Journal articles: 'Neat cattle'

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Masujin, Kentaro, Christina D. Orrú, Kohtaro Miyazawa, Bradley R. Groveman, Lynne D. Raymond, Andrew G. Hughson, and Byron Caughey. "Detection of Atypical H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Discrimination of Bovine Prion Strains by Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 54, no. 3 (January 6, 2016): 676–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.02731-15.

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Prion diseases of cattle include the classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE) and the atypical H-type BSE (H-BSE) and L-type BSE (L-BSE) strains. Although the C- and L-BSE strains can be detected and discriminated by ultrasensitive real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assays, no such test has yet been described for the detection of H-BSE or the discrimination of each of the major bovine prion strains. Here, we demonstrate an RT-QuIC assay for H-BSE that can detect as little as 10−9dilutions of brain tissue and neat cerebrospinal fluid samples from clinically affected cattle. Moreover, comparisons of the reactivities with different recombinant prion protein substrates and/or immunoblot band profiles of proteinase K-treated RT-QuIC reaction products indicated that H-, L-, and C-BSE have distinctive prion seeding activities and can be discriminated by RT-QuIC on this basis.

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Jobling, M. "Near-Eastern origins of European cattle." Trends in Genetics 17, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9525(01)02387-3.

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Widyaningrum, R., I. G. S. Budisatria, and D. Maharani. "Natural increase, net replacement rate, output and population dynamic of Aceh cattle in Livestock Breeding and Forage Center of Indrapuri." Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture 46, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.46.1.1-11.

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This study aimed to estimate natural increase (NI), net replacement rate (NRR), output, and population dynamics of Aceh cattle at Livestock Breeding and Forage Center in Indrapuri, Aceh province. Data of population structure, mortality, birth rate, the number of animals entering the herd, and the number of animals released from the herd during 2019were used for determining NIandNRR, and it isusedfor estimation of output. Population structure data (2015-2019) were used to estimate the population dynamics. The results showed that NI was 19.08% (medium category). The availability of replacement stock exceeded the need for replacement (140.08% for male and 73.33% for female); the NRR was 240.08% (male) and 173.33% (female). The output of Aceh cattle was 3.92% (culled male), 5.58% (culled female); the remaining replacement stocks were 5.49% (male) and 4.09% (female) of the total population. The population of Aceh cattle from 2020 to 2024 was expected to increase by 6.02% (65 heads) on average. In conclusion, that BPTU-HPT Indrapuri can be categorized as a beef cattle producing region, but still need efforts to increase natural increase by increasing birth rate minimum 32.77% and reducing mortality maximum 3.0%, in combination with better management systems.

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Matějíčková, J., M. Štípková, G. Sahana, T. Kott, J. Kyseľová, A. Matějíček, B. Kottová, J. Šefrová, M. Krejčová, and S. Melčová. "QTL mapping for production traits in Czech Fleckvieh cattle." Czech Journal of Animal Science 58, No. 9 (August 29, 2013): 396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6939-cjas.

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The objective of this study was to find QTL for milk production traits in Czech Fleckvieh cattle on chromosomes 6, 7, 11, 14, and 23 where QTL were previously identified in other dairy cattle populations. Sixteen grandsire families were genotyped for 38 microsatellite markers on the selected chromosomes. A QTL mapping model based on variance component analysis was implemented via restricted maximum likelihood (REML) to estimate QTL positions and their effects. A significant QTL affecting fat percentage was found at the beginning of chromosome 14 (0 cM), near marker ILSTS039. Suggestive QTL associated with milk production traits appeared on other studied chromosomes (BTA6, BTA7, BTA11, and BTA23). This first QTL search on five chromosomes in Czech Fleckvieh population showed several suggestive QTL that can be promising for further studies and contribute to better understanding of genetics of milk production in the Czech Fleckvieh cattle.  

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Miller, Woutrina A., David J. Lewis, Michael Lennox, Maria G. C. Pereira, Kenneth W. Tate, Patricia A. Conrad, and Edward R. Atwill. "Climate and On-Farm Risk Factors Associated with Giardia duodenalis Cysts in Storm Runoff from California Coastal Dairies." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 21 (September 14, 2007): 6972–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00100-07.

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ABSTRACT Climatic factors and on-farm management practices were evaluated for their association with the concentrations (cyst/liter) and instantaneous loads (cysts/second) of Giardia duodenalis in storm-based runoff from dairy lots and other high-cattle-use areas on five coastal California farms over two storm seasons. Direct fluorescent antibody analysis was used to quantitate cysts in 350 storm runoff samples. G. duodenalis was detected on all five dairy farms, with fluxes of 1 to 14,000 cysts/liter observed in 16% of samples. Cysts were detected in 41% of runoff samples collected near cattle less than 2 months old, compared to 10% of runoff samples collected near cattle over 6 months old. Furthermore, the concentrations and instantaneous loads of cysts were ≥65 and ≥79 times greater, respectively, in runoff from sites housing young calves than in sites housing other age classes of animals. Factors associated with environmental loading of G. duodenalis included cattle age, cattle stocking number, and precipitation but not lot area, land slope, or cattle density. Vegetated buffer strips were found to significantly reduce waterborne cysts in storm runoff: each additional meter of vegetated buffer placed below high-cattle-use areas was associated with reductions in the concentration and instantaneous load of cysts by factors of 0.86 and 0.79 (−0.07 and −0.10 log10/m), respectively. Straw mulch, seed application, scraping of manure, and cattle exclusion did not significantly affect the concentration or load of G. duodenalis cysts. The study findings suggest that vegetated buffer strips, especially when placed near dairy calf areas, should help reduce the environmental loading of these fecal protozoa discharging from dairy farms.

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Cymbron, Teresa, Abigail R. Freeman, M. Isabel Malheiro, Jean-Denis Vigne, and Daniel G. Bradley. "Microsatellite diversity suggests different histories for Mediterranean and Northern European cattle populations." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, no. 1574 (July 26, 2005): 1837–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3138.

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Based on archaeological evidence, the spread of agropastoralism across Europe followed two main paths: the Danubian route, along which Neolithic farmers expanded north across the central European plains; and the Mediterranean route, where migration occurred along the coast of the Mediterranean sea. Here we examine 20 cattle breeds from the continent and assess the genetic diversity levels and relationships among the breeds using 19 microsatellite markers. Additionally, we show evidence that concords with two distinct cattle migrations from the Near East, and also demonstrate that Mediterranean cattle breeds may have had more recent input from both the Near East and Africa.

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Shanthipriya, Ajmera, Sana Shanawaz, and Sivadevuni Girisham. "Studies on Decomposition of Banana Leaf and Mixture of Cattle Dung and Urine by Thermophilic Coprophilous Fungi." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 19, no. 02 (June 1, 2020): 815–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2020.v19i02.039.

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MAMABOLO, M. V., L. NTANTISO, A. LATIF, and P. A. O. MAJIWA. "Natural infection of cattle and tsetse flies in South Africa with two genotypic groups of Trypanosoma congolense." Parasitology 136, no. 4 (March 2, 2009): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009005587.

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SUMMARYThe polymerase chain reaction was used to detect trypanosomes in samples collected from cattle, wild animals and tsetse flies in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. A total of 673 samples from cattle and 266 from tsetse flies in the study area located near the Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve were analysed. Both Trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax were found as single or mixed infections in cattle and tsetse flies. Moreover, the T. congolense in the infections were found to comprise 2 genotypic groups: the Savannah-type and the Kilifi-type, which were present either as single or mixed infections in cattle and in tsetse flies.

