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Journal articles on the topic 'Near-surface stratification'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Reverdin, G., S. Morisset, H. Bellenger, et al. "Near–Sea Surface Temperature Stratification from SVP Drifters." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 8 (2013): 1867–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00182.1.

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Abstract This study describes how the hull temperature (Ttop) measurements from multisensor surface velocity program (SVP) drifters can be combined with other measurements to provide quantitative information on near-surface vertical temperature stratification during large daily cycles. First, Ttop is compared to the temperature measured at 17 -cm depth from a float tethered to the SVP drifter. These 2007–12 SVP drifters present a larger daily cycle by 1%–3% for 1°–2°C daily cycle amplitudes, with a maximum difference close to the local noon. The difference could result from flow around the SVP

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2

Fischer, Tim, Annette Kock, Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, Marcus Dengler, Peter Brandt, and Hermann W. Bange. "Gas exchange estimates in the Peruvian upwelling regime biased by multi-day near-surface stratification." Biogeosciences 16, no. 11 (2019): 2307–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2307-2019.

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Abstract. The coastal upwelling regime off Peru in December 2012 showed considerable vertical concentration gradients of dissolved nitrous oxide (N2O) across the top few meters of the ocean. The gradients were predominantly downward, i.e., concentrations decreased toward the surface. Ignoring these gradients causes a systematic error in regionally integrated gas exchange estimates, when using observed concentrations at several meters below the surface as input for bulk flux parameterizations – as is routinely practiced. Here we propose that multi-day near-surface stratification events are resp

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3

Santos-Garcia, Andrea, Maria Marta Jacob, and W. Linwood Jones. "SMOS Near-Surface Salinity Stratification Under Rainy Conditions." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 9, no. 6 (2016): 2493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2016.2527038.

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4

Iyer, Suneil, and Kyla Drushka. "Turbulence within Rain-Formed Fresh Lenses during the SPURS-2 Experiment." Journal of Physical Oceanography 51, no. 5 (2021): 1705–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-20-0303.1.

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AbstractObservations of salinity, temperature, and turbulent dissipation rate were made in the top meter of the ocean using the ship-towed Surface Salinity Profiler as part of the second Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional Study (SPURS-2) to assess the relationships between wind, rain, near-surface stratification, and turbulence. A wide range of wind and rain conditions were observed in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean near 10°N, 125°W in summer–autumn 2016 and 2017. Wind was the primary driver of near-surface turbulence and the mixing of rain-formed fresh lenses, with lenses gene

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5

Pernica, Patricia, and Mathew Wells. "Frequency of episodic stratification in the near surface of Lake Opeongo and other small lakes." Water Quality Research Journal 47, no. 3-4 (2012): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2012.001.

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Wind-driven mixing in the epilimnion of a deep lake can be suppressed when there is a weak near surface stratification, which occurs frequently during periods of strong solar heating and weak winds. Using data from a vertical chain of fast response thermistors, we analyze the frequency of near surface stratification in the top 2 meters of the epilimnion in Lake Opeongo, Ontario for the periods between May and August in 2009 and 2010. Near surface thermoclines (as defined by dT/dz &gt; 0.2 °C m−1 between 1 and 2 m) occur for 24% of the sampling period in 2009, 37% of the sampling period in

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6

Li, Yifan, Matthew Marander, Rebecca Mort, Fei Liu, Xin Yong, and Shan Jiang. "Who wins the race near the interface? Stratification of colloids, nano-surfactants, and others." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 11 (2022): 110901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0098710.

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The diffusion of colloids, nanoparticles, and small molecules near the gas–liquid interface presents interesting multiphase transport phenomena and unique opportunities for understanding interactions near the surface and interface. Stratification happens when different species preside over the interfaces in the final dried coating structure. Understanding the principles of stratification can lead to emerging technologies for materials’ fabrication and has the potential to unlock innovative industrial solutions, such as smart coatings and drug formulations for controlled release. However, strat

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7

Mellado, Juan Pedro, Chiel C. van Heerwaarden, and Jade Rachele Garcia. "Near-Surface Effects of Free Atmosphere Stratification in Free Convection." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 159, no. 1 (2015): 69–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-015-0105-x.

