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1

Shi, Gongjun, Zengcui Zhang, Timothy L. Friesen, et al. "The hijacking of a receptor kinase–driven pathway by a wheat fungal pathogen leads to disease." Science Advances 2, no. 10 (2016): e1600822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600822.

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Necrotrophic pathogens live and feed on dying tissue, but their interactions with plants are not well understood compared to biotrophic pathogens. The wheatSnn1gene confers susceptibility to strains of the necrotrophic pathogenParastagonospora nodorumthat produce the SnTox1 protein. We report the positional cloning ofSnn1, a member of the wall-associated kinase class of receptors, which are known to drive pathways for biotrophic pathogen resistance. Recognition of SnTox1 bySnn1activates programmed cell death, which allows this necrotroph to gain nutrients and sporulate. These results demonstra
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2

Goodwin, Paul H., and Grace Y. J. Chen. "Expression of a glycogen synthase protein kinase homolog from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f.sp. malvae during infection of Malva pusilla." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 48, no. 11 (2002): 1035–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w02-102.

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The potential role of a GSK3 protein kinase homolog, cggsk, was examined from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f.sp. malvae, a fungal pathogen of Malva pusilla. A peak in cggsk expression relative to a constitutively expressed fungal actin gene occurred during host penetration and was followed by much lower expression levels during subsequent biotrophic and necrotrophic growth in host tissue. The peak level of cggsk expression observed during penetration was 21-fold greater than that during necrotrophic growth. Expression of cggsk showed small but reproducible changes during growth in culture; h
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3

Lorang, Jennifer. "Necrotrophic Exploitation and Subversion of Plant Defense: A Lifestyle or Just a Phase, and Implications in Breeding Resistance." Phytopathology® 109, no. 3 (2019): 332–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-09-18-0334-ia.

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Breeding disease-resistant plants is a critical, environmentally friendly component of any strategy to sustainably feed and clothe the 9.8 billion people expected to live on Earth by 2050. Here, I review current literature detailing plant defense responses as they relate to diverse biological outcomes; disease resistance, susceptibility, and establishment of mutualistic plant–microbial relationships. Of particular interest is the degree to which these outcomes are a function of plant-associated microorganisms’ lifestyles; biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, necrotrophic, or mutualistic. For the sake o
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4

Macioszek, Violetta Katarzyna, Tomasz Jęcz, Iwona Ciereszko, and Andrzej Kiejstut Kononowicz. "Jasmonic Acid as a Mediator in Plant Response to Necrotrophic Fungi." Cells 12, no. 7 (2023): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12071027.

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Jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives, all named jasmonates, are the simplest phytohormones which regulate multifarious plant physiological processes including development, growth and defense responses to various abiotic and biotic stress factors. Moreover, jasmonate plays an important mediator’s role during plant interactions with necrotrophic oomycetes and fungi. Over the last 20 years of research on physiology and genetics of plant JA-dependent responses to pathogens and herbivorous insects, beginning from the discovery of the JA co-receptor CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 (COI1), research has spe
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5

Jeffries, Peter. "Biology and ecology of mycoparasitism." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (1995): 1284–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-389.

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The term mycoparasitism applies strictly to those relationships in which one living fungus acts as a nutrient source for another, but fungicolous relationships may also be included in which nutrient exchange has not been shown. Fungicolous fungi have a constant but indeterminate association with another fungus, and it can be difficult to demonstrate a true parasitic relationship. Mycoparasitic relationships can be necrotrophic or biotrophic, and can be classified on the basis of the host–parasite interface as contact necrotrophs, invasive necrotrophs, haustorial biotrophs, intracellular biotro
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6

McGrann, Graham R. D., Steven Miller, and Neil D. Havis. "The ENHANCED MAGNAPORTHE RESISTANCE 1 locus affects Ramularia leaf spot development in barley." European Journal of Plant Pathology 156, no. 1 (2019): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01869-x.

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AbstractRamularia leaf spot (RLS) is a newly-important disease of barley which is caused when the fungus Ramularia collo-cygni enters necrotrophic development during colonisation of the host. Mutant alleles at the barley MILDEW LOCUS O, mlo, locus confer broad spectrum durable resistance against the powdery mildew fungus, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, but can enhance susceptibility to pathogens with necrotrophic development stages such as R. collo-cygni. Given the importance of mlo in spring barley breeding programmes, identifying loci that mitigate the effect of mlo-mediated susceptibility
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7

Temmerman, R., H. Vervaeren, B. Noseda, N. Boon, and W. Verstraete. "Necrotrophic Growth of Legionella pneumophila." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 6 (2006): 4323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00070-06.

