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1
Linda, Brown. Assessing the socioemotional development and intervention needs of students. Austin, Tex: Pro-Ed, 1987.
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2
Ray, Shelton, and American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress., eds. Acute traumatic stress management, ATSM: Addressing emergent psychological needs during traumatic events. Commack, N.Y: American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress, 2001.
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3
Solomon-Scherzer, C. Ruth. Is there a need for early psychological intervention with families with children suffering from Cystic Fibrosis? =: Est-ce que l'intervention psychologique précoce est nécessaire auprès des familles d'enfants atteints de fibrose kystique? : final report. [Quebec: s.n., 1994.
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4
Patterns of Learning Disorders: Working Systematically from Assessment to Intervention (Guilford School Practitioner Series). The Guilford Press, 2006.
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5
Merchant, Roland C., and Francesca L. Beaudoin. Brief Interventions for Substance-Use Disorder in Older Patients. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392063.003.0003.
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Substance-misuse brief interventions for older adults are structured interventions of relative brevity, although the purpose, number, and frequency of the intervention sessions can vary. Brief interventions provide initial linkage to appropriate follow-up care. This chapter provides an overview of brief interventions for substance misuse among older adults, a review of research examining the effectiveness of these interventions, and suggestions for research strategies on this topic. Limitations in the accuracy of screening instruments for alcohol and substance-use disorders in older adults are considered. We review age-related factors that influence the interventional needs of older adults. Contextual factors include medical and psychological conditions as well as cognitive decline and mobility challenges. We present preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of brief interventions for substance-use disorders in older adults. Future directions in research are explored, including the use of age-specific content to enhance outcomes from brief interventions.
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Grassi, Luigi, Maria Giulia Nanni, and Rosangela Caruso. Psychotherapeutic interventions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806677.003.0010.
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Psychotherapy is an integrative and integrated part of modern patient/relation-centered care in the advanced and terminal phases of physical illness. Psychiatric disorders (e.g. depressive spectrum, stress-related, and anxiety disorders), other clinically significant psychosocial conditions (e.g. demoralization, existential pain) and interpersonal, psychological, and spiritual needs have to be addressed by psychological intervention. Supportive-Expressive Group Psychotherapy (SEGT), Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy (MCT), Managing Cancer and Living Meaningfully Therapy (CALM), cognitive-existential therapy, dignity therapy (DT) and other psychotherapeutic interventions have been developed over the last 40 years. These treatments have proved to be effective in increasing the patients’ sense of dignity, purpose, and meaning, and to reduce demoralization, anxiety, and existential distress at the end of life. Also Family Focused Grief Therapy (FFGT) and grief therapy have shown to be effective in overcoming anxiety, depression, and complicated grief symptoms both before and after loss. Psychotherapy should thus be considered a mandatory ingredient of palliative care.
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Cole, Ester, and Maria Kokai, eds. Consultation and Mental Health Interventions in School Settings. Hogrefe Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/00583-000.
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This unique volume by leading educational practitioners and academics has been designed to meet the ever-growing challenges faced by educational systems in addressing the mental health, learning, and socialization needs of students. Using a unique and comprehensive consultation and intervention model, the book provides evidence-based guidance that interlinks primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and intervention applications that allow for systematic consultation, planning, and cost-effective services. The clear and easy to apply model is used to look at specific student needs that are commonly encountered in schools (e.g., depression, ADHD, giftedness) and at issues that require school-level interventions (e.g., diversity, promoting resilience). Practitioners will appreciate the numerous downloadable practical resources and tools for hands-on applications that are available online to purchasers of the book. This book is an invaluable resource for school psychologists and mental health service providers, as well as for academics involved in training pre-service practitioners.A comprehensive guide to meeting the psychological needs of students in school settings This unique volume by leading educational practitioners and academics has been designed to meet the ever-growing challenges faced by educational systems in addressing the mental health, learning, and socialization needs of students. Using a unique and comprehensive consultation and intervention model, the book provides evidence-based guidance that interlinks primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and intervention applications that allow for systematic consultation, planning, and cost-effective services. The clear and easy to apply model is used to look at specific student needs that are commonly encountered in schools (e.g., depression, ADHD, giftedness) and at issues that require school-level interventions (e.g., diversity, promoting resilience). Practitioners will appreciate the numerous downloadable practical resources and tools for hands-on applications that are available online to purchasers of the book. This book is an invaluable resource for school psychologists and mental health service providers, as well as for academics involved in training pre-service practitioners.
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Murtagh, Fliss E. M. End-stage kidney disease. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0156.
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End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) accounts for 1-2% of all deaths. Ageing populations means that this proportion will grow steadily over the coming years. Symptom burden in ESKD exceeds advanced cancer, with added renal-specific symptoms, such as itch and restless legs. Pain and depression are also more prevalent. Many renal symptoms go under-recognized and under-treated, especially as they arise from co-morbid conditions, rather than the renal disease itself. The most useful intervention to address symptoms is regular assessment of symptoms, using a valid and reliable global symptom score. Pharmacological interventions to alleviate symptoms need to take account of the severe constraints on using renally cleared drugs, and the high risk of toxicity from accumulation of parent compound or metabolites. The population with ESKD has extensive palliative care needs, and need significant medical, nursing, psychological, and social care to address these as their illness advances towards the end of life.
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Reinares, María. Psychotherapeutic interventions for bipolar disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0012.