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8

Sutherland, Graig, Louis Marié, Gilles Reverdin, Kai H. Christensen, Göran Broström, and Brian Ward. "Enhanced Turbulence Associated with the Diurnal Jet in the Ocean Surface Boundary Layer." Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, no. 10 (2016): 3051–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-15-0172.1.

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AbstractDetailed observations of the diurnal jet, a surface intensification of the wind-driven current associated with the diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature (SST), were obtained during August and September 2012 in the subtropical Atlantic. A diurnal increase in SST of 0.2° to 0.5°C was observed, which corresponded to a diurnal jet of 0.15 m s−1. The increase in near-surface stratification limits the vertical diffusion of the wind stress, which in turn increases the near-surface shear. While the stratification decreased the turbulent dissipation rate ε below the depth of the diurnal jet,

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9

LAMB, KEVIN G. "A numerical investigation of solitary internal waves with trapped cores formed via shoaling." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 451 (January 25, 2002): 109–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002211200100636x.

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The formation of solitary internal waves with trapped cores via shoaling is investigated numerically. For density fields for which the buoyancy frequency increases monotonically towards the surface, sufficiently large solitary waves break as they shoal and form solitary-like waves with trapped fluid cores. Properties of large-amplitude waves are shown to be sensitive to the near-surface stratification. For the monotonic stratifications considered, waves with open streamlines are limited in amplitude by the breaking limit (maximum horizontal velocity equals wave propagation speed). When an expo

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10

LaCasce, J. H. "Surface Quasigeostrophic Solutions and Baroclinic Modes with Exponential Stratification." Journal of Physical Oceanography 42, no. 4 (2012): 569–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-11-0111.1.

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Abstract The author derives baroclinic modes and surface quasigeostrophic (SQG) solutions with exponential stratification and compares the results to those obtained with constant stratification. The SQG solutions with exponential stratification decay more rapidly in the vertical and have weaker near-surface velocities. This then compounds the previously noted problem that SQG underpredicts the velocities associated with a given surface density anomaly. The author also examines how the SQG solutions project onto the baroclinic modes. With constant stratification, SQG waves larger than deformati

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11

Hall, Rob A., John M. Huthnance, and Richard G. Williams. "Internal Wave Reflection on Shelf Slopes with Depth-Varying Stratification." Journal of Physical Oceanography 43, no. 2 (2013): 248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-11-0192.1.

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Abstract Reflection of internal waves from sloping topography is simple to predict for uniform stratification and linear slope gradients. However, depth-varying stratification presents the complication that regions of the slope may be subcritical and other regions supercritical. Here, a numerical model is used to simulate a mode-1, M2 internal tide approaching a shelf slope with both uniform and depth-varying stratifications. The fractions of incident internal wave energy reflected back offshore and transmitted onto the shelf are diagnosed by calculating the energy flux at the base of slope (w

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12

Alcayaga, Leonardo, Gunner Chr Larsen, Mark Kelly, and Jakob Mann. "Identification of large-scale atmospheric structures under different stability conditions using Dynamic Mode Decomposition." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2265, no. 2 (2022): 022006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/2/022006.

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Abstract We investigate the characteristic of large-scale coherent motions over a large horizontal domain using the Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) spectral analysis algorithm applied on measurements from two long-range pulsed lidars. We show the results and advantages of this methodology on six cases representative of three thermal stratification conditions at two heights relevant for wind energy: near-neutral, unstable and stable stratification at 50m and 200m above ground level. For these cases the DMD algorithm show three types of structures: streaks near the surface for near-neutral for

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13

Koszalka, I., L. Ceballos, and A. Bracco. "Vertical mixing and coherent anticyclones in the ocean: the role of stratification." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 17, no. 1 (2010): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-17-37-2010.

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Abstract. The role played by wind-forced anticyclones in the vertical transport and mixing at the ocean mesoscale is investigated with a primitive-equation numerical model in an idealized configuration. The focus of this work is to determine how the stratification impacts such transport. The flows, forced only at the surface by an idealized wind forcing, are predominantly horizontal and, on average, quasigeostrophic. Inside vortex cores and intense filaments, however, the dynamics is strongly ageostrophic. Mesoscale anticyclones appear as "islands" of increased penetration of wind energy into

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14

Metzger, M., B. J. McKeon, and H. Holmes. "The near-neutral atmospheric surface layer: turbulence and non-stationarity." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 365, no. 1852 (2007): 859–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1946.