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ABSTRACT This study examined whether Legionella pneumophila is able to thrive on heat-killed microbial cells (necrotrophy) present in biofilms or heat-treated water systems. Quantification by means of plate counting, real-time PCR, and flow cytometry demonstrated necrotrophic growth of L. pneumophila in water after 96 h, when at least 100 dead cells are available to one L. pneumophila cell. Compared to the starting concentration of L. pneumophila, the maximum observed necrotrophic growth was 1.89 log units for real-time PCR and 1.49 log units for plate counting. The average growth was 1.57 �
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8

Rahman, Taha Abd El, Mohamed El Oirdi, Rocio Gonzalez-Lamothe, and Kamal Bouarab. "Necrotrophic Pathogens Use the Salicylic Acid Signaling Pathway to Promote Disease Development in Tomato." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 25, no. 12 (2012): 1584–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-07-12-0187-r.

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Plants use different immune pathways to combat pathogens. The activation of the jasmonic acid (JA)-signaling pathway is required for resistance against necrotrophic pathogens; however, to combat biotrophic pathogens, the plants activate mainly the salicylic acid (SA)-signaling pathway. SA can antagonize JA signaling and vice versa. NPR1 (noninducible pathogenesis-related 1) is considered a master regulator of SA signaling. NPR1 interacts with TGA transcription factors, ultimately leading to the activation of SA-dependent responses. SA has been shown to promote disease development caused by the
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9

Liang, Xiaofei, and Jeffrey A. Rollins. "Mechanisms of Broad Host Range Necrotrophic Pathogenesis in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum." Phytopathology® 108, no. 10 (2018): 1128–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-06-18-0197-rvw.

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Among necrotrophic fungi, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is remarkable for its extremely broad host range and for its aggressive host tissue colonization. With full genome sequencing, transcriptomic analyses and the increasing pace of functional gene characterization, the factors underlying the basis of this broad host range necrotrophic pathogenesis are now being elucidated at a greater pace. Among these, genes have been characterized that are required for infection via compound appressoria in addition to genes associated with colonization that regulate oxalic acid (OA) production and OA catabolism
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10

Karelov, A. V., N. A. Kozub, I. A. Sozinov, A. A. Sozinov, and O. I. Sozinova. "Regularities of polymorphism of the markers of genes conferring resistance against necrotrophic phytopathogens in spring cultivars of common wheat of Ukrainian breading." Interdepartmental Thematic Scientific Collection of Plant Protection and Quarantine, no. 62 (September 3, 2016): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/1606-9773.2016.62.124-132.

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With use of the molecular markers of the genes, related to resistance against necrotrophic phytopathogens a sample of cultivars of common spring wheat (94 in total) were studied. A number of correlations for the distribution of alleles of susceptibility (insusceptibility) to the toxins of necrotrophic fungi were revealed that might be evidence of specificity of their mutual selection during breeding process. Some of the Ukrainian cultivars might be source of complex resistance (insusceptibility) to necrotrophic fungi.
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11

Kanyuka, Kostya, Alina A. Igna, Peter S. Solomon, and Richard P. Oliver. "The rise of necrotrophic effectors." New Phytologist 233, no. 1 (2021): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.17811.

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12

Ghozlan, Mahmoud H., Eman EL-Argawy, Serkan Tokgöz, Dilip K. Lakshman, and Amitava Mitra. "Plant Defense against Necrotrophic Pathogens." American Journal of Plant Sciences 11, no. 12 (2020): 2122–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2020.1112149.

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13

Raiola, Alessandro, Vincenzo Lionetti, Ibrahim Elmaghraby, et al. "Pectin Methylesterase Is Induced in Arabidopsis upon Infection and Is Necessary for a Successful Colonization by Necrotrophic Pathogens." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 24, no. 4 (2011): 432–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-07-10-0157.