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The recurrent nature of bipolar disorder (BD), and the high morbidity and mortality associated with the illness advocate for an integrative treatment in which medication is complemented with psychological approaches. This chapter explores the role of adjunctive psychotherapy in BD. The most commonly tested psychological treatments have been cognitive-behavioural therapy, psychoeducation, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, and family intervention. Functional remediation represents a new option for patients with functional impairment. Most findings indicate the benefits of adjunctive psychological treatments to improve the outcomes of BD. Controversial results have also been found, highlighting the need for a better identification of treatment moderators and mediators to design interventions tailored to the target population. Recently, cognitive remediation, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, dialectical behaviour therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing have begun to be tested, as well as Internet-based psychological interventions, but it is too early to draw conclusions about their efficacy.
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Thompson, Sanna, Kristin Ferguson, Kimberly Bender, Stephanie Begun, and Yeonwoo Kim. Homeless Emerging Adults. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.33.
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Navigating the transition from adolescence to adulthood is challenging for homeless emerging adults due to the absence of basic resources, sexual and physical victimization, psychological challenges, and unstable living conditions. To address the developmental issues associated with homelessness, this chapter utilizes a social estrangement framework to describe homeless emerging adults’ institutional/societal disaffiliation, human capital, identification with the homeless lifestyle, and psychological dysfunction. These terms are used to identify the developmental milestones associated with becoming adults in unconventional circumstances and during the nontraditional developmental processes experienced by homeless emerging adults. Intervention approaches are discussed in terms of services and barriers to care for homeless emerging adults. Policies are discussed that highlight the need for additional attention to service needs, mental health challenges, and criminal justice involvement of this population of emerging adults.
11
Charani, Esmita, and Gabriel Birgand. Managing behaviours: social, cultural, and psychological aspects of antibiotic prescribing and use. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758792.003.0003.
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Antibiotic prescribing in secondary care is suboptimal. The collective term for the myriad of interventions targeting antibiotic prescribing is antimicrobial stewardship. These interventions all aim to help optimize antibiotic prescribing by changing prescribing behaviours. However, there is currently very little evidence from social science incorporated into the design and implementation of these interventions. This is despite emerging evidence suggesting that antibiotic prescribing is influenced by a set of unique cultural and social determinants. In order to better understand how the prescribing process occurs in hospitals and how we can optimize it we need to undertake research into understanding the context in which prescribing decisions are made. Interventions need to be developed which are multidisciplinary in nature and involve active engagement with the teams in which they are implemented. To aid this process we also need to ensure that healthcare professionals proactively receive feedback and education about their prescribing behaviours.
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Dekker, Joost, Daniel Bossen, Jasmijn Holla, Mariëtte de Rooij, Cindy Veenhof, and Marike van der Leeden. Psychological strategies in osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0025.
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Characteristic clinical presentations of osteoarthritis (OA) include pain and activity limitations. These presentations are dependent on psychological processes. The literature reviewed in this chapter leads to the following conclusions: (1) symptoms of depression, anxiety, and fatigue are more prevalent among patients with OA than among the general population. Recently, a depressive mood phenotype has been identified in knee OA. (2) Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and fatigue, as well as other psychological variables are established risk factors for future worsening of pain and activity limitations. (3) Psychological interventions such as depression care and pain coping skills training have been demonstrated to improve pain and activity limitations, as well as psychological outcomes. Self-management may have beneficial effects, although there is clearly room for improvement. Interventions combining psychological interventions with exercise therapy have been shown to be effective; improved outcome over exercise therapy alone stills needs to be demonstrated. (4) Psychological interventions are effective in improving exercise adherence and promoting physical activity. Overall, it can be concluded that the psychological approach towards OA is fruitful: the psychological approach has resulted in substantial contributions to the understanding and management of clinical presentations of OA, including pain and activity limitations.
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Hooper, Timothy, and David Lockey. Assessment and management of ballistic trauma. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0340.
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The severity of ballistic trauma is dependent upon multiple factors including bullet type, velocity, tissue type penetrated, and energy transfer. Patient management needs a considered approach with careful assessment, appropriate imaging and directed treatment of the wounds found. Triage, treatment and transport form the framework of effective prehospital care. In the emergency department a rapid primary survey is essential to reveal any injuries that need immediate intervention. The decision to operate and nature of surgery is determined by the patient’s suspected injuries, physiological condition and expertise available with some patients benefiting from damage control resuscitation and surgery. Indications for intensive care admission include the need for ongoing organ support, cardiovascular instability, and injuries that require close observation. Attention should be paid to cardiovascular status, coagulation, nutrition, thromboprophylaxis, infective issues, and management of specific injuries. Patients may require protracted hospital stays and extensive reconstructive surgery. The psychological and social impact of these injuries should not be underestimated.
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Greil, Arthur L., Lone Schmidt, and Brennan Peterson. Understanding and Treating the Psychosocial Consequences of Infertility. Edited by Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.007.
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Psychological distress and infertility are linked in a complex pattern, such that distress may be a cause of infertility and reduce the probability of achieving a pregnancy at the same time that infertility may be a cause of psychological distress. Although infertile women are not more likely to be characterized by psychopathology, they are more likely to experience higher levels of distress than comparison groups. Infertile men also experience psychological distress, but women experience more infertility distress than men. Both infertility and its treatment are stressors putting a heavy psychological strain on couple relationships. Whereas there is general agreement about the need for psychological interventions to treat infertility distress, little is known about the efficacy and effectiveness of psychosocial intervention. Given the prevalence of infertility and the fact that the numbers of individuals and couples seeking infertility treatments are increasing, it is essential that mental health professionals understand the emotional challenges faced by this population.