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The neutrally stable atmospheric surface layer is used as a physical model of a very high Reynolds number, canonical turbulent boundary layer. Challenges and limitations with this model are addressed in detail, including the inherent thermal stratification, surface roughness and non-stationarity of the atmosphere. Concurrent hot-wire and sonic anemometry data acquired in Utah's western desert provide insight to Reynolds number trends in the axial velocity statistics and spectra.

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15

Boutin, J., Y. Chao, W. E. Asher, et al. "Satellite and In Situ Salinity: Understanding Near-Surface Stratification and Subfootprint Variability." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97, no. 8 (2016): 1391–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-15-00032.1.

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Abstract Remote sensing of salinity using satellite-mounted microwave radiometers provides new perspectives for studying ocean dynamics and the global hydrological cycle. Calibration and validation of these measurements is challenging because satellite and in situ methods measure salinity differently. Microwave radiometers measure the salinity in the top few centimeters of the ocean, whereas most in situ observations are reported below a depth of a few meters. Additionally, satellites measure salinity as a spatial average over an area of about 100 × 100 km2. In contrast, in situ sensors provid

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16

Lucas, Natasha S., Alan L. M. Grant, Tom P. Rippeth, et al. "Evolution of Oceanic Near-Surface Stratification in Response to an Autumn Storm." Journal of Physical Oceanography 49, no. 11 (2019): 2961–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-19-0007.1.

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AbstractUnderstanding the processes that control the evolution of the ocean surface boundary layer (OSBL) is a prerequisite for obtaining accurate simulations of air–sea fluxes of heat and trace gases. Observations of the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy (ε), temperature, salinity, current structure, and wave field over a period of 9.5 days in the northeast Atlantic during the Ocean Surface Mixing, Ocean Submesoscale Interaction Study (OSMOSIS) are presented. The focus of this study is a storm that passed over the observational area during this period. The profiles of ε in the O

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17

Gibbs, M. T., M. J. Bowman, and D. E. Dietrich. "Maintenance of Near-Surface Stratification in Doubtful Sound, a New Zealand Fjord." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 51, no. 6 (2000): 683–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ecss.2000.0716.

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18

Johnson, Leah, Craig M. Lee, Eric A. D’Asaro, Jacob O. Wenegrat, and Leif N. Thomas. "Restratification at a California Current Upwelling Front. Part II: Dynamics." Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, no. 5 (2020): 1473–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-19-0204.1.

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AbstractA coordinated multiplatform campaign collected detailed measurements of a restratifying surface intensified upwelling front within the California Current System. A companion paper outlined the evolution of the front, revealing the importance of lateral advection at tilting isopycnals and increasing stratification in the surface boundary layer with a buoyancy flux equivalent to 2000 W m−2. Here, observations were compared with idealized models to explore the dynamics contributing to the stratification. A 2D model combined with a reduced form of the horizontal momentum equations highligh

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19

Liu, Xinchun, Yongde Kang, Hongna Chen, and Hui Lu. "Comparison of surface wind speed and wind speed profiles in the Taklimakan Desert." PeerJ 10 (April 1, 2022): e13001. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13001.

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Near-surface (10 m) wind speed (NWS) plays a crucial role in many areas, including the hydrological cycle, wind energy production, and the dispersion of air pollution. Based on wind speed data from Tazhong and the northern margins of the Taklimakan Desert in Xiaotang in spring, summer, autumn, and winter of 2014 and 2015, statistical methods were applied to determine the characteristics of the diurnal changes in wind speed near the ground and the differences in the wind speed profiles between the two sites. The average wind speed on a sunny day increased slowly with height during the day and r

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20

Mahadevan, Amala, Eric D’Asaro, Craig Lee, and Mary Jane Perry. "Eddy-Driven Stratification Initiates North Atlantic Spring Phytoplankton Blooms." Science 337, no. 6090 (2012): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1218740.