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The ability of bacterial or fungal necrotrophs to produce enzymes capable of degrading pectin is often related to a successful initiation of the infective process. Pectin is synthesized in a highly methylesterified form and is subsequently de-esterified in muro by pectin methylesterase. De-esterification makes pectin more susceptible to the degradation by pectic enzymes such as endopolygalacturonases (endoPG) and pectate lyases secreted by necrotrophic pathogens during the first stages of infection. We show that, upon infection, Pectobacterium carotovorum and Botrytis cinerea induce in Arabido
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14

Tan, Kar-Chun, Richard P. Oliver, Peter S. Solomon, and Caroline S. Moffat. "Proteinaceous necrotrophic effectors in fungal virulence." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 10 (2010): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp10067.

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The host–pathogen interface can be considered as a biological battlefront. Molecules produced by both the pathogen and the host are critical factors determining the outcome of the interaction. Recent studies have revealed that an increasing number of necrotrophic fungal pathogens produce small proteinaceous effectors that are able to function as virulence factors. These molecules can cause tissue death in host plants that possess dominant sensitivity genes, leading to subsequent pathogen colonisation. Such effectors are only found in necrotrophic fungi, yet their roles in virulence are poorly
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15

Coles, Donovin W., Sean L. Bithell, Meena Mikhael, William S. Cuddy, and Jonathan M. Plett. "Chickpea Roots Undergoing Colonisation by Phytophthora medicaginis Exhibit Opposing Jasmonic Acid and Salicylic Acid Accumulation and Signalling Profiles to Leaf Hemibiotrophic Models." Microorganisms 10, no. 2 (2022): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020343.

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Hemibiotrophic pathogens cause significant losses within agriculture, threatening the sustainability of food systems globally. These microbes colonise plant tissues in three phases: a biotrophic phase followed by a biotrophic-to-necrotrophic switch phase and ending with necrotrophy. Each of these phases is characterized by both common and discrete host transcriptional responses. Plant hormones play an important role in these phases, with foliar models showing that salicylic acid accumulates during the biotrophic phase and jasmonic acid/ethylene responses occur during the necrotrophic phase. Th
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16

Brouwer, Sophie, Maja Brus-Szkalej, Ganapathi Saripella, Dong Liang, Erland Liljeroth, and Laura Grenville-Briggs. "Transcriptome Analysis of Potato Infected with the Necrotrophic Pathogen Alternaria solani." Plants 10, no. 10 (2021): 2212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102212.

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Potato early blight is caused by the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria solani and can result in yield losses of up to 50% if left uncontrolled. At present, the disease is controlled by chemical fungicides, yet rapid development of fungicide resistance renders current control strategies unsustainable. On top of that, a lack of understanding of potato defences and the quantitative nature of resistance mechanisms against early blight hinders the development of more sustainable control methods. Necrotrophic pathogens, compared to biotrophs, pose an extra challenge to the plant, since common defence s
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17

Csosz, Maria. "Occurrence of necrotrophic leaf pathogens in wheat and their relation to symptom development in Hungary (2000-2002)." Acta Agrobotanica 58, no. 1 (2012): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2005.002.

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1879-2720 leaf samples from 8-13 stations of Hungary were collected in March, April, May and June 2000-2002. <i>Drechslera tritici</i>-<i>repentis</i>, <i>Septoria tritici</i>, <i>Stagonospora nodorum</i> and <i>Bipolaris sorokiniana</i> were found in the leaf samples. The occurrence of necrotrophic pathogens was highest (10,79%) in 2001 and lowest (2,63%) in 2002. The occurrence and rate of the necrotrophic pathogens changed significantly among years and locations. The resistance of cultivars based on natural infection could not be p
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18

Sache, Ivan, and Claude de Vallavieille-Pope. "Classification of airborne plant pathogens based on sporulation and infection characteristics." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 8 (1995): 1186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-128.

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The infection cycles of 26 airborne fungal plant pathogens were compared using six monocyclic variables: latent period, infectious period, sporulation capacity, relative date of sporulation peak, lesion size, and infection efficiency. All variables were measured at the seedling stage in conditions highly conducive to disease development. Multivariate analyses of literature and experimental data were used to describe epidemic strategies based on compensation, addition, and multiplication effects between the monocyclic variables. A typology of fungi according to these effects is proposed, the ma
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19

Rajarammohan, Sivasubramanian, Deepak Pental, and Jagreet Kaur. "Near-Complete Genome Assembly of Alternaria brassicae—A Necrotrophic Pathogen of Brassica Crops." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, no. 8 (2019): 928–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-03-19-0084-a.