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Peterson, Eric M., Kimberly J. Wooten, Seenivasan Subbiah, Todd A. Anderson, Scott Longing, and Philip N. Smith. "Agrochemical Mixtures Detected on Wildflowers near Cattle Feed Yards." Environmental Science & Technology Letters 4, no. 6 (May 3, 2017): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00123.

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Troy, Christopher S., David E. MacHugh, Jillian F. Bailey, David A. Magee, Ronan T. Loftus, Patrick Cunningham, Andrew T. Chamberlain, Bryan C. Sykes, and Daniel G. Bradley. "Genetic evidence for Near-Eastern origins of European cattle." Nature 410, no. 6832 (April 2001): 1088–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35074088.

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Bailey, Derek W., G. Robert Welling, and Eric T. Miller. "Cattle Use of Foothills Rangeland near Dehydrated Molasses Supplement." Journal of Range Management 54, no. 4 (July 2001): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003101.

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Robins. "The Alpha Hypothesis: Did Lateralized Cattle–Human Interactions Change the Script for Western Culture?" Animals 9, no. 9 (August 31, 2019): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9090638.

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Domestic cattle possess lateralized cognitive processing of human handlers. This has been recently demonstrated in the preference for large groups of cattle to view a human closely within the predominantly left visual field. By contrast, the same stimulus viewed predominantly within the right visual field promotes a significantly greater frequency of dispersal from a standing position, including flight responses. The respective sets of behaviours correspond with the traditional terms of “near side” for the left side of cattle and horses, and the “off” or “far side” for the right side. These traditional terms of over 300 years usage in the literature communicate functional practicalities for handling livestock and the recognition of lateralized cognitive processing. In this review, the possibility of even earlier recognition and the significance of laterality in cattle-human interaction was argued, from the earliest representations of the letter "A", originally illustrated from nearly 4000 years before the present time as the head of an ox as viewed not from the front or from the right, but from the left (near) side. By extension, this knowledge of lateralization in cattle may represent the earliest written example of applied ethology—the study of the behaviour of animals under human management.

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Tolleson, D. R., and J. P. Angerer. "The application of near infrared spectroscopy to predict faecal nitrogen and phosphorus in multiple ruminant herbivore species." Rangeland Journal 42, no. 6 (2020): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj20071.

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Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was applied to determine faecal nitrogen and phosphorus using a temporo-spatially diverse dataset derived from multiple ruminant herbivore species (i.e. cattle, bison, deer, elk, goats, and sheep). Single-species NIRS calibrations have previously been developed to predict faecal constituents. Multi-species NIRS calibrations have previously been developed for herbivore faecal nitrogen but not for faecal phosphorus. Faecal samples representing a herd or flock composite were analysed via NIRS (400–2498nm). Calibration sets for faecal nitrogen and phosphorus were developed from: (1) all samples from all six species, (2) all cattle samples only, (3) all samples except those from bison, (4) all samples except those from deer, (5) all samples except those from elk, (6) all samples except those from goats, and (7) all samples except those from sheep. Validation sample sets included: (1) each of the individual species (predicted with a cattle only-derived calibration), and (2) each of the individual species (other than cattle) predicted with a multi-species calibration constructed from all cattle samples plus those samples from the remaining four species (i.e. ‘leave-one-out’). All multiple coefficient of determination (R2) values for faecal nitrogen calibrations were ≥0.97. Corresponding standard error of cross validation (SECV) values were ≤0.13. Validation simple coefficient of determination (r2) and standard error of prediction (SEP) of each alternate species using the cattle-derived calibration ranged from 0.76 to 0.84, and 0.28 to 0.5 respectively. Similar values for the sequential species leave-one-out validation for faecal nitrogen were 0.67 to 0.89, and 0.17 to 0.47 respectively. All R2 values for faecal phosphorus calibrations were ≥0.79; corresponding SECV were ≤0.14. Validation r2 and SEP of each alternate species using the cattle-derived phosphorus calibration were ≤0.63 and ≥0.13 respectively. Similar values for the sequential species leave-one-out validation were ≤0.66 and ≥0.22 respectively for faecal phosphorus. Multi-species faecal NIRS calibrations can be developed for monitoring applications in which determination of faecal nitrogen is appropriate, e.g. free-ranging herbivore nutrition, nitrogen deposition from animal faeces on rangelands with declining forage quality, or runoff from confined animal feeding operations. Similar calibrations for faecal phosphorus require additional research to ascertain their applicability.

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Barendse, W., R. Bunch, M. Thomas, S. Armitage, S. Baud, and N. Donaldson. "The TG5 thyroglobulin gene test for a marbling quantitative trait loci evaluated in feedlot cattle." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 7 (2004): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02156.

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The TG5 (thyroglobulin 5′ leader sequence) single nucleotide polymorphism has been associated with marbling in cattle fed for periods longer than 250 days. To test whether the association could be detected in diverse cattle, fed for less than 250 days, and to measure the size of the effect, we sampled 1750 cattle from the AMH Toowoomba feedlot. These cattle were sampled on 28 separate days, over 9 months. Their marbling scores covered the complete range. We found that the TG5 single nucleotide polymorphism was associated with marbling scores (P<0.05) and estimated that TG5 genotypes explained 6.5% of the residual deviance for the marbling phenotype. We also found that the '3' allele was more frequent in animals with higher marbling scores. The consistency of the allelic association between studies and, in particular, the association found in diverse cattle, indicate that the TG5 polymorphism can be used as a breeding tool and possibly a feedlot entry tool. To estimate the size of the genetic region in which the marbling quantitative trait loci are located, we tested the nearby DNA markers CSSM66 and BMS1747. These do not show allelic associations to marbling. The consistency of the allelic association between studies, the lack of association to nearby DNA markers and the complementary information on gene action of genes near Thyroglobulin suggest that DNA sequence variations, in or near the Thyroglobulin gene sequence, are the likely causes for the marbling quantitative trait loci. Further studies of single nucleotide polymorphism in and near the Thyroglobulin DNA sequence should allow causal mutations for the effect to be identified.

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Woo, Patrick C. Y., Jade L. L. Teng, Ru Bai, Ying Tang, Annette Y. P. Wong, Kenneth S. M. Li, Carol S. F. Lam, Rachel Y. Y. Fan, Susanna K. P. Lau, and Kwok-Yung Yuen. "Novel Picobirnaviruses in Respiratory and Alimentary Tracts of Cattle and Monkeys with Large Intra- and Inter-Host Diversity." Viruses 11, no. 6 (June 23, 2019): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11060574.

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Picobirnaviruses (PBVs) are mostly found in animal alimentary samples. In this study, among 576 respiratory specimens from 476 mammals and 100 chickens, genogroup I PBVs were detected in three cattle and three monkeys, and a genogroup II PBV-positive sample was collected from one cattle specimen. More than one PBV sequence type was observed in two and one genogroup I PBV-positive samples from cattle and monkeys, respectively. Twenty-four complete/near-complete segments 2 (nine from respiratory and 15 from alimentary samples) from the cattle and monkey genogroup I PBVs and one complete segment 2 from the cattle genogroup II PBV were sequenced. Similar to other studies, the cattle PBVs also showed a high diversity. In contrast, the monkey PBVs observed in this study were clustered into three distinct clades. Within each clade, all the sequences showed >99% amino acid identities. This unique phenomenon is probably due to the fact that monkeys in our locality reside in separated troops with minimal inter-troop contact.