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Knabem, Andréa, Cláudia Sampaio Corrêa da Silva, and Marucia Patta Bardagi. Orientação, desenvolvimento e aconselhamento de carreira para estudantes universitários no Brasil. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-313-8.
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Career Development is a lifelong process of self-exploration and awareness, continual acquisition of knowledge about the ever-changing world of work, and decision-making. During undergraduation, students face several challenges and can sometimes feel insecure about their career choices, their future as workers, their skills, and therefore be at risk of dropout, disengagement or psychological suffering. Higher Education institutions and career counselors have to be well informed and prepared to provide career interventions that help students in this training and transition period. Orientação, desenvolvimento e aconselhamento de carreira para estudantes universitários no Brasil is a book designed to help teachers, counselors and researchers to better understand students' Career Development and needs during Higher Education. Also, it provides different approaches to intervention (individual, group, curricular, extracurricular) that can inspire professionals and institutions to improve their services in order to maximize students sucess and well-being.The authors are professors and practitioners from different Brazilian and Portuguese Higher Education Institutions, providing diverse and contextualized perspectives of Career Development and counseling. Part 1 of the book discusses some conceptual aspects and describes some empirical studies on Career Development in Higher Education. In Part 2, different experiences of intervention in Career Guidance with university students from private and public institutions in Brazil are presented. It is hoped that this book can foster interest in the topic and inspire the creation of new practices to support students in the university context.
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Lindorfer, Simone, and Kirsten Wienberg. “I survived the war, but how can I survive peace?”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614614.003.0001.
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Despite international efforts to politically acknowledge war rape and a whole raft of psychosocial interventions both at the time and throughout the last twenty years, war rape survivors in Bosnia and Herzegovina are still suffering from the tremendous psychological and social consequences of their experience. How can an evaluative research on Bosnian war rape survivors carried out twenty years after the war by two women’s rights activist organizations help us to develop an evaluation and research practice shaped by the precepts of feminist and liberation psychology? The chapter highlights the ethical and methodological choices that were made, and shows how the research process enabled empowering dynamics at both personal and political levels. The main recommendations of the chapter focus on the need to radicalize research ethics, avoid psychological reductionism and linear psychological thinking about “impact” in evaluation, and resist mainstream PTSD-focused research and intervention methodologies.
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Kazdin, Alan E. Innovations in Psychosocial Interventions and Their Delivery. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190463281.001.0001.
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Mental illness is an enormous burden worldwide, as reflected in the number of individuals who suffer from a mental disorder, the personal pain and suffering they and their families experience, the exorbitant costs of providing but also of failing to provide services, and the spillover of mental health problems into physical health (e.g., many physical maladies and earlier-than-expected deaths associated with mental illness) and functioning in everyday life (e.g., in social relations, employment, happiness, and quality of life). We have many interventions that can help, but they are not brought to the many people in need of psychological services. There are many novel models of delivering these interventions that could be scaled to reach people in need and surmount the many barriers to providing and receiving services. Promising models of delivery are drawn from physical health care, public health, business, social policy, and other disciplines and can serve to illustrate what can be done now. This book conveys new ways of delivering treatment as well as new ways of developing and investigating treatments so that they are much more likely to reach people in need. The overall goal is, or ought to be, reducing the burdens of mental illness. This book conveys novel ways of providing treatment if we adopt that goal more explicitly and draw on the best science available to achieve that.
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Denis, Philippe. Case Study: Memory Work with Children Affected by HIV/AIDS in South Africa. Edited by Donald A. Ritchie. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195339550.013.0011.
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This article focuses on working with children affected by HIV/AIDS in South Arica. In the early years of the AIDS epidemic, relief organizations focused their efforts on the material needs of children, but their psychological and emotional needs are no less important. Recognizing this, the Sinomlando Centre for Oral History and Memory Work in Africa, a research and community development center located at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, in Pietermaritzburg South Africa, has pioneered a model of psychosocial intervention for children in grief—particularly but not exclusively in the context of HIV/AIDS. This model uses the methodology of oral history in a novel manner, combined with other techniques such as life story work and narrative therapy. During the early years of the project, the model followed for the family visits was the oral history interview. A discussion on caregiver as the narrator and skills required in memory work especially in these cases concludes this article.
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Pagnini, Francesco, and Zachary Simmons. Providing holistic care for the individual with ALS: Research gaps and future directions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757726.003.0017.
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Much progress has been made in understanding, measuring, and managing quality of life and psychological well-being in individuals with ALS, but there are gaps. Anxiety and depression have been carefully explored in the ALS literature, but coping, resilience, sexuality, intimacy, and end-of-life concerns require more attention. Psychological interventions have been under-explored. Further research on mindfulness, hypnosis, and on complementary and alternative medicines is needed, with particular attention to early evidence that psychological interventions may lead to physical as well as psychological benefits. Attention to the psychological consequences of cognitive dysfunction in ALS would greatly benefits patients and caregivers. The impact of technology needs further study. Rapid advances in genetics, brain-computer interfaces, and new treatments, communicated virtually instantaneously via the internet, will inevitably contrast with the slower pace of implementation, resulting in surges of hope and disappointment. Optimal care is holistic, incorporating both physical and psychological assessment and management.
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Resnick, Heidi S., Kate Walsh, and Christal L. Badour. Victims of Sexual Assault. Edited by Phillip M. Kleespies. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352722.013.20.