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Alternaria brassicae, a necrotrophic fungal pathogen, causes Alternaria blight, an important disease of brassica crops. Although many Alternaria spp. have been sequenced, no genome information is available for A. brassicae, a monotypic lineage within the Alternaria genus. A highly contiguous genome assembly of A. brassicae has been generated using Nanopore MinION sequencing with an N50 of 2.98 Mb, yielding nine full chromosome-level sequences. This study adds to the current genomic resources available for the genus Alternaria and will provide opportunities for further analyses to unravel the m
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20

Kumar, Jagdish, Ralph Hückelhoven, Ulrich Beckhove, Subrahmaniam Nagarajan, and Karl-Heinz Kogel. "A Compromised Mlo Pathway Affects the Response of Barley to the Necrotrophic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana (Teleomorph: Cochliobolus sativus) and Its Toxins." Phytopathology® 91, no. 2 (2001): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.2.127.

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In search of new durable disease resistance traits in barley to control leaf spot blotch disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana (teleomorph: Cochliobolus sativus), we developed macroscopic and microscopic scales to judge spot blotch disease development on barley. Infection of barley was associated with cell wall penetration and accumulation of hydrogen peroxide. The latter appeared to take place in cell wall swellings under fungal penetration attempts as well as during cell death provoked by the necrotrophic pathogen. Additionally, we tested the influence of a compromi
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21

Faris, Justin D., and Timothy L. Friesen. "Plant genes hijacked by necrotrophic fungal pathogens." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 56 (August 2020): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2020.04.003.

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22

Friesen, Timothy L., Justin D. Faris, Peter S. Solomon, and Richard P. Oliver. "Host-specific toxins: effectors of necrotrophic pathogenicity." Cellular Microbiology 10, no. 7 (2008): 1421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01153.x.

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23

Ding, Yifeng, Xiaomeng Wang, Dandan Wang, et al. "Identification of CmbHLH Transcription Factor Family and Excavation of CmbHLHs Resistant to Necrotrophic Fungus Alternaria in Chrysanthemum." Genes 14, no. 2 (2023): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14020275.

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Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. ‘Huaihuang’ is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant. However, a black spot disease caused by Alternaria sp., a typical necrotrophic fungus, has a serious damaging influence on the field growth, yield, and quality of the plant. ‘Huaiju 2#’ being bred from ‘Huaihuang’, shows resistance to Alternaria sp. bHLH transcription factor has been widely studied because of their functions in growth development, signal transduction, and abiotic stress. However, the function of bHLH in biotic stress has rarely been studied. To characterize the resistance genes, the CmbHLH fa
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24

Vajna, L. "Phytopathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht, as a Necrotrophic Mycoparasite." Journal of Phytopathology 114, no. 4 (1985): 338–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1985.tb00629.x.

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25

White, Gerard J., and James A. Traquair. "Necrotrophic mycoparasitism ofBotrytis cinereaby cellulolytic and ligninocellulolytic Basidiomycetes." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 52, no. 6 (2006): 508–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w05-141.

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Twenty-six isolates representing 17 species of aphyllophoraceous, wood-decaying Basidiomycetes and five species of agaricoid, turf-borne, thatch-decaying Basidiomycetes were screened for their abilities to degrade cellulose, lignin, and melanin by using colorimetric degradation assays on agar media. Selected ligninocellulolytic Basidiomycetes capable of degrading melanin were screened for antagonism of Botrytis cinerea Per.:Fr. The greatest inhibition of Botrytis colony and hyphal growth in vitro was observed in confrontations with Irpex lacteus (Fr.) Fr., Trametes versicolor (L.:Fr.) Pilat, a
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26

Manocha, M. S., and A. S. Sahai. "Mechanisms of recognition in necrotrophic and biotrophic mycoparasites." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 39, no. 3 (1993): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m93-039.

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27

Bandara, Y. M. A. Y., D. K. Weerasooriya, S. Liu, and C. R. Little. "The Necrotrophic Fungus Macrophomina phaseolina Promotes Charcoal Rot Susceptibility in Grain Sorghum Through Induced Host Cell-Wall-Degrading Enzymes." Phytopathology® 108, no. 8 (2018): 948–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-12-17-0404-r.

