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1

Weintraub, Michael I. "Complementary and alternative methods of treatment of neck pain." Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 14, no. 3 (August 2003): 659–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1047-9651(03)00031-7.

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2

Joseph, Liya Roslin. "Determinants, characteristics and treatment of neck pain in a tertiary care hospital in Kerala." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 6, no. 1 (December 24, 2016): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20164771.

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Background: This study was undertaken to study the determinants, clinical characteristics and treatment pattern of neck pain in patients attending outpatient department of Physical medicine and Rehabilitation in a tertiary care hospital.Methods: Study comprehended single patient visit. Data regarding patient demographics, characteristics of neck pain and clinical diagnosis, drugs prescribed to each patient were recorded in a pre prepared proforma. Clinician’s opinion about patient’s X-ray of cervical spine and the data regarding alternative treatment modalities were also noted. Data analysis was done with the help of excel 2007 and SPSS 16 statistical software.Results: Among 170 patients included in the study 38.8% of patients were in the age group of 40-49 years with M:F ratio-1:2.9. 98.8% of patients experienced radiation of neck pain to one or both arms. Neck pain also was associated with numbness in arm (82.4%), forearm (61.8%) or hand (59.4%) and neck stiffness (99.4%). Half of the study population were found to have neurological deficit. 98.2% of patients had positive radiological evidence for neck pain. Cervical spondylosis (85.9%) was the most commonly observed cause for neck pain. All patients received pharmacotherapy with NSAIDS and muscle relaxants. Diclofenac was the most commonly prescribed NSAID. 45% of the patients received alternative and complementary treatments for neck pain.Conclusions: NSAIDs and central skeletal muscle relaxants are the commonly prescribed medications and alternative treatments like spinal manipulation and physiotherapy appears to be beneficial in patients with neck pain.
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3

Nesbitt, Mary. "Acupuncture for Head and Neck Pain." Acupuncture in Medicine 17, no. 2 (December 1999): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/aim.17.2.140.

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Five case histories are presented featuring a variety of symptoms and aetiologies associated with head and neck pain. All responded well to acupuncture treatment. Headache is a commonly presenting feature in general practice and neck pain is almost as common as back pain, so reports of the successful use of acupuncture in these cases suggest a useful mode of treatment.
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4

Lederer, Ann-Kathrin, Christian Maly, Tomas Weinert, and Roman Huber. "Tissue Stiffness is Not Related to Pain Experience: An Individually Controlled Study in Patients with Chronic Neck and Back Pain." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019 (December 23, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1907168.

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Background. Massage therapies such as cupping are often applied in patients with chronic neck and back pain with the assumption that they can reduce increased tissue stiffness and, therefore, improve pain. The aim of this study was to clarify whether tissue stiffness is related to pain experience in patients with chronic (>3 months) back and neck pain and whether it can be altered by a cupping massage. Methods. The tissue stiffness of the point of subjectively felt maximum pain intensity of 40 patients with neck (n = 20) or lower back pain (n = 20) was measured by a myometer. Exact contralateral side served as an individual control. Side of higher stiffness was then treated with a cupping massage. 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes as well as 24 hours after treatment, tissue stiffness was measured again. Patients rated their pain on a standardized pain questionnaire (neck pain disability score (NDI) or Oswestry disability index (ODI), respectively) before and 24 hours after treatment. Results. Compared to the contralateral control side, the more painful side did not exhibit an increased stiffness of myofascial tissue before treatment (p=0.827). The tissue stiffness and the side difference between treated and nontreated control sides decreased significantly after cupping (p=0.002 and p=0.001, respectively) but returned to baseline after 24 hours. NDI and ODI scores significantly decreased 24 hours after cupping (NDI: p=0.012, ODI: p=0.002). Conclusion. Tissue stiffness might not be related to pain experience in patients with chronic neck and lower back pain. Trial registration: German Clinical Trial Register (DRKS00011281).
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Shaladi, Ali, Francesco Crestani, Stefano Tartari, and Teresa Trombella. "Treatment of Neck Pain Using Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA)." Medical Acupuncture 22, no. 1 (March 2010): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acu.2009.0699.

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6

Lauche, Romy, Klaus Wübbeling, Rainer Lüdtke, Holger Cramer, Kyung-Eun Choi, Thomas Rampp, Andreas Michalsen, Jost Langhorst, and Gustav J. Dobos. "Randomized Controlled Pilot Study: Pain Intensity and Pressure Pain Thresholds in Patients with Neck and Low Back Pain Before and After Traditional East Asian "Gua Sha" Therapy." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 40, no. 05 (January 2012): 905–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x1250067x.

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Gua Sha is a traditional East Asian healing technique where the body surface is "press-stroked" with a smooth-edged instrument to raise therapeutic petechiae that last 2–5 days. The technique is traditionally used in the treatment of both acute and chronic neck and back pain. This study aimed to measure the effects of Gua Sha therapy on the pain ratings and pressure pain thresholds of patients with chronic neck pain (CNP) and chronic low back pain (CLBP). A total of 40 patients with either CNP or CLBP (mean age 49.23 ± 10.96 years) were randomized to either a treatment group (TG) or a waiting list control group (WLC). At baseline assessment (T1), all patients rated their pain on a 10 cm visual analog scale (VAS). Patients' pressure pain thresholds (PPT) at a site of maximal pain (pain-maximum) and an adjacent (pain-adjacent) site were also established. The treatment group then received a single Gua Sha treatment. Post-intervention measurements were taken for both groups at T2, seven days after baseline assessment (T1), using the same VAS and PPT measurements in precisely the same locations as at T1. Final analysis were conducted with 21 patients with CNP and 18 patients with CLBP. The study groups were equally distributed with regard to randomization. Patients in both the CNP and the CLBP treatment groups reported pain reduction (p < 0.05) and improved health status from their one Gua Sha treatment, as compared to the waiting list group. Pain sensitivity improved in the TG in CNP, but not in CLBP patients, possibly due to higher pressure sensitivity in the neck area. No adverse events were reported. These results suggest that Gua Sha may be an effective treatment for patients with chronic neck and low back pain. Further study of Gua Sha is warranted.
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7

Han, Dong-geun, Wonil Koh, Joon-Shik Shin, Jinho Lee, Yoon Jae Lee, Me-riong Kim, Kyungwon Kang, et al. "Cervical surgery rate in neck pain patients with and without acupuncture treatment: a retrospective cohort study." Acupuncture in Medicine 37, no. 5 (August 20, 2019): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2018-011724.

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Objective: Surgical treatment of neck pain often entails high costs and adverse events. The present cohort study investigated whether utilisation of acupuncture in neck pain patients is associated with a reduced rate of cervical surgery. Methods: The Korean National Health Insurance Service National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC) database was retrospectively analysed to identify the 2 year incidence of cervical surgery in Korean patients suffering neck pain from 2004 to 2010. The incidence was calculated and compared between patients receiving and not receiving acupuncture treatment using Cox proportional hazards models. Cumulative survival rates were compared using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results: The acupuncture and control groups included 50 171 and 128 556 neck pain patients, respectively. A total of 50 161 patients were selected in each group following propensity score matching with regard to sex, age, income and Charlson comorbidity index. The hazard ratio (HR) for surgery within 2 years was significantly lower in the acupuncture group compared with the control group (HR 0.397, 95% CI 0.299 to 0.527). In addition, subgroup analyses according to gender, age and income revealed consistent results for both men (HR 0.337, 95% CI 0.234 to 0.485) and women (HR 0.529, 95% CI 0.334 to 0.836); the results were consistently observed across all age and income strata. Sensitivity analysis with varying numbers of acupuncture treatments and treatment course duration also consistently indicated lower HRs for surgery within 2 years in the acupuncture group compared with the control group. Conclusions: A significantly lower HR for cervical surgery was observed in neck pain patients following acupuncture treatment. Acupuncture treatment may therefore be an effective method for managing neck pain, and has the potential to mitigate unnecessary surgery. These findings need to be confirmed by prospective studies.
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8

Cramer, Holger, Christian Baumgarten, Kyung-Eun Choi, Romy Lauche, Felix Joyonto Saha, Frauke Musial, and Gustav Dobos. "Thermotherapy self-treatment for neck pain relief—A randomized controlled trial." European Journal of Integrative Medicine 4, no. 4 (December 2012): e371-e378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2012.04.001.

