicate that Neandertal groups not only were small and characterized by low genetic diversity but also were likely to have practiced patrilocal mating behavior.

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20

Petr, Martin, Svante Pääbo, Janet Kelso, and Benjamin Vernot. "Limits of long-term selection against Neandertal introgression." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 5 (January 15, 2019): 1639–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1814338116.

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Several studies have suggested that introgressed Neandertal DNA was subjected to negative selection in modern humans. A striking observation in support of this is an apparent monotonic decline in Neandertal ancestry observed in modern humans in Europe over the past 45,000 years. Here, we show that this decline is an artifact likely caused by gene flow between modern human populations, which is not taken into account by statistics previously used to estimate Neandertal ancestry. When we apply a statistic that avoids assumptions about modern human demography by taking advantage of two high-coverage Neandertal genomes, we find no evidence for a change in Neandertal ancestry in Europe over the past 45,000 years. We use whole-genome simulations of selection and introgression to investigate a wide range of model parameters and find that negative selection is not expected to cause a significant long-term decline in genome-wide Neandertal ancestry. Nevertheless, these models recapitulate previously observed signals of selection against Neandertal alleles, in particular the depletion of Neandertal ancestry in conserved genomic regions. Surprisingly, we find that this depletion is strongest in regulatory and conserved noncoding regions and in the most conserved portion of protein-coding sequences.

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21

Rowe-Pirra, William. "Neandertal pêcheur." Pour la Science N° 512 - juin, no. 6 (May 2, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pls.512.0013.

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22

Branan, Nicole. "Neandertal Symbolism." Scientific American Mind 21, no. 2 (May 2010): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamericanmind0510-7c.

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23

Shea, John J. "Neandertal: Evolution..." Science News 140, no. 12 (September 21, 1991): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3975866.

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24

Karetny, E. J. "Neandertal Paleoanthropology." American Biology Teacher 74, no. 4 (April 1, 2012): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2012.74.4.14c.

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25

Cooper, Alan, Hendrik N. Poinar, Svante Pääbo, J. Radovc̆ić, A. Debénath, Miguel Caparros, Cecilio Barroso-Ruiz, et al. "Neandertal Genetics." Science 277, no. 5329 (August 22, 1997): 1021.3–1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5329.1021-c.

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26

Cooper, A. "Neandertal Genetics." Science 277, no. 5329 (August 22, 1997): 1021b—1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5329.1021b.

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27

Wong, Kate. "Neandertal Minds." Scientific American 312, no. 2 (January 20, 2015): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0215-36.

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Haeusler, Martin, Erik Trinkaus, Cinzia Fornai, Jonas Müller, Noémie Bonneau, Thomas Boeni, and Nakita Frater. "Morphology, pathology, and the vertebral posture of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neandertal." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 11 (February 25, 2019): 4923–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820745116.

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Although the early postural reconstructions of the Neandertals as incompletely erect were rejected half a century ago, recent studies of Neandertal vertebral remains have inferred a hypolordotic, flat lower back and spinal imbalance for them, including the La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 skeleton. These studies form part of a persistent trend to view the Neandertals as less “human” than ourselves despite growing evidence for little if any differences in basic functional anatomy and behavioral capabilities. We have therefore reassessed the spinal posture of La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 using a new pelvic reconstruction to infer lumbar lordosis, interarticulation of lower lumbar (L4-S1) and cervical (C4-T2) vertebrae, and consideration of his widespread age-related osteoarthritis. La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 exhibits a pelvic incidence (and hence lumbar lordosis) similar to modern humans, articulation of lumbar and cervical vertebrae indicating pronounced lordosis, and Baastrup disease as a product of his advanced age, osteoarthritis, and lordosis. Our findings challenge the view of generally small spinal curvatures in Neandertals. Setting aside the developmentally abnormal Kebara 2 vertebral column, La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 is joined by other Neandertals with sufficient vertebral remains in providing them with a fully upright (and human) axial posture.

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Мумриков, Олег, and Илья Алексеевич Беломытцев. "Homo Neanderthalensis in Light of Modern Paleoanthropology: a Natural Science and Biblical/Theological Conception." Theological Herald, no. 2(33) (June 15, 2019): 97–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.31802/2500-1450-2019-33-61-79.