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Given the high prevalence of sexual assault within both the general population and among college student samples, professionals working in a wide range of medical and mental health care settings should be prepared to address the acute and long-term physical and psychological consequences of sexual assault. It is also important to be aware of the prevalence and service needs among victims of sexual assault who seek acute medical care. This chapter reviews data regarding the prevalence and characteristics of rape and sexual assault, approaches to assessing sexual assault history, acute and long-term victim concerns and consequences associated with rape, access to and utilization of post-assault medical care and other agency services, and prevention and early intervention approaches that may be implemented in the medical setting.
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Colom, Francesc. The role of psychoeducation in the management of bipolar disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0013.
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Psychological interventions play a major role in the prophylaxis of recurrences in bipolar disorders, always as an add-on to pharmacological care as none of them works in monotherapy. So far, the evidence for psychotherapy in the management of acute episodes is very limited so its use should be constrained to prevention. A common aspect of the majority of psychological interventions tested in bipolar disorder is that they are much more efficacious for patients with a low number of episodes prior to the treatment. Interestingly, all the psychological interventions showing preventive efficacy share psychoeducative ingredients including illness awareness, adherence enhancement, habits regularity, and warning signs identification. Future directions of psychoeducation should enhance its implementation worldwide, probably by using newer technologies such as smartphone applications. However, these need a proper testing before being included in clinical routines.
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Mann, Wolfgang. Measuring Deaf Learners’ Language Progress in School. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190880545.003.0008.
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The needs of increasingly diverse deaf learners in special schools and mainstream programs pose a challenge to researchers and practitioners, especially when it comes to assessment. There has been progress in developing standardized psychometric tests that are more appropriate for deaf children, for example in the form of sign language assessments. However, these tests continue to have certain limitations: they provide information about a child’s learning outcome but not the learning process, and children have a limited opportunity to contribute to the assessment process. This chapter highlights the potential of using dynamic assessment (DA), an interactive approach to psychological assessment that embeds intervention within the assessment procedure, with deaf learners. After providing background on language assessment of deaf learners and an introduction to the concept behind DA, the author discusses the relevant research and examines ways for teachers to make DA meaningful in the classroom.
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Lam, Alexandra Philomena, and Alexandra Philipsen. Behavioural therapy in adolescents and adults. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0037.
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Many different kinds of group or individual psychotherapeutic interventions, applied to the special needs of patients with ADHD, already exist (e.g. cognitive–behavioural therapy [CBT], coaching, problem-focused therapy, meta-cognitive training, mindfulness-based interventions, psychoeducation, and dialectical behaviour therapy [DBT]-based cognitive therapy). Most of these treatments are behaviourally orientated, and are predominantly modularly structured. CBT has been investigated most frequently and is regarded as the most effective psychological treatment option. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines recommend CBT as appropriate for adolescents with moderate impairments and for adults, i.e. if drug treatment has proved to be only partially effective or ineffective. Interventions treating adolescents with ADHD are frequently based on CBT principles, behavioural therapy approaches, and cognitive and social skills training techniques addressing the patient, parents, or teachers. Unfortunately, interventions for adolescents have been investigated on a comparatively limited scale.
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Strada, E. Alessandra. The Third Domain of Palliative Care. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199798551.003.0004.
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This chapter describes palliative psychology competencies in the third domain of palliative care, which focuses on identifying and addressing psychological and psychiatric needs in the patient and the family. Palliative psychology is a holistic discipline. It emphasizes not only the management of distress, but also the importance of facilitating psychospiritual well-being for the patient and for family caregivers. Because psychotherapy is one of the main psychological interventions provided by psychologists, this chapter defines palliative psychotherapy as a relevant framework for the palliative care setting. The essential components related to structure, delivery, and therapeutic stance are discussed. This chapter also discusses major depression, anxiety, and anticipatory grief reactions. Nonpharmacological and pharmacological approaches are discussed.
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Strada, E. Alessandra. The Fourth Domain of Palliative Care. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199798551.003.0005.
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This chapter proposes palliative psychology competencies in the fourth domain of palliative care, which addresses the social needs of the patient and the family. The unit of care in palliative care is represented by the patient and the family; thus, this chapter highlights the unique needs of family caregivers. The many challenges of caregiving are described by reviewing the literature and using clinical case scenarios. The risk factors and protective factors in caregiving are discussed and incorporated in assessment templates. Psychological and psychosocial interventions that can effectively support family caregivers are discussed. The function, structure, and execution of a family meeting in the palliative care setting is described. This chapter also describes bereavement support for family caregivers and the management of complications of bereavement.
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Wilkinson, Philip. Cognitive behaviour therapy. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0017.
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Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a dominant psychological treatment in the management of a range of psychiatric disorders and is increasingly being refined to suit the needs older adults. This chapter summarises the theory and practice of CBT, with an emphasis on assessment, formulation, and adaptation of treatment with older patients. Management of depressive disorder, anxiety disorders and dementia caregiver distress are described in detail with relevant case examples. Problem-solving therapy and behavioural activation are described. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) has potential benefits in the treatment of older adults. MBCT is described and applications with older people are reviewed. Newer applications are outlined, including treatment of psychological symptoms associated with physical illness, psychosis and memory impairment. The evidence base for CBT-based interventions with older adults is limited; the limitations and extent of the current evidence are reviewed.
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Glasper, Edward Alan, Gillian McEwing, and Jim Richardson, eds. Assessing the sick child. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569572.003.0005.
