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1
Lindsay, Harrison, ed. Phenomenon: Everything you need to know about the paranormal. London: Piatkus, 2006.
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2
Lausanne, Switzerland) Nestlé Nutrition Workshop (84th 2014. Next-generation nutritional biomarkers to guide better health care. Basel: Karger, 2016.
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3
Stringer, Janet L. Basic concepts in pharmacology: What you need to know for each drug class. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011.
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4
Indonesia) Nestlé Nutrition Workshop (80th 2013 Bali. Health and nutrition in adolescents and young women: Preparing for the next generation. Edited by Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed, 1955- , editor, Makrides Maria editor, Prentice Andrew editor, and Nestlé Nutrition Institute. Basel, Switzerland: Karger, 2015.
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5
Langford, Kevin. Everything Guide to Anatomy and Physiology: All you need to know about how the human body works. Avon: Adams Media, 2015.
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6
Federighi, Paolo, and Francesca Torlone, eds. SMOC-Soft Open Method of Coordination from Prevalet. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-246-2.
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Seven European Regional Governments, together with Earlall and universities and research centres, have undertaken to refine a first draft of a Joint Progress Report of Regions on Implementation of European Lifelong Learning Strategies in the perspective of the Europe 2020 Strategy. The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate the usefulness and need to make an instrument available to European Regional Governments that helps to understand and evaluate the educational conditions of the regional population when compared with other regions. The Report shows how, over the decade, all the Regional Governments have undertaken to adapt training systems to the demographic dynamics characterised by the general ageing of the population and by migratory phenomena. Simultaneously the Report also shows the need for urgent improvements in some fields where the impact of policies is still too modest and where the risk of stagnation must be dealt with (for example, lifelong learning policies and NEET reduction).
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Federighi, Paolo, and Francesca Torlone, eds. SMOC-Metodo Aperto e Semplificato di Coordinamento da Prevalet. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-254-7.
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Seven European Regional Governments, together with Earlall and universities and research centres, have undertaken to refine a first draft of a Joint Progress Report of Regions on Implementation of European Lifelong Learning Strategies in the perspective of the Europe 2020 Strategy. The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate the usefulness and need to make an instrument available to European Regional Governments that helps to understand and evaluate the educational conditions of the regional population when compared with other regions. The Report shows how, over the decade, all the Regional Governments have undertaken to adapt training systems to the demographic dynamics characterised by the general ageing of the population and by migratory phenomena. Simultaneously the Report also shows the need for urgent improvements in some fields where the impact of policies is still too modest and where the risk of stagnation must be dealt with (for example, lifelong learning policies and NEET reduction).
8
Federighi, Paolo, and Francesca Torlone, eds. SMOC – Sanfte offene Koordinierungsmethode – Soft Open Method of Coordination von Prevalet. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-263-9.
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Seven European Regional Governments, together with Earlall and universities and research centres, have undertaken to refine a first draft of a Joint Progress Report of Regions on Implementation of European Lifelong Learning Strategies in the perspective of the Europe 2020 Strategy. The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate the usefulness and need to make an instrument available to European Regional Governments that helps to understand and evaluate the educational conditions of the regional population when compared with other regions. The Report shows how, over the decade, all the Regional Governments have undertaken to adapt training systems to the demographic dynamics characterised by the general ageing of the population and by migratory phenomena. Simultaneously the Report also shows the need for urgent improvements in some fields where the impact of policies is still too modest and where the risk of stagnation must be dealt with (for example, lifelong learning policies and NEET reduction).
9
Federighi, Paolo, and Francesca Torlone, eds. SMOC – Método Abierto de Coordinación de Prevalet. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-267-7.