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Avanus, Kozet, and Ahmet Altınel. "Inherited Diseases of Holstein Cattle: Story So Far in Turkey." Journal of Istanbul Veterinary Sciences 1, no. 2 (August 21, 2017): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.324403.

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de Freitas, J. R., J. J. Schoenau, S. M. Boyetchko, and S. A. Cyrenne. "Soil microbial populations, community composition, and activity as affected by repeated applications of hog and cattle manure in eastern Saskatchewan." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 49, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 538–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w03-069.

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A field site near Humboldt, Saskatchewan, was annually treated with hog or cattle manure and cropped to canola, spring wheat, barley, and canola from 1997 to 2000. During each growing season, soil was analyzed for microbial populations in terms of activity and community structure, and crops were assessed for root rot and foliar diseases. Microbial activity in soils treated with cattle manure was higher than in soils treated with hog manure or urea. Similarly, nitrous oxide emissions from soil increased with increasing rates of hog and cattle manure. Potential human pathogens, including Rahnella, Serratia, Proteus, Leclercia, and Salmonella species, were identified in soils that received cattle manure, whereas pseudomonads were the dominant species in the hog-manure-treated soil. Fecal coliforms were confirmed in soils that received hog or cattle manure. However, Enterobacteriaceae populations were 10-fold higher in soils receiving cattle manure than in soils receiving the other treatments. Increasing cattle manure rates increased fecal coliform population, but there was no indication that increased hog manure rates increased fecal coliform populations. Addition of urea, hog manure, or cattle manure to the soil did not increase foliar disease in wheat, barley, and canola and had variable effects on root rot incidence in cereals.Key words: soil microbial activity, soil microbial populations, microbial community, plant disease, hog manure, cattle manure, urea.

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González, L. A., E. Charmley, and B. K. Henry. "Modelling methane emissions from remotely collected liveweight data and faecal near-infrared spectroscopy in beef cattle." Animal Production Science 54, no. 12 (2014): 1980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14615.

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The objective of the present study was to develop a model-data fusion approach using remotely collected liveweight (LW) data from individual animals (weighing station placed at the water trough) and evaluate the potential for these data from frequent weighing to increase the accuracy of estimates of methane emissions from beef cattle grazing tropical pastures. Remotely collected LW data were used to calculate daily LW change (LWC), i.e. growth rate on a daily basis, and then to predict feed intake throughout a 342-day grazing period. Feed intake and diet dry matter digestibility (DMD) from faecal near-infrared spectroscopy analysis were used to predict methane emissions using methods for both tropical and temperate cattle as used in the Australian national inventory (Commonwealth of Australia 2014). The remote weighing system captured both short- and long-term environmental (e.g. dry and wet season, and rainfall events) and management effects on LW changes, which were then reflected in estimated feed intake and methane emissions. Large variations in all variables, measured and predicted, were found both across animals and throughout the year. Methane predictions using the official national inventory model for tropical cattle resulted in 20% higher emissions than those for temperate cattle. Predicted methane emissions based on a simulation using only initial and final LW and assuming a linear change in LW between these two points were 7.5% and 5.8% lower than those using daily information on LW from the remote weighing stations for tropical and temperate cattle, respectively. Methane emissions and feed intake can be predicted from remotely collected LW data in near real-time on a daily basis to account for short- and long-term variations in forage quality and intake. This approach has the potential to provide accurate estimates of methane emissions at the individual animal level, making the approach suitable for grazing livestock enterprises wishing to participate in carbon markets and accounting schemes.

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Tanaro, José D., Mercedes C. Piaggio, Lucía Galli, Alejandra M. C. Gasparovic, Francisco Procura, Demián A. Molina, Mauro Vitón, Gisela Zolezzi, and Marta Rivas. "Prevalence ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 in Surface Water Near Cattle Feedlots." Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 11, no. 12 (December 2014): 960–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2014.1770.

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Wiener, P., and B. Gutiérrez-Gil. "Assessment of selection mapping near themyostatingene (GDF-8) in cattle." Animal Genetics 40, no. 5 (October 2009): 598–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.2009.01886.x.

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Kunelauri, Nana, Mari Gogniashvili, Vazha Tabidze, Givi Basiladze, and Tengiz Beridze. "Georgian cattle, sheep, goats: are they of Near-Eastern origins?" Mitochondrial DNA Part B 4, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 4006–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2019.1688695.

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Silveira, Aline M., Eduardo M. Nascimento, Guilherme Konradt, Eldinê G. Miranda Neto, David Driemeier, Glauco José N. Galiza, Antonio F. M. Dantas, and Franklin Riet-Correa. "Tuberculosis of the central nervous system in cattle in Paraíba, Brazil." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38, no. 11 (November 2018): 2092–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5976.

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ABSTRACT: This paper describes six cases of tuberculosis in the central nervous system (CNS) of cattle in the state of Paraíba in northeastern Brazil. We reviewed the autopsy reports of 851 bovine necropsies performed from 2003 to 2016. Seventy-three (8.6%) cattle were diagnosed with tuberculosis and six showed lesions in the CNS. Three cases affected cattle up to two-year-old and other three affected adults. Three cattle presented exclusively nervous signs, two had respiratory signs and weight loss and one did not present any clinical signs. At necropsy, five cattle had thickening of the leptomeninges of the cerebellum, pons, obex, spinal cord and cortex, mainly, in the region near the brain basilar Willis´ circle. Another animal, presented a single focal lesion in the cerebellum. Microscopically we observed moderate to severe granulomatous meningitis and encephalitis. Five cattle presented lesions in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes and three of them had disseminated lesions in other organs. In all cattle acid-fast bacilli were observed in the lesions and marked positive for immunohistochemistry with polyclonal antibody anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is concluded that bovine tuberculosis of central nervous system occurs sporadically in Paraíba, in cattle of different ages, most of them with disseminate lesions in other organs. The location of the lesions suggests that the agent invaded the brain by hematogenous route through the circle of Willis.

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Miller, Lyle D., Charles O. Thoen, Kenneth J. Throlson, Elmer M. Himes, and Ronald L. Morgan. "Serum Biochemical and Hematologic Values of Normal and Mycobacterium Bovis-Infected American Bison." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 1, no. 3 (July 1989): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063878900100304.

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Hematologic and serum biochemical tests were used to monitor the health of 3 groups of bison in an experimental study of tuberculosis. Bison were randomly assigned to Mycobacterium bovis-infected, M. bovis -sensitized, and uninfected control groups. Hematologic measurements included total and differential leukocyte counts, hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), fibrinogen, and plasma proteins. Biochemical tests included serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, aspartate amino transferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, serum calcium, and serum phosphorus. There were no significant differences (P = 0.05) in any test values between groups of bison. The bison data were combined and compared to similar data of cattle. The mean values for PCV and Hb were higher than values (PCV 24–46%, Hb 8–15 g/dl) for cattle. Mycobacterium bovis -infected bison had a slight increase in the number of blood monocytes and lymphocytes when compared to the uninfected bison but were within the normal ranges for bison and cattle. Other hematologic parameters were within normal ranges reported for cattle. Creatinine levels in all bison were above the normal range (1.0–1.5 mg/dl) for cattle. Phosphorus levels for M. bovis-infected and M. bovis -sensitized bison exceeded the normal range (5.6–8.0 mg/dl) reported for cattle. The level for uninfected bison was near the upper limit of normal for cattle. Mean values for other serum biochemical tests were within the normal ranges reported for cattle.