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Principles of physical assessment 90Assessing a child's temperature 92Assessing a child's heart rate 94Assessing a child's respiratory rate 96Assessing a child's blood pressure 98Observation of the sick child 100Recognition of the sick child 102The principles of paediatric physical assessment involve more than observation, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. It should be remembered that even though the examination of the child is relatively painless, interventions such as the introduction of an oroscope into the ear, the palpation of the abdomen, and a cold stethoscope on the chest might all be very stressful to the child. Consideration should always be given to the child's psychological needs....
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Vincent, Laura, and Carl Waldmann. Rehabilitation from critical illness after hospital discharge. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0386.
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The majority of patients admitted to intensive care units survive to hospital discharge, but then face a long and challenging functional recovery, due to the physical and psychological sequelae of their critical illness. There is associated physical, emotional, and financial strain on families and care-givers, in addition to the ongoing impact on patients themselves. The optimization of post-ICU morbidity and ‘health-related quality of life’ have thus become key components of the critical care treatment pathway. Structured exercise rehabilitation programmes, tailored to the specific needs of individual patients can enhance the long-term recovery from critical illness, but the practical implementation of such programmes remains inconsistent and non-standardized. Validated screening and assessment tools are being developed to identify those patients who would benefit from post-ICU rehabilitation programmes, target the specific needs of individuals and monitor the response to treatment. Ongoing research aims to determine the features of a successful post-ICU rehabilitation programme, with respect to the location and supervision of the regime, and the actual content of the intervention. Rehabilitation commenced as soon as possible after hospital discharge is likely to be most effective, but further evidence is required to identify the timing of treatment that would achieve the optimal therapeutic impact. The National Institute of Clinical Excellence have issued a post-ICU rehabilitation guideline. As well as providing a framework for implementation of such a programme, this further endorses the understanding that exercise rehabilitation can no longer be considered an afterthought and should be fully incorporated into the critical care treatment pathway.
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DeSandre, Paul L., and Karen May. Palliative care in the emergency department. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0013.
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The emergency department provides immediate access to medical care for patients and families in crisis. As the proportion of elderly in our populations increases, complications related to advanced illness will likely drive increasing numbers of patients with palliative care needs into emergency departments. In addition to immediately life-threatening situations, severe physical symptoms, psychological distress, social upheaval, or even an unrecognized spiritual crisis near death can overwhelm patients or their caregivers, who come to the emergency department hoping for relief from their suffering. Emergency clinicians must rapidly assess these complex needs while negotiating interventions with effective and efficient communications. This chapter addresses several of these essential clinician skills for effective primary palliative care in the emergency department. These include rapid assessment of patients with palliative care needs, titration of opioids for pain emergencies, efficiently establishing goals of care, skilful and empathic death disclosure, and a structured approach to involving family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
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Kleespies, Phillip. Introduction. Edited by Phillip M. Kleespies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352722.013.43.
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This book is about behavioral emergencies and the association between interpersonal victimization and subsequent suicidality and/or risk for violence toward others. Section I focuses on the differences between behavioral crises and behavioral emergencies and presents an integrative approach to crisis intervention and emergency intervention. Section II discusses the evaluation of suicide risk, risk of violence, and risk of interpersonal victimization in children and adolescents. Sections III and IV explore behavioral emergencies with adults and the elderly, while Section V deals with certain conditions or behaviors that may either need to be differentiated from a behavioral emergency, or understood as relevant to possibly heightening risk. Section VI describes treatments for patients with recurrent or ongoing risks, and Section VII is devoted to legal, ethical, and psychological risks faced by clinicians who work with patients who might be at risk to themselves or others.
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Rhoten, Bethany. Theoretical Foundations of Body Image. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190655617.003.0002.
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Abstract: The purpose of this chapter is to review the theoretical foundations of body image. Neurological, psychoanalytic, psychological, nursing, contextual, fear-avoidance, information-processing, feminist, evolutionary, genetic, and positivist viewpoints have all influenced the conceptualization of body image. Body image in the context of oncology is a multidimensional experience influenced by a variety of factors. By understanding the origin and history of body image conceptualization, researchers and clinicians in cancer care can build upon the existing knowledge base to develop appropriate and timely assessments of body image, train oncology healthcare providers to include body image in holistic survivorship care, and design interventions that appropriately address the body image needs of this population.
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Rummell, Christina M. Support Groups and Behavioral Science. Edited by Tomasz Rogula, Philip Schauer, and Tammy Fouse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190608347.003.0003.
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While a psychological evaluation is often a required part of a weight-loss surgery workup, providers are becoming aware of the need for behavioral health services during each phase of the surgery process. Research has documented a higher prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in severely obese patient populations, with those who receive behavioral health interventions before surgery having better outcomes than those who do not. Common recommendations and interventions for pre- and postoperative behavioral health optimization are reviewed and discussed.Statistics indicate a greater lifetime prevalence of substance use disorders in weight-loss surgery patients than in the general population. Postoperative complications have been shown to result from substance abuse, making it one of the top-cited contraindications for surgery. Preliminary recommendations for assessing and addressing substance use in bariatric surgery candidates are discussed.
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Trevino, Kelly M., and Kenneth I. Pargament. Medicine, Spirituality, Religion, and Psychology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190272432.003.0015.