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9

Sun, Mei-Yuan, Ching-Liang Hsieh, Yung-Yen Cheng, Hung-Chang Hung, Tsai-Chung Li, Sch-May Yen, and I.-Shin Huang. "The Therapeutic Effects of Acupuncture on Patients with Chronic Neck Myofascial Pain Syndrome: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 38, no. 05 (January 2010): 849–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x10008299.

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Chronic neck myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a common disorder seen in clinics. There is no gold standard method to treat myofascial pain. We investigated the effects of acupuncture on patients with chronic neck MPS by a single-blind randomized controlled trial. A total of 35 patients were randomly allocated to an acupuncture group (AG) or a sham acupuncture group (SG). Each subject received acupuncture treatment twice per week for three consecutive weeks. The primary outcome measure was quality of life as assessed with Short Form-36, and secondary outcome measures were neck range of motion (ROM), motion-related pain, and Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), as determined by a blinded investigator. The clinical assessments were made before treatment (BT) and after six acupuncture treatments (AT), as well as four weeks (F1) and 12 weeks (F2) after the end of the treatment. A total of 34 patients completed the trial. The results indicated that there is no significant difference in the ROM, motion-related pain, and SF-MPQ scores between AG and SG at AT, F1 and F2 (all p > 0.05). However, AG has greater improvement in physical functioning and role emotional of Short Form-36 quality of life at F2. The results indicate that acupuncture may be used to improve the quality of life in patients with chronic neck MPS.
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10

Blossfeldt, Patrick. "Acupuncture for Chronic Neck Pain - a Cohort Study in An Nhs Pain Clinic." Acupuncture in Medicine 22, no. 3 (September 2004): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/aim.22.3.146.

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The study investigates the outcome of acupuncture for chronic neck pain in a cohort of patients referred to an NHS chronic pain clinic. One hundred and seventy two patients were selected for acupuncture over a period of 6.5 years. Treatment was given by a single acupuncturist and consisted of a course of needle acupuncture for an average of seven sessions per patient. Treatment outcome was measured by an oral rating scale of improvement at the end of treatment and at follow up six months and one year after treatment. Nineteen patients were withdrawn from treatment for various reasons, two for adverse events. One hundred and fifty three patients were evaluated, of whom 68% had a successful outcome from acupuncture, reporting an improvement in pain of at least 50%. The success rate was higher in patients with a short duration of pain: 85% in patients with pain for up to three months and 78% with pain for up to six months. Long-term follow up showed that 49% of the patients who completed treatment had maintained the benefit after six months, and 40% at one year. The results indicate that acupuncture can be an effective treatment for selected patients with chronic neck pain.
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11

Cho, Jae-Heung, Dong-Hyun Nam, Ki-Tack Kim, and Jun-Hwan Lee. "Acupuncture with Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (Nsaids) versus Acupuncture Or Nsaids Alone for the Treatment of Chronic Neck Pain: An Assessor-Blinded Randomised Controlled Pilot Study." Acupuncture in Medicine 32, no. 1 (February 2014): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2013-010410.

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Objective To investigate the feasibility and sample size required for a full-scale randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of acupuncture with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for chronic neck pain compared with acupuncture or NSAID treatment alone. Methods A total of 45 patients with chronic neck pain participated in the study. For 3 weeks the acupuncture with NSAIDs treatment group took NSAIDs (zaltoprofen, 80 mg) daily while receiving acupuncture treatment three times a week. The acupuncture treatment group received treatment three times a week and the NSAID treatment group took NSAIDs daily. The primary outcomes were to determine the feasibility and to calculate the sample size. As secondary outcomes, pain intensity and pain-related symptoms for chronic neck pain were measured. Results With regard to enrolment and dropout rates, 88.2% of patients consented to be recruited to the trial and 15.6% of participants were lost to follow-up. The sample size for a full-scale trial was estimated to be 120 patients. Although preliminary, there was a significant change in the visual analogue scale (VAS) for neck pain intensity between the baseline measurement and each point of assessment in all groups. However, there was no difference in VAS scores between the three groups. Conclusions This pilot study has provided the feasibility and sample size for a full-scale trial of acupuncture with NSAIDs for chronic neck pain compared with acupuncture or NSAID treatment alone. Further research is needed to validate the effects of acupuncture with NSAIDs. Clinical Trial Registration NIH ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01205958.
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12

Zheng, Yongjun, Dongping Shi, Xiaotong Wu, Minghong Gu, Zisheng Ai, Kun Tang, Le Ye, and Xiangrui Wang. "Ultrasound-Guided Miniscalpel-Needle Release versus Dry Needling for Chronic Neck Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/235817.

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Objective. To compare ultrasound-guided miniscalpel-needle (UG-MSN) release versus ultrasound-guided dry needling (UG-DN) for chronic neck pain.Methods. A total of 169 patients with chronic neck pain were randomized to receive either UG-MSN release or UG-DN. Before treatment and at 3 and 6 months posttreatment, pain was measured using a 10-point visual analogue scale (VAS). Neck function was examined using the neck disability index. Health-related quality of life was examined using the physical component score (PCS) and mental component score (MCS) of the SF-36 health status scale.Results. Patients in the UG-MSN release had greater improvement on the VAS (by 2 points at 3 months and 0.9 points at 6 months) versus in the UG-DN arm; (bothP<0.0001). Patients receiving UG-MSN release also showed significantly lower scores on the adjusted neck disability index, as well as significantly lower PCS. No severe complications were observed.Conclusion. UG-MSN release was superior to UG-DN in reducing pain intensity and neck disability in patients with chronic neck pain and was not associated with severe complications. The procedural aspects in the two arms were identical; however, we did not verify the blinding success. As such, the results need to be interpreted with caution.
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13

Zhu, Xue Man, and Barbara Polus. "A Controlled Trial on Acupuncture for Chronic Neck Pain." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 30, no. 01 (January 2002): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x02000028.

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To evaluate the efficacy of Chinese medicine (CM) acupuncture for chronic neck pain (CNP), a single blind, controlled, crossover, clinical trial was undertaken. Twenty-nine volunteers with CNP were randomly recruited into two groups. Both groups received two phases of treatment with a washout period between the two phases. Group A (14 volunteers) received CM acupuncture in the first phase and sham acupuncture in the second, while Group B (15 volunteers) received sham in the first and real in the second. CM acupuncture was individualized and consisted of nine sessions on both local and distal points. Manual twisting of the needle was applied on all points plus strong electrical stimulation of distal points in CM acupuncture. Sham acupoints (lateral to the real) and sham (weak) electrical stimulation was used in the control group. Comparison of subjective and objective measures between the two groups was made at different periods, including baseline, after each phase of treatment, after washout, and after the 16th week follow-up. The subjective measures included pain intensity, duration per day, analgesic medication count, visual analogue scales (VAS) and neck disability index (NDI). The objective measures consisted of neck range of motion (ROM) and pain threshold (PT). Both the real and sham treatments significantly reduced subjective pain, without significant differences between groups for most subjective measures. Objective measures showed no significant change for either group before and after each period or by inter-groups analysis. A minimum 16-week effect of both real and sham acupuncture was found for subjective measures in the follow-up periods. Further study is recommended with an increased sample size, a longer washout period, and a longer baseline period.
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Alshahrani, Mastour Saeed, Jaya Shanker Tedla, Ravi Shankar Reddy, and Faisal Asiri. "Effectiveness of Hydrogalvanic Bath on Improving Pain, Disability, and Quality of Life in Individuals with Chronic Nonspecific Neck Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (October 6, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7974816.