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Bjarnason, Asgeir, Timo Vuorela, Jarmo Verho, Jarno Riistama, Jukka Vanhala, Jukka Lekkala, and Jari Hyttinen. "Implantable Measurement System for Dairy-Cattle Monitoring with Long Recording Time." Advances in Science and Technology 85 (September 2012): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.85.33.

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This paper describes a new implantable measurement system, further developed from an implantable measurement device implemented earlier at Tampere University of Technology (TUT), to assess the psychophysiological state of well-being of dairy-cattle. By measuring single-channel Electrocardiogram (ECG), body temperature and cattle activity we provide veterinarians and animal scientists with a tool to assess cattle stress levels and well-being. This information can, for example, be linked to cattle milk production. The new device processes the ECG signal in real-time to derive the heart rate along with a wireless radio frequency transmission of the data from the implant to a receiver device attached near or on the cattle. By collecting the data through a wireless link we are able to extend the recording period from three weeks of the earlier version of the device up to 3 months. The algorithm for the ECG peak detection is a modified version of the Pan-Tompkins algorithm optimized for cattle application with ECG recordings based on several hundred hours of data collected from previous experiments and recordings. The implantable system was tested with in vivo trials in April 2012.

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REDSHAW, E. S., R. D. WEISENBURGER, G. W. MATHISON, and L. P. MILLIGAN. "NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY FOR PREDICTING FORAGE COMPOSITION AND VOLUNTARY CONSUMPTION AND DIGESTIBILITY IN CATTLE AND SHEEP." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 1 (March 1, 1986): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-012.

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Near infrared reflectance spectroscopic (NIR) measurements were made on 82 samples of legume (alfalfa and clover), grass (brome, timothy, reed canary grass and meadow foxtail) and legume-grass mixtures using a Neotec model 6100 scanning monochromator. Data on the forages, used for establishing NIR calibrations for predictive relationships and appraising them, were chemical composition and measurements of digestibility and voluntary consumption for cattle and sheep. The primary wavelengths selected by multiple regression techniques were similar to those obtained by other researchers for crude protein, acid and neutral detergent fiber, calcium and phosphorus. Similar primary wavelengths were selected for prediction of digestibility and voluntary intake (g kg−0.75) of forages for cattle and sheep, but those selected for voluntary intake on the basis of percentage of body weight differed between animal species. The wavelengths which best predicted animal intake and digestibility in our trials differed from those reported by other researchers. Crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, lignin, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus and ash concentrations in forage were predicted with standard errors of 1.0, 2.2, 2.9, 1.1, 0.07, 0.15, 0.02, and 1.2%, respectively. The accuracy of predictions for these chemical constituents was similar to that reported by other workers. Digestible energy content, dry matter digestibility, voluntary intake and digestible energy intake of hays by cattle were predicted with standard errors of prediction of 0.59 MJ kg, 2.4%, 7.6 g DM kg−0.75, and 79 kJ kg−0.75, respectively. Corresponding values for sheep were 0.96, 4.4, 6.3 and 128. The quantitative importance of variability in animal data in the calibration of the NIR procedure was discussed. This variability accounted for about one-half of the variability of NIR prediction of voluntary DM and digestible energy intake of cattle. This proportion was reduced to approximately one-quarter and one-sixth for digestibility of dry matter and digestible energy content of feed, respectively. Key words: Cattle, sheep, forages, near infrared reflectance spectroscopy, nutritive value

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Dominghetti, Taciany Ferreira de Souza, Antonio Thadeu Medeiros de Barros, Cleber Oliveira Soares, and Paulo Henrique Duarte Cançado. "Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) outbreaks: current situation and future outlook with emphasis on Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 24, no. 4 (December 2015): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612015079.

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Abstract The stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) has historically been a pest of dairy cattle and feedlots due to the availability of decaying plant matter mixed with animal excrements in such production systems. In the last few decades, stable fly outbreaks have also been reported in pasture-raised beef cattle, usually associated with wastes accumulated from animal feeding during winter, the introduction of large-scale crop operations near cattle ranches, and/or the inadvertent use of organic fertilizers. Population explosions of Stomoxys flies may also have natural causes, affecting not only domestic and/or wild animals but also humans. This article compiles information on stable fly outbreaks in Brazil and abroad and discusses their causes and consequences.

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Song, Chan Won. "THE KOREAN HANWOO BEEF CATTLE." Animal Genetic Resources Information 14 (April 1994): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900000341.

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SUMMARYThe Hanwoo cattle of Korea are probably one of the oldest autochthonous breeds in the world that are known to have populated a specific geographic region for over 2000 years. They are also a unique case of a domestic animal genetic resource (DAGR) that after having followed the classical tendency of dangerously and rapidly decreasing numbers (I 740 000 in 1940 down to 393 000 in 1950) moved slowly back to near 2 000 000 in 1993, following an exemplary and voluntary conservation programme and a well organized national improvement scheme. This wellplanned selection scheme made it possible for the average live weight of Hanwoo cattle to nearly double their measure adult weight since the first in official controls were made in the early seventies: sires from 290 kg to 477 kg and cows from 246 kg to 309 kg in a more than 30 year period. This is a unique reference case of D.A.G.R. conservation, of domestic preservation, development, and economic use within the traditional production ten-ns and management conditions of a specific geo-cultural environment.

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Tobin, Colin T., Derek W. Bailey, Mitchell B. Stephenson, and Mark G. Trotter. "Temporal Changes in Association Patterns of Cattle Grazing at Two Stocking Densities in a Central Arizona Rangeland." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 2635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092635.

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Proper grazing management of arid and semi-arid rangelands requires experienced personnel and monitoring. Applications of GPS tracking and sensor technologies could help ranchers identify livestock well-being and grazing management issues so that they can promptly respond. The objective of this case study was to evaluate temporal changes in cattle association patterns using global positioning system (GPS) tracking in pastures with different stocking densities (low stocking density [LSD] = 0.123 animals ha−1, high stocking density [HSD] = 0.417 animals ha−1) at a ranch near Prescott, Arizona. Both pastures contained similar herd sizes (135 and 130 cows, respectively). A total of 32 cows in the HSD herd and 29 cows in the LSD herd were tracked using GPS collars at location fixes of 30 min during a 6-week trial in the summer of 2019. A half-weight index (HWI) value was calculated for each pair of GPS-tracked cattle (i.e., dyads) to determine the proportion of time that cattle were within 75 m and 500 m of each other. Forage mass of both pastures were relatively similar at the beginning of the study and forage utilization increased from 5 to 24% in the HSD pasture and increased from 10 to 20% in the LSD pasture. Cattle in both pastures exhibited relatively low mean association values (HWI < 0.25) at both spatial scales. Near the end of the study, cattle began to disperse likely in search of forages (p < 0.01) and travelled farther (p < 0.01) from water than during earlier periods. Real-time GPS tracking has the potential to remotely detect changes in animal spatial association (e.g., HWI), and identify when cows disperse, likely searching for forage.