Full textAbstract:
Seven European Regional Governments, together with Earlall and universities and research centres, have undertaken to refine a first draft of a Joint Progress Report of Regions on Implementation of European Lifelong Learning Strategies in the perspective of the Europe 2020 Strategy. The purpose of this exercise is to demonstrate the usefulness and need to make an instrument available to European Regional Governments that helps to understand and evaluate the educational conditions of the regional population when compared with other regions. The Report shows how, over the decade, all the Regional Governments have undertaken to adapt training systems to the demographic dynamics characterised by the general ageing of the population and by migratory phenomena. Simultaneously the Report also shows the need for urgent improvements in some fields where the impact of policies is still too modest and where the risk of stagnation must be dealt with (for example, lifelong learning policies and NEET reduction).
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1953-, Thomas Paul R., and Earl Robert O, eds. Opportunities in the nutrition and food sciences: Research challenges and the next generation of investigators. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1994.
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11
Quadflieg, Sven, Klaus Neuburg, and Simon Nestler, eds. (Dis)Obedience in Digital Societies. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839457634.
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Algorithms are not to be regarded as a technical structure but as a social phenomenon - they embed themselves, currently still very subtle, into our political and social system. Algorithms shape human behavior on various levels: they influence not only the aesthetic reception of the world but also the well-being and social interaction of their users. They act and intervene in a political and social context. As algorithms influence individual behavior in these social and political situations, their power should be the subject of critical discourse - or even lead to active disobedience and to the need for appropriate tools and methods which can be used to break the algorithmic power.
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Antonucci, Fausta, and Salomé Vuelta García, eds. Ricerche sul teatro classico spagnolo in Italia e oltralpe (secoli XVI-XVIII). Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-150-1.
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At the height of its development and up to the eighteenth century, the Spanish classical theatre significantly contributed to the formation of the modern European theatre. Theatre texts and theatrical companies were in fact circulating outside the Iberian peninsula and the Spanish experience of theatre triggered literary debates and reflections that played a central role to the cultural history of Europe, from Neoclassicism to the beginnings of Romanticism. It is a complex phenomenon crossing linguistically and culturally diversified territories, and which therefore needs an inter- and multidisciplinary approach. We tried to respond to this need by involving scholars and researchers in the fields of Hispanic, French, Italian, history of entertainment and musicology for the drafting of this volume.
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Segovia, Carlos A., ed. Remapping Emergent Islam. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462988064.
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This multidisciplinary collective volume advances the scholarly discussion on the origins of Islam. It simultaneously focuses on three domains: texts, social contexts, and ideological developments relevant for the study of Islam’s beginnings -- taking the latter expression in its broadest possible sense. The intersections of these domains need to be examined afresh in order to obtain a clear picture of the concurrent phenomena that collectively enabled both the gradual emergence of a new religious identity and the progressive delimitation of its initially fuzzy boundaries.
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Negrello, Mario. Invariants of Behavior: Constancy and Variability in Neural Systems. New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2011.
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15
Delogu, Cristina, ed. Tecnologia per il web learning. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-571-9.
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This book maps out a course through the methodological and technological innovations of internet-based training, setting the emphasis on the collaborative character of experiences of learning and on the interactivity of the virtual workshops. On the one hand, this underscores the possibilities offered by the net to make available educational modes centred on the social process that enables learning in an active manner, rather than on the centrality of contents to be passively transferred to the students. On the other hand, it also shows how in the virtual workshops it is possible to develop one's understanding of the phenomena that are the subject of learning as a result of the interaction with the phenomena themselves, reproduced in the computer, acting upon them and observing the consequences of one's own actions. The effect is to underline how this type of model of learning can help to overcome the technology gap between different countries and social groups (the digital divide) and also to make learning more accessible even to disabled students.
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Harrison, Lindsay, and Sylvia Browne. Phenomenon: Everything You Need to Know About the Paranormal. NAL Trade, 2006.
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18
Kennedy, Dan. The Phenomenon: Achieve More in the Next 12 Months Than the Previous 12 Years. Elevate, 2009.