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Background. Neck pain is one of the world’s leading factors in years lived with disability. Ambiguity in the effect of electrotherapy modalities for the treatment of chronic nonspecific neck pains (CNSNP) needs to be examined further. This study sought to elucidate the effectiveness of hydrogalvanic bath on improving pain, disability, and quality of life among individuals with CNSNP. Methods. Thirty-four individuals with a diagnosis of CNSNP were selected through convenient sampling and randomly divided into two groups by block randomization. The control group treatment underwent low Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) and exercise, and the experimental group was subjected to hydrogalvanic bath therapy (HGBT) and exercise. Individuals were evaluated for pain using a visual analog scale (VAS), disability with the Neck Disability Index (NDI), and quality of life with Short Form-36 (SF-36). These measures were applied at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment. Results. The pretreatment and posttreatment results for VAS, NDI, and SF-36 were compared for both control and experimental groups. We found that all the three variables showed significant differences between the two time points with p < 0.05 in both the groups but the experimental group improvements were more significant than the control group with p < 0.05 . Conclusion. Twelve weeks of low TENS or HGBT along with exercises can decrease pain and neck disability and increase the quality of life in individuals with CNSNP. However, HGBT along with exercise has superior effects relative to low TENS along with exercise. This randomized controlled trial was registered in the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trials Number-ISRCTN29695190 and registered on 05/02/2020. This study is a retrospective registration.
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Brodsky, Marc, Karen Spritzer, Ron D. Hays, and Ka-Kit Hui. "Change in Health-Related Quality-of-Life at Group and Individual Levels Over Time in Patients Treated for Chronic Myofascial Neck Pain." Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine 22, no. 3 (August 18, 2016): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156587216662779.

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Background. This study evaluated change in health-related quality of life at the group and individual levels in a consecutive series of patients with chronic myofascial neck pain. Methods. Fifty patients with chronic neck pain self-administered the Short Form-36 Version 2 (SF-36 v2) before treatment and 6 weeks later. Internal consistency reliability was estimated for the 8 scale scores and Mosier’s formula was used to estimate reliability of the physical and mental health composite scores. Significance of group-level change was estimated using within-group t statistics. Significance of individual change was evaluated by reliable change index. Results. Statistically significant ( P < .05) group mean improvement over time was found for all SF-36 scores. At the individual level, 20% of the possible changes were statistically significant (17% improvement, 3% decline). Conclusions. Estimating the significance of individual change in health-related quality of life adds important information in comparing different treatment modalities for chronic myofascial neck pain.
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He, Dong, Arne T. Høstmark, Kaj Bo Veiersted, and Jon Ingulf Medbø. "Effect of Intensive Acupuncture on Pain-Related Social and Psychological Variables for Women with Chronic Neck and Shoulder Pain – An Rct with Six Month and Three Year Follow Up." Acupuncture in Medicine 23, no. 2 (June 2005): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/aim.23.2.52.

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Objectives This study examines whether intensive acupuncture treatment can improve several social and psychological variables for women with chronic pain in the neck and shoulders, and whether possible effects are long-lasting. The effects on pain have been reported elsewhere. Methods Twenty-four female office workers (47±9 years old, mean ± SD) who had had neck and shoulder pain for 12±9 years, were randomly assigned to a test group or a control group. Acupuncture was applied 10 times during three to four weeks either at presumed acupuncture points for pain (test group) or at sham points (control group). In addition, acupressure was given to patients between treatments, at either real or sham points. Questionnaires for social and psychological variables were completed before each treatment, just after the course, and six months and three years later. Results The pain-related activity impairment at work was significantly less in the test group than the controls by the end of treatment (P<0.04). Also there were significant differences between the groups for quality of sleep, anxiety, depression and satisfaction with life (P<0.05). At six months and three years follow ups the acupuncture group showed further improvements in most variables and was again significantly different from the control group. Conclusion Intensive acupuncture treatment may improve activity at work and several relevant social and psychological variables for women with chronic pain in the neck and shoulders. The effect may last for at least three years.
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Wang, Chao Ching, Tse Hung Huang, Kuo Ching Chiou, and Zi Yu Chang. "Therapeutic Effect of Superficial Acupuncture in Treating Myofascial Pain of the Upper Trapezius Muscle: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (December 2, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9125746.

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The aim of this study was to compare the treatment efficacies of superficial acupuncture and traditional acupuncture on trigger points of the upper trapezius muscle. Forty people were recruited and randomly allocated to the traditional and superficial acupuncture groups. Each subject received two treatments per week in a four-week period. Outcomes were measured by visual analogue scale (VAS), the Northwick Park neck pain questionnaire scores (NPQ), and pressure pain threshold (PPT) assessments of trigger points. Data collected before the interventions were considered as baseline. Assessments were performed after the first treatment and at the end of the second and fourth weeks of treatment. Patients reported significant (p<0.05) and immediate improvements in VAS and PPT for both superficial acupuncture and traditional acupuncture after the first treatment and after two and four weeks. Significant improvements (p<0.05) in NPQ were attained after two weeks of treatments in both groups. Because superficial acupuncture is associated with less pain while producing immediate pain relief, we recommend it for treating myofascial pain syndrome in the upper trapezius muscle.
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18

Hansen, John A. "A Comparative Study of Two Methods of Acupuncture Treatment for Neck and Shoulder Pain." Acupuncture in Medicine 15, no. 2 (November 1997): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/aim.15.2.71.

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Patients with chronic neck and/or shoulder pain were sequentially allocated into two groups to be treated with acupuncture using the same needle positions and depth, but with varying time of stimulation. One group (15 patients) had treatment sessions lasting 20min, and the second group (13 patients) had treatment for only 5min. A visual analogue score (VAS) was used to measure the levels of pain before treatment, at the end of a ten week course of weekly acupuncture treatments and again after 6 months. The results showed that patients in both groups had a good response, both short and long term, to acupuncture, and that there was no significant difference in benefit between the groups at the end of their course of treatment or after 6 months. However, this may not necessarily mean that the shorter time of stimulation can be used in preference to the more traditional longer treatment sessions, as there was an imbalance between groups in the pre-treatment VAS and the trial size was inadequate to give a reliable result. There was good clinical tolerance and most patients were able to continue working during the course of treatment. There thus seems no benefit to be gained by advising patients to take sick leave during acupuncture treatment for neck and shoulder pain.
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Silva, Andréia Cristina de Oliveira, Daniela Aparecida Biasotto-Gonzalez, Fábio Henrique Monteiro Oliveira, Adriano Oliveira Andrade, Cid André Fidelis de Paula Gomes, Fernanda de Córdoba Lanza, César Ferreira Amorim, and Fabiano Politti. "Effect of Osteopathic Visceral Manipulation on Pain, Cervical Range of Motion, and Upper Trapezius Muscle Activity in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Neck Pain and Functional Dyspepsia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (November 11, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4929271.

