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Books on the topic 'Necessary defence'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 27 April 2022

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1

Hayes, Jonathan. Necessary toughness: Facing defenses and diabetes. Alexandria, Va: American Diabetes Association, 1993.

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2

Parrish, Stephen E. God and necessity: A defense of classical theism. Lanham, Md: University Press of America, 1997.

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3

Bramhall, John. A defence of true liberty from antecedent and extrinsecall necessity. London: Routledge/Thoemmes, 1996.

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4

The role of emotions in criminal law defences: Duress, necessity and lesser evils. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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5

Der durch Menschen ausgelöste Defensivnotstand. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1998.

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6

Garbatovich, D. A. Neobkhodimai︠a︡ oborona pri zashchite chesti, dostoinstva, polovoĭ svobody, prava sobstvennosti: Monografii︠a︡. Moskva: I︠U︡rlitinform, 2012.

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7

Zheng dang fang wei yu jin ji bi xian. Fuzhou: Fujian ren min chu ban she, 1985.

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8

Lavilla, Francisco Baldó. Estado de necesidad y legítima defensa: Un estudio sobre las "situaciones de necesidad" de las que derivan facultades y deberes de salvaguarda. Barcelona: J.M. Bosch, 1994.

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9

Sidelle, Alan. Necessity, essence, and individuation: A defense of conventionalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989.

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10

California. Legislature. Senate. Select Committee on Defense Base Closures. Legislative actions necessary to expedite base conversions. Sacramento, CA: Senate Publications, 1994.

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11

Loska, Elżbieta. Zagadnienie obrony koniecznej w rzymskim prawie karnym. Warszawa: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego, 2011.

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12

Yūnus, Īmān Muḥammad Bin. Ḥālat al-ḍarūrah fī al-qānūn al-dawlī al-ʻāmm al-muʻāṣir: Dirāsah taṭbīqīyah muqāranah fī ḍawʼ mabādiʼ wa-aḥkām al-niẓām al-jamāhīrī. Sirt [Libya]: Majlis al-Thaqāfah al-ʻĀmm, 2006.

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13

Orekhov, V. V. Neobkhodimai︠a︡ oborona i inye obstoi︠a︡telʹstva, iskli︠u︡chai︠u︡shchie prestupnostʹ dei︠a︡nii︠a︡. Sankt-Peterburg: I︠U︡ridicheskiĭ T︠S︡entr Press, 2003.

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14

Pleshakov, A. M. Institut kraĭneĭ neobkhodimosti v rossiĭskom ugolovnom prave. Moskva: I︠U︡rlitinform, 2006.

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15

Risimović, Radosav. Nužna odbrana u krivičnom pravu. Beograd: Kriminalističko-policijska akademija, 2012.

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16

Archibasova, L. A. Ugolovno-pravovoĭ mekhanizm zashchity lit︠s︡a, prichinivshego vred okhrani︠a︡emym zakonom pravam i interesam: Monografii︠a︡. Moskva: VNII MVD Rossii, 2011.

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17

Vokoun, Rudolf. Vybrané aktuální otázky nutné obrany a krajní nouze. Praha: Univerzita Karlova, 1989.

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18

Parkhomenko, S. V. Dei︠a︡nii︠a︡, prestupnostʹ kotorykh iskli︠u︡chaetsi︠a︡ v silu sot︠s︡ialʹnoĭ poleznosti i neobkhodimosti. Sankt-Peterburg: I︠U︡ridicheskiĭ t︠s︡entr Press, 2004.

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19

Galdós, Julio Armaza. Legítima defensa, error de comprensión y otros aspectos negativos del delito. Arequipa: Editorial Adrus, 2004.

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20

Zuev, V. L. Neobkhodimai͡a︡ oborona i kraĭni͡a︡i͡a︡ neobkhodimostʹ: Voprosy kvalifikat͡s︡ii i sudebno-sledstvennoĭ praktiki. Moskva: Izd-vo "Krosna-Leks", 1996.

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21

Müther, Detlef. Möglichkeitsvorstellungen im Bereich der Notrechte des Strafgesetzbuches: [Paragraphen] 32, 34 StGB. [Münster: s.n.], 1998.