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Homo neanderthalensis (человек неандертальский) - название ископаемой группы гоминид, населявшей значительную часть Евразии в период от 28 до 300 тысяч лет назад. Согласно данным современной науки, неандертальцы не были непосредственными предшественниками современных людей, а сосуществовали длительное время одновременно с homo sapiens. При этом результаты ряда исследований свидетельствуют о том, что неандертальцы могли быть полноценными людьми, мало в чём уступавшими человеку современного анатомического типа. Вопрос о том, являются ли неандертальцы тупиковой ветвью эволюции, животным-гоминидом, альтернативным видом человека или кем-либо ещё остаётся в настоящее время открытым и подразумевает всестороннее, междисциплинарное обсуждение. В настоящей статье рассмотрен вопрос о статусе неандертальца в контексте библейско-святоотеческого учения о происхождении человека: изложены основные данные об антропогенезе, рассмотрены их различные интерпретации, предложены оценки с точки зрения православной антропологии. Homo neanderthalensis is the name of a fossil hominid group that inhabited a significant part of Eurasia (Europe, Middle East, Central Asia), and North Africa from 28 to 300 thousand years ago. The name of the group comes from the discovery of a skull in 1856 in West Germany (Neandertal Gorge, near Düsseldorf and Erkrath). In 1858 German anthropologist H. Schaaffhausen (Hermann Schaaffhausen) introduced the term “Neanderthal”. According to the data of modern science, Neanderthals were not the immediate predecessors of modern people, but coexisted for a long time simultaneously with homo sapiens. At the same time, the results of a number of studies indicate that Neanderthals could be full-fledged people who were not inferior to humans of a modern anatomical type. The question of whether Neanderthals are a dead-end branch of evolution, a hominid animal, an alternative human species, or something else entirely is currently open and implies a comprehensive, interdisciplinary discussion. This article addresses the issue of the status of a Neanderthal in the context of biblical/ patristic doctrine of human origins: the main data on anthropogenesis are presented, various interpretations are considered, and evaluations are made from the point of view of Orthodox anthropology.

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Jordan, Bertrand. "Néandertal et Afrique, le retour." médecine/sciences 36, no. 4 (April 2020): 421–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2020055.

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Sophisticated analyses of current human populations compared to a high-coverage Neandertal genome sequence indicate that, contrary to the previous consensus, African genomes carry a small but significant amount of Neandertal-specific DNA. This indicates back-migration into Africa of modern humans (carrying some Neandertal sequences) and underlines the complexity of ancient human migrations.

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Shermer, Michael. "Our Neandertal Brethren." Scientific American 303, no. 2 (August 2010): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0810-34.

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32

Sugden, Andrew M. "Neandertal growth patterns." Science 357, no. 6357 (September 21, 2017): 1250.2–1250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.357.6357.1250-b.

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33

Wong, Kate. "Our Inner Neandertal." Scientific American 22, no. 1s (December 7, 2012): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamericanhuman1112-82.

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34

Sugden, Andrew M. "Neandertal cave art." Science 359, no. 6378 (February 22, 2018): 880.6–881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.359.6378.880-f.

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35

Wong, Kate. "Our Inner Neandertal." Scientific American 303, no. 1 (July 2010): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0710-18.

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36

Trinkaus, E., T. W. Holliday, and B. M. Auerbach. "Neandertal clavicle length." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 12 (March 10, 2014): 4438–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1402439111.

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37

Shipman, Pat. "Growing up Neandertal." American Scientist 92, no. 6 (2004): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2004.50.3439.

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38

Stringer, Chris. "L'homme de Neandertal." Journal of Human Evolution 21, no. 3 (September 1991): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(91)90066-5.

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39

Sugden, A. M. "Modeling Neandertal extinction." Science 351, no. 6277 (March 3, 2016): 1039–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.351.6277.1039-d.

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40

HAYDEN, BRIAN. "NEANDERTAL SOCIAL STRUCTURE?" Oxford Journal of Archaeology 31, no. 1 (January 11, 2012): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0092.2011.00376.x.

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41

Ungar, Peter S., Karen J. Fennell, Kathleen Gordon, and Erik Trinkaus. "Neandertal incisor beveling." Journal of Human Evolution 32, no. 5 (May 1997): 407–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1996.0109.

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42

Daura, Joan, Montserrat Sanz, Juan Luis Arsuaga, Dirk L. Hoffmann, Rolf M. Quam, María Cruz Ortega, Elena Santos, et al. "New Middle Pleistocene hominin cranium from Gruta da Aroeira (Portugal)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 13 (March 13, 2017): 3397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619040114.

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The Middle Pleistocene is a crucial time period for studying human evolution in Europe, because it marks the appearance of both fossil hominins ancestral to the later Neandertals and the Acheulean technology. Nevertheless, European sites containing well-dated human remains associated with an Acheulean toolkit remain scarce. The earliest European hominin crania associated with Acheulean handaxes are at the sites of Arago, Atapuerca Sima de los Huesos (SH), and Swanscombe, dating to 400–500 ka (Marine Isotope Stage 11–12). The Atapuerca (SH) fossils and the Swanscombe cranium belong to the Neandertal clade, whereas the Arago hominins have been attributed to an incipient stage of Neandertal evolution, toHomo heidelbergensis, or to a subspecies ofHomo erectus. A recently discovered cranium (Aroeira 3) from the Gruta da Aroeira (Almonda karst system, Portugal) dating to 390–436 ka provides important evidence on the earliest European Acheulean-bearing hominins. This cranium is represented by most of the right half of a calvarium (with the exception of the missing occipital bone) and a fragmentary right maxilla preserving part of the nasal floor and two fragmentary molars. The combination of traits in the Aroeira 3 cranium augments the previously documented diversity in the European Middle Pleistocene fossil record.