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The current chapter examines the relationship between religion/spirituality (R/S) and medicine through the psychological lens of a religious coping framework. This relationship is considered at the theoretical, patient, caregiver, and care team levels. The R/S beliefs, practices, and coping strategies of patients, informal caregivers, and health care providers in the context of illness is then discussed. A large body of research demonstrates the important role of R/S in how patients and caregivers understand and cope with illness. Similarly, many health care providers view illness and their clinical care through a R/S lens and believe that attending to patients’ spiritual needs is part of their professional role. The chapter concludes with a brief review of psycho-spiritual interventions in medical populations.
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McCarthy, Barry, and Lana M. Wald. Sexual Dysfunction and Couple Dysfunction. Edited by Erika Lawrence and Kieran T. Sullivan. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199783267.013.006.
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Couple sex therapy is best understood as a subspecialty of couple therapy. Couple sex therapy may focus on problems in desire, pleasure, eroticism, and/or satisfaction. Although arousal and orgasm problems need to be carefully assessed and treated, problems related to desire represent the primary concern that brings couples to sex therapy. There is a great need for more research on sex therapy models, therapeutic processes, and outcome. The authors describe in detail the psychobiosocial model of assessment, treatment, and relapse prevention. A particularly important component is the four-session assessment, which features individual psychological, relational, and sexual histories. This comprehensive, multidimensional treatment model focuses on the use of psychosexual skill exercises practiced at home by the couple. Therapy interventions are directed at factors that subvert sexual desire and function as well as interventions to promote desire, pleasure, eroticism, and satisfaction. Clients are urged to develop a couple sexual style that balances each person’s sexual voice, thus becoming an intimate sexual team. The goal for all couples, straight or gay, married or unmarried, is to integrate intimacy and eroticism into their relationship. An individualized relapse prevention plan is also discussed as an integral component of comprehensive couple sex therapy.
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Messinger, Adam M., and Xavier L. Guadalupe-Diaz, eds. Transgender Intimate Partner Violence. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479830428.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
A growing body of research finds that upward of half of transgender people experience intimate partner violence (IPV)—psychological, physical, or sexual abuse in romantic and sexual relationships—in their lifetimes, and consequences can be severe. Despite this, the movement to end IPV has focused almost exclusively on cisgender individuals, resulting in many transgender IPV (T-IPV) survivors being underserved and overlooked by the very laws and victim agencies tasked with protecting survivors. Research has illuminated a variety of unique aspects of T-IPV regarding the predictors of perpetration, the specific forms of abuse experienced, barriers to help seeking for survivors, and policy and intervention needs. As the first of its kind, this volume brings together leading T-IPV researchers and service providers to offer a comprehensive overview of past research and identify evidence-based strategies to foster systemic change in how transgender abuse is addressed in our policies and services. First the volume details known patterns of transgender abuse and examines, through an intersectional framework, the myriad ways in which discrimination and social inequality promote and enhance T-IPV. Second, the volume discusses how transphobia and cisnormativity impact the causes of T-IPV, survivor resiliency, and help seeking. Third, the volume reviews and critiques existing practices in how health care, shelters, policing, and the legal system intervene in T-IPV. The volume concludes with recommendations for transforming public health prevention, service provision, and research to ultimately build a safer and more inclusive world for transgender communities.
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Carmin, Cheryl N., John E. Calamari, and Raymond L. Ownby. OCD and Spectrum Conditions in Older Adults. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0098.
Full textAbstract:
Despite its chronic and unremitting nature and impact on quality of life, unlike other of the anxiety disorders, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the epidemiology, descriptive psychopathology, and treatment of OCD and related spectrum conditions in late life. ERP remains the mainstay of evidence-based psychological treatment, as is the use of SRIs for pharmacological management. The need to evaluate older adults and design treatment interventions, taking individual medical and cognitive limitations into account, is discussed. Recent statistical modeling approaches using older adult samples suggest that addressing the role of beliefs about intrusive thoughts, cognitive decline, and aging in general may be important additions to a cognitive approach to OCD treatment that is unique to older adults.
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Biesecker, Barbara B., Kathryn F. Peters, and Robert Resta. Advanced Genetic Counseling. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190626426.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Advanced Genetic Counseling: Theory and Practice addresses educational objectives for second-year genetic counseling students. Building on mastery of genetics principles and baseline clinical skills, this comprehensive textbook begins with the history of the profession as it relates to current practice definitions and goals. Characteristics of clients and counselors that may affect the counseling relationship are presented to guide strategies for achieving positive client outcomes. Throughout the text, a psychotherapeutic counseling approach is advocated. Steps to establishing a therapeutic alliance are outlined and the elements of relational counseling emphasized. The psychological counseling theories presented will help counselors identify interventions to address client needs. Students are encouraged to pursue research to address gaps in evidence needed to guide practice. Health behavior and social psychology theories offer models to assess health perceptions and behaviors. The book concludes with a look toward the future of genetic counseling in the genomics era.
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Gupta, Swapnil, John Cahill, and Rebecca Miller. Deprescribing in Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190654818.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
With the growth of polypharmacy across medicine, the concept of deprescribing—reducing or eliminating the use of medication—is gaining traction among prescribers in a range of specialties. Applying this concept to psychiatry is more complex than in other fields of medicine and requires expanding the intervention to include consideration of psychological, social, environmental, and cultural factors. Taking a recovery-oriented and strengths-based approach, this book outlines the need for deprescribing in psychiatry and expands on the intervention to look at barriers and strategies for addressing them, as well as specific considerations for classes of psychotropic medications. The book is explicitly not against the use of medications but instead promotes a rational approach to considering the reduction of medications when indicated and when agreed upon by both prescriber and patient by promoting the use of shared decision-making and working to minimize risk while maximizing quality of life. The book includes learning objectives, self-assessment quizzes, and case examples to support the reader and provide concrete illustrations of implementation. It is geared toward all prescribers of psychiatric medications and is useful as well for patients, family members, and other mental health practitioners interested in learning more about approaches to making the best, most judicious use of psychiatric medications in mental health.