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22

Baranova, E. A. Neobkhodimai︠a︡ oborona. Moskva: I︠U︡rlitinform, 2007.

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23

Sitnikova, A. I. Iskli︠u︡chitelʹnye obstoi︠a︡telʹstva v ugolovnom prave: Doktrinalʹnye modeli i zakonodatelʹnye konstrukt︠s︡ii. Moskva: Infotropic media, 2011.

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24

Nammūr, Ḥabīb Fāris. Ḥālat al-ḍarūrah wa-al-difāʻ al-mashrūʻ fī al-qānūn al-madanī =: Etat de nécessité et légitime défense en droit civil. [Beirut]: Ḥ.F. Nammūr, 1989.

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25

Paglotke, Christopher. Notstand und Notwehr bei Bedrohungen innerhalb von Prozesssituationen. Frankfurt am Main: New York, 2006.

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26

Marek, Andrzej, and Jacek Satko. Okoliczności wyłączające bezprawność czynu: Przegląd problematyki, orzecznictwo (SN 1918-99), piśmiennictwo. Kraków: Zakamycze, 2000.

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27

Pązik, Adam. Wyłączenie bezprawności naruszenia dobra osobistego na podstawie interesu społecznego. Warszawa: Wolters Kluwer SA, 2014.

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28

Renzikowski, Joachim. Notstand und Notwehr. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1994.

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29

Dorogin, D. A. Obstoi︠a︡telʹstva, iskli︠u︡chai︠u︡shchie ugolovnui︠u︡ otvetstvennostʹ: Monografii︠a︡. Moskva: Izdatelʹstvo "I︠U︡rlitinform", 2013.

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30

Ruttan, Vernon W. Is war necessary for economic growth?: Military procurement and technology development. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2004.

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31

Is war necessary for economic growth?: Military procurement and technology development. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

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32

Bressensdorf, Erwin B. von. Notwehr und notwehrähnliche Lage im Strassenverkehr. Münster: Lit, 1990.

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33

Seitō bōei to kinkyū kyūjo no kihon mondai. Tōkyō: Seibundō, 2012.

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34

Kinkyū kyūjo no kihon kōzō. Tōkyō: Seibundō, 1998.

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35

Kinkyū kyūjo no kenkyū. Tōkyō: Seibundō, 1994.

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36

Gafurova, Ė. R. Primenenie kraĭneĭ neobkhodimosti i inykh obstoi︠a︡telʹstv, iskli︠u︡chai︠u︡shchikh prestupnostʹ dei︠a︡nii︠a︡ pri osvobozhdenii zalozhnikov: Monografii︠a︡. Iz︠h︡evsk: Ministerstvo vnutrennikh del Rossiĭskoĭ Federat︠s︡ii, Nizhegorodskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡, Izhevskiĭ filial, 2008.

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37

Kello, Lucas. Cyber Defence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0039.

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Europe confronts an enormous cyber threat. The continent hosted the first international cyber crisis—the 2007 attacks by Russian political activists that crashed computer infrastructures in Estonia. Large European nations such as the UK and France focus their defensive efforts on proactive measures, which seek to neutralize threats before they materialize. Another tool of large powers is deterrence by punishment, an attempt to prevent hostile action with the pledge of severe reprisal. Smaller powers, by contrast, lack the resources necessary to implement proactive measures or deterrence. They focus instead on reactive methods such as resiliency and redundancy, which seek to absorb the damage of attack. They strive to prevent major cyberattacks by participating in regional organizations such as NATO. Whatever their differences in doctrinal approach, European nations small and large confront a common challenge: how to defeat a novel threat in the absence of conclusive experience on which to revise strategy.
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38

Chambers, Clare. A Liberal Defence of Marriage? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744009.003.0003.

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This chapter considers and rejects five potential liberal arguments in favour of marriage: arguments that, if successful, might work as public reasons for political liberals or might make marriage into an attractive account of human flourishing for perfectionist or comprehensive liberals. These arguments are (1) that marriage aids communication, enabling citizens to share information about their lives; (2) that marriage could be reformed to promote gender equality; (3) that marriage could protect care; (4) that marriage might be in the general interests of society; (5) that marriage might be in children’s interests. The chapter argues that, while these arguments do highlight legitimate public goods, they fail to show that state-recognized marriage is a necessary or acceptable way of achieving them.
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39

Monaghan, Nicola. 14. Defences II: general defences. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811824.003.0014.