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19
Gheciu, Alexandra. The State–Market–Crime Nexus in the Early Days of Post-Communism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813064.003.0002.
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To understand contemporary practices of security provision in the former Eastern bloc, we need to start with a genealogical analysis, exploring the reconstitution of East European polities in the early days of post-communism, and analyzing the impact of those transformations on the field of security. In particular, we need to understand the peculiar dynamics and consequences of the flawed privatization processes that occurred in Eastern Europe in the 1990s. Those dynamics are the subject of Chapter 2, which sheds light on a phenomenon that can be explained through the prism of Max Weber’s concepts of political capitalism and de-bureaucratization of the state. Those phenomena had a profound influence on processes of security commercialization in the early days of post-communism, and continue to shape the ways in which security is performed in the four countries analyzed in this book.
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Fantl, Jeremy. Psychic Phenomena and the Existence of God. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807957.003.0004.
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This chapter applies the conclusions of the previous chapters to two cases of controversial belief: atheistic belief and the denial of psychic phenomena (psi). In both cases, in line with so-called “phenomenal conservatism,” the felt obviousness—to the denier—of the non-existence of what they’re denying figures large in their knowledge, if they have it. In both cases, the deniers’ knowledge runs up counterarguments—for example, the fine tuning argument or meta-analyses of a number of controlled studies that purport to demonstrate the existence of psychic phenomena. But these arguments need not destroy knowledge, even if the atheist or psi-denier can’t figure out what’s wrong with those arguments. Knowledge can survive precisely because some atheists and psi-deniers lack sufficient methodological expertise, though it’s crucial that there is no consensus of trustworthy experts offering testimony that the counterarguments are sound.
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Sie, Maureen. All You Need Is Love(s). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190460723.003.0003.
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In this chapter, Maureen Sie argues that our nature as loving beings can explain our nature as moral beings. Because love and morality seem to be similar phenomena in many ways, she distinguishes several kinds of loves and explains how they relate to different moral dimensions of our existence, taking as her starting point C. S. Lewis’s work on the subject and renaming his fourth kind of love “kindness.” She argues that recent findings in affective neuroscience suggest that this fourth kind is a natural kind of love. She discusses the dynamics of Lewis’s account, showing that each of the loves that he distinguishes requires the fourth love (kindness) to keep them from taking a nasty turn. She concludes by explaining why this kind of love actually fits the naturalist picture well if the recent finding that oxytocin is involved in our trusting interactions with strangers is correct.
22
Breve Guia De Lo Sobrenatural / Phenomenon: De La Atlantida a Los Zombis / Everything You Need to Know About The Paranormal. Temas de Hoy, 2006.
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23
Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. The Need for a Science of Science Communication. Edited by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.2.
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Communicating within and about science in a fashion that honors its norms and ways of knowing plays a role in warranting the ability of science to serve as a privileged source of premises, evidence, and conclusions in public and policy debates and decisions. Unlike political communication, in which selective uses of evidence, categorical assertion, and calculated ambiguity are stocks in trade, science’s distinctive norms and structures of enforcement entail forms of communication that take into account the available relevant evidence, specify the level of certainty attached to a claim, and precisely specifying the phenomena being analyzed or reported. This chapter discusses these issues and suggests future ways forward for science communicators.
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Pacheco, Roberto C. S., Mauricio Manhães, and Mauricio Uriona Maldonado. Innovation, Interdisciplinarity, and Creative Destruction. Edited by Robert Frodeman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.25.