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McCloskey, Michael S., Mitchell E. Berman, and Kurtis Noblett. Assessment and Treatment of Intermittent Explosive Disorder. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0099.
Full textAbstract:
Intermittent explosive disorder (IED), a DSM-IV-TR disorder characterized by significant acts of aggression and violence, is being increasingly recognized as a prevalent and chronic disorder. Given the personal, social, and economic costs associated with IED, there is a clear need for well-validated assessment measures and efficacious treatments. However, there are currently no published, well-validated diagnostic measures of IED. With regard to treatment, preliminary evidence from a few randomized clinical trials suggests that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cognitive behavioral psychotherapy may be effective in treating IED. However, more research is needed before either can be considered an empirically supported treatment for IED. In this chapter, we discuss (1) challenges in developing reliable and valid assessments for IED and (2) issues relevant to developing and testing psychological and pharmacological treatment interventions for IED.
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Cervantes, Richard C., and Thuy Bui. Redefining the Contexts of Acculturation Related Stress Among Latino Adults. Edited by Seth J. Schwartz and Jennifer Unger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190215217.013.31.
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The scientific and clinical need to advance understanding of the processes related to Hispanic acculturation and its impacts is pressing. This chapter articulates how acculturation stress and related specific stressor events occur within distinct life domains or contexts. New research is juxtaposed to previous research that demonstrated how acculturation stressors cluster in unique, orthogonal, and independent life domains among both adult and adolescent Hispanics. This chapter refers to contexts of acculturation stress as spheres of life or domains that entail social and psychological interactions with the dominant, receiving culture. New research is presented on the relationship between acculturation stress context among adult Hispanics and mental health indicators. Understanding the contexts in which acculturation-related stress can impact Latinos is critical to health and behavioral health programming, where such information can assist in the development, adaptation, and tailoring of prevention and interventions that are more acceptable and relevant for this growing population.
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Velsen, Cleo Van, and Kingsley Norton. Outpatient psychotherapeutic approaches with mentally disordered offenders. Edited by Alec Buchanan and Lisa Wootton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198738664.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
In the last 30 years, there has been an upsurge of interest in developing and refining psychological approaches to the treatment and management of offenders. This chapter focuses on outpatient interventions with those identified as suffering from forensic personality disorder. The potential range of treatments is vast; therefore, we examine general treatment principles. We describe the concept of forensic personality disorder and outline theoretical and evidence-based approaches to aetiology and therapy. Attention is paid to the establishment and maintenance of a therapeutic alliance, including the importance of boundaries, which can easily become distorted. Offender patients are usually seen in the context of the criminal justice system and risk, which means understanding the balance between confidentiality and information sharing. The effect on individuals and teams and the need to explore disagreements and conflicts in the treatment service are highlighted. Clinical vignettes are included to illustrate the concepts described.
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Moulton, Calum D., and John C. Pickup. Innate immunity and inflammation in type 2 diabetes-associated depression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789284.003.0005.
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Depression affects 10%–20% of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and predicts twofold increased risk of complications and mortality. There is growing evidence that biological mechanisms such as innate inflammation may link the two conditions. In particular, recent epidemiological findings have reported elevated inflammation in patients with depression and T2D compared with those with T2D alone. Aetiologically, elevated inflammation is likely to result from multiple stressors across the life-course. Clinically, inflammation may lead to predominantly somatic symptoms. Therapeutically, there is tentative evidence that anti-inflammatory therapies could improve depressive symptoms and glycaemic control concurrently. There is now a need (1) for prospective epidemiological research to define the aetiology of elevated inflammation; (2) for mechanistic research to test how inflammation can lead to both conditions concurrently; and (3) for interventional research to define modifiable immune pathways to improve both psychological and biomedical outcomes in people with T2D.
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Keefe, Richard S. E., Avi (Abraham) Reichenberg, and Jeffrey Cummings, eds. Cognitive Enhancement in CNS Disorders and Beyond. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190214401.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book compiles a series of educational and thought-provoking chapters from the world's leading cognitive and clinical scientists to describe the latest research on cognitive impairments in a host of pathological conditions that affect CNS functioning, the available treatments for these impairments, and how new treatments are being tested. This volume advances the field toward the availability of cognitive enhancing drugs and devices that will benefit those who need them most and others who may believe that these techniques can help them to thrive. Psychological science and cognitive neuroscience have become the most popular endeavor of students worldwide, are the focus of attention of our greatest scientific accomplishments, and are the emphasis of many publications in the mainstream media. Because humans depend on cognitive abilities for survival, quality of life, and productivity, improving them has never been more important. Those with impairments in key aspects of cognition suffer dearly because they are unable to obtain and retain information, unable to make sound decisions based on the information at hand, and unable to plan future activities. The availability of pharmacological and behavioral interventions that can improve cognitive abilities and provide impaired individuals with the social, occupational, and functional quality of life that the rest of us enjoy has potential far-reaching implications. Such interventions can also benefit those who want to boost current cognitive abilities to higher levels, perhaps as a means to hone skills in providing products for others or to gain an edge on competition.
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Ingles, Jodie, Charlotte Burns, and Laura Yeates. Genetic counselling. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0145.