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Springtime phytoplankton blooms photosynthetically fix carbon and export it from the surface ocean at globally important rates. These blooms are triggered by increased light exposure of the phytoplankton due to both seasonal light increase and the development of a near-surface vertical density gradient (stratification) that inhibits vertical mixing of the phytoplankton. Classically and in current climate models, that stratification is ascribed to a springtime warming of the sea surface. Here, using observations from the subpolar North Atlantic and a three-dimensional biophysical model, we show

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21

Hughes, Kenneth G., James N. Moum, and Emily L. Shroyer. "Evolution of the Velocity Structure in the Diurnal Warm Layer." Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, no. 3 (2020): 615–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-19-0207.1.

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AbstractThe daily formation of near-surface ocean stratification caused by penetrating solar radiation modifies heat fluxes through the air–sea interface, turbulence dissipation in the mixed layer, and the vertical profile of lateral transport. The transport is altered because momentum from wind is trapped in a thin near-surface layer, the diurnal warm layer. We investigate the dynamics of this layer, with particular attention to the vertical shear of horizontal velocity. We first develop a quantitative link between the near-surface shear components that relates the crosswind component to the

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22

Randelhoff, Achim, Ilker Fer, and Arild Sundfjord. "Turbulent Upper-Ocean Mixing Affected by Meltwater Layers during Arctic Summer." Journal of Physical Oceanography 47, no. 4 (2017): 835–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0200.1.

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AbstractEvery summer, intense sea ice melt around the margins of the Arctic pack ice leads to a stratified surface layer, potentially without a traditional surface mixed layer. The associated strengthening of near-surface stratification has important consequences for the redistribution of near-inertial energy, ice–ocean heat fluxes, and vertical replenishment of nutrients required for biological growth. The authors describe the vertical structure of meltwater layers and quantify their seasonal evolution and their effect on turbulent mixing in the oceanic boundary layer by analyzing more than 4

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23

Liu, Yongqiang, Ali Mamtimin, Wen Huo, et al. "Nondimensional Wind and Temperature Profiles in the Atmospheric Surface Layer over the Hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert in China." Advances in Meteorology 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9325953.

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Observed turbulent fluxes, wind, and temperature profiles at Tazhong station over the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert in China have been analyzed to evaluate empirical parameters used in the profile functions of desert surface layer. The von Kármán constant derived from our observations is about 0.396 in near-neutral stratification, which is in good agreement with many other studies for different underlying surface. In our analysis, the turbulent Prandtl number is about 0.75 in near-neutral conditions. For unstable range, the nondimensional wind and temperature profile functions are best f

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24

Stiperski, Ivana, Marcelo Chamecki, and Marc Calaf. "Anisotropy of Unstably Stratified Near-Surface Turbulence." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 180, no. 3 (2021): 363–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-021-00634-0.

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AbstractClassic Monin–Obukov similarity scaling states that in a stationary, horizontally homogeneous flow, in the absence of subsidence, turbulence is dictated by the balance between shear production and buoyancy production/destruction, whose ratio is characterized by a single universal scaling parameter. An evident breakdown in scaling is observed though, through large scatter in traditional scaling relations for the horizontal velocity variances under unstable stratification, or more generally in complex flow conditions. This breakdown suggests the existence of processes other than local sh

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25

Cronin, Meghan F., and William S. Kessler. "Near-Surface Shear Flow in the Tropical Pacific Cold Tongue Front*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 5 (2009): 1200–1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo4064.1.

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Abstract Near-surface shear in the Pacific cold tongue front at 2°N, 140°W was measured using a set of five moored current meters between 5 and 25 m for nine months during 2004–05. Mean near-surface currents were strongly westward and only weakly northward (∼3 cm s−1). Mean near-surface shear was primarily westward and, thus, oriented to the left of the southeasterly trades. When the southwestward geostrophic shear was subtracted from the observed shear, the residual ageostrophic currents relative to 25 m were northward and had an Ekman-like spiral, in qualitative agreement with an Ekman model

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26

Johnson, Leah, Craig M. Lee, Eric A. D’Asaro, Leif Thomas, and Andrey Shcherbina. "Restratification at a California Current Upwelling Front. Part I: Observations." Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, no. 5 (2020): 1455–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-19-0203.1.