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Innovation and interdisciplinarity have interesting commonalities. Innovation is a “creative destruction” phenomenon that can only be described through multi-, inter-, and transdisciplinary perspectives. In this light, we build on the work of classical scholars such as Schumpeter, Foucault, and Habermas, and the evolutionary theory of economic change, to argue about the ever-larger need to solve complex business problems—to innovate—through interdisciplinary teams and technologies. In doing so, the chapter argues interdisciplinarity itself can be understood as an innovation, since it disrupted the disciplinary paradigm on complex problem solving. As synthesis, stemming from a cognitive interest perspective, we propose an interdisciplinary conceptual framework on innovation to overview the main components (what), mechanisms (how), stakeholders (who), goals (why), and locus (where) in which innovation takes place. The chapter ends by concluding that pendularly movements between disciplinary and interdisciplinary knowledge creation can be understood as innovation phenomena cycles.
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Baldauf, Ingeborg. Female Sainthood between Politics and Legend. University of California Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520294134.003.0011.
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In the spring of 1996 a young girl from the Uzbek-majority city of Shibirghan was killed in mysterious circumstances. Strange phenomena soon started to occur next to Bibi Nushin’s burial place, suggesting that the deceased was of exceptional spiritual rank. Within a few weeks her burial place had been turned into a major pilgrimage site, attracting the sick, needy, deprived and persecuted from near and far. From 1996 to 2006, Shibirghan therefore witnessed a phenomenon that many local people interpreted as the emergence of a new Muslim saint for troubled times. However, at the same time, the spiritual rank of Bibi Nushin was heavily contested for political as well as religious reasons, not least through the influence of local warlords and strongmen. This chapter examines these developments in relation to regional varieties of Islam and women’s religiosity in the brutal contexts of a warlord society.
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Everything Guide to Anatomy and Physiology: All you need to know about how the human body works. Avon: Adams Media, 2015.
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27
Brown, Kirk Warren, and Mark R. Leary, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Hypo-egoic Phenomena. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328079.001.0001.
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Human beings have an evolved capacity for self-awareness, along with a propensity to focus primarily on their own welfare. This pervasive self-focus is reflected in thoughts, emotions, and actions whose underlying theme is the pursuit of self-interest. Although a focus on oneself has clear adaptive functions—such as physical preservation, decision making, planning, and self-regulation—this pervasive egoic mindset has psychological, interpersonal, and societal costs. In an increasingly crowded and interdependent world, there is a pressing need for the investigation of alternatives to a “me and mine first” mindset. For centuries, many philosophers, scientists, spiritual leaders, and social activists have advocated a “hypo-egoic” way of being, a psychological mindset characterized by less self-preoccupation in favor of a more inclusive, “we first” mode of functioning. In recent years, investigation of a variety of topics under the umbrella of hypo-egoicism has emerged in psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, and philosophy as researchers have investigated both the features of hypo-egoic states and the psychological experiences that arise when self-focused processing is reduced, such as flow, equanimity, mindfulness, compassion, and mystical states. Bringing together current scholarship and science from multiple fields, theOxford Handbook of Hypo-egoic Phenomenaprovides an authoritative overview of theory, research, and applications concerning psychological states that involve diminished self-preoccupation and self-interest. TheHandbookalso reveals the widespread implications of such hypo-egoic functioning for personal well-being, optimal behavior regulation, interpersonal relationships, and prosocial and virtuous behavior.
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Edmondson, Ricca. The sociology of ageing. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0003.
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This chapter begins with an overview of the contrasting phenomena that need to be reconciled within the sociology of ageing. It stresses respects in which ageing itself is a social phenomenon, arguing that they reveal deep social ambiguities and contestations in connection with the human life-course. It then examines both threats and resources associated with globalised aspects of contemporary ageing, before interrogating contributions by successive theoretical analyses of what ageing involves. The chapter explores the decisive impacts of welfare states on the circumstances of ageing, and their connections with the social distribution of family and caring roles. It continues to a discussion of generational and gender relations before examining wider environments for life-course development and their connections with familial and other forms of mutual care. Lastly, it addresses issues relating to social exclusion and ageism, before exploring aspects of social meaning connected with later life, and their potential for enhancement.
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Berman, Joshua A. Blending Discordant Laws in Biblical Narrative. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190658809.003.0009.