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Coates, D. B., and R. M. Dixon. "Faecal near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (F.NIRS) measurements of non-grass proportions in the diet of cattle grazing tropical rangelands." Rangeland Journal 29, no. 1 (2007): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj07011.

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Frequent faecal near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (F.NIRS) analyses of faeces from cattle grazing a range of tropical pastures were used to measure the non-grass component, and other aspects, of their diets. Seasonal profiles of non-grass and crude protein in the diet are presented for nine sites from the speargrass, Aristida–Bothriochloa, and Mitchell grass dominated pasture regions, and for three shrubland sites where browse was plentiful. In grass-dominated native pastures of the speargrass and Aristida–Bothriochloa pasture regions of Queensland where little browse was available, non-grass was usually only 5–15% of the diet. Diet non-grass was even lower for a buffel grass pasture. In uncleared eucalypt woodland in the speargrass region, browse may have contributed up to 20% of the diet in the late dry season when grasses were senesced. In regions with abundant browse (e.g. mulga lands and desert upland systems) cattle preferentially selected actively growing grasses and forbs when they were available. With diminishing availability or declining quality of the forbs and grass due to grazing selection and dry conditions, browse increasingly contributed to intake. In Mitchell grass dominated pastures forbs often comprised more than 50% of the diet, and there appeared to be strong selection for forbs during the dry season. Where browse was available in association with Mitchell grass dominated pastures, it appeared to contribute to intake only in the late dry season. Dry season sampling in monsoonal tallgrass and Mitchell grass dominated pastures indicated dietary crude protein to be linearly correlated with diet non-grass, demonstrating the importance of non-grass in the prevention or alleviation of dry season protein deficiency in cattle. Changes in diet selected by cattle in relation to season and rainfall were generally in accord with the previous limited information, largely with sheep, in comparable vegetation systems. The results demonstrate the value of F.NIRS technology to assist understanding of diet selection by grazing cattle in northern Australia.

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Johns, Michael R., Michael L. Harrison, Philip H. Hutchinson, and Peter Beswick. "Sources of nutrients in wastewater from integrated cattle slaughterhouses." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0457.

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The generation of the nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus, by various process areas of two large, integrated cattle slaughterhouses was studied to assist the better management of wastewater production and treatment. The Dinmore slaughterhouse, located near Ipswich, processes predominantly grass-fed cattle, while the Beef City slaughterhouse west of Toowoomba processes grain-fed cattle. Nitrogen in the wastewater streams largely originated from the rendering plant (50% of the total daily generation at Dinmore and 62% at Beef City), the decreased cattle bone process at Dinmore (22%) and the cattle holding yards at Beef City (32%). Phosphorus was generated primarily in the offal, paunch and tripe processing area at Dinmore (49%) and the holding yards at Beef City (57%). Nitrogen was present mostly as organic or ammonium nitrogen, whereas ortho-phosphate was the main form of phosphorus present in wastewater streams. Significant differences were found in nutrient generation between the two slaughterhouses, with the Dinmore plant releasing almost twice the quantity of nitrogen, and four times more phosphorus, per animal processed compared to the Beef City plant. These results will assist management in allocating resources aimed at cleaner production by minimising and removing nutrients in the wastewater.

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Mannen, H., S. Tsuji, R. T. Loftus, and D. G. Bradley. "Mitochondrial DNA Variation and Evolution of Japanese Black Cattle (Bos taurus)." Genetics 150, no. 3 (November 1, 1998): 1169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/150.3.1169.

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Abstract This article describes complete mitochondrial DNA displacement loop sequences from 32 Japanese Black cattle and the analysis of these data in conjunction with previously published sequences from African, European, and Indian subjects. The origins of North East Asian domesticated cattle are unclear. The earliest domestic cattle in the region were Bos taurus and may have been domesticated from local wild cattle (aurochsen; B. primigenius), or perhaps had an origin in migrants from the early domestic center of the Near East. In phylogenetic analyses, taurine sequences form a dense tree with a center consisting of intermingled European and Japanese sequences with one group of Japanese and another of all African sequences, each forming distinct clusters at extremes of the phylogeny. This topology and calibrated levels of sequence divergence suggest that the clusters may represent three different strains of ancestral aurochs, adopted at geographically and temporally separate stages of the domestication process. Unlike Africa, half of Japanese cattle sequences are topologically intermingled with the European variants. This suggests an interchange of variants that may be ancient, perhaps a legacy of the first introduction of domesticates to East Asia.

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Boyce, Mary. "Priests, cattle and men." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 50, no. 3 (October 1987): 508–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00039483.

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It is about three-quarters of a century since themaryannu(maryanni) of Mitanni and its dependencies, appearing in Hittite and Egyptian records of the second millennium B.C., were first discussed in connexion with the IndoIranians. In 1910 H. Winckler interpreted the word as a title belonging to Aryan infiltrators from the north, who had come to form an aristocracy among the Hurrians; and he recorded the suggestion by F. C. Andreas connecting it with Vedicmárya‘ young man, man, hero ’. Subsequently W. F. Albright presented a carefully documented case for considering themaryannuto be primarily ‘chariot-warriors’, arguing that from about 1700 to 1200 B.C. ‘chariots played the same role in warfare that cavalry did later, and the chariot-warriors occupied the same social position that was held by the⃛ feudal knights of the Middle Ages’. He further pointed out, with regard to Vedicmárya, that a semantic development from ‘young man’ to ‘warrior’ is widely attested. Thereafter R. T. O'Callaghan adduced yet more evidence from Egyptian and cuneiform sources to confirm that ‘from the mid-fifteenth century to the midtwelfth century B.C., and from the Mitanni kingdom down through Palestine beyond Ascalon, the termmaryannuis to be understood primarily as a noble who is a chariot-warrior’. The area was one where Indo-Aryan names occur at about the same period; and in the fourteenth-century Kikkuli treatise from Boghaz-köy, on the training of chariot-horses, Indo-Aryan technical terms appear. There were solid grounds therefore for thinking that Indo-Aryans, bringing with them horses from the Asian steppes, had played a leading part in developing chariotry in the Near East at that time, and that it was this which enabled a group of them to become locally dominant there.

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WALTER, W. D., J. W. FISCHER, C. W. ANDERSON, D. R. MARKS, T. DELIBERTO, S. ROBBE-AUSTERMAN, and K. C. VERCAUTEREN. "Surveillance and movements of Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) in the bovine tuberculosis region of Michigan." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 7 (March 26, 2013): 1498–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813000629.