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The cell-wall-degrading enzymes (CWDE) secreted by necrotrophs are important virulence factors. Although not unequivocally demonstrated, it has been suggested that necrotrophs induce hosts to cooperate in disease development through manipulation of host CWDE. The necrotrophic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina causes charcoal rot disease in Sorghum bicolor. An RNA-seq experiment was conducted to investigate the behavior of sorghum CWDE-encoding genes after M. phaseolina inoculation. Results revealed M. phaseolina’s ability to significantly upregulate pectin methylesterase-, polygalacturonase-, cel
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28

Klemme, Sonja, Yorick De Smet, Bruno Cammue, and Marc De Block. "Selection of Salicylic Acid Tolerant Epilines in Brassica napus." Agronomy 9, no. 2 (2019): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9020092.

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Two of the major pathways involved in induced defense of plants against pathogens include the salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated pathways that act mainly against biotrophs and necrotrophs, respectively. However, some necrotrophic pathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea, actively induce the SA pathway, resulting in cell death that allows the pathogen to proliferate in the plant. Starting from an isogenic canola (Brassica napus) line, epilines were selected with a reduced sensitivity to SA. The genes belonging to the SA pathway had an altered transcription profile in the SA-toleran
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29

Bhadauria, Vijai, Sabine Banniza, Albert Vandenberg, Gopalan Selvaraj, and Yangdou Wei. "Overexpression of a Novel Biotrophy-Specific Colletotrichum truncatum Effector, CtNUDIX, in Hemibiotrophic Fungal Phytopathogens Causes Incompatibility with Their Host Plants." Eukaryotic Cell 12, no. 1 (2012): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00192-12.

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ABSTRACT The hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum truncatum causes anthracnose disease on lentils and a few other grain legumes. It shows initial symptomless intracellular growth, where colonized host cells remain viable (biotrophy), and then switches to necrotrophic growth, killing the colonized host plant tissues. Here, we report a novel effector gene, CtNUDIX , from C. truncatum that is exclusively expressed during the late biotrophic phase (before the switch to necrotrophy) and elicits a hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death in tobacco leaves transiently expressing the effector. CtN
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30

Yuan, Qinfeng, Yaqin Yan, Muhammad Aamir Sohail, et al. "A Novel Hexose Transporter ChHxt6 Is Required for Hexose Uptake and Virulence in Colletotrichum higginsianum." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (2021): 5963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115963.

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Colletotrichum higginsianum is an important hemibiotrophic plant pathogen that causes crucifer anthracnose worldwide. To date, some hexose transporters have been identified in fungi. However, the functions of hexose transporters in virulence are not clear in hemibiotrophic phytopathogens. In this study, we identified and characterized a new hexose transporter gene named ChHxt6 from a T-DNA insertion pathogenicity-deficient mutant G256 in C. higginsianum. Expression profiling analysis revealed that six ChHxt genes, ChHxt1 to ChHxt6, exhibited specific expression patterns in different infection
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Gao, Y., J. D. Faris, Z. Liu, et al. "Identification and Characterization of the SnTox6-Snn6 Interaction in the Parastagonospora nodorum–Wheat Pathosystem." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 28, no. 5 (2015): 615–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-12-14-0396-r.

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Parastagonospora nodorum is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen that causes Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB) (formerly Stagonospora nodorum blotch) on wheat. P. nodorum produces necrotrophic effectors (NE) that are recognized by dominant host sensitivity gene products resulting in disease development. The NE–host interaction is critical to inducing NE-triggered susceptibility (NETS). To date, seven NE–host sensitivity gene interactions, following an inverse gene-for-gene model, have been identified in the P. nodorum–wheat pathosystem. Here, we used a wheat mapping population that segregated for sensit
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32

Dean, J. Doug, Paul H. Goodwin, and Tom Hsiang. "Colletotrichum gloeosporioides infection induces differential expression of glutathione S-transferase genes in Malva pusilla." Functional Plant Biology 30, no. 7 (2003): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp03080.