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Previous studies have reported that visceral disturbances can lead to increased musculoskeletal tension and pain in structures innervated from the corresponding spinal level through viscerosomatic reflexes. We designed a pilot randomised placebo-controlled study using placebo visceral manipulation as the control to evaluate the effect of osteopathic visceral manipulation (OVM) of the stomach and liver on pain, cervical mobility, and electromyographic activity of the upper trapezius (UT) muscle in individuals with nonspecific neck pain (NS-NP) and functional dyspepsia. Twenty-eight NS-NP patients were randomly assigned into two groups: treated with OVM (OVMG; n = 14) and treated with placebo visceral manipulation (PVMG; n = 14). The effects were evaluated immediately and 7 days after treatment through pain, cervical range, and electromyographic activity of the UT muscle. Significant effects were confirmed immediately after treatment (OVMG and PVMG) for numeric rating scale scores (p < 0.001) and pain area (p < 0.001). Significant increases in EMG amplitude were identified immediately and 7 days after treatment for the OVMG (p < 0.001). No differences were identified between the OVMG and the PVMG for cervical range of motion (p > 0.05). This study demonstrated that a single visceral mobilisation session for the stomach and liver reduces cervical pain and increases the amplitude of the EMG signal of the UT muscle immediately and 7 days after treatment in patients with nonspecific neck pain and functional dyspepsia.
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Gallego-Sendarrubias, Gracia M., David Rodríguez-Sanz, Cesar Calvo-Lobo, and Jose Luis Martín. "Efficacy of dry needling as an adjunct to manual therapy for patients with chronic mechanical neck pain: a randomised clinical trial." Acupuncture in Medicine 38, no. 4 (March 23, 2020): 244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2018-011682.

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Objective: Chronic mechanical neck pain is associated with musculoskeletal tissue alterations. Active trigger points in the trapezius and levator scapulae muscles are common in patients with chronic mechanical neck pain. In this study, we compared the effect of dry needling (DN) combined with manual therapy (MT) to sham dry needling (SDN) combined with MT on pain, pain pressure threshold, cervical range of motion and neck disability in patients with chronic mechanical neck pain. Methods: A randomised, single-blind clinical trial was carried out involving 101 participants with chronic mechanical neck pain, divided into an intervention group (DN+MT, n=47) and a control group (SDN+MT, n=54). Participants received two treatment sessions. The intervention group received MT in conjunction with DN of the most mechano-sensitive myofascial trigger point (MTrP). The control group received MT plus SDN. Outcomes measures were: pain intensity (numeric pain rating scale, NPRS), pressure pain threshold (PPT), cervical range of motion (ROM) and neck disability (neck disability index, NDI). Results: This study found that between-group differences in pain intensity were statistically significant (P<0.01). Pain decreased after the first intervention in the DN+MT group (3.47±0.25 points on the NPRS) and even more so after the second intervention (4.76±0.24 points on the NPRS). After 4 weeks, pain intensity differed from baseline by 4.89±0.27 points on the NPRS. Statistically significant differences (P<0.001) in PPT were also found between the intervention group and the control group. After the first intervention, a significant increase in PPT within the DN+MT group (3.09±0.8 kg/cm2) was observed. Cervical ROM also showed highly statistically significant differences. After 4 weeks, a statistically significant reduction (P<0.001) in NDI was observed between the two groups. Conclusion: Our results show that DN+MT is efficacious and significantly better than SDN+MT at reducing pain intensity, PPT, neck disability and cervical ROM in patients with chronic mechanical neck pain. Level of evidence: 1b.
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Franke, Helge, Jan-David Franke, and Gary Fryer. "Osteopathic manipulative treatment for chronic nonspecific neck pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis." International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine 18, no. 4 (December 2015): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijosm.2015.05.003.

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22

Samuels, Noah. "Acupuncture for Acute Torticollis: A Pilot Study." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 31, no. 05 (January 2003): 803–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x03001375.

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The use of subjective end-points such as VAS pain scales in studies of acupuncture for chronic neck pain have resulted in equivocal results. This study introduces an objective parameter as the primary end-point for the assessment of acupuncture in patients with acute torticollis (stiff neck). Eighteen patients underwent a single 20-minute treatment session, with needling of two acupuncture points Hou Hsi (SI-3) and Luo Zhen (M-UE-24), on the side ipsilateral to the predominantly involved side of the neck. Measuring the angle of lateral head rotation using a simple compass and protractor, a mean improvement of 52.9% was found, more so among those presenting earlier (< 24 hours) as opposed to later (> 72 hours; p = 0.034). The use of objective parameters, as seen in acupuncture research of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, should be incorporated into studies of acute and chronic neck pain. The use of sham needle points and placebo needles is problematic since both may elicit physiological responses.
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He, D., B. Veiersted, and JI Medbø. "Acupuncture treatment for sedentary female workers with chronic pain in the neck and shoulder region." Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 8, no. 4 (June 14, 2010): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7166.2003.tb04012.x.

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Martín-Rodríguez, Aida, Esther Sáez-Olmo, Daniel Pecos-Martín, and César Calvo-Lobo. "Effects of dry needling in the sternocleidomastoid muscle on cervical motor control in patients with neck pain: a randomised clinical trial." Acupuncture in Medicine 37, no. 3 (April 24, 2019): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964528419843913.

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Objective: To determine the changes produced by trigger point dry needling (TrP-DN) of sternocleidomastoid in patients with neck pain, and to observe how it might modify cervical motor control (CMC). Design: Single-centre, randomised, double-blinded clinical trial. Setting: Participants were recruited through advertising. The duration of the study was 6 months. Subjects: Thirty-four subjects with non-specific neck pain, aged over 18 years with an active myofascial trigger point in sternocleidomastoid, participated in the study. They were randomly assigned to treatment or control groups. Methods: TrP-DN inside or (1.5 cm) outside of the active myofascial trigger point of sternocleidomastoid. Main outcome measures: CMC, visual analogue scale and cervical range of motion were assessed before treatment, immediately post treatment, and 24 h, 1 week and 1 month after the intervention; the neck disability index was evaluated before treatment and 1 month later. Results: With a confidence interval of 99%, TrP-DN of sternocleidomastoid was associated with a decrease in pain after 1 week and CMC improved 1 month after the intervention (p < 0.001), when compared with baseline measurements, within the experimental group; there were no statistically significant differences between experimental and control groups. Conclusion: The effects of TrP-DN inside and outside of active myofascial trigger points did not differ in this study. Both interventions were associated with a similar temporal effect, specifically a reduction in neck pain at 1 week and an increase CMC at 1 month. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution due to the lack of a contemporaneous untreated control group.
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Furlan, Andrea D., Fatemeh Yazdi, Alexander Tsertsvadze, Anita Gross, Maurits Van Tulder, Lina Santaguida, Joel Gagnier, et al. "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Efficacy, Cost-Effectiveness, and Safety of Selected Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Neck and Low-Back Pain." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/953139.