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AbstractA coordinated survey between a subsurface Lagrangian float and a ship-towed Triaxus profiler obtained detailed measurements of a restratifying surface intensified front (above 30 m) within the California Current System. The survey began as downfront winds incited mixing in the boundary layer. As winds relaxed and mixing subsided, the system entered a different dynamical regime as the front developed an overturning circulation with large vertical velocities that tilted isopycnals and stratified the upper ocean within a day. The horizontal buoyancy gradient was 1.5 × 10−6 s−2 and associa

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27

Schlosser, Tamara L., Nicole L. Jones, Ruth C. Musgrave, Cynthia E. Bluteau, Gregory N. Ivey, and Andrew J. Lucas. "Observations of Diurnal Coastal-Trapped Waves with a Thermocline-Intensified Velocity Field." Journal of Physical Oceanography 49, no. 7 (2019): 1973–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-18-0194.1.

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AbstractUsing 18 days of field observations, we investigate the diurnal (D1) frequency wave dynamics on the Tasmanian eastern continental shelf. At this latitude, the D1 frequency is subinertial and separable from the highly energetic near-inertial motion. We use a linear coastal-trapped wave (CTW) solution with the observed background current, stratification, and shelf bathymetry to determine the modal structure of the first three resonant CTWs. We associate the observed D1 velocity with a superimposed mode-zero and mode-one CTW, with mode one dominating mode zero. Both the observed and mode-

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28

Shrira, Victor I., and Philippe Forget. "On the Nature of Near-Inertial Oscillations in the Uppermost Part of the Ocean and a Possible Route toward HF Radar Probing of Stratification." Journal of Physical Oceanography 45, no. 10 (2015): 2660–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-14-0247.1.

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AbstractInertial band response of the upper ocean to changing wind is studied both theoretically and by analysis of observations in the northwestern Mediterranean. On the nontraditional f plane, because of the horizontal component of the earth’s rotation for waves of inertial band with frequencies slightly below the local inertial frequency f, there is a waveguide in the mixed layer confined from below by the pycnocline. It is argued that when the stratification is shallow these waves are most easily and strongly excited by varying winds as near-inertial oscillations (NIOs). These motions have

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29

Hershberger, P. K., J. E. Rensel, A. L. Matter, and F. B. Taub. "Vertical distribution of the chloromonad flagellate Heterosigma carterae in columns: implications for bloom development." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, no. 10 (1997): 2228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-131.

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Blooms of the marine flagellate Heterosigma carterae have been associated with catastrophic fish kills at mariculture facilities around the world. The precise cause(s) of the sudden appearance and disappearance of Heterosigma surface blooms has not been completely described or understood. Environmental data from prior studies of blooms indicate the presence of vertical stratification of the water column that is often induced by freshwater runoff. We report the relatively rapid concentration of Heterosigma cells at the surface of tubes shortly after the addition of distilled water to the surfac

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30

Deng, Yuan Chang, and Zhen Cao Zou. "The Effects of Vertical Stratification and Land Use Data on Numerical Simulation of Wind Energy Resources." Applied Mechanics and Materials 535 (February 2014): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.535.135.

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By adjusting the distribution of vertical layers and increasing its number in WRF model, this paper mainly studies the effects of vertical stratification on the near surface wind field and vertical profile simulation. The test outcomes show that moderately increasing vertical layers can effectively improve the near surface wind field simulation results, while it has little influence on the numeral and changing trend of high vertical wind profile. Considering both accuracy and efficiency, it is recommended to set 10~15 layers below 300m. On the basis of this research, instead of USGS data by us

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MacKinnon, J. A., and M. C. Gregg. "Near-Inertial Waves on the New England Shelf: The Role of Evolving Stratification, Turbulent Dissipation, and Bottom Drag." Journal of Physical Oceanography 35, no. 12 (2005): 2408–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2822.1.