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Among a collection of 840 expressed sequence tags of Malva pusilla leaves infected with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. malvae (Cgm), a total of four different glutathione S-transferase (GST) (EC 2.5.1.18) genes were identified, each showing a different pattern of expression following infection. MpGSTU1 and MpGSTU2 were members of the class tau GSTs, MpGSTF1 was a member of the class phi GSTs, and MpGSTZ1 belonged to the class zeta GSTs. Infection by Cgm occurs by a hemibiotrophic process with an initial biotrophic phase preceding the necrotrophic phase and the appearance of symptoms. Ex
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33

Zhang, Dezhen, Wenjuan Chi, Cuicui Wang, et al. "Pathogenic Process-Associated Transcriptome Analysis of Stemphylium lycopersici from Tomato." International Journal of Genomics 2022 (May 20, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4522132.

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Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) gray leaf spot disease is a predominant foliar disease of tomato in China that is caused mainly by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Stemphylium lycopersici. Little is known regarding the pathogenic mechanisms of this broad-host-range pathogen. In this study, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed and more genetic information on the pathogenicity determinants of S. lycopersici during the infection process in tomato were obtained. Through an RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis, 1,642 and 1,875 genes upregulated during the early infection and necrotrophic
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34

Ronen, Moshe, Hanan Sela, Eyal Fridman, et al. "Characterization of the Barley Net Blotch Pathosystem at the Center of Origin of Host and Pathogen." Pathogens 8, no. 4 (2019): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040275.

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Net blotch (NB) is a major disease of barley caused by the fungus Pyrenophora teres f. teres (Ptt), and P. teres f. maculata (Ptm). Ptt and Ptm infect the cultivated crop (Hordeum vulgare) and its wild relatives (H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum and H. murinum ssp. glaucum). The main goal of this research was to study the NB-causing pathogen in the crop center of origin. To address this, we have constructed a Ptt (n = 15) and Ptm (n = 12) collection isolated from three barley species across Israel. Isolates were characterized genetically and phenotypically. Aggressiveness of the isolates was determi
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35

Foroud, Nora A., Reyhaneh Pordel, Ravinder K. Goyal, et al. "Chemical Activation of the Ethylene Signaling Pathway Promotes Fusarium graminearum Resistance in Detached Wheat Heads." Phytopathology® 109, no. 5 (2019): 796–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-08-18-0286-r.

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Plant signaling hormones such as ethylene have been shown to affect the host response to various pathogens. Often, the resistance responses to necrotrophic fungi are mediated through synergistic interactions of ethylene (ET) with the jasmonate signaling pathway. On the other hand, ET is also an inducer of senescence and cell death, which could be beneficial for some invading necrotrophic pathogens. Fusarium graminearum, a causative agent in Fusarium head blight of wheat, is a hemibiotrophic pathogen, meaning it has both biotrophic and necrotrophic phases during the course of infection. However
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36

Nafisi, Majse, Lorenzo Fimognari, and Yumiko Sakuragi. "Interplays between the cell wall and phytohormones in interaction between plants and necrotrophic pathogens." Phytochemistry 112, no. 1 (2015): 63–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.11.008.

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Nafisi, Majse, Fimognari, Lorenzo, Sakuragi, Yumiko (2015): Interplays between the cell wall and phytohormones in interaction between plants and necrotrophic pathogens. Phytochemistry 112 (1): 63-71, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.11.008, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.11.008
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37

Tirilly, Yves. "The role of fosetyl-Al in the potential integrated control of Fulvia fulva." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 2 (1991): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-041.

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Fulvia fulva, the agent of leaf mould, is known to be a major parasite of tomato leaves in greenhouses. Its development is characterized by a biotrophic phase followed by a necrotrophic phase. Hansfordia pulvinata is a hyperparasite of this pathogen, but its destructive action is restricted by its inability to colonize F. fulva during the biotrophic phase, before lesion formation. An integrated system to optimize the mycoparasitic activity of H. pulvinata was studied. The hyperparasite was tolerant to fosetyl-Al in situ. At a minimal concentration of 500 mg/L, the fungicide inhibited F. fulva
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Hammond-Kosack, Kim E., and Jason J. Rudd. "Plant resistance signalling hijacked by a necrotrophic fungal pathogen." Plant Signaling & Behavior 3, no. 11 (2008): 993–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.6292.

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Prusky, Dov, Noam Alkan, Tesfaye Mengiste, and Robert Fluhr. "Quiescent and Necrotrophic Lifestyle Choice During Postharvest Disease Development." Annual Review of Phytopathology 51, no. 1 (2013): 155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102349.