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Background. Back pain is a common problem and a major cause of disability and health care utilization.Purpose. To evaluate the efficacy, harms, and costs of the most common CAM treatments (acupuncture, massage, spinal manipulation, and mobilization) for neck/low-back pain.Data Sources. Records without language restriction from various databases up to February 2010.Data Extraction. The efficacy outcomes of interest were pain intensity and disability.Data Synthesis. Reports of 147 randomized trials and 5 nonrandomized studies were included. CAM treatments were more effective in reducing pain and disability compared to no treatment, physical therapy (exercise and/or electrotherapy) or usual care immediately or at short-term follow-up. Trials that applied sham-acupuncture tended towards statistically nonsignificant results. In several studies, acupuncture caused bleeding on the site of application, and manipulation and massage caused pain episodes of mild and transient nature.Conclusions. CAM treatments were significantly more efficacious than no treatment, placebo, physical therapy, or usual care in reducing pain immediately or at short-term after treatment. CAM therapies did not significantly reduce disability compared to sham. None of the CAM treatments was shown systematically as superior to one another. More efforts are needed to improve the conduct and reporting of studies of CAM treatments.
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Handy, John L. "Acupuncture for Chronic Pain." Acupuncture in Medicine 16, no. 2 (November 1998): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/aim.16.2.103.

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Seventy-four patients having acupuncture for chronic pain were asked to complete a self-appraisal questionnaire and a linear-scale pain score in order to evaluate the efficacy of their treatment. The study revealed that 75% of patients had at least moderate symptom relief in 3 out of 5 parameters. In analysing the differing response of patients with various sites of pain, it was found that 95% of patients with chronic head, neck or arm pain obtained good symptom relief, 85% with migraine or facial pain and 63% with low back pain. The response to the questionnaire was compared to the pain score for each patient, and the result was used to assess both the current response and the suitability of that patient for further treatment. It is hoped that this study will form the basis of further audits, in order that acupuncture treatment may be focused on those patients who need it most and who are getting maximum benefit from it.
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Plastaras, Christopher T., Seth Schran, Natasha Kim, Susan Sorosky, Deborah Darr, Mary Susan Chen, and Rebecca Lansky. "Complementary and Alternative Treatment for Neck Pain: Chiropractic, Acupuncture, TENS, Massage, Yoga, Tai Chi, and Feldenkrais." Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 22, no. 3 (August 2011): 521–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2011.02.011.

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Schwerla, Florian, Anne Bischoff, Andrea Nürnberger, Pia Genter, Jean-Pierre Guillaume, and Karl-Ludwig Resch. "Osteopathic Treatment of Patients with Chronic Non-Specific Neck Pain: A Randomised Controlled Trial of Efficacy." Forschende Komplementärmedizin / Research in Complementary Medicine 15, no. 3 (2008): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000132397.

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Musial, Frauke, Dorothee Spohn, and Roman Rolke. "Naturopathic Reflex Therapies for the Treatment of Chronic Back and Neck Pain - Part 1: Neurobiological Foundations." Forschende Komplementärmedizin / Research in Complementary Medicine 20, no. 3 (2013): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000353392.

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Kim, Kun Hyung, Yu Ri Kim, Seung Hee Noh, Kyung Won Kang, Jae Kyu Kim, Gi Young Yang, and Byung Ryul Lee. "Use of Acupuncture for Pain Management in An Academic Korean Medicine Hospital: A Retrospective Review of Electronic Medical Records." Acupuncture in Medicine 31, no. 2 (June 2013): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2012-010257.

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Objective This study aimed to identify the descriptive characteristics of patients with pain conditions who visited an academic medical centre for traditional Korean medicine (TKM). Methods This work was a retrospective review of the electronic medical records of patients who received at least one session of acupuncture for pain management from March 2010 to February 2012 in the Korean medical hospital of Pusan National University. Demographic characteristics and data on patient conditions, treatment interventions received and costs associated with acupuncture treatments were analysed. Results We identified a total of 2167 patients, including 2105 outpatients and 237 inpatients. The mean age (SD) of the patients was 52.0 (15.3) years, and approximately two-thirds of the patients were women (64.0%). The average number of acupuncture treatment sessions was 8.0 (6.6 for outpatients and 14.5 for inpatients). The most treated conditions were low back pain (30.5%), neck pain (23.9%) and shoulder pain (17.5%). Interventions included needle acupuncture with manual (52.6%) or electrical (47.4%) stimulation, herbal medicine (44.2%), cupping (21.2%) and moxibustion (3.5%). Over one-third of outpatients (33.5%) received at least six sessions of acupuncture. The median total cost of each outpatient and inpatient care per person was 169 604 and 1 001 707 Korean Won (approximately £98 and £577), respectively. Conclusions Acupuncture was primarily used for the treatment of low back, neck and shoulder pain with a wide range of related interventions at an academic medical centre for traditional Korean medicine. These data reflect real clinical practice and should inform the design of future prospective clinical research of acupuncture.
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Arias-Buría, José L., Álvaro Monroy-Acevedo, César Fernández-de-las-Peñas, Gracia M. Gallego-Sendarrubias, Ricardo Ortega-Santiago, and Gustavo Plaza-Manzano. "Effects of dry needling of active trigger points in the scalene muscles in individuals with mechanical neck pain: a randomized clinical trial." Acupuncture in Medicine 38, no. 6 (March 30, 2020): 380–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964528420912254.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of dry needling (DN) versus pressure release over scalene muscle trigger points (TrPs) on pain, related disability, and inspiratory vital capacity in individuals with neck pain. Methods: In this randomized, single-blind trial, 30 patients with mechanical neck pain and active TrPs in the scalene musculature were randomly allocated to trigger point dry needling (TrP-DN; n = 15) or pressure release (n = 15) groups. The DN group received a single session of DN of active TrPs in the anterior scalene muscles, and the pressure release group received a single session of TrP pressure release over the same muscle lasting 30 s. The primary outcome was pain intensity as assessed by a numerical pain rate scale (NPRS, 0–10). Secondary outcomes included disability (neck disability index, NDI) and inspiratory vital capacity. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and 1 day (immediately post), 1 week, and 1 month after the treatment session. Data were expressed as mean score difference (Δ) and standardized mean difference (SMD). Results: Patients receiving DN exhibited a greater decrease in pain intensity than those receiving TrP pressure release at 1 month (Δ 1.2 (95% CI–1.8, –0.6), p = 0.01), but not immediately (1 day) or 1 week after. Patients in the DN group exhibited a greater increase in inspiratory vital capacity at all follow-up time points (Δ 281 mm (95% CI 130, 432) immediately after, Δ 358 mm (95% CI 227, 489) 1 week after, and Δ 310 mm (95% CI 180, 440) 1 month after treatment) than those in the pressure release group (p = 0.006). Between-group effect sizes were large at all follow-up time points (1.1 > SMD > 1.3) in favor of DN. Conclusion: This trial suggests that a single session of DN over active TrPs in the scalene muscles could be effective at reducing pain and increasing inspiratory vital capacity in individuals with mechanical neck pain. Future studies are needed to further confirm these results.
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Chen, Yan-Jiao, Gabriel Shimizu Bassi, and Yong-Qing Yang. "Classic Chinese Acupuncture versus Different Types of Control Groups for the Treatment of Chronic Pain: Review of Randomized Controlled Trials (2000–2018)." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019 (December 4, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6283912.