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Abstract Energetic variable near-inertial internal waves were observed on the springtime New England shelf as part of the Coastal Mixing and Optics (CMO) project. Surface warming and freshwater advection tripled the average stratification during a 3-week observational period in April/May 1997. The wave field was dominated by near-inertial internal waves generated by passing storms. Wave evolution was controlled by a balance among wind stress, bottom drag, and turbulent dissipation. As the stratification evolved, the vertical structure of these near-inertial waves switched from mode 1 to mode 2

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Ohashi, Yoshihiko, Shigeru Aoki, Yoshimasa Matsumura, Shin Sugiyama, Naoya Kanna, and Daiki Sakakibara. "Vertical distribution of water mass properties under the influence of subglacial discharge in Bowdoin Fjord, northwestern Greenland." Ocean Science 16, no. 3 (2020): 545–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-16-545-2020.

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Abstract. Subglacial discharge has significant impacts on water circulation, material transport, and biological productivity in proglacial fjords of Greenland. To help clarify the fjord water properties and the effect of subglacial discharge, we investigated the properties of vertical water mass profiles of Bowdoin Fjord in northwestern Greenland based on summer hydrographic observations, including turbidity, in 2014 and 2016. We estimated the fraction of subglacial discharge from the observational data and interpreted the observed differences in subglacial plume behavior between two summer se

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33

Taylor, John R., and Sutanu Sarkar. "Stratification Effects in a Bottom Ekman Layer." Journal of Physical Oceanography 38, no. 11 (2008): 2535–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo3942.1.

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Abstract A stratified bottom Ekman layer over a nonsloping, rough surface is studied using a three-dimensional unsteady large eddy simulation to examine the effects of an outer layer stratification on the boundary layer structure. When the flow field is initialized with a linear temperature profile, a three-layer structure develops with a mixed layer near the wall separated from a uniformly stratified outer layer by a pycnocline. With the free-stream velocity fixed, the wall stress increases slightly with the imposed stratification, but the primary role of stratification is to limit the bounda

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Cummins, Patrick F., Laurence Armi, and Svein Vagle. "Upstream Internal Hydraulic Jumps." Journal of Physical Oceanography 36, no. 5 (2006): 753–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2894.1.

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Abstract In stratified tidal flow over a sill, the character of the upstream response is determined by a Froude number Fs based on the stratification near the surface. This is distinguished from the Froude number governing the response in the neighborhood of the sill crest, which is based on the weak density step associated with a flow bifurcation. For moderate values of Fs, the upstream response consists of nonlinear waves or a weak undular bore. For larger values of Fs, a strong, quasi-stationary, internal hydraulic jump dominates the upstream response. At sufficiently large values of Fs, th

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Tang, Wenqing, Simon H. Yueh, Akiko Hayashi, et al. "Rain-Induced Near Surface Salinity Stratification and Rain Roughness Correction for Aquarius SSS Retrieval." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 8, no. 12 (2015): 5474–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2015.2463768.

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Sengupta, Debasis, G. N. Bharath Raj, M. Ravichandran, J. Sree Lekha, and Fabrice Papa. "Near-surface salinity and stratification in the north Bay of Bengal from moored observations." Geophysical Research Letters 43, no. 9 (2016): 4448–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl068339.

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37

van de Poll, W. H., G. Kulk, K. R. Timmermans, et al. "Phytoplankton chlorophyll <i>a</i> biomass, composition, and productivity along a temperature and stratification gradient in the northeast Atlantic Ocean." Biogeosciences 10, no. 6 (2013): 4227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4227-2013.

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Abstract. Relationships between sea surface temperature (SST, > 10 m) and vertical density stratification, nutrient concentrations, and phytoplankton biomass, composition, and chlorophyll a (Chl a) specific absorption were assessed in spring and summer from latitudes 29 to 63° N in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. The goal of this study was to identify relationships between phytoplankton and abiotic factors in an existing SST and stratification gradient. Furthermore, a bio-optical model was used to estimate productivity for five phytoplankton groups. Nutrient concentration (integrated from 0 t

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Bolaños, Rodolfo, Jennifer M. Brown, Laurent O. Amoudry, and Alejandro J. Souza. "Tidal, Riverine, and Wind Influences on the Circulation of a Macrotidal Estuary." Journal of Physical Oceanography 43, no. 1 (2013): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-11-0156.1.