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Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams, and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. This chapter explores the remaining general defences: self-defence and the prevention of crime, duress, duress of circumstances, and necessity. A defendant may rely on self-defence where he honestly believes that use of force is necessary in order to protect him and the force used is reasonable. The issue of duress arises where the defendant is threatened that he must commit a criminal offence or suffer physical injury or injury to his family. Duress excuses a defendant’s behaviour as a concession to human frailty, whereas necessity justifies it. Necessity does not require a threat made by a person of death or physical injury, but merely a choice between two evils.
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40

Pruss, Alexander R., and Joshua L. Rasmussen. Necessary Existence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746898.001.0001.

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A necessary being is a concrete entity that cannot fail to exist. An example of such a being might be the God of classical theism or the universe of necessitarians. Necessary Existence offers and carefully defends a number of novel arguments for the thesis that there exists at least one necessary being, while inviting the reader to a future investigation of what the neccessary being(s) is (are) like. The arguments include a defense of a classic contingency argument, a series of new modal arguments from possible causes, an argument from abstract objects, and a Gödelian argument from perfections. Furthermore, arguments against the possibility of a necessary being are critically examined. Among these arguments are old and new arguments from conceivability, a subtraction argument, problems with causation, and an argument from parsimony. Necessary Existence also includes a defense of the axioms of S5 modal logic, which is a framework for understanding several arguments for necessary existents.
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41

Herring, Jonathan. 12. Defences. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811817.003.0012.

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This chapter begins with a discussion of the law on defences. It covers private defence and the prevention of crime; necessity; chastisement; consent; duress; coercion; entrapment; superior orders; automatism; insanity; diminished responsibility; loss of control; intoxication; and mistake. The second part of the chapter focuses on the theory of defences, covering the definition of defences; justifications and excuses; character, choice, and capacity; determinism; the rejection of an overarching theory; insanity; private defence; duress; necessity; and issues that fall between the gaps of the defences.
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42

Oderberg, David S. The Impossibility of Natural Necessity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796299.003.0006.

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I build a case for the impossibility of natural necessity as anything other than a species of metaphysical necessity—the necessity obtaining in virtue of the essences of natural objects. Aristotelian necessitarianism about the laws of nature is clarified and defended. I contrast it with E. J. Lowe’s contingentism about the laws. I examine Lowe’s solution to the circularity/triviality problem besetting natural necessity understood as relative necessity. Lowe’s way out is subject to serious problems unless it is given an essentialist turn, which he declines to do. Further, his defence of contingency in terms of possible variation in the natural constants is found wanting, as is a related defence given by Kit Fine. I examine and raise problems for a recent, Lowe-inspired defence of a hybrid view of the modal status of laws given by Tuomas Tahko. Aristotelian necessitarianism can account for the sorts of phenomena to which contingentists typically appeal.
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43

Herring, Jonathan. 15. Defences II. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198815150.003.0015.

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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter examines the defences of consent; self-defence (which includes using reasonable force in the defence of oneself, defence of others, of property, and the prevention of crime); and duress (which consists of being compelled to commit a crime to avoid death or serious harm in a situation of immediacy where there is no route of escape). Duress is an excusatory defence; consent and self-defence are justificatory defences. If the defence of necessity does exist separately to the defence of duress, it is a justificatory defence.
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44

Corten, Olivier. Necessity. Edited by Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0040.

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This chapter examines the doctrine of necessity as an element of the prohibition of the use of force and as a subsidiary condition of the legality of self-defence. It begins by discussing the thesis of necessity as a general justification of the use of force within the context of the international law of responsibility. It then analyses necessity as a condition enshrined in self-defence and in the United Nations collective security system. The chapter also considers the methodological problems that arise from any interpretation of the concept of necessity, especially with respect to the use of force. It highlights the fact that the International Law Commission, the International Court of Justice, and state practice have never recognized necessity as a general justification to use force.
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45

Divers, John. On Some Arguments for the Necessity and Irreducibility of Necessity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792161.003.0002.