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Objective. To review the effectiveness of classic Chinese acupuncture in the treatment of chronic pain by comparing treatment groups with different types of control groups in accordance with the newly published guidelines for systematic reviews. Methods. We searched EMBASE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases from 2000 to 2018. We included randomized controlled trials that included acupuncture as the sole treatment or as an adjunctive treatment for chronic pain. The outcome was pain intensity measured by the visual analogue scale (VAS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain subscale, 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS), and other tools. Two researchers conducted the study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment processes independently. Disagreements were solved by discussion and reanalysis of the data. The quality of all included studies was evaluated using the CBNG (the Cochrane Back and Neck Group) and the STRICTA (Standards for Reporting Interventions in Controlled Trials of Acupuncture) checklists. Results. Sixty-one studies were fully analyzed and ranked based on the newest STRICTA and CBNG standards. We found good evidence that receiving acupuncture is better than not receiving treatment or being placed on a waiting list and reasonable evidence that it is better than conventional or usual care. Limited evidence was found regarding placebo treatments that involve the expectation of needling (real or fake). Conclusion. Sham acupuncture may not be appropriate as a control intervention for assessing the effectiveness of acupuncture. Acupuncture effectiveness in controlling chronic pain is still limited due to the low quality of the studies published.
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Pérez-Cabezas, Verónica, Carmen Ruiz-Molinero, Jose Jesús Jimenez-Rejano, Gema Chamorro-Moriana, Gloria Gonzalez-Medina, and Raquel Chillon-Martinez. "Effectiveness of an Eye-Cervical Re-Education Program in Chronic Neck Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (February 26, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2760413.

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Objectives. Proprioceptive training is popularly applied as a therapeutic exercise method in physiotherapy. Its effects on pain and range of motion are only poorly evaluated. Therefore, this study assesses the effectiveness of proprioceptive training with an Eye-Cervical Re-education Program to decrease pain and increase the joint range in chronic neck pain patients. Material and Methods. Design. A randomized, no-blinded, controlled clinical trial. Setting. Physiotherapy consultation. Participants. 44 people were divided into two groups. Interventions. All patients were treated with a multimodal physiotherapy intervention. The experimental group was supplemented with an exercise program that included eye-cervical proprioception. Outcomes. The primary outcomes included pain pressure thresholds (upper trapezius, levator scapulae, and splenius capitis) and cervical range of motion. The secondary outcomes included pain measured by the Visual Analogical Scale and the McGillSpv Questionnaire. Results. The proprioception treatment was effective in reducing the pain pressure threshold in the right upper trapezius (p=0.001), left upper trapezius (p=0.014), right levator scapula (p=0.040), and left splenius capitis (p=0.021). The increase in the joint range was statistically significant (p<0.05) in favor of the Eye-Cervical Re-education Program for all movements assessed. Conclusions. The Eye-Cervical Re-education Program is effective at relieving pain pressure thresholds in the upper trapezius, right levator scapula, and left splenius capitis and especially effective for increasing the cervical range of motion. This trial is registered with NCT03197285 (retrospective registration).
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Fryer, Gary, Jarrod Alvizatos, and Joshua Lamaro. "The effect of osteopathic treatment on people with chronic and sub-chronic neck pain: A pilot study." International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine 8, no. 2 (June 2005): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijosm.2005.03.001.

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Alvizatos, Jarrod, Joshua Lamaro, and Gary Fryer. "The effect of osteopathic treatment on people with sub-chronic and chronic neck pain: A pilot study." International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine 9, no. 1 (March 2006): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijosm.2006.01.005.

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Yun, Kyung-Jin, Ju Ah Lee, Jiae Choi, Mi Mi Ko, Cham-kyul Lee, Myeong Soo Lee, and Eun-Yong Lee. "A Retrospective Analysis of Patients’ Conditions Using Acupuncture in a Traditional Korean Medicine Hospital." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/103683.

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Objective.The aim of this study was to identify the patient demographics, health issues, and type of acupuncture treatments who visited a traditional Korean medical hospital for acupuncture treatment.Methods.We retrospectively analysed the data using the electronic medical records (EMRs) of patients treated with at least one treatment of acupuncture from 1 January 2010 to December 2012 in the Chung-Ju Korean hospital at Semyung University.Results.The total number of identified patients was 1189 inpatients and 10138 outpatients. The 50–59 age group received acupuncture treatment in the hospital the most, followed by the 40–49 age group. Among the patients undergoing acupuncture treatment because of a diagnosis of pain, 82.74% were outpatients and 72.85% were inpatients. Additionally, all patients with a spine condition received acupuncture treatment. The most common musculoskeletal conditions of patients at the traditional Korean medicine (TKM) hospital were associated with spine conditions, such as low back pain and neck pain. Various treatments have been performed at the hospital in conjunction with acupuncture. The study results show a high prevalence of acupuncture treatment for diagnosed diseases.Conclusion.Our study suggests the need to investigate additional TKM hospitals to analyse characteristics of patients who received specific treatments. Analysis of the characteristics of patients treated with Korean acupuncture at the TKM hospital in this study will help future researchers who want to implement strong clinical evidence. However, we cannot completely discount all symptoms because of the retrospective nature of this study, and only one hospital was used, which limits the generalisation of our findings.
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Hansson, Ylva, Christer Carlsson, and Elisabeth Olsson. "Intramuscular and Periosteal Acupuncture for Anxiety and Sleep Quality in Patients with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain – An Evaluator Blind, Controlled Study." Acupuncture in Medicine 25, no. 4 (December 2007): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/aim.25.4.148.

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Objectives Periosteal acupuncture seems clinically to have a stronger effect on pain than standard intramuscular acupuncture. The aim of the present study was to compare their relative effectiveness on promoting psychological functioning and quality of sleep. Methods Consecutive patients (n=144) referred to a physiotherapist for treatment of chronic nociceptive pain in the neck or low back for more than three months, aged 18–70, were alternately allocated to an intramuscular acupuncture group (n=59), to a periosteal acupuncture group (n=55), and, for the latter part of the study, to an information control group (n=30). Eight treatments were administered during a five week period with two optional treatments after one month. All patients were encouraged to stay active. Psychological functioning was estimated with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) and quality of sleep with a visual analogue scale. All estimations were performed prior to treatment, one week after the end of treatment, and one, three and six months after end of treatment. Non-parametric statistics were used. Results There were no significant differences between the acupuncture groups, nor between the acupuncture and control groups during the treatment period. One month after treatment, the level of anxiety was lower in both acupuncture groups compared with the control group. The proportions of non-cases (HAD score 0–7) increased in the intramuscular acupuncture group from 39 to 47 (not significant), in the periosteal acupuncture group from 37 to 49 (P<0.001), and in the control group from 15 to 16. Conclusion No differences between periosteal and intramuscular acupuncture were found. One month after treatment both acupuncture interventions reduced anxiety in patients suffering from chronic nociceptive musculoskeletal pain in the neck or low back when compared with a control intervention.
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Tsao, Jennie C. I. "Effectiveness of Massage Therapy for Chronic, Non-Malignant Pain: A Review." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 4, no. 2 (2007): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nel109.

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Previous reviews of massage therapy for chronic, non-malignant pain have focused on discrete pain conditions. This article aims to provide a broad overview of the literature on the effectiveness of massage for a variety of chronic, non-malignant pain complaints to identify gaps in the research and to inform future clinical trials. Computerized databases were searched for relevant studies including prior reviews and primary trials of massage therapy for chronic, non-malignant pain. Existing research provides fairly robust support for the analgesic effects of massage for non-specific low back pain, but only moderate support for such effects on shoulder pain and headache pain. There is only modest, preliminary support for massage in the treatment of fibromyalgia, mixed chronic pain conditions, neck pain and carpal tunnel syndrome. Thus, research to date provides varying levels of evidence for the benefits of massage therapy for different chronic pain conditions. Future studies should employ rigorous study designs and include follow-up assessments for additional quantification of the longer-term effects of massage on chronic pain.
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Witt, Claudia M., Benno Brinkhaus, Thomas Reinhold, and Stefan N. Willich. "Efficacy, Effectiveness, Safety and Costs of Acupuncture for Chronic Pain – Results of a Large Research Initiative." Acupuncture in Medicine 24, no. 1_suppl (December 2006): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/aim.24.suppl.33.

