Academic literature on the topic 'Necropoles'

In the east and northwest necropoles of Sirmium were discovered painted tombs which were not published until now. Painting in them is from the 4th century. The grave next to the north-west wall of basilica of St. Iraeneus (east necropolis) was painted with tied garlands and stem, and partly saved frescoes from the tomb around the basilica of St. Sineros (north-west necropolis) point to the conclusion that this is a funeral procession, the scene which is represented in its entirety in the tomb in neighboring Beska. These three tombs belong to the pagan population of Sirmium and its vicinity. On the west wall of the tomb in Mike Antica Street (periphery of the east necropolis) is represented the motif of scales with fillings, while on its south and north wall are represented the episodes from Jonah?s cycle. Painting in the tomb shows that the buried person was a Christian. Of Christian character is also the burial in the tomb from the village Calma, not far from Sirmium. On its longitudinal walls is schematically represented the railing, made of parts between which there were the columns carrying the herms, and which has the symbolical meaning of the ?railing of Paradise?.

It is extremely difficult to periodise the IX-XI century necropoles in the lower Serbian Danube river basin because not enough research has been done on them. Our knowledge is mainly limited to individual graves or to graveyards that have partly been investigated. An examination of the necropolis in Grabovica provided most of the data for establishing the chronology for the graves in Mihajlovac and Prahovo. Besides finds that were identical to the specimens from Grabovica, the graves in Mihajlovac and Prahovo contained finds of earrings, indicating that they may be slightly older than the graves in Grabovica and that burials in those graveyards may have ceased in the first half of the X century. This was a time when the threat of Magyar invasion existed on the right bank of the Danube, downstream from the confluence with the Morava. The graveyard in Grabovica was obviously still in use for a little longer, however, the fact that burials stopped there could have only been connected with the events that led to the end of Bulgarian and reestablishment of Byzantine authority in the Danube river basin. The formation of the necropoles in Korbovo and Kostol may have occurred roughly around that time, given the increased frequency of finds connected with the growing influence of Byzantium. Burials next to the defence wall of the fortifications in Kostol may have begun during the last decades of the X century. The unusual position of the necropolis, right next to the fortress defence wall, indicates that this graveyard was probably formed in wartime circumstances. Otherwise, a more suitable place would have been used for burials, of the kind that certainly must have existed in the neighbourhood of the fortress. One could extend the period of burying the deceased in Kostol and Korbovo to the last quarter of the XI century, at most. The later graveyards in this region are characterised by types of finds that were not discovered in earlier graveyards. An important event at that time, the uprising in 1072, could be the reason for this change in the inventory of grave finds. Earlier literature describes how life ceased in several fortresses downstream from the confluence with the Morava because of that event. It was assumed that the local Slav population had taken part in the uprising, therefore, after its failure, the inhabitants of the Danubian towns, in Djerdap and downstream, were deported or abandoned the fortresses of their own accord.

One of the most well-known and largest early medieval necropoles in Western Europe lies near the small town of Lauchheim in Baden-Württemberg, South West Germany. Totaling round 1400 inhumations dating from 5th – 7th Century AD, it was completely excavated between 1986 – 1996. Due to the high frequency of finds and the fragility of some of the bone material, much use was made of block lifting. Some blocks remain unopened till today. The good state of preservation and the juxtaposition of the necropolis with a contemporary settlement, which was also extensively excavated, set the stage for an extensive social-historical analysis of a local early medieval com-munity over two centuries. Analysis of the grave good and anthropological appraisal have been combined and structured in a specially designed Database containing over 30,000 individual en-tries. A GIS Map of the site, arduously piped from the original hand drawings via vectorization software and CAD into Open Source GIS, allows for perspicuous visualization of any combination of anthropological data and/or finds and contributes greatly to the understanding of the development of the necropolis. Since 2008 the Lauchheim Project has been supported by the German Research Council, allowing innovative conservation and documentation methods including complete anthropological examination, 3D computer tomography of the unopened blocks (with sometimes surprising results) and the extensive examination of organic material and textiles.

In the 1980s, at the site of Viminacium - Vise Grobalja, 31 artificially deformed skulls were discovered at the necropolis ascribed to the Gepids. These skulls attracted much attention from anthropologists as they represent the largest series of artificially deformed skulls in this part of Europe. Another 63 skulls, showing no traces of artificial deformation have, thus far, been disregarded, hence they will now be published in more detail and those best preserved, illustrated in this paper. In 2006, the published archaeological analysis confirmed that this site is, in fact, a case of two necropolises from the Migration Period, which were, however, spatially and chronologically linked. They were named as Viminacium II, specifically Vise Grobalja 1 and Vise Grobalja 2. The older necropolis (1) contained 36 skeletons, and the younger (2), 58 skeletons. This paper includes another two Viminacium necropolises from the Migration Period - the necropolis of Burdelj (i.e. Viminacium I) with 66 graves and the necropolis of Lanci (i.e. Viminacium III) with 15 graves. Simply stated, the anthropological characteristics of the skeletons from these four necropolises of Viminacium from the Migration Period - Burdelj, Vise Grobalja 1, Vise Grobalja 2 and Lanci, excluding the previously published artificially deformed skulls, demonstrate a low degree of heterogeneity.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the reasons for the location of ancient necropolises along the Chui Tract in Northern Altai. The purpose of the publication is to characterize the territory of the Chultuk burial complex Log-1. This necropolis, located in the mountain valley of the lower Katun during the 20th and 21st centuries, repeatedly fell into the zone of road construction. However, in the previous rather long historical period, this necropolis was formed on a naturally isolated territory. The orography of the right bank of the lower Katun consisted of several sections of the river valley, separated from each other by rock clamps. Several necropolises were formed near these natural obstacles in the Early Iron Age. The distance between such burial complexes ranged from 25 to 30 km. Such a feature of the location of ancient necropolises could reflect certain ethno-territorial boundaries of the Paleometallic epoch.