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This chapter highlights a peculiar phenomenon in biblical literature outside of the Pentateuch: a biblical writer will invoke iterations of a given law from two or more of the Pentateuch’s four corpora. Scholars have assumed that this phenomenon was limited to post-exilic literature, and stemmed from the exigencies of exile and return that created an urgent need to create a vehicle that would grant legitimacy to various communities and their legal traditions. However, the broad array of books in which such legal blending is found mandates us to question whether the legal blend is strictly a literary phenomenon of the post-exilic period. Moreover, the phenomenon obliges us to question the long-standing assumption that diverging iterations of the same law in two (or more) of the Torah’s law corpora are inherently mutually exclusive. Sources: Josh 20:1–9; Judg 6:25–31; 1 Sam 15:2, 1 Sam 28:3–25; 2 Kgs 4:1–7; Jer 34:12–17; Neh 5:1–12.
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Bryant Miller, Adam, Maya Massing-Schaffer, Sarah Owens, and Mitchell J. Prinstein. Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among Youth. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.34.
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Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is direct, intentional harm to one’s own body performed without the intent to die. NSSI has a marked developmental onset reaching peak prevalence in adolescence. NSSI is present in the context of multiple psychological disorders and stands alone as a separate phenomenon. Research has accumulated over the past several decades regarding the course of NSSI. While great advances have been made, there remains a distinct need for basic and applied research in the area of NSSI. This chapter reviews prevalence rates, correlates and risk factors, and leading theories of NSSI. Further, it reviews assessment techniques and provides recommendations. Then, it presents the latest evidence-based treatment recommendations and provides a case example. Finally, cutting edge research and the next frontier of research in this area are outlined.
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Haddad, Youssef A. Final Remarks. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474434072.003.0006.
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This chapter highlights the crucial role that context plays in interaction. It hastens to add that the interplay between context and language use is an empirical issue; that is, the investigation of the social functions of a linguistic phenomenon, include the phenomenon of attitude datives examined in this study, requires a close and systematic analysis of the context in which the phenomenon occurs; thus, the focus on Levantine Arabic. The chapter goes on to delineate the three types of context that need to be taken into account in any sociopragmatic analysis. These are the co-textual context, the situation context, and the sociocultural context. Finally, it underlines the significance of sociopragmatic analyses of the type put forth and employed in this study from a learnability perspective, including foreign language education.
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Sáenz, Carmen López. The Phenomenal Body Is Not Born; It Comes to Be a Body-Subject. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190608811.003.0011.
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Phenomenology distinguishes body-object (Körper) from lived body (Leib). It is interested in the latter, in the body that manifests itself to us in our lived experiences and gives them expression. Beauvoir’s phenomenology of sexual difference shares this starting point. This contribution continues Beauvoir’s hermeneutic by focusing on her well-known declaration: “On ne naît pas femme: on le devient,” keeping in mind that interpretations are given from and for certain situations; our situation is that of the 21st century and of phenomenological and feminist investigations. Given that translation is itself a mode of interpretation, this paper will show how The Second Sex has contributed to an understanding of the becoming of woman, first by giving an account of the hermeneutic understanding of translation, and next the phenomenological “style” of Beauvoir and the reciprocal influence between her and Merleau-Ponty, which opens the possibility of sexual difference without determinisms.
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Schulenberg, John, Julie Maslowsky, and Justin Jager. Substance Use and Abuse During Adolescence and the Transition to Adulthood Are Developmental Phenomena. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676001.003.0012.
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This chapter describes characteristics of a developmental perspective on substance use regarding age curves; heterogeneity in course; embeddedness within all else that is changing developmentally and historically; and a life course emphasis on distal upstream predictors and downstream consequences as well as more proximal developmental mechanisms and consequences, including transitions, turning points, and developmental disturbances. The chapter then describes the developmental and historical context of adolescence and the transition to adulthood, followed by a consideration of key conceptual issues related to developmental continuity, discontinuity, and transitions. Next, it examines implications for understanding risk and protective factors for, and consequences of, substance use during adolescence and the transition to adulthood. it concludes with a discussion of opportunities and challenges for future research.