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Background The aim of the ‘Acupuncture Model Project of the Techniker Krankenkasse’ was to determine efficacy, effectiveness, safety and cost effectiveness of acupuncture treatment in standard medical care. Methods We evaluated a total of 304 674 patients (34.5% men, aged 53.1?13.8 and 65.5% women, aged 49.5±14.2) who were in the care of over 10 000 physicians and received on average 10?3 acupuncture treatments for chronic pain (osteoarthritis of the hip or knee, low back pain, neck pain, headache) during a period of three months. Results and conclusions Our findings demonstrate that for the diagnoses examined, acupuncture in addition to usual care was an effective and safe treatment. Whether the effects of acupuncture can be attributed primarily to specific or nonspecific mechanisms appeared to depend on the diagnosis, and should be investigated in further studies. Using acupuncture as an adjunctive treatment was more expensive than usual care alone, but was cost-effective according to internationally accepted threshold values.
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Climent, José M., Ta-Shen Kuan, Pedro Fenollosa, and Francisco Martin-del-Rosario. "Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Myofascial Pain Syndromes Involving the Neck and Back: A Review from a Clinical Perspective." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/381459.

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Introduction. Botulinum toxin inhibits acetylcholine (ACh) release and probably blocks some nociceptive neurotransmitters. It has been suggested that the development of myofascial trigger points (MTrP) is related to an excess release of ACh to increase the number of sensitized nociceptors. Although the use of botulinum toxin to treat myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) has been investigated in many clinical trials, the results are contradictory. The objective of this paper is to identify sources of variability that could explain these differences in the results.Material and Methods. We performed a content analysis of the clinical trials and systematic reviews of MPS.Results and Discussion. Sources of differences in studies were found in the diagnostic and selection criteria, the muscles injected, the injection technique, the number of trigger points injected, the dosage of botulinum toxin used, treatments for control group, outcome measures, and duration of followup. The contradictory results regarding the efficacy of botulinum toxin A in MPS associated with neck and back pain do not allow this treatment to be recommended or rejected. There is evidence that botulinum toxin could be useful in specific myofascial regions such as piriformis syndrome. It could also be useful in patients with refractory MPS that has not responded to other myofascial injection therapies.
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Dymackova, Radana, Iveta Selingerova, Tomas Kazda, Marek Slavik, Jana Halamkova, Michaela Svajdova, Pavel Slampa, and Ondrej Slama. "Effect of Acupuncture in Pain Management of Head and Neck Cancer Radiotherapy: Prospective Randomized Unicentric Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 5 (March 7, 2021): 1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10051111.

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This prospective randomized open-label trial aimed to evaluate the role of acupuncture in the treatment of pain related to curative and adjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy of head and neck cancer. Patients in two arms (30 patients in each arm) underwent standard oncology therapy and standard supportive care with or without acupuncture. The stratification factors were the type of treatment and chemotherapy indication. The toxicity assessed was represented by pain rated on a 10-point pain scale and analgesic use. Average pain (AP) and the worst pain during the day (WP) were significantly lower in the acupuncture arm during radiotherapy (AP median 0.16 vs. 1.36, p < 0.001; WP median 0.90 vs. 1.96, p < 0.001) and three months after radiotherapy (AP median 0.07 vs. 0.50, p < 0.001; WP median 0.30 vs. 0.83, p = 0.002). The analgesic consumption between arms was statistically significantly different. A median of the proportion of days when the patients used analgesics was 8% and 32.5% during radiotherapy (p = 0.047) and 0% and 20.8% during three months after radiotherapy (p = 0.006) for the acupuncture and control arm, respectively. Results point out lower analgesic consumption and milder pain in acupuncture arm. Acupuncture consequently offers another alternative to standard treatment leading to a reduction in the toxicity of oncological treatment.
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42

Hansson, Ylva, Christer Carlsson, and Elisabeth Olsson. "Intramuscular and Periosteal Acupuncture in Patients Suffering from Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain – a Controlled Trial." Acupuncture in Medicine 26, no. 4 (December 2008): 214–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/aim.26.4.214.

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Background Periosteal acupuncture has shown promising results in clinical practice. The aim was to compare three patient groups: one with intramuscular acupuncture, one with periosteal acupuncture, and a third information control group, with respect to clinically relevant pain relief, physical functioning and intake of analgesics in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain in the neck or low back or both. We reported the psychological changes in these patients in a previous issue of this journal. Methods 144 consecutive patients with nociceptive pain for >3 months, aged 18–70 years were alternately allocated to: intramuscular acupuncture (n=59); periosteal acupuncture (n=55); or control group with information only (n=30). All patients were encouraged to stay active. Acupuncture was administered with eight treatments during five weeks, and two optional additional treatments after one month. Pain was estimated with a daily VAS in a pain diary and with an average weekly pain score. Clinically relevant pain relief was defined as at least a 30% decrease from the initial value. Physical functioning was evaluated with Disability Rating Index. All estimations were performed prior to treatment, one week after, and one, three and six months after treatment. Results There were no differences between the effects of the two acupuncture methods. There were differences between each of the two acupuncture groups compared with the control group on all test occasions up to one month after treatment with respect to the pain diary and one week after treatment with respect to pain last week (P<0.05). Pain relief as measured by a pain diary was obtained in 29 patients in the intramuscular acupuncture group, 25 in the periosteal acupuncture group, and 5 patients in the control group. Six months after treatment, 46% of the intramuscular acupuncture patients and 45% of the periosteal acupuncture patients had obtained pain relief in terms of the pain diary. The corresponding figure for pain last week was 29% in each group. Conclusion Periosteal pecking was no more effective than standard intramuscular acupuncture, but both were more effective than information only.
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Zhu, Jie. "Alternative Approach To Needle Placement In Cervical Spinal Cord Stimulator Insertion." Pain Physician 3;14, no. 2;3 (March 14, 2011): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2011/14/195.

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Background: Neuromodulation with spinal cord stimulation is a proven cost effective treatment for the management of common conditions such as chronic radicular leg pain from failed back surgery syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, and other painful neuropathic pain syndromes. The traditionally instructed method for percutaneous spinal cord stimulator (SCS) lead placement promotes the use of a “loss of resistance” (LOR) technique under anteroposterior (AP) fluoroscopic guidance to assure midline lead placement and proper entry into the epidural space. Objective: To describe the relevant anatomy and method for a precise needle placement approach for placement of percutaneous cervical spinal cord stimulation (SCS) leads without loss of resistance (LOR) using a syringe. An oblique fluoroscopic view is presented demonstrating successful placement of cervical SCS leads. Design: Technical report. Setting: Pain management clinic. Methods: Discussion with accompanying fluoroscopic images. This technical report meets HIPAA compliance standards. Results: Successful placement of percutaneous SCS leads without traditional loss of resistance using an oblique fluoroscopic approach. Limitations: Technical report only. The risks, potential complications, and benefit from this approach are beyond the scope of the article. Conclusions: This fluoroscopic technique provides an alternative means for placing percutaneous cervical SCS leads without the use of the traditional loss of resistance technique. Key words: spinal cord stimulation, neuromodulation, cervical spine, fluoroscopy, loss of resistance, epidural injection, neuropathic pain, failed neck surgery.
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Lauche, R., H. Cramer, K. E. Choi, T. Rampp, F. Saha, G. Dobos, and F. Musial. "Is a series of five dry cupping treatments effective in the treatment of chronic non-specific neck pain? A randomised controlled pilot study." European Journal of Integrative Medicine 2, no. 4 (December 2010): 240–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2010.09.144.