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SUMMARYWildlife reservoir hosts of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) include Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) and brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) in the UK and New Zealand, respectively. Similar species warrant further investigation in the northern lower peninsula of Michigan, USA due to the continued presence of bTB on cattle farms. Most research in Michigan, USA has focused on interactions between white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and cattle (Bos taurus) for the transmission of the infectious agent of bTB, Mycobacterium bovis, due to high deer densities and feeding practices. However, limited data are available on medium-sized mammals such as Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana; hereafter referred to as opossum) and their movements and home range in Michigan near cattle farms. We conducted surveillance of medium-sized mammals on previously depopulated cattle farms for presence of M. bovis infections and equipped opossum with Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to assess potential differences in home range between farms inside and outside the bTB core area that has had cattle test positive for M. bovis. On farms inside the bTB core area, prevalence in opossum was comparable [6%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·0–11·0] to prevalence in raccoon (Procyon lotor; 4%, 95% CI 1·0–9·0, P = 0·439) whereas only a single opossum tested positive for M. bovis on farms outside the bTB core area. The prevalence in opossum occupying farms that had cattle test positive for M. bovis was higher (6·4%) than for opossum occupying farms that never had cattle test positive for M. bovis (0·9%, P = 0·01). Mean size of home range for 50% and 95% estimates were similar by sex (P = 0·791) both inside or outside the bTB core area (P = 0·218). Although surveillance efforts and home range were not assessed on the same farms, opossum use of farms near structures was apparent as was selection for farms over surrounding forested habitats. The use of farms, stored feed, and structures by opossum, their ability to serve as vectors of M. bovis, and their propensity to ingest contaminated sources of M. bovis requires additional research in Michigan, USA.

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Rich, Brian T., Pete D. Teel, Donald B. Thomas, Jay Angerer, Douglas R. Tolleson, and Adalberto A. Perez de Leon. "126 Detection of fecal chemistry changes in cattle infested with the Southern Cattle Tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_1 (July 2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz053.122.

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Abstract Bovine babesiosis, a highly fatal tick-borne disease of cattle, was eliminated from the United States in the last century through tick eradication programs against 2 species of cattle fever ticks. The threat to the U.S. cattle industry continues through tick introductions from Mexico. The standard method of detecting Cattle Fever Ticks [Rhipicephalus (B.) annulatus and R. (B.) microplus] in the state-federal tick eradication program is physical examination of restrained cattle to find attached ticks. New methods of detecting tick-infested cattle could improve reliability and reduce animal stress. The objective of this study was to determine whether changes in fecal chemistry induced by tick infestation was detectable using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Fecal samples were collected daily from 6 stanchioned Bos taurus yearling heifers (initial mean weight 163.3 kg +/- 4.7 kg) at the USDA Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, Edinburg, TX, before, during, and after an infestation of 5000 R. (B.) microplus larvae. Cluster analyses were conducted using GRAMS IQ for NIR spectra in the 576–1126 nm range to test for fecal chemistry changes different from pre-infestation condition, and coincident with the biological phases of the tick infestation. The first three factors of spectral variation accounted for 87.87% of spectral variation among all samples. Factors 1, 2, and 3 had F-Ratios for the Reduced Eigenvalues of 941.59, 387.44, and 221.79, respectively. Three-dimensional analysis for these 3 factors shows shifts in sample clusters away from pre-infestation and coincident with progressive tick blood-feeding and post-infestation recovery. We conclude that fecal NIRS may provide a tool for detection of tick-infested cattle; however, further testing is needed to determine the sensitivity of detection on cattle with varying levels of tick burden, and a protocol developed and evaluated for fecal sampling under field conditions

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Neuman, D. R., and D. J. Dollhopf. "Lead Levels in Blood from Cattle Residing near a Lead Smelter." Journal of Environmental Quality 21, no. 2 (April 1992): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1992.00472425002100020005x.

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Braz, Carlos Eduardo M., Manuel Antonio C. Jacinto, Edenir R. Pereira-Filho, Gilberto B. Souza, and Ana Rita A. Nogueira. "Potential of near-infrared spectroscopy for quality evaluation of cattle leather." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 202 (September 2018): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2018.05.025.

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Torres, G., V. Ciaravino, S. Ascaso, V. Flores, L. Romero, and F. Simón. "Syndromic surveillance system based on near real-time cattle mortality monitoring." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 119, no. 3-4 (May 2015): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.03.003.

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Bollongino, R., J. Burger, A. Powell, M. Mashkour, J. D. Vigne, and M. G. Thomas. "Modern Taurine Cattle Descended from Small Number of Near-Eastern Founders." Molecular Biology and Evolution 29, no. 9 (March 14, 2012): 2101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mss092.

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V. Pandey, G. A. Kiker, K. L. Campbell, M. J. Williams, and S. W. Coleman. "GPS Monitoring of Cattle Location Near Water Features in South Florida." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 25, no. 4 (2009): 551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.27465.

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Li, Yi, Yun-Mi Lee, You-Sam Kim, Se-Pil Park, and Jong-Joo Kim. "Identifying Loci Under Positive Selection in Yellow Korean Cattle (Hanwoo)." Evolutionary Bioinformatics 15 (January 2019): 117693431985900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1176934319859001.

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Jeju Black cattle is one of the aboriginal Korean cattle breeds that has been isolated in Jeju island for a long time, while Yellow Hanwoo cattle has been extensively selected for beef production traits for the last several decades. Aiming to investigate broader patterns of selection, we genotyped 352 Yellow Hanwoo and 169 Jeju Black cattle using a customized 150 K bovine chip. Our composite selection signals’ analysis to identify selection signatures (cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity [XP-EHH], ΔSAF, and FST) identified recent and strong signature of selection near many loci with mutations affecting the traits under strong selection as outlier in Yellow Hanwoo, including SCP2 ( P = 8.41 × 10−10) that may be involved in the meat quality. We found nine candidate regions with significant clusters of selection signals, and further bioinformatics analyses of the genes located within these regions revealed mainly genes involved in G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway (GO:0007186) or olfactory transduction (bta04740), which may be due to adaptation to natural environments in Jeju island. Based on the stronger correlation of Ne10/Ne100 ratio between Yellow Hanwoo (0.61) and Jeju Black (0.66) cattle, our results suggest that the difference of chromosomal regions of selection signature between the 2 cattle breeds was due to a consequence of selection processes to adapt to environmental differences between Jeju island and the main inland, Korean peninsula.

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Corman, Victor Max, Adam Grundhoff, Christine Baechlein, Nicole Fischer, Anatoly Gmyl, Robert Wollny, Dickson Dei, et al. "Highly Divergent Hepaciviruses from African Cattle." Journal of Virology 89, no. 11 (March 18, 2015): 5876–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00393-15.

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ABSTRACTThe hepatitis C virus (HCV; genusHepacivirus) is a highly relevant human pathogen. Unique hepaciviruses (HV) were discovered recently in animal hosts. The direct ancestor of HCV has not been found, but the genetically most closely related animal HVs exist in horses. To investigate whether other peridomestic animals also carry HVs, we analyzed sera from Ghanaian cattle for HVs by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Nine of 106 specimens from different sampling sites contained HV RNA (8.5%) at median viral loads of 1.6 × 105copies/ml. Infection seemed unrelated to cattle age and gender. Near-full-genome sequencing of five representative viruses confirmed taxonomic classifications. Cattle HVs formed two distinct phylogenetic lineages that differed by up to 17.7% on the nucleotide level in the polyprotein-encoding region, suggesting cocirculation of different virus subtypes. A conserved microRNA122-binding site in the 5′ internal ribosomal entry site suggested liver tropism of cattle HVs. Phylogenetic analyses suggested the circulation of HVs in cattle for several centuries. Cattle HVs were genetically highly divergent from all other HVs, including HCV. HVs from genetically related equine and bovine hosts were not monophyletic, corroborating host shifts during the evolution of the genusHepacivirus. Similar to equine HVs, the genetic diversity of cattle HVs was low compared to that of HCV genotypes. This suggests an influence of the human-modified ecology of peridomestic animals on virus diversity. Further studies should investigate the occurrence of cattle HVs in other geographic areas and breeds, virus pathogenicity in cattle, and the potential exposure of human risk groups, such as farmers, butchers, and abattoir workers.IMPORTANCEHCV (genusHepacivirus) is a major human pathogen, causing liver failure and cancer. Unique hepaciviruses (HVs) were discovered over the last few years in animals, but the direct ancestor of HCV has not been found. The animal HV most closely related to HCV so far originated from horses, suggesting that other livestock animals also harbor HVs. Therefore, we investigated African cattle and discovered previously unknown HVs at high prevalence and viral loads. Because of the agricultural importance of cattle, it may be relevant to investigate HV pathogenicity. The frequent exposure of humans to cattle also may warrant investigations of the zoonotic potential of these viruses. Evolutionary analyses suggested that cattle HVs have existed for centuries. Despite the genetic relatedness of their animal hosts, HVs from cattle and horses were not phylogenetically related, corroborating frequent host shifts during the evolution of the genusHepacivirus.