During the fourth century BC the Celts expanded into the Balkan Peninsula and the Carpathian Basin. After the major defeat at Delphi, in Greece, the surviving Celtic tribes formed an alliance under the name Scordisci. They settled in the wider territory around the confluence of the Sava and the Danube, which became a base for their subsequent invasions into Thrace and beyond. The Celtic presence in the region has been best documented by the necropoles in Karaburma (Singidunum) and Pecine (Viminacium). These graveyards had a complex arrangement of burials into groups and sections. The warrior graves contained pieces of weaponry showing decorative elements of both Western and Eastern Celtic art tradition. Some of the female graves contained rich personal adornment such as the coral bracelet and the M?nsingen-type fibula in a grave in Pecine. Until the Roman conquest, the Scordisci remained the most powerful military force in the region.

Les necropoles de la ville antique de sala (maroc) occupent les bordures meridionale et occidentale du ribat merinide de chellah, pres de rabat. 362 tombes ont ete degages en 1966-67, a la suite des trouvailles de 1917-1925. Elles se partagent entre 274 incinerations et 88 inhumations, groupees en concessions. Les incinerations ont ete placees dans des urnes en terre cuite et deposees dans des edicules en pierre de taille, parfois dans la fosse-foyer et, dans la plupart des cas, dans une fosse-depot, la cremation ayant eu lieu dans des ustrina. Des offrandes funeraires (objets de parure et de toilette, bijoux, balsmaires, monnaies, amulettes, etc. ) et alimentaires sont deposees dans les fosses. Les incinerations couvrent la periode du 1er s. Av. J. -c. A la fin du iieme s. Les inhumations etaient das des caissons de lauzes ou de tuiles ou le plus soucent, en pleine terre, et, dans le cas des petits enfants, qui ne subissaient pas la cremation, dans des amphores decoupees. Peu d'offrandes accompagnaient les corps inhumes. La pratique de l'inhumation, plus difficilement datable en raison de la pauvrete des sepultures, parait remonter au 1er s. Ap. J. -c. Mais des tombes des iieme et iiieme s. Ont ete reconnues. Le catalogue sepultures, en deuxieme partie de ce travail analyse chaque piece du mobilier funeraire et s'applique a lui attribuer une datation
The necropolies of the ancient town of sala (marocco) lie on the southern and western outskirts of the "merinid ribat" of chellah, near rabat. 362 tombs were dug up in 1966-67, following the finds of 1917-1925. They are divided into 274 incinerations and 88 inhumations grouped together in grants. Incinerations were placed in terra-cotta urns, laid in some hewn stone low structureen sometimes in the hearthpit, and in most casesin a depot-pit, the cremation having taken place in ustrina. Funeral (ornaments, jewels, balsampots, coins, charms, etc. ) and food offering were leftin the piys. Incinerations cover the period from the ist century e. C. To the 2nd century. Inhumations were laid in tile or slab boxes, or more often, in the open ground; in the case of small children which did not undergo cremation, in cut amphoras. Few offering went to buried corpses. The practice of inhumation is more difficultto date because of the poverty of the graves, and seems to go back to the ist century, but tombs from the 2nd and 3rd centuries were mainly identified. The catalogue of the tombs, in the second part of the work, gives an analysis of every piece of the funeral furniture, and tries to date it

This doctoral thesis examines complex burial behaviors as ritualized responses to changing sociopolitical landscapes just prior to a warring-states period and emergence of Rome as world power. A multivariate statistical approach investigates skeletal estimations of biological kinship (“biodistance”) and its role in the burial and social organizational practices of two central Italian Iron Age (1000-27 BC) groups: Pentri Samnites from Alfedena Campo Consolino (600-400 BC, L’Aquila, Abruzzo) and Pretuzi from Campovalano (750-100 BC, Teramo, Abruzzo). Despite missing data and sample imbalances, these are two of the largest, best-preserved, and generally contemporaneous Iron Age series spanning prehistoric, protohistoric, and historic periods. Alfedena Campo Consolino is a special subsection of a broader burial area and Campovalano represents a nearly complete necropolis. Most data from these Iron Age semi-transhumant agropastoralists comes from mortuary rather than settlement contexts. Thus, burial location is a central archaeological theme because of its potential to indicate corporate land ownership, group permanence, and identity. However, burial areas tended to be structured by family lineages and the similar material cultures they contain confound detailed discernment of the social identities encoded within the graves. I test the hypothesis that the mountainous and economically less-incorporated Pentri Samnites at Alfedena Campo Consolino will have stronger associations between biological and burial distances due to greater emphasis on biological kinship organization of the deceased. On the other hand, I expect that the Pretuzi from Campovalano will be more phenotypically variable as a result of broader ideas of kinship due to further economic and social reaches. To test these hypotheses, Mantel tests were used to examine the strength of association between biological similarity and spatial proximity of burials. Also, multidimensional scaling and univariate and multivariate analyses of variance were performed on data subgrouped by burial location, sex, time period, head position, and clothes brooch frequencies. Distribution of widely found funerary items, brooches, were examined in-depth for the potential that they varied spatially with biological patterns of variation as a marker of biological group membership. In general, I think brooches were well-made, distinctive, and highly visible indicators of wearers’ social position and identity. Male faces and cranial bases at Alfedena Campo Consolino and female multivariate tooth row measures at Campovalano produce the most noticeable signals. Because samples differ so greatly in their compositions and sizes, results of this study cannot specify if ACC was organized by biological kinship to a greater degree than CMV. Instead, results are interpreted in terms of the idea that a greater diversity of burial and social organization existed in Iron Age central Italy than previously thought. This research constitutes an important advance in evaluation of the spatial dimension of mortuary practices and social identity formation during an unstable time, and novel biodistance approaches such as those developed in this thesis should be considered as additional lines of evidence for comprehensive mortuary analyses.

These consacree aux scribes egyptiens de l'epoque protodynastique et de l'ancien empire et particulierement a ceux des necropoles memphites. Le corpus des documents est forme d'un millier de fiches contenant les renseignements museographiques et prosopographiques, ainsi qu'un commentaire detaille et la discussion de la datation. Un chapitre introductif a ete consacre aux principaux systemes de datation, qui sont resumes et analyses. Des chapitres specifiques concernent les scribes mentionnes dans les tombes, les archives, les lettres, les decrets royaux, les sceaux, les graffiti. Une attention particuliere est reservee aux scenes dans lesquelles apparaissent les scribes, et aux differents titres les accompagnant dans leurs activites disparates. 220 titres de scribe differents ont ete repertories du debut de l'histoire egyptienne jusqu'a la fin de la vie dynastie, en tenant compte des differents grades. Leur etude est accompagne de tableaux recapitulatifs et d'une liste ou sont indiques , pour chacun, la periode presumee d'apparition, les sites ou il est atteste et le nombre d'attestations connues a ce jour. Jusqu'a la 3e dynastie, les personnages portant le simple titre de scribe revetaient des fonctions variees dans les differents secteurs de l'administration. En revanche, a partir de la 4e dynastie, chaque branche de l'administration fait appel a des scribes specialises, qui montreront des titres de plus en plus diversifies. Les hierarchies des titres de scribe ont ete etablies a l'interieur de chaque departement administratif, comme les bureaux centraux du vizir, le grenier, le tresor. La these se conclut avec des index croises. Le depouillement des sources a permis de mettre en evidence des activites paralleles exerces par les scribes: d'une part la redaction des ecrits et l'enregistrement des donnees, d'autre part la gestion du personnel
Thesis devoted to the egyptian scribes of the early dynastic period and of the old kingdom, especially in the memphite necropolis. Documents are presented in about one thousand files, containing descriptive and prosopographical informations, as well as a detailed commentary and the discussion of the date of the object. A preliminary chapter is devoted to the problem of dating the old kingdom tombs and to the different systems used, which are also presented in every file. Specific chapters are devoted to scribes cited in tombs, archives, letters, royal decrees, seals and graffiti. Scenes showing scribes at work are furthermore studied, along with the titles accompanying their several activities. 220 different titles of scribe are listed, considering the various ranks, from the beginning of the egyptian history to the end of the sixth dynasty. Their study is accompanied by recapitulatory schedules and by a list where, for each title, is indicated the presumed period of apparition, the sites where it is attested and the number of attestations known. Till the iiird dynasty, officials showing the simple title of scribe were engaged in the different branchs of the administration. On the contrary, from the ivth dynasty onwards, in every administrative department worked specialized scribes, bearing a variety of compound titles. The hierarchies of the scribal titles in every department, like central offices, granary, treasury, etc. , are dressed in the final chapter. The thesis is closed by crossed indexes. The study of sources led to the discovery of parallel activities of scribes: on one side the drawing up of texts and the recording of data, on the other the organization of people

The proposed thesis design is a necropolis (city of the dead) in the form of a vertical park structure through which alternative methods of burial are investigated. The question of an architectural expression of consciousness to overcome cultural norms and challenge perceptions is researched through the theoretical exploration of the following: the cycle of life; the physical and meta-physical between; and collective dwelling. Through exploring ways of sensitively infusing urban environments with an awareness and acknowledgement of death, life is celebrated by exposing death through a physical manifestation of the whole cycle of life, which will transcend several generations of urban dwellers. In populating the between, these antimonument memorials would become accepted over time and a meta-physical awareness would be created to produce a new culture of urban life.
Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Architecture
unrestricted

Amb el títol L’Esquerda. Arqueologia funerària i estudi antropològic d’una població medieval (segles VIII-XIV) el present treball presenta un cas d’estudi sobre les dues àrees funeràries–extramurs i eclesial- del poblat medieval de l’Esquerda. La recerca s’obre en el front arqueotanatològic i l’arqueoantropològic a partir de les intervencions arqueològiques realitzades entre 2008 i 2012 sota una única mirada, que s’obre en panoràmica per obtenir una visió documentada i el més àmplia possible sobre els diferents punts d’observació i valorar-los en el seu context geogràfic, històric i social. L’anàlisi de les pràctiques funeràries i la seva evolució en els diferents espais i estrats descriu i s’aproxima tant a l’aplicació com a la transgressió de les normatives litúrgiques en matèria sepulcral, a la persistència de tradicions antigues, a l’acomodació de la societat a les exigències socials i espacials que afecten l’àrea funerària i a l’adaptació enfront de situacions d’emergència per conflictes epidèmics o de caràcter bèl·lic. La caracterització antropològica de les mostres esquelètiques de 181 individus obté els corresponents perfils poblacionals per a cada fase i per a cada una de les necròpolis, mitjançant la seva descripció morfològica. L’estudi aprofundeix en aquesta línia de recerca amb la contrastació estadística dels resultats i la seva valoració argumentada a nivell evolutiu i en relació a les diferents classes d’edat i per ambdós sexes. En l’anàlisi dels diferents aspectes patològics l’estudi registra tot el ventall d’anomalies degeneratives articulars i estructurals que és habitual en mostres antropològiques medievals, altres afectacions menys freqüents i un gran nombre de traumatismes, accidentals i per causes violentes, que es descriuen de manera individual i es valoren en conjunt. El resultat és un treball exhaustiu sobre un jaciment funerari paradigmàtic, el de l’Esquerda, que pretén ésser un referent per a posteriors recerques, no només per a Osona, no només per als jaciments funeraris, sinó per als diferents àmbits de coneixement del període medieval de Catalunya.
With the title L’Esquerda. Funerary Archeology and Anthropological Study of a Medieval Population (8th-14th centuries), this work presents a case of study on the two funerary areas (extramuros and ecclesiastical) of the medieval village of Esquerda. The research opens up on the archaeothanatological and archaeoanthropological front from the archaeological interventions carried out on the site between 2008 and 2012 under a single glance, which opens up in panoramic views to obtain a documented and a wide view as possible on the different points of observation, in order to value them in their geographical, historical and social context. The analysis of funerary practices and their evolution in different spaces describes and approaches both the application and the transgression of liturgical regulations in the burial subject. Also, the persistence of ancient traditions, the accommodation from society to the social and spatial demands that affect the funeral area, and the adaptation to emergency situations due to epidemic or warlike conflicts. The anthropological characterization of the skeletal samples obtains the corresponding population profiles for each phase and for each one of the necropolis, by means of their morphological description. The study explores this line of research with the statistical comparison of the results and their evaluation argued at an evolutionary level and in relation to different age classes and for both sexes. In the analysis of the different pathological aspects, the study records the whole range of joint and structural degenerative anomalies that are common in anthropological medial samples, other less frequent affections and a large number of traumatisms, accidental and violent causes, which are described individually and they are valued as a whole. The result is an exhaustive work on a paradigmatic funerary deposit which seeks to be a reference for further research, not only for Osona, not only for funerary sites, but for the different fields of knowledge of the Medieval period of Catalonia.

Aquesta tesi doctoral sobre la necròpolis medieval de Sant Joan de Caselles (parròquia de Canillo, Andorra) té per objectius determinar la possible procedència dels individus que hi ha van ser inhumats, comprendre l’evolució del cementiri durant el període en que va estar en ús, caracteritzar-ne la població i establir quines van ser les dinàmiques d’enterrament. A partir de les característiques del cementiri, s’han avaluat els següents punts: l’organització, la tipologia, la circulació, la distribució espacial de les restes i l’anàlisi antropològica de 26.797 ossos. L’examen de les restes descontextualitzades i dels individus localitzats a camp i laboratori han permès obtenir el nombre mínim d’individus (NMI), amb determinació de sexe, edat i alçada, així com un estudi antropomètric, paleopatològic i tafonòmic. La necròpolis data del segle XI al XIV i, tot i ocupar un espai reduït de 80m2, presenta una gran potència d’estructures i un nombre mínim de 240 individus. Les tombes orientades d’oest a est i de diferents tipologies –des d’excavades a la roca, de caixa de pedra fins a la fossa simple– , segueixen els cànons del món cristià, i contenen individus en posició primària i secundària. Els inhumats es troben en decúbit supí amb variació en la posició dels braços. La distribució d’aquests en filades fa suposar l’existència de senyals per identificar-los, i per tant, de possibles vies per on circular. La localització de restes descontextualitzades ens ha permès veure acumulacions d’ossos situades a la zona sud est de la necròpolis, paral·lela a l’església. Respecte a l’emplaçament dels individus, no s’evidencien diferències entre sexe i edat, exceptuant als subadults, que estan més pròxims a l’edifici. L’absència de perinatals i nounats, ens podria indicar l’existència d’una altra ubicació per aquest grup, una zona d’albats encara no trobada. Per comprendre del tot l’espai cementirial, caldria com a mínim excavar sota l’església i el porxo oest. En relació a aquesta necròpolis podem destacar que hi ha més presència de dones que d’homes, a diferència d’altres cementiris d’Andorra i una subrepresentació de restes no adultes. L’estudi bioantropològic ens ha permès determinar les característiques morfològiques cranials i postcranials dels individus de Sant Joan de Caselles, observant similituds amb les poblacions cristianes medievals andorranes, catalanes i castellanes, i diferenciant-se de les medievals del nord de la península, les jueves i les musulmanes. En referència a l’alçada, els individus de Sant Joan de Caselles tenen una mitjana superior a la calculada en altres jaciments. Les patologies amb el percentatge més alt de representativitat són les alteracions degeneratives i les orals, seguides de les metabolico- carencials, traumàtiques, tumorals, infeccioses i congènites. No s’han identificat diferències sexuals en relació a la dieta, que es caracteritza per la ingesta de proteïnes i d’hidrats de carboni. Pel que fa als agents i efectes tafonòmics, els més reiteratius són la meteorització i les empremtes d’arrels. La tesi permet endinsar-nos en el coneixement d’una part de la població andorrana d’època medieval desconeguda fins al moment. Sant Joan de Caselles es converteix així, en la necròpolis estudiada més nombrosa de tot el territori andorrà.
This doctoral thesis on the medieval necropolis of Sant Joan de Caselles (parish of Canillo, Andorra) aims to determine the possible origin of the individuals who were buried there, to understand the evolution of the cemetery during the period when it was in use, to characterize its population and to establish its dynamics of burial. Based on the characteristics of the cemetery, the following points have been evaluated: the organization, the typology, the circulation, the spatial distribution of the remains and the anthropological analysis of 26.797 bones. Examination of the decontextualized remains and of the individuals located in the field and laboratory has made it possible to obtain the minimum number of individuals (NMI), with a determination of sex, age and height, as well as an anthropometric, paleopathological and taphonomic study. The necropolis dates from the 11th to the 14th century and, despite occupying a small space of 80m2, presents a number of tombs, many of them overlapping, and a minimum number of 240 individuals. The tombs oriented from west to east and of different types -excavations in the rock, stone boxes and simple pit- follow the canons of the Christian world and contain individuals in the primary and secondary position. The buried subjects are in a supine position with variations in the position of the arms. The distribution of these in rows implies the existence of signals to identify the subjects and therefore of possible routes to circulate. The location of decontextualized remains has allowed us to see accumulations of bones located in the south-eastern part of the necropolis, parallel to the church. Regarding the location of the individuals, there are no differences between sex and age, except for the subadults, who are closer to the building. The absence of perinatal and new-borns could indicate the existence of another location for this group, an area not yet found. To fully understand the cemetery space, an excavation should be made under the church and the west porch. What stands out of this cemetery is that there is more presence of women than men, unlike other cemeteries in Andorra, and there is also an underrepresentation of non- adult remains. The bioanthropological study has allowed us to determine the cranial and postcranial morphological characteristics of the individuals of Sant Joan de Caselles, observing similarities with the medieval Christian populations of Andorran, Catalan and Castilian, and differing from the medieval northern peninsula, the Jewish, and the Muslims. In terms of height, the individuals of Sant Joan de Caselles were on average taller when compared to what has been calculated on other sites. The pathologies with the highest percentage of representativeness are degenerative and oral alterations, followed by metabolic-deficiency, traumatic, tumour, infectious and congenital. No sexual differences have been identified in relation to diet, which is characterized by protein and carbohydrate intake. In terms of taphonomic agents and effects, the most repetitive are weathering and plant root footprints. The thesis allows us to delve into the knowledge of a part of the Andorran population from the medieval period formerly unknown. Sant Joan de Caselles thus becomes the studied necropolis with the biggest number of individuals of the Andorran territory.
La tesis doctoral sobre la necrópolis medieval de Sant Joan de Caselles (Parròquia de Canillo, Andorra) tiene como objetivos comprender la evolución del cementerio durante el periodo que estuvo en uso, establecer cuáles fueron las dinámicas de enterramiento, caracterizar la población y determinar la posible procedencia de los individuos inhumados. A partir de las características del cementerio, se han evaluado los siguientes puntos: la organización, la tipología, la circulación, la distribución espacial de los restos y el análisis antropológico de los 26.797 restos óseos localizados. Obteniendo con ello, el número mínimo de individuos (NMI), con la determinación de sexo, edad y altura, así como un estudio antropométrico, paleopatológico y tafonómico. La necrópolis data del siglo XI al XIV, y aunque ocupa un espacio reducido de 80m2 presenta una gran potencia de estructuras funerarias y un número mínimo de 240 individuos. Las tumbas están orientadas de oeste a este y responden a diferentes tipologías –desde las excavadas en la roca, las de caja de piedra a la fosa simple– siguiendo los cánones del mundo cristiano. Los individuos están en decúbito supino con variación en la posición de los brazos, encontrándose en posición primaria y secundaria. La localización de los restos descontextualizados ha permitido ver acumulaciones de huesos situados en la zona sud este de la necrópolis, paralela a la iglesia. Respecto al emplazamiento de los individuos según sexo y edad, no se evidencian diferencias, exceptuando los subadultos, más próximos al edificio. La ausencia de perinatales y neonatos puede indicar la existencia de otra ubicación para este grupo, una zona todavía no localizada. La excavación bajo la iglesia y el pórtico oeste facilitarían una mejor comprensión del espacio funerario. Del estudio se desprende que en la necrópolis hay más presencia de mujeres que de hombres en comparación a otros yacimientos de Andorra y una subrepresentación de restos no adultos. El estudio bioantropológico ha permitido determinar las características morfológicas craneales y postcraneales de los individuos de Sant Joan de Caselles, observando similitudes con las poblaciones cristianas medievales andorranas, catalanas y castellanas y diferenciándose de las medievales del norte de la península, las judías y las musulmanas. En referencia a la altura, los individuos de Sant Joan de Caselles tienen una media superior a la calculada en otros yacimientos. Las patologías con el porcentaje más alto de representatividad son las alteraciones degenerativas y las orales, seguidas de las metabólico-carenciales, traumáticas, tumorales, infecciosa y congénitas. No se han identificado diferencias sexuales en relación con la dieta, que se caracteriza per la ingesta de proteínas e hidratos de carbono. En relación a los agentes y efectos tafonómicos, los más reiterativos son la meteorización y las marcas de raíces. Esta tesis permite conocer una parte de la población andorrana de época medieval desconocida hasta ahora. Sant Joan de Caselles se convierte así en la necrópolis más numerosa de todo el territorio andorrano estudiada hasta el momento.

The study wants to fill the gap between the lack of information about the urban necropoles, placed around the Roman city, and the great number of new data derived from recent finds. In order to semplify the research, the suburb was conventionally divided into four areas: northern, eastern, southern and western area. The study starts with a topographical analysis of each area, including the examination of previous and following evidences in order to explain the evolution during the time. This chapter is followed by a catalogue of all the burial evidences of Roman Padua, collected through the analysis of previous issues and through the study of new excavations, and by a catalogue of graves with the reconstruction of burial way and customs and the list of the objects involved. This work involves a data interpretation, with materials analysis – divided by functional cathegory and class, and a synthesis on local productions and trade exchanges – and study on burial forms and funeral rituals in the time. Combining all those aspects with epigraphical information, derived by tombstones and funeral monuments, this work tries to reconstruct the diachronical development of each area, in relation with the expansion of the urban area and the socio-economical level of the inhabitants.
Il lavoro è nato per colmare il vuoto conoscitivo venutosi a creare nel tempo sulle necropoli urbane della città di epoca romana rispetto alla crescente mole di documentazione portata alla luce dai più recenti scavi. Le necropoli si disponevano attorno all’abitato, racchiuso dall’ansa e dalla controansa fluviale, in aree di suburbio che per praticità sono state convenzionalmente ripartite in quattro settori, settentrionale, orientale, meridionale e occidentale. Il lavoro di analisi parte dall’inquadramento topografico dei singoli settori, con la ricostruzione del processo evolutivo, dalle prime testimonianze di frequentazione in età protostorica alle ultime trasformazioni subite in anni recenti. Segue la carta archeologica dei siti di rinvenimento, realizzata attraverso la rilettura critica delle vecchie pubblicazioni, il recupero di dati dai lavori più recenti e l’analisi di contesti inediti. Per alcuni ritrovamenti all’inquadramento del sito si affianca l’analisi delle sepolture con ricostruzione della struttura tombale e del rituale di deposizione e catalogo dei materiali. Al lavoro di schedatura fa seguito l’interpretazione dei dati comprendente da un lato l’analisi dei materiali, suddivisi per categoria funzionale e classe di appartenenza, con quadro di sintesi sulle produzioni locali e le importazioni, dall’altro lo studio delle modalità di sepoltura e dei rituali funerari nel loro evolversi. Dalla visione complessiva di questi aspetti, unita al dato epigrafico fornito dalle stele e dai monumenti funerari, è derivata una ricostruzione dello sviluppo diacronico di ciascun settore sepolcrale, in relazione alle vicende dell’abitato e al livello socio-economico degli individui ivi sepolti.

Particularmente, lo que siempre nos llamó la atención en la carrera, no fue tal vez la construcción de grandes edificaciones o la realización de detallados diseños de interiores en un espacio, sino, lo que realmente nos motiva a aprender y tomar cierto interés a la arquitectura, es a la que con gran afecto llamamos “Arquitectura Libre”, la cual, en términos técnicos, se asemeja en gran medida a la Arquitectura Paisajista. En otras palabras, el típico contenedor desaparece para dar mayor libertad al espacio, ofreciendo una alternativa a los tradicionales muros que nos limitan, los cuales dependen de vanos y aberturas para la visual al exterior. Dando cabida al diseño de espacios abiertos, donde la naturaleza es la protagonista de cada espacio y las visuales son el ingreso a cada escenario que se ha desarrollado con un previo estudio del lugar y sus características. Otra motivación, para esta investigación académica, es poner a prueba y profundizar los conocimientos de interés adquiridos en la carrera universitaria, poniendo un hincapié a la arquitectura paramétrica y cómo la programación evolutiva se aplica en ésta. Ya que, la tecnología sigue avanzando cada día, brindándonos la oportunidad de utilizar herramientas que nos permiten resolver de manera más eficaz y eficiente las incógnitas en el desarrollo del diseño. Este territorio es nuevo, por la tanto, aún se siguen investigaciones y es, en su mayoría, experimental. Siendo un tema poco explorado en nuestro país por la limitación de información e investigación.En aquel momento, todo fue dando sentido y poco a poco se fue originado el tema. Empezó a tomar nuestros sentidos e incluso a tenerle una cierta pasión y entusiasmo a nuestra ocurrencia. La necesidad de un espacio que vaya acorde a la realidad de la ciudad en cuanto a dimensión, además, que genere un impacto positivo para los usuarios. Que no se vuelvan un contraste entre la metrópolis y Necrópolis. Sino, todo lo contrario, que se unifiquen y genere una interrelación. Tomando este concepto de gran fuerza que se refiere a: Vida y muerte interactuando.

This chapter utilizes craniometric, dental metric, and Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (ASUDAS) data to investigate temporospatial differences in biological distance patterns at the monumental necropoles of Campovalano and Alfedena, Iron Age Central Italy. Results of craniometric one-way analyses of variance suggest that Campovalano crania exhibit great biological continuity through time, while geometric mean scaled dental metric multidimensional scaling and ASUDAS neighbor-joining clustering indicate Campovalano samples are more similar to each other than compared to Alfedena Campo Consolino, the ritual core of the broader Alfedena necropolis. Also, Mantel tests reveal that male faces and cranial bases faintly correlate with burial distances at Alfedena Campo Consolino, which is consistent with previous research. However, female tooth row metrics slightly correlate with burial distances at Campovalano, which was unexpected. Finally, logistic regression and analyses of covariance models of a small dental metric subset could suggest that Alfedena Campo Consolino is the most different of the metric samples and that more comprehensive modelling of sex-specific dental morphogenetic field variation should be considered in bioarchaeology. Results are discussed in terms of biological and physical distances, endogamy and marriage rules, heritability, and small and imbalanced samples for investigating the frontiers and borderlands of the past.

In light of the research carried out to date, site 2 in Żelazna Nowa ranks among the most interesting discoveries in southern Mazovia region. Even the preliminary dating of the cemetery allows placing it among the longest-functioning Przeworsk culture necropolises (phases A3–C1b/C2). A number of phenomena recorded in the site suggest a unique nature of this necropolis. One can mention here the unique groove feature with a family burial (?), indicative of strong connections with the Celtic traditions spreading from the south along the Vistula River.

Traditionally, anthropomorphic sculptures from the necropolis of the ancient city of Gorgippia are flattened half-shapes without detailed face and body contours, merely trunks and heads. In the Northern Black Sea region such monuments are characteristic of the IV–II centuries BC, but some date back to the first centuries of the Common Era. There is a reason to believe that they were used for ceremonial purposes rather than as markers of particular burial grounds or gravestones in the conventional meaning. Faceless half-shapes in Greek necropolises are associated with rites of the worship of Persephone, who dies (as represented by faceless sculptures) and then resurrects (by sculptures with painted faces) as seasons change. They could be used like special posts – ‘cippi’ – for marking sacred places within necropolises with libations and sacrifices in honor of gods with chthonic properties. Such incarnations are observed in Persephone (Kore), Demeter, Aphrodite, Artemis and their male counterparts – Dionysus, Hercules, Hermes, Eros. Epitaphs and carved scenes related to traditions of the funeral ritual on the anthropomorphic objects turned them into tombstones dedicated to specific deceased individuals.

The main types of burial constructions at Gonur Depe site (2300-1500 BC) are represented by the following variants: shaft tombs, ordinary pit graves, chambers and cists. The revision of materials from the Large Necropolis and local necropolises allows depicting a more detailed typology and redefine the dataset. As a result, it is possible to describe a series of rare graves with atypical constructions. Their appearance is not the development of the BMAC burial rituals in chronological aspect, which is confirmed by the analysis of grave goods and the available 14C dataset. More likely, this is related to the local characteristics of micro groups that left burial complexes on the periphery of Gonur North and satellite settlements.

Necropolis Kyz-Aul is located on the Black Sea coast, 1 km to the south-east of the village. Yakovenkovo. In 1930, 1979–1983, 1985, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2005–2006, 2015–2017, he was investigated by Yu. Martti, O. Chevelev, N. Sudarev and N. Fedoseev. Separate burials date back to the II–I BC, the burial of the I–III AD the most recent burials, apparently, were committed in the IV–V AD. In the VI – third quarter of the VII century AD on the territory of the already abandoned necropolis, a small settlement was located. Its cultural stratum is traced on all sites that have been followed in the last decade. As living quarters, the looted crypts of the 1st–3rd centuries AD were adapted, consisting of one or two funerary cells and built of massive blocks of limestone (№ 6, 7, 9, 10). With exception of the crypts of the poorly preserved pit of the semidugout (?) other residential and household buildings on the necropolis could not be fixed. One child burial also belongs to the same period. The most well-preserved living room in the crypt number 6. In one of its funerary cells housed five household pits and heating devices, including a fireplace, reminiscent of the design of the fireplace. In the other crypts, the interior details of the “underground” dwellings have not been preserved. In the “Khazar” time burial chamber crypts were adapted for the maintenance of small cattle. The time of the early Byzantine settlement on the necropolis dates numerous finds of amphorae. The upper date was determined thanks to the coin of 674 Constantine IV Pogonat. In addition, a ring with the image of an archangel was found, an analogy of which is known in the burial complexes of the 7th century. Unfortunately, the area and location of the necropolis of this settlement is not yet established. Cannot be reconstructed and its layout. It is difficult to reconstruct the interior of the “underground” dwellings themselves, since the crypts were reused in the “Khazar” period. In addition, no other settlements of this time were found on the ancient necropolises of the Kerch Peninsula

Задачи систематизации и популяризации культурного наследия актуализируют изучение исторических некрополей — мест сосредоточения памятников мемориальной скульптуры и архитектуры. Анализ надгробий на мусульманском некрополе Кенсай в Алма- Ате подтверждает существование самобытной культуры мемориальной пластики, в которой жанр светского портретного памятника сосуществует с традиционными формами, сохранение и адаптация которых в современных условиях является актуальной проблемой. Процессы урбанизации, социокультурного упадка и стагнации в системе государственного заказа и приема памятников отражаются на исторических некрополях, что приводит к утрате целостности, гармоничности и своеобразия скульптурно- пространственной среды и эстетических свой ств наиболее ценных надгробий. The tasks of cultural heritage systematization and popularization actualize the study of historical necropolises — places of concentration of memorial sculpture and architecture. An analysis of tombstones at the Kensai muslim necropolis in Almaty confirms the existence of a distinctive culture of memorial sculpture, in which the genre of secular portrait monument coexists with traditional forms, the preservation and adaptation of which in modern conditions is an important problem. Processes of urbanization, socio-cultural decline and stagnation in the system of state ordering and acceptance of monuments are also reflected in historical necropolises, which leads to the loss of integrity, harmony and originality of the sculptural- spatial environment and the aesthetic properties of the most valuable tombstones.

В статье анализируются нумизматические материалы из раскопок некрополя Фанагории в 1975–2021 гг. Интерпретация этих находок лежит в дискурсе неоднократно рассматриваемой проблемы о назначении монет в могилах античной эпохи. Впервые публикуемые здесь монетные находки из некрополя этого одного из крупнейших центров Северного Причерноморья безусловно представляют важный источник для изучения денежного обращения региона и особенностей местного погребального обряда. С другой стороны, монеты являются важным хронологическим индикатором как для датировки захоронений, так и для периодизации истории фанагорийского некрополя в целом. Считалось, что традиция класть деньги в могилу в качестве «обола Харона» появилась у греков в середине/конце 5 в. до н. э. Эту датировку подтверждали и материалы боспорских некрополей (Пантикапей и Волна 1). Однако некрополь Фанагории дал пантикапейский диобол 480–460 гг. до н. э., который является на данный момент самой ранней монетой, использованной в погребальной практике Боспора. Всего 128 монет найдено некрополе Фанагории за рассматриваемый период (не считая клада из 3695 позднебоспорских статеров, не связанного с ритуалом). Из них 8 – серебряные: 5 боспорских монет 5–1 вв. до н. э., денарий Траяна, 2 статера Рескупорида V. Все остальные монеты медные. Из 95 автономных монет, 66 отчеканены в Пан тикапее (включая кошелек с 7 монетами 3 в. до н. э.), Фанагории – 26, Ольвии – 1, Ами се – 1. Боспорским царям принадлежат 30 монет, от Полемона I до Фофорса, монеты которого являются позднейшими из боспорских. Кроме двух монет Митридата III и Котиса I с отверстиями, а также двух пробитых монет Феодосия I, использованных в качестве подвесок среди бус, все остальные монеты являются «оболами Харона», представляя важное свидетельство как местного погребального обряда, так и денежного обращения античного Боспора. Процесс исследования монет в погребальном контексте Фанагории позволяет аккумулировать информацию для правильной интерпретации данных о местном (и общегреческом) погребальном обряде. Информация, полученная при изучении монет из этого некрополя, может быть включена в пополняемую базу данных по нумизматическим материалам из других некрополей Боспора и юго-западного Крыма. Однако полная интерпретация погребальных ритуалов Фанагории, где монеты, по-видимому, играют важную роль, зависит от точности полевых наблюдений. The present article analyses numismatic materials from the excavations of the Phanagorian necropolis in 1975–2021. These finds are repeatedly discussed in light of the purpose of coins in ancient graves. Published for the first time, the coin finds from the necropolis of one of the largest centres of the Northern Black Sea region are, without doubt, an important source for studying the monetary circulation in the region and the traits of its funeral rites. Coins are also an important chronological indicator for both the dating of burials and for the historical periodization of the Phanagorian necropolis altogether. It was understood that the tradition of putting money in graves as “Charon’s obol” appeared in the Greek World during the second half of the fifth century BC. Such dating was also confirmed by archaeological finds from the Bosporan necropoleis (Panticapaeum and Volna 1). The Phanagorian necropolis, however, yielded a Panticapaean diobol dating to 480–460 BC, currently the earliest coin used in the burial practice in the Bosporos. A total of 128 coins were found at the Phanagorian necropolis during the aforementioned excavation period (excluding the hoard of 3,695 Late Bosporan staters, which are not associated with ritual practice). Eight of them are silver coins: five Bosporan coins dating to the 5th–1th centuries BC, a denarius of Trajan, two staters of Reskuporides V. The rest are copper coins. Of the 95 autonomous coins, 66 were minted in Panticapaeum (including a purse with seven coins dating to the third century BC), 26 – in Phanagoria, one in Olbia and one in Amis. Thirty coins are associated with Bosporan kings, from Polemon I to Thothorses, whose coins are dated the latest out of Bosporan coins. Except for the two perforated coins of Mithridates III and Cotys I, as well as two, also perforated, coins of Theodosius I, which were used as pendants, all other coins are “Charon’s obols”, which provides important evidence of both the local funerary rites and the monetary circulation of the ancient Bosporos. The study of coins in Phanagorian funerary context allows to accumulate information necessary for a correct interpretation of data on the local (and common Greek) funeral rites. Information obtained during the study of coins from the Phanagorian necropolis can be included in the continuously renewed numismatic “database” from other necropoleis of the Bosporos and southwestern Crimea. However, a complete interpretation of Phanagorian funerary rites, in which coins seem to play an important role, depends on the accuracy of field observations.

This paper analyzes the city of Siracusa, Italy, and in particular the Historic Center of Ortigia. Siracusa and the rocky Necropolis of Pantalica (in the Cassaro, Ferla, and Sortino areas) were inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List in 2005, an event that may be considered the official recognition of the beauty and uniqueness of their historical, artistic, architectonic, and natural patrimony.