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Guatelli-Steinberg, Debbie. "Recent studies of dental development in Neandertals: Implications for Neandertal life histories." Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 18, no. 1 (February 25, 2009): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.20190.

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Weaver, Timothy D., and Chris B. Stringer. "Unconstrained cranial evolution in Neandertals and modern humans compared to common chimpanzees." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1817 (October 22, 2015): 20151519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1519.

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A variety of lines of evidence support the idea that neutral evolutionary processes (genetic drift, mutation) have been important in generating cranial differences between Neandertals and modern humans. But how do Neandertals and modern humans compare with other species? And how do these comparisons illuminate the evolutionary processes underlying cranial diversification? To address these questions, we used 27 standard cranial measurements collected on 2524 recent modern humans, 20 Neandertals and 237 common chimpanzees to estimate split times between Neandertals and modern humans, and between Pan troglodytes verus and two other subspecies of common chimpanzee. Consistent with a neutral divergence, the Neandertal versus modern human split-time estimates based on cranial measurements are similar to those based on DNA sequences. By contrast, the common chimpanzee cranial estimates are much lower than DNA-sequence estimates. Apparently, cranial evolution has been unconstrained in Neandertals and modern humans compared with common chimpanzees. Based on these and additional analyses, it appears that cranial differentiation in common chimpanzees has been restricted by stabilizing natural selection. Alternatively, this restriction could be due to genetic and/or developmental constraints on the amount of within-group variance (relative to effective population size) available for genetic drift to act on.

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Weaver, Timothy D., and Charles C. Roseman. "Ancient DNA, Late Neandertal Survival, and Modern‐Human–Neandertal Genetic Admixture." Current Anthropology 46, no. 4 (August 2005): 677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/432776.

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46

Zilhão, João, and Erik Trinkaus. "Troubling the Neandertals: A Reply to Langbroek's ‘The Trouble with Neandertals’." Archaeological Dialogues 8, no. 2 (December 2001): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203800002592.

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We cannot but agree with the basic contentions of Langbroek's paper that 1) the replacement of Neandertals by early modern humans in Europe is best understood from a perspective of historical contingency and 2) that it must have had a lot to do with the ‘very dynamic spatio-temporal redrawings of the population maps of Europe during the Weichsel glacial’ against the background of ‘the emergence of increasing climatological instability during the later part of OIS 3, with significant fluctuations at relatively short timescales’. This is the kind of approach we have been advocating to effectively supersede the reductionist ‘superiority’ paradigm that has dominated the literature on Neandertal extinction for the last twenty years.

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Langbroek, Macro. "Troubling the Neandertals: A Reply to Zilhã and Trinkaus." Archaeological Dialogues 8, no. 2 (December 2001): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203800002609.

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We cannot but agree with the basic contentions of Langbroek's paper that 1) the replacement of Neandertals by early modern humans in Europe is best understood from a perspective of historical contingency and 2) that it must have had a lot to do with the ‘very dynamic spatio-temporal redrawings of the population maps of Europe during the Weichsel glacial’ against the background of ‘the emergence of increasing climatological instability during the later part of OIS 3, with significant fluctuations at relatively short timescales’. This is the kind of approach we have been advocating to effectively supersede the reductionist ‘superiority’ paradigm that has dominated the literature on Neandertal extinction for the last twenty years.

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Hawks, John. "Accurate depiction of uncertainty in ancient DNA research: The case of Neandertal ancestry in Africa." Journal of Social Archaeology 21, no. 2 (February 24, 2021): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469605321995616.

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All approaches to understanding the past must work with limited data. Like many other kinds of evidence of past peoples, the relation between ancient DNA and past events is intermediated by complex models that bear many assumptions, some untested or untestable. Statements about the past from this evidence are thus accompanied by uncertainty, some quantified and some unquantifiable. Accurate communication of this uncertainty is essential to effective cross-disciplinary collaboration and public understanding. Here I examine one well-studied case of ancient DNA inference: the inference of Neandertal ancestry for today’s African peoples. In this case study, scientific predictions about Neandertal introgression and the genetic variation of all living people both gave consistent predictions before the sequencing of Neandertal DNA. Still, at the time that a draft Neandertal genome was published, a myth became established among the public that today’s Africans are different from all other living humans in that they lack Neandertal ancestors. This contribution reviews public statements, press releases, and press accounts to understand the origin of this story and why it became widespread. I review the ultimate impact of this story and the path toward correcting it. In light of this example, I provide some guidelines on how to recognize accurate depiction of uncertainty and examples of how effective engagement with content experts in archaeology and biological anthropology can lead to stronger and more easily communicated scientific outcomes.

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BI, Cai-Li, Guang-Yan GUO, Xiao ZHANG, Yan-Hui TIAN, and Yin-Zhu SHEN. "Progresses on Neandertal genomics." Hereditas (Beijing) 34, no. 6 (June 29, 2012): 659–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1005.2012.00659.

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Bower, Bruce. "In the Neandertal Mind." Science News 166, no. 12 (September 18, 2004): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4015497.

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