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Hale (2013) constructs and defends a conception of absolute modality as metaphysically fundamental. Part of this defense is an attack on alternative positions. One such position is a kind of modal skepticism that permits our declining to accept that any proposition is absolutely necessary. Another such position is a kind of modal reductionism that attempts to secure (non-trivial) modal truths via analysis that does not terminate in modal primitives of any kind. This chapter resists Hale on both fronts, arguing that the significance of the anti-skepticism established is variously limited and that the charge of question-begging against the reductionist(s) is not proven.
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46

Gragl, Paul. The Epistemological Necessity of Legal Monism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796268.003.0003.

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This chapter depicts and defends monism in its positivist-epistemological manifestation (as envisaged by the Vienna School of Jurisprudence’s pure theory of law) as the most viable concept to theorize the relationship between different bodies of law. After a short introduction to the (neo-)Kantian sources of Kelsen’s theory, the concept of the Grundnorm and the hierarchy of norms will be discussed in detail. Subsequently, it will be argued why legal monism under the primacy of international law is the only avenue through which the law can be meaningfully cognized and the concept of legal validity be taken seriously. The last part of the chapter is dedicated to a defence of legal monism against two of its staunchest critics, namely H.L.A. Hart and Joseph Raz.
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47

Williams, Donald C. Necessary Facts. Edited by A. R. J. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810384.003.0007.

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This chapter is a discussion of the metaphysics of modality. The topic is approached through the lens of actualism and trope ontology, two doctrines that have been articulated and defended in previous chapters. The view to be expounded is that necessary facts are objective and not subjective or merely verbal. In addition, necessity is a feature of mereological and resemblance relations among actual ‘qualitied contents’. Since mereological and resemblance relations are intrinsic, our understanding of modality is cashed out in terms of intrinsicality. This is combined with a combinatorial account of possibility: what is possible is grounded in combinations of actual existents.
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48

William A, Schabas. Part 5 Investigation and Prosecution: Enquête Et Poursuites, Art.56 Role of the Pre-Trial Chamber in relation to a unique investigative opportunity/Rôle de la chambre préliminaire dans le cas où l’occasion d’obtenir des renseignements ne se présentera plus. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0061.

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This chapter comments on Article 56 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 56 provides an exceptional mechanism by which evidence may be collected under judicial oversight and then made available at trial. It authorizes the Pre-Trial Chamber to ‘take such measures as may be necessary to ensure the efficiency and integrity of the proceedings and, in particular, to protect the rights of the defence’. Thus, the focus is on ensuring that the interests of the defence are protected at a stage that may arise even before a defendant has been identified. However, the benefits of article 56 are not reserved to evidence helpful to the defence. The special function of article 56 can be invoked by the Prosecutor or by the Pre-Trial Chamber itself, acting on its own initiative.
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49

Sime, Stuart. 21. Limitation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198747673.003.2413.

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This chapter discusses the rules on limitation. The expiry of a limitation period provides a defendant with a complete defence to a claim. Limitation is a procedural defence. It will not be taken by the court of its own motion, but must be specifically set out in the defence. Limitation runs from accrual, which is when all the necessary elements for the cause of action are in existence. Technically, time runs from the day after the accident or breach, and stops running when the claim is brought. This is when the claimant has done everything they can to issue the claim form. Time does not run if the claimant is under disability, and in cases of fraud, mistake, and concealment. In personal injury and latent damage claims time will not start running until the claimant has the requisite ‘knowledge’.
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50

Sime, Stuart. 21. Limitation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198787570.003.2413.

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This chapter discusses the rules on limitation. The expiry of a limitation period provides a defendant with a complete defence to a claim. Limitation is a procedural defence. It will not be taken by the court of its own motion, but must be specifically set out in the defence. Limitation runs from accrual, which is when all the necessary elements for the cause of action are in existence. Technically, time runs from the day after the accident or breach, and stops running when the claim is brought. This is when the claimant has done everything they can to issue the claim form. Time does not run if the claimant is under disability, and in cases of fraud, mistake, and concealment. In personal injury and latent damage claims time will not start running until the claimant has the requisite ‘knowledge’.
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