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Tolleson, Doug R. "Determination of Sex in Ungulate Herbivores via near Infrared Spectroscopy of Hair: Growing Cattle as a Surrogate Model." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab096.041.

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Abstract Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used in a variety of medical and veterinary science applications. In particular, NIRS calibrations have been developed in livestock for steroid content in cattle hair, and wound age or stage of healing in hot iron cattle brands. These NIRS applications also have potential utility in forensic science. Portable NIRS instruments facilitate measurements on live animals and or animal samples in the field. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of determining sex in growing cattle via NIRS of hair utilizing a portable spectrometer. In two consecutive years, log 1/R spectra (350–2500 nm) were collected using an ASD Field Spec fitted with a contact probe. Experimental subjects were Bos taurus cross calves (n = 12, yr 1; n = 14, yr 2) born to cows grazing central Arizona rangeland. Calf age was approximately 60, 90 and 210 d at branding, estrus synchronization, and weaning, respectively. As cattle were gathered for these routine working events, a total of 7 M and 19 F calves were scanned 3 times each over the left ribcage. A linear discriminant function was applied to spectral data in order to determine sample membership in M or F groups at each collection date. Chi-square procedures were used to determine differences (P < 0.05) in proportion of correct identifications per group and collection date. Overall, 86% of F and 72% of M were correctly (P < 0.05) identified. Corresponding values were 82% for F and 71% for M at branding, 100% for F and 89% for M at estrus synchronization, and 86% for F and 64% for M at weaning. Calf sex was successfully determined using portable NIRS in this proof of concept study. Efficacy of this method should be evaluated for different ungulate herbivores and under additional collection scenarios.

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Berry, Elaine D., James E. Wells, James L. Bono, Bryan L. Woodbury, Norasak Kalchayanand, Keri N. Norman, Trevor V. Suslow, Gabriela López-Velasco, and Patricia D. Millner. "Effect of Proximity to a Cattle Feedlot on Escherichia coli O157:H7 Contamination of Leafy Greens and Evaluation of the Potential for Airborne Transmission." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 3 (December 1, 2014): 1101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02998-14.

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ABSTRACTThe impact of proximity to a beef cattle feedlot onEscherichia coliO157:H7 contamination of leafy greens was examined. In each of 2 years, leafy greens were planted in nine plots located 60, 120, and 180 m from a cattle feedlot (3 plots at each distance). Leafy greens (270) and feedlot manure samples (100) were collected six different times from June to September in each year. BothE. coliO157:H7 and totalE. colibacteria were recovered from leafy greens at all plot distances.E. coliO157:H7 was recovered from 3.5% of leafy green samples per plot at 60 m, which was higher (P< 0.05) than the 1.8% of positive samples per plot at 180 m, indicating a decrease in contamination as distance from the feedlot was increased. AlthoughE. coliO157:H7 was not recovered from air samples at any distance, totalE. coliwas recovered from air samples at the feedlot edge and all plot distances, indicating that airborne transport of the pathogen can occur. Results suggest that risk for airborne transport ofE. coliO157:H7 from cattle production is increased when cattle pen surfaces are very dry and when this situation is combined with cattle management or cattle behaviors that generate airborne dust. Current leafy green field distance guidelines of 120 m (400 feet) may not be adequate to limit the transmission ofE. coliO157:H7 to produce crops planted near concentrated animal feeding operations. Additional research is needed to determine safe set-back distances between cattle feedlots and crop production that will reduce fresh produce contamination.

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Lapointe, Stéphane, Luc Bélanger, Jean-François Giroux, and Bernard Filion. "Effects of Plant Cover Improvements for Nesting Ducks on Grassland Songbirds." Canadian Field-Naturalist 117, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v117i2.678.

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Several islands located along the St. Lawrence River in southern Quebec have been used as natural pastureland by cattle for decades. Recently, a rest-rotation grazing system and dense nesting cover were established on four islands near Varennes to improve duck nesting conditions. The effects of these two plant cover improvements on the abundance of grassland songbirds were assessed through four treatments: (1) idle fields with no vegetation improvement but exclusion of cattle (IDLE), (2) improved pastures with seeding of forage plants for cattle (IMPP), (3) dense seeded nesting cover fields improved for ducks and where cattle were excluded (DNC), and (4) natural or unimproved pastures grazed by cattle after the duck nesting season (UIPP). The overall abundance of birds was similar among treatments before cover improvements as well as two years after. The abundance of Bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) was significantly greater in DNC and UIPP two years after treatments while Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) were more abundant in DNC and IDLE. Plant cover improvements had little impact on Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) abundance. Furthermore, few annual or treatment-related changes were observed for less abundant species. On the short-term, duck nesting cover improvements in natural pastures did not have any major effect on grassland songbirds on Varennes islands.

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Tatchell, R. J., and E. Easton. "Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) ecological studies in Tanzania." Bulletin of Entomological Research 76, no. 2 (June 1986): 229–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300014711.

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AbstractTicks were regularly collected from cattle along transects in Sukumaland and the Southern Highlands, Tanzania, and from locations near Tabora, Mbeya, Arusha and Dar es Salaam from 1973 to 1976. Marked seasonal variation in abundance occurred in Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann in the Southern Highlands (but not in Sukumaland) and in Amblyomma variegatum (F.) near Tabora. It was possible to detect Theileria parva antibodies in cattle sera from the Southern Highlands only during the season of R. appendiculatus adult abundance. Despite this there was no evidence of enzootic instability of the disease. The results demonstrate that the behaviour and distributions of these and the other species of ticks found are not fixed and constant but vary according to a complicated interplay of factors as yet imperfectly understood, such as climate and vegetation and host density, susceptibility and grazing habits.

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Ilie, Daniela Elena, Alexandru Eugeniu Mizeranschi, Ciprian Valentin Mihali, Radu Ionel Neamț, George Vlad Goilean, Ovidiu Ionuț Georgescu, Daniela Zaharie, Mihai Carabaș, and Ioan Huțu. "Genome-Wide Association Studies for Milk Somatic Cell Score in Romanian Dairy Cattle." Genes 12, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 1495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12101495.