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Abstract The effect of tides, river, wind and Earth’s rotation on the three-dimensional circulation in the Dee, a macrotidal estuary, are investigated using a fine-resolution model. The interactions of the large tidal amplitude, currents, river, and wind-generated circulation require baroclinic and unsteady studies to properly understand the estuarine dynamics. Assessment of the model skill has been carried out by model–observation comparisons for salinity, which is the main control for density, surface elevation, current, and turbulence. Stationary nondimensional numbers were only partially a

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MacKinnon, J. A., and M. C. Gregg. "Spring Mixing: Turbulence and Internal Waves during Restratification on the New England Shelf." Journal of Physical Oceanography 35, no. 12 (2005): 2425–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2821.1.

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Abstract Integrated observations are presented of water property evolution and turbulent microstructure during the spring restratification period of April and May 1997 on the New England continental shelf. Turbulence is shown to be related to surface mixed layer entrainment and shear from low-mode near-inertial internal waves. The largest turbulent diapycnal diffusivity and associated buoyancy fluxes were found at the bottom of an actively entraining and highly variable wind-driven surface mixed layer. Away from surface and bottom boundary layers, turbulence was systematically correlated with

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Koue, Jinichi, Hikari Shimadera, Tomohito Matsuo, and Akira Kondo. "Numerical Analysis of Sensitivity of Structure of the Stratification in Lake Biwa, Japan by Changing Meteorological Elements." Water 10, no. 10 (2018): 1492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101492.

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Climatic factors such as air temperature and wind speed can affect the structure of stratification in Lake Biwa. In general, the rise in air temperature and the decrease in wind speed weaken the vertical mixing and strengthen the structure of the stratification, which interrupts the transport of the substances. However, how much the change of each climate element can influence the structure of the stratification is not clarified. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the effects of each element on the stratification quantitatively. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the chang

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Luo, Tao, Renmin Yuan, Zhien Wang, and Damao Zhang. "Quantifying the Hygroscopic Growth of Marine Boundary Layer Aerosols by Satellite-Based and Buoy Observations." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 72, no. 3 (2015): 1063–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-14-0170.1.

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Abstract In this study, collocated satellite and buoy observations as well as satellite observations over an extended region during 2006–10 were used to quantify the humidity effects on marine boundary layer (MBL) aerosols. Although the near-surface aerosol size increases with increasing near-surface relative humidity (RH), the influence of RH decreases with increasing height and is mainly limited to the lower well-mixed layer. In addition, the size changes of MBL aerosols with RH are different for low and high surface wind () conditions as revealed by observations and Mie scattering calculati

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Schneider, Tapio, and Christopher C. Walker. "Scaling Laws and Regime Transitions of Macroturbulence in Dry Atmospheres." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 65, no. 7 (2008): 2153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jas2616.1.

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Abstract In simulations of a wide range of circulations with an idealized general circulation model, clear scaling laws of dry atmospheric macroturbulence emerge that are consistent with nonlinear eddy–eddy interactions being weak. The simulations span several decades of eddy energies and include Earth-like circulations and circulations with multiple jets and belts of surface westerlies in each hemisphere. In the simulations, the eddy available potential energy and the barotropic and baroclinic eddy kinetic energy scale linearly with each other, with the ratio of the baroclinic eddy kinetic en

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Bettigole, Charles, Juliana Hanle, Daniel A. Kane, et al. "Optimizing Sampling Strategies for Near-Surface Soil Carbon Inventory: One Size Doesn’t Fit All." Soil Systems 7, no. 1 (2023): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems7010027.

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Soils comprise the largest pool of terrestrial carbon yet have lost significant stocks due to human activity. Changes to land management in cropland and grazing systems present opportunities to sequester carbon in soils at large scales. Uncertainty in the magnitude of this potential impact is largely driven by the difficulties and costs associated with measuring near-surface (0–30 cm) soil carbon concentrations; a key component of soil carbon stock assessments. Many techniques exist to optimize sampling, yet few studies have compared these techniques at varying sample intensities. In this stud

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Alam, Md, Richard Bell, Nazmus Salahin, et al. "Banding of Fertilizer Improves Phosphorus Acquisition and Yield of Zero Tillage Maize by Concentrating Phosphorus in Surface Soil." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (2018): 3234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093234.