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von Peter, S., W. Ting, S. Scrivani, E. Korkin, H. Okvat, M. Gross, C. Oz, and C. Balmaceda. "Survey on the Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Among Patients with Headache Syndromes." Cephalalgia 22, no. 5 (June 2002): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.2002.00376.x.

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The objective was to determine headache patients' knowledge, prevalence of use and perceived effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine. Seventy-three patients with headache syndromes attending a head and neck pain clinic were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire. Alternative medical therapies were used by 85% of surveyed patients for the relief of their head pain. In 60%, the therapies were perceived to have a benefit. Almost 100% of the patients were familiar with one or more of the presented alternative treatments. Eighty-eight per cent perceived at least one of the complementary treatments to be an effective remedy for headache pain. Exposure to and interest in alternative treatments are common among patients with headache syndromes, despite the lack of scientific evidence of benefit and assessments of risks for many of the treatments. Neurologists and general physicians should be aware of the increasing role of alternative medicine in the healthcare system. There is still an urgent need for objective, integrative and critical research with regard to complementary and alternative medicine.
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Huang, Nanbin, and Changwei Li. "Recurrent Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss in a 58-Year-Old Woman with Severe Dizziness: A Case Report." Acupuncture in Medicine 30, no. 1 (March 2012): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/aim.2010.010003.

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A case of recurrent sudden sensorineural hearing loss in the right ear is presented. The patient was a 58-year-old Chinese woman with profound hearing loss, a feeling of fullness in the ear, vomiting and severe dizziness for 2 months. A head scan and MRI of the brain and neck showed no cause for the symptoms. The ear, nose and throat specialist diagnosed a microcirculatory dysfunction, rejecting the diagnosis of Meniere's disease. The patient did not respond to medical treatment and after 2 months attended for acupuncture. It was suspected that the severe dizziness was associated with her neck and back pain. Daily electroacupuncture treatments to her ear, back and neck were given. After 1 month the dizziness was significantly reduced and the hearing loss recovered to a good level. The patient's symptoms recurred after exposure to cold and strong wind and again recovered with acupuncture. She later suffered a third recurrence of severe dizziness which again responded to acupuncture.
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47

Bao, Li, Pu Jia, Jinjun Li, Hao Chen, Yipeng Dong, Fei Feng, He Yang, Mengmeng Chen, and Hai Tang. "Percutaneous Vertebroplasty Relieves Pain in Cervical Spine Metastases." Pain Research and Management 2017 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3926318.

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Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) has been shown to release spinal pain and stabilize the vertebral body. PVP is suggested as an alternative treatment in spinal metastasis. Although cervical metastases is less prevalent than thoracic and lumbar spine, PVP procedure in cervical vertebrae remains technical challenging. We retrospectively analyzed the data from patients (n=9) who underwent PVP using anterolateral approach to treat severe neck pain and restricted cervical mobility from metastatic disease. Patients were rated using modified Tokuhashi score and Tomita score before the procedure. Visual analog scale (VAS), neck disability index (NDI), analgesic use, and imaging (X-ray or CT) were evaluated before PVP and 3 days, 3 months, and 6 months after PVP. All patients were in late stage of cancer evaluated using modified Tokuhashi and Tomita score. The cement leakage rate was 63.6% (14 of the 22 vertebrae) with no severe complications. VAS, NDI, and analgesic use were significantly decreased 3 days after the procedure and remained at low level until 6 months of follow-up. Our result suggested PVP effectively released the pain from patients with cervical metastasis. The results warrant further clinical investigation.
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48

Bonello, Rod P., Marc Cohen, John Reece, Arun Aggarwal, and Curtis Rigney. "A Postmarket Surveillance Study on Electro-Neuro-Adaptive-Regulator Therapy." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/341256.

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The Electro-Neuro-Adaptive-Regulator (ENAR) device is a hand-held electrotherapy which is applied using energetic medicine principles and aspects of acupuncture theory. The aim of this paper is to report the findings of a postmarket survey of persons who have used the ENAR device. The conditions for which the therapy was used and its perceived effectiveness are discussed. A web-based survey of Australian recipients of ENAR therapy was completed by 481 respondents. Most (76%) used ENAR exclusively for pain relief for musculoskeletal disorders, especially back, shoulder, and neck pain; 8% used ENAR exclusively for nonmusculoskeletal disorders; while 16% used ENAR for both. Respondents reported a mean reduction in pain of 70% (t(423) = 38.73,P<.001) and functional improvement of 62% (t(423) = 10.45,P<.001) using 11-point numerical rating scales. Following ENAR treatment, medication reduction was reported by 91% of respondents. Most respondents reported high satisfaction following ENAR therapy, with between 15 and 20% achieving complete pain relief. The self-delivery of ENAR may, in part, account for the high level of satisfaction.
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49

Bablis, Peter, Henry Pollard, and Rod Bonello. "Neuro Emotional Technique for the treatment of trigger point sensitivity in chronic neck pain sufferers: A controlled clinical trial." Chiropractic & Osteopathy 16, no. 1 (2008): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-1340-16-4.

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50

Plancarte, Ricardo. "Clinical Benefits of Femoroplasty: A Nonsurgical Alternative for the Management of Femoral Metastases." Pain Physician 3;17, no. 3;5 (May 14, 2014): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2014/17/227.

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Background: Bone metastases occur frequently in advanced cancer. The spine, pelvis, ribs, skull and femur are the most affected sites. It is reported that up to 83% of the patients develop pain at some point of the disease. The patient can also develop fractures and disability, particularly in the femur.. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of percutaneous femoroplasty in patients with metastatic osseous disease located in the proximal femur (trochanter, neck, and femoral head). Study Design: A retrospective clinical review, comparing pain status “before vs after” intervention. Setting: National Cancer Institute in Mexico. Methods: We included patients over 18 years old, with mild to severe pain due to metastasis in the proximal femur (trochanter, neck, or head), or with a high risk of fracture according to Mirels scale (> 8 points) or severe osteoporosis according to the World Health Organization (a Karnofsky score more than 50%). Exclusion criteria were femoral fracture. We recorded the following variables age, sex, type of neoplasm, concomitant therapy, We used the Karnofsky functionality scale, the VAS pain intensity assessment, the “Mayo Clinic” scale to measure improved functionality, and the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 15 Palliative (EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL) (Spanish version) questionnaires. Follow-up was performed at 7 days, one month after femoroplasty, and during the individual outpatient that lasted one year on average. Results: Eighty subjects were enrolled. Seventy-three percent were women. The most frequent tumors were breast (46.3%), followed by multiple myeloma (18.7%). All patients had a decrease in the intensity of pain, analgesic consumption, and improved quality of life, at 7 and 30 days after the intervention. There were no complications with serious consequences. Two participants experienced polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA) leakage, without clinical or functional impact. In 4 patients, the needle was occluded during the filling process and we had to place another biopsy needle through the same entry site to finish the injection process. Limitations: The sample was a single group of patients evaluated before and after the femoroplasty. We did not include a control group. Conclusion: The results of the current report suggest that femoroplasty, a percutaneous cement placement analogous to a vertebroplasty, might be a therapeutic option for patients with metastatic bone disease of the proximal femur, providing the patient an analgesic reduction and a better quality of life. Key words: Femoroplasty, bone metastases, cancer, pain, bone pain
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