Full textAbstract:
Cardiac genetic counselling is an emerging but important subspecialty. The qualifications of cardiac genetic counsellors depend on the country of practice, but at a minimum they are Master’s-level trained health professionals with expertise in genetics, and are integral members of the multidisciplinary inherited cardiovascular disease clinic. Though the framework is diverse in different countries, key roles include investigation and confirmation of family history details, discussion of inheritance risks and facilitation of cardiac genetic testing, communication with at-risk relatives, and increasingly, curation of genetic test results. The use of next-generation sequencing technologies has seen a recent shift in the uptake of genetic testing, due to greater availability and lowered costs. As these gene tests become more comprehensive, including large panels of genes and even whole exome or whole genome sequencing, the need for cardiac genetic counsellors to provide informed consent, appropriate pre- and post-test genetic counselling, and ongoing curation of the variants identified is evident. Finally, given the improved understanding of the psychological implications of living with a cardiovascular genetic disease, cardiac genetic counsellors are integral in delivering psychosocial care and identifying patients requiring intervention with a clinical psychologist.
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Steketee, Gail, and Christiana Bratiotis. Hoarding. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190946395.001.0001.
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Hoarding disorder is the excessive saving of objects and difficulty parting with them to a point that interferes with one's ability to properly use rooms and furnishings in the home. Hoarding can become dangerous, sometimes resulting in structural problems and fires, or in hazardous sanitary conditions. Studies indicate that around one in every 25 people suffers from hoarding. This means that almost all of us know someone who hoards. Hoarding: What Everyone Needs to Know demystifies this complex problem, what it looks like and why it may develop, and how it can be treated. With their combined expertise in psychological treatments for hoarding and community interventions, Drs. Steketee and Bratiotis explain how to understand hoarding as a mental illness, describing the disorder in layman's terms and explaining the various facets and manifestations of the behavior. Chapters focus on one or more common questions regarding diagnosis, features, how to assess severity, and treatment. The book will dispel myths and help readers identify hoarding that touches their own lives. As such it will be of great value not only to those who suspect a loved one may be hoarding, but also to first responders, such as firefighters, public health officials, and housing and social service personnel, who will find here an essential resource for use in the field.
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Hakim, Alan J., and Rodney Grahame. Hypermobility syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0159.
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Hypermobility-related syndromes constitute a family of heritable disorders of connective tissue (HDCT) that derive from abnormalities affecting genes that encode for the connective tissue matrix proteins such as collagen, fibrillin, and tenascin. They range from such commonplace though poorly recognized conditions such as the joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) to the better-known, if more rare, eponymous syndromes such as Marfan's syndrome (MFS) and the different types of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS). The more common presentations are with skin pathology (bruising, scaring), joint or spinal and/or muscle pain and instability with vulnerability to injury and chronic widespread pain, cardiac valve pathologies, and in MFS and vascular EDS, arterial dilatation with the risk of dissection and rupture. JHS (widely considered synonymous with the EDS hypermobility type) is further complicated by cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction such as orthostatic intolerance, palpitations, and syncope, and the recently described and commonly encountered pangastrointestinal dysmotility. The latter can manifest as gastro-oesophageal reflux, gastroparesis, slow-transit constipation, or rectal evacuatory dysfunction with rectal intussusception. In addition, HDCT are associated with bladder and uterine problems as a consequence of pelvic floor weakness. Such multisystemic conditions need to be managed by a multidisciplinary team able to draw on medical, surgical, physical, and psychological interventions by appropriately experienced specialists and therapists. This chapter introduces the reader to the epidemiology, genetics, classification, and clinical presentation of JHS, EDS, and MFS. It also describes the key investigations required to support a diagnosis and assess complications of an HDCT, as well as the multidisciplinary approach to management.
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Santibañez Gruber, Rosa Maria, and Antonia Caro González, eds. DEUSTO Social Impact Briefings No. 4 (2019). University of Deusto, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/dsib-4(2020).
Full textAbstract:
This fourth edition of the DSIB presents the main results of the research carried out under four broad-based projects jointly developed by researchers and actors involved in topics of great social relevance such as responsible gambling, Cooperative-Intelligent transport Systems, gender dimension of alcohol addiction and support and care for victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation. This issue comprises the following four briefings: 1. What would sports betting advertising be like if it were handled more responsibly? will analyse the structure of sports betting advertising, in an attempt to understand whether such advertising could become a public health issue. This briefing examines different works that have led to scientific publications and presents their main conclusions as well as the major recommendations for gambling companies and regulators. 2. How can artificial intelligence reduce road traffic accidents and prevent congestion? This briefing seeks to present the benefits of the TIMON system for optimising traffic management and urban transport network operations in cities, directly supporting transport managers in their decision-making processes for transport operations. 3. Gender inequalities in matters of drug addiction: how does alcoholism really affect women? aims to study the phenomenon of drug dependence from a gender perspective. This involves identifying what kind of socio-cultural and psychological representations are involved in women, according to their gender role, so that they develop a series of risk factors for them, both for the beginning of consumption and in its continuity. In addition, the research team proposes guidelines for a specialized care for women in this area, in order to increase the effectiveness of required interventions. 4. Key points for supporting and accompanying victims and survivors of human trafficking for sexual exploitation is intended as a working document for specialists involved in the prevention and detection of cases and in support and care for victims. It seeks to fill the current gaps and meet the needs of women victims of trafficking providing a better response to their situations.