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Spracher, William C. Teaching Intelligence in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.308.
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Intelligence studies, as taught by specialized departments or institutes and leading to degrees with the word “intelligence” in their titles, is a relatively new phenomenon. Intelligence is considered a profession, while intelligence studies can probably best be described as an emerging discipline that has yet to reach full maturity. Much of the more recent data on teaching intelligence is in the hands of professional associations, government agencies, and nongovernmental organizations dealing with the intelligence profession. Some of the government academic institutions which served as the wellspring for many of the nongovernmental programs that blossomed later are the Department of Defense institutions, the National Defense Intelligence College, and the National Defense University. There are also professional journals and other publications covering intelligence studies courses, as well as nongovernmental professional organizations that students of intelligence can join, such as the National Military Intelligence Association and the International Studies Association. At the international level, intelligence studies courses are offered in countries like the UK, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Israel, and Brazil. The next step is to determine what specifically is being taught, and how, among the growing number of colleges and universities getting into the business of teaching intelligence, especially in the wake of 9/11. A significant is the phenomenal growth of online programs, which allow deployed military and civilian personnel to study intelligence while practicing the theory they are learning.
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Goff, Philip. The Conceivability Argument. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677015.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses the conceivability argument against physicalism. David Chalmers’ “two-dimensional” version of the conceivability argument is rejected on the grounds that it relies on a highly contentious semantic assumption that Chalmers has not adequately defended. The chapter offers an alternative conceivability argument, rooted in an alternative view of the relationship between conceivability and possibility. According to the Transparency Conceivability Principle, conceivability entails possibility when one’s conception involves only transparent concepts, where a concept is transparent just in case it reveals the essence of its referent. The crucial premise of this conceivability argument is Phenomenal Transparency: the thesis that phenomenal concepts are transparent. The defense of Phenomenal Transparency itself is postponed until the next chapter.
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McClymond, Michael J. Revival. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702245.003.0012.
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Just as definitions of Dissent can be complicated, ‘revival’ was a multifaceted phenomenon in the eighteenth century. It crossed geographic and institutional boundaries and rounded histories of the phenomenon need to look at the connections between what was happening in Europe, the British Isles, and the American colonies, as well as considering groups both within and outside the Established Church. Some groups, notably Methodists, began within the Church of England, although many eventually left it. Others, like the Moravians, did not fit comfortably into the category of either Establishment or Dissent. Revivals and revivalism relied on shared and intensified spiritual experience but also networks of interconnection of people and ideas. Revivals frequently witnessed extensive outdoor preaching and leaders who were prepared to travel extensively to spread the Word. While there was some soteriological disagreement, many of the awakened sought to spread their experiences through personal interaction and conversion narratives.
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Brunel, Nicolas. Selected Papers of Daniel Amit (1938-2007). World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 2013.
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Bhagat, Rabi S. Economic and Political Geography. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241490.003.0002.
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The development of the BRIC economies is being monitored on a regular basis by financial markets worldwide. This chapter discusses some of the reasons for their emergence and continued growth and the challenges they face. Next, it considers the third-largest economy, Japan, and the five Asian dragons, which grew at a phenomenal rate after World War II. It discusses “reactive modernization”—a path of fostering economic growth by negotiating with the ruling Western economies. Japan and South Korea are two classic examples of this kind of growth, where a hybrid of Western industrialization was combined with Eastern methods of operating. A closer inspection of the trading economies in the World Trade Organization would reveal that a growing number of them are from non-Western nations, and they play important roles in shaping the paths that globalizations need to follow in the new economic and political geography of the world.
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Górny, Maciej. Historical Writing in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199225996.003.0013.