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Mastitis is one of the most frequently encountered diseases in dairy cattle, negatively affecting animal welfare and milk production. For this reason, contributions to understanding its genomic architecture are of great interest. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple loci associated with somatic cell score (SCS) and mastitis in cattle. However, most of the studies have been conducted in different parts of the world on various breeds, and none of the investigations have studied the genetic architecture of mastitis in Romanian dairy cattle breeds up to this point in time. In this study, we report the first GWAS for SCS in dairy cattle breeds from Romania. For GWAS, we used an Axiom Bovine v3 SNP-chip (>63,000 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism -SNPs) and 33,330 records from 690 cows belonging to Romanian Spotted (RS) and Romanian Brown (RB) cattle. The results found one SNP significantly associated with SCS in the RS breed and 40 suggestive SNPs with −log10 (p) from 4 to 4.9 for RS and from 4 to 5.4 in RB. From these, 14 markers were located near 12 known genes (AKAP8, CLHC1, MEGF10, SATB2, GATA6, SPATA6, COL12A1, EPS8, LUZP2, RAMAC, IL12A and ANKRD55) in RB cattle, 3 markers were close to ZDHHC19, DAPK1 and MMP7 genes, while one SNP overlapped the HERC3 gene in RS cattle. Four genes (HERC3, LUZP2, AKAP8 and MEGF10) associated with SCS in this study were previously reported in different studies. The most significant SNP (rs110749552) associated with SCS was located within the HERC3 gene. In both breeds, the SNPs and position of association signals were distinct among the three parities, denoting that mastitis is controlled by different genes that are dependent according to parity. The current results contribute to an expansion in the body of knowledge regarding the proportion of genetic variability explained by SNPs for SCS in dairy cattle.

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Luiz, Leandro da Conceição, Vanessa Amorim Teixeira, Mariana Magalhães Campos, Luiz Gustavo Ribeiro Pereira, Thierry Ribeiro Tomich, Jose Luiz Bellini Leite, Maria José Valenzuela Bell, and Virgílio de Carvalho Dos Anjos. "Uso da espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo com Transformada de Fourier (FT-NIR) para acompanhar o processo de Tristeza Parasitária Bovina / Use of near-infrared spectroscopy with Fourier Transform (FT-NIR) to accompany the Bovine Parasitic Sadness process." Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research 4, no. 2 (April 5, 2021): 1594–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.34188/bjaerv4n2-003.

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Cattle are animals that stay in the herd for a large period of the day in the open air pasture. This daily routine leaves them exposed and susceptible to infectious diseases. One of them is the Bovine Parasitic Sadness which is considered one of the greatest cattle health problems due its high rate of mortality and morbidity. In this work preliminary results are presented from calf inoculated with anaplasmosis. Blood samples were collected and analyzed through Fourier Transform Near Infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR). The animal was monitored for 60 days until its recovery. This exploratory work shows the potentiality of the FT-NIR in the detection, follow-up and recovery of the anaplasmosis. The possibility of prevention of this disease in the herd via a fast optical analysis may bring a great breakthrough in disease control in dairy and beef cattle.

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Soto-Shoender, José R., and William M. Giuliano. "Predation on livestock by large carnivores in the tropical lowlands of Guatemala." Oryx 45, no. 4 (October 2011): 561–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310001845.

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AbstractConflict with humans is a significant source of mortality in carnivore populations yet information on this issue is lacking for some areas where threatened carnivores such as the jaguar Panthera onca interact with humans. We interviewed cattle ranchers to examine patterns of predation on livestock by carnivores in the tropical lowlands of Guatemala and to determine if the ranchers applied management practices recommended to prevent such predation by large felids. Additionally, we compared ranches with and without attacks on livestock to determine whether ranch characteristics and landscape structure near ranches explains the variations in the occurrence of livestock predation by carnivores. Cattle losses to carnivores represented 0.7% of the cattle stock in all ranches surveyed. Jaguars were most often accused of livestock attacks (suggesting a negative perception of this felid in the area), followed by pumas Puma concolor and coyotes Canis latrans. Males and smaller cattle were most often attacked and general patterns of attacks on livestock were similar to sites previously studied in the neotropics. Landscape structure around ranches (e.g. forest cover, distance to forest, bodies of water and human settlements) best explained the probability of predation on livestock. Outreach programmes and conflict mitigation measures need to be implemented for those ranches that are distant from human settlements but near forest cover and water sources. The co-occurrence of predation by jaguars, pumas and coyotes is particular to Mesoamerica and conflict mitigation strategies proposed in studies elsewhere may need to be altered, and evaluated, to be effective in this region.

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Hopkins, Kyle, Maree Bowen, Rob Dixon, and David Reid. "Evaluating crude protein concentration of leucaena forage and the dietary legume content selected by cattle grazing leucaena and C4 grasses in northern Australia." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 7, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(7)189-192.

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Keynote paper presented at the International Leucaena Conference, 1‒3 November 2018, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.In Australia’s central and southern Queensland regions, Leucaena leucocephala-grass pastures produce substantially more beef and higher profits than grass-only pastures and annual forage crops. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) provides a rapid and cost-effective approach to assessing quality of available forage as well as the quality of the diet selected by cattle, but existing calibrations have not been comprehensively validated for leucaena-grass pastures. This study examined the reliability of existing northern Australian calibrations for NIRS to predict the crude protein (CP) concentration of the edible fraction of the leucaena plant, and the proportion of leucaena in the diet of grazing cattle. Samples of edible leucaena and cattle faeces were analyzed by NIRS and the predictions plotted in a linear regression and fitted to a 1:1 line with Dumas analysis of CP for leucaena forage, and mass spectrometry of δ13C for cattle faeces. Results demonstrated that prediction of the CP concentration of leucaena forage and the proportion of leucaena in the diet of grazing cattle using current broad northern Australian NIRS forage calibrations were associated with substantial error. However, it is likely that these errors can be reduced with the inclusion in the calibration data set of more samples representing leucaena forage and faeces of cattle grazing leucaena from varying locations, seasonal conditions and management strategies.

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Hooser, Stephen B., William van Alstine, Matti Kiupel, and Janice Sojka. "Acute Pit Gas (Hydrogen Sulfide) Poisoning in Confinement Cattle." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 12, no. 3 (May 2000): 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870001200315.

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Rapid deaths in confinement cattle caused by exposure to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas from manure pits has not been reported in the USA. In 1997, 158 cattle in 2 confinement pens were exposed to H2S gas as the manure in the pits under a slatted floor was agitated prior to pumping. Approximately 35 of the cattle were lying on the floor when the upper agitator was turned on. Within 5 minutes, many these cattle were down on their sides and paddling. Of these, 26 died within a few minutes. The survivors were treated and sent to slaughter. Cattle that did not show immediate signs of toxicosis remained clinically unaffected. Two steers that were near death were brought to the Purdue Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory for clinical evaluation, euthanasia, and necropsy. They were recumbent and unresponsive to visual and auditory stimuli. Necropsy examination yielded no significant gross lesions. No evidence of viral or bacterial infection was found. Ocular fluid nitrate concentrations were within normal limits, and no lead was detected in either animal. Microscopic examination revealed lesions consistent with H2S-induced central nervous system anoxia. Histologically, sections of brain demonstrated massive, diffuse cerebral cortical laminar necrosis and edema. Portions of the outer lamina contained hypereosinophilic and shrunken neurons. The subcortical white matter was vacuolated in some areas. The history, clinical signs, and histologic lesion of cerebral laminar necrosis led to a diagnosis of H2S toxicosis in these cattle.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Neat cattle'

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