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Zero tillage increases stratification of immobile nutrients such as P. However, it is unclear whether near-surface stratification of soil P eases or hampers P uptake by maize (Zea mays L.) which needs an optimum P supply at/before six–leaf–stage to achieve potential grain yield. The aim of the three-year study was to determine whether P stratification, under zero tillage, impaired yield of maize and which P placement methods could improve P uptake on an Aeric Albaquept soil subgroup. Phosphorus fertilizer was placed by: (a) broadcasting before final tillage and sowing of seeds; (b) surface ban

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Alvarez, Alberto. "A model for the Arctic mixed layer circulation under a summertime lead: implications for the near-surface temperature maximum formation." Cryosphere 17, no. 8 (2023): 3343–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3343-2023.

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Abstract. Leads in sea ice cover have been studied extensively because of the climatic relevance of the intense ocean–atmosphere heat exchange that occurs during winter. Leads are also preferential locations of heat exchange and melting in early summer, but their oceanography and climate relevance, if any, remains largely unexplored during summertime. In particular, the development of a near-surface temperature maximum (NSTM) layer typically 10–30 m deep under different Arctic basins has been observationally related to the penetration of solar radiation through the leads. These observations re

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Panchishkina, I. N., G. G. Petrova, A. I. Petrov, and O. G. Chkhetiani. "Conduction current density profile transformation near the earth’s surface, in connection with atmospheric stratification change." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1604 (July 2020): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1604/1/012002.

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Zilitinkevich, S. S., V. L. Perov, and J. C. King. "Near-surface turbulent fluxes in stable stratification: Calculation techniques for use in general-circulation models." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 128, no. 583 (2002): 1571–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.200212858309.

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Danilov, V. N., and V. M. Ushakov. "CALCULATION OF PULSE ECHO SIGNALS WHEN CHANGING THE POSITION OF THE NORMAL PROBE RELATIVE TO THE STRATIFICATION IN THE METAL." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 321 (March 2025): 14–20. https://doi.org/10.14489/td.2025.03.pp.014-020.

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A computer simulation of the amplitude change of the pulsed echo signal of a normal probe from a reflector in the form of a strip simulating a stratification in metal, the plane of which is parallel to the control surface, depending on the distance between the axis of the probe and the normal to the surface of the reflector in its center. The calculations used radiated pulses of various durations ‒ long, medium length and short. The expediency of using medium-length pulses has been established. The estimation of the linear conventional length of the stratification model by the method of reduci

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Portalakis, Panagiotis, Maria Tombrou, John Kalogiros, Aggeliki Dandou, and Qing Wang. "Investigation of Air-Sea Turbulent Momentum Flux over the Aegean Sea with a Wind-Wave Coupling Model." Atmosphere 12, no. 9 (2021): 1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091208.

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Near surface turbulent momentum flux estimates are performed over the Aegean Sea, using two different approaches regarding the drag coefficient formulation, a wave boundary layer model (referred here as KCM) and the most commonly used Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) algorithm. The KCM model incorporates modifications in the energy-containing wave spectrum to account for the wave conditions of the Aegean Sea, and surface similarity to account for the stratification effects. Airborne turbulence data during an Etesian outbreak over Aegean Sea, Greece are processed to evaluate

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Zhang, Y., J. Ma, and Z. Cao. "The von Kármán constant retrieved from CASE-97 dataset using a variational method." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 4 (2008): 13667–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-13667-2008.

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Abstract. A variational method is developed to retrieve the von Kármán constant κ from the CASES-97 dataset, collected near Wichita, Kansas, the United States from 6 April to 24 May 1997. In the variational method, a cost function is defined to measure the difference between observed and computed gradients of wind speed, air temperature and specific humidity. An optimal estimated von Kármán constant is obtained by minimizing the cost function through adjusting values of the von Kármán constant. Under neutral stratification, the variational analysis confirms the conventional value of κ(=0.40).

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