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This chapter focuses on historical writing in three central European states—Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. It looks at the long-term trends and phenomena in historical writing in the region. The first is the coexistence during the immediate post-war years of communist policy, together with more or less nationalistic historical interpretations. The next stage is typified by attempts to control education and research, and to reshape the organizational structure of historiography. An output of both of these phenomena was the ‘final’ or mature Marxist interpretations of Polish, Hungarian, Czech, and Slovak history. The next regional stage to have a considerable impact on the region’s historiography is the ‘golden age’ of the 1960s, when most of the innovative and influential books were published, and historians from East Central Europe came into closer contact with their colleagues from the western part of the continent.
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Edwards, Bradley A., and Garun S. Hamilton. Sleep and respiratory disorders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778240.003.0009.
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A number of sleep-related breathing and respiratory disorders impact our ability to achieve a good night’s sleep. Unfortunately, these disorders are becoming increasingly common—a phenomenon that has been linked to the rising obesity rates in society. In this chapter we aim to provide an overview of how some of the most common disorders (particularly obstructive sleep apnoea) contribute to poor sleep, review how these disorders/diseases impact both the individual and society, and discuss some of the key challenges and hurdles that we, as a society, will need to overcome if we are to maximize sleep quality in the community.
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Mitkov, Ruslan. Anaphora Resolution. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0014.
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The article provides a theoretical background of anaphora and introduces the task of anaphora resolution. The importance of anaphora resolution in natural language parsing (NLP) is distinct, and early work and recent developments are outlined in this article. Finally, issues that need further attention are discussed. Anaphora is the linguistic phenomenon of pointing back to a previously mentioned item in the text. Varieties of anaphora include pronominal anaphora, lexical noun phrase anaphora, and nominal anaphora. The interpretation of anaphora is crucial for the successful operation of a machine translation system. It is essential to resolve the anaphoric relation when translating into languages that mark the gender of pronouns. Finally, the article suggests that the last years have seen considerable advances in the field of anaphora resolution, but there are still a number of outstanding issues that either remain unsolved or need further attention.
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Wilson, Catherine. 3. Knowledge and understanding. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199688326.003.0003.
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The Epicureans regarded the alleviation of suffering, and especially the suffering produced by fear and anxiety, as the most important contribution of philosophy to life. If all phenomena, even unusual phenomena, arise from the arrangement, motion, and effects of atoms, we cannot be impressed by the power of the gods, and there is no need to placate them or to try to forestall their wrath. ‘Knowledge and understanding’ considers the Epicureans’ explanation of nature, the impact of Epicureanism on the 17th-century Scientific Revolution, and the ability to identify smaller particles with the development of more and more powerful microscopes from the 17th century onwards.
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Coricelli, Fabrizio, and Marco Frigerio. Liquidity Squeeze on SMEs during the Great Recession in Europe. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815815.003.0005.
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We find that European SMEs significantly increased their net trade credit to sales ratio during the Great Recession. For the aggregate of SMEs, trade credit did not provide any buffer to the contraction in bank loans. In fact, through increased net trade credit, SMEs suffered a squeeze in their liquidity and this phenomenon reflects the weak bargaining power of SMEs in their trade credit relationship with larger firms. Therefore, increased net trade credit by SMEs does not reflect an efficient reallocation of credit, and it calls for policy actions. These policy actions are highly relevant, given that the liquidity squeeze had significant adverse effects on the real performance of SMEs, contributing to the recession and to the subsequent timid recovery of European economies. We explore various policies that could be implemented to relieve SMEs from the liquidity squeeze induced by the increase in their receivables.
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Cary, Geoffrey, David Lindenmayer, and Stephen Dovers, eds. Australia Burning. CSIRO Publishing, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643090965.
Full textAbstract:
The phenomenon of fire in the Australian landscape traverses many interests and disciplines. At a national level, there is an urgent need for the integration of both