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Kan, Jan A. L., Michael W. Shaw, and Robert T. Grant‐Downton. "Botrytis species: relentless necrotrophic thugs or endophytes gone rogue?" Molecular Plant Pathology 15, no. 9 (2014): 957–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12148.

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Shen, Qinqin, Lijun Liu, Liping Wang, and Qiang Wang. "Indole primes plant defense against necrotrophic fungal pathogen infection." PLOS ONE 13, no. 11 (2018): e0207607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207607.

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Junker, Klara, Anna Chailyan, Ana Hesselbart, Jochen Forster, and Jürgen Wendland. "Multi-omics characterization of the necrotrophic mycoparasite Saccharomycopsis schoenii." PLOS Pathogens 15, no. 5 (2019): e1007692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007692.

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McCormick, Sheila. "Chloroplast-targeted antioxidant protein protects against necrotrophic fungal attack." Plant Journal 92, no. 5 (2017): 759–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13762.

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Pandey, Dinesh, Subin Raj Cheri Kunnumal Rajendran, Manu Gaur, P. K. Sajeesh, and Anil Kumar. "Plant Defense Signaling and Responses Against Necrotrophic Fungal Pathogens." Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 35, no. 4 (2016): 1159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00344-016-9600-7.

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Glazebrook, Jane. "Contrasting Mechanisms of Defense Against Biotrophic and Necrotrophic Pathogens." Annual Review of Phytopathology 43, no. 1 (2005): 205–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.135923.

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Solomon, Peter S. "Assessing the mycotoxigenic threat of necrotrophic pathogens of wheat." Mycotoxin Research 27, no. 4 (2011): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12550-011-0108-5.

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Morse, Alison M., C. Dana Nelson, Sarah F. Covert, Angela G. Holliday, Katherine E. Smith, and John M. Davis. "Pine genes regulated by the necrotrophic pathogen Fusarium circinatum." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 109, no. 5 (2004): 922–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-004-1719-4.

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Ribeiro, Sébastien, Philippe Label, Dominique Garcia, Pascal Montoro, and Valérie Pujade-Renaud. "Transcriptome profiling in susceptible and tolerant rubber tree clones in response to cassiicolin Cas1, a necrotrophic effector from Corynespora cassiicola." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (2021): e0254541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254541.

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Corynespora cassiicola, a fungal plant pathogen with a large host range, causes important damages in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), in Asia and Africa. A small secreted protein named cassiicolin was previously identified as a necrotrophic effector required for the virulence of C. cassiicola in specific rubber tree clones. The objective of this study was to decipher the cassiicolin-mediated molecular mechanisms involved in this compatible interaction. We comparatively analyzed the RNA-Seq transcriptomic profiles of leaves treated or not with the purified cassiicolin Cas1, in two rubber clone
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Reis, E. M., D. Baruffi, L. Remor, and M. Zanatta. "Decomposition of corn and soybean residues under field conditions and their role as inoculum source." Summa Phytopathologica 37, no. 1 (2011): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-54052011000100011.

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Necrotrophic parasites of above-ground plant parts survive saprophytically, between growing seasons in host crop residues. In an experiment conducted under field conditions, the time required in months for corn and soybean residues to be completely decomposed was quantified. Residues were laid on the soil surface to simulate no-till farming. Crop debris of the two plant species collected on the harvesting day cut into pieces of 5.0cm-long and a 200g mass was added to nylon mesh bags. At monthly intervals, bags were taken to the laboratory for weighing. Corn residues were decomposed within 37.0
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Asai, Shuta, and Hirofumi Yoshioka. "Nitric Oxide as a Partner of Reactive Oxygen Species Participates in Disease Resistance to Necrotrophic Pathogen Botrytis cinerea in Nicotiana benthamiana." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 22, no. 6 (2009): 619–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-22-6-0619.

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Nitric oxide (NO) is an essential regulatory molecule in plant immunity in synergy with reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, little is known about the role of NO in disease resistance to necrotrophic pathogens. NO and oxidative bursts were induced during necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea and Nicotiana benthamiana compatible interaction. Histochemical analyses showed that both NO and ROS were produced in adjacent cells of invaded areas in N. benthamiana leaves. Activation of salicylic acid–induced protein kinase, which regulates the radical burst, and several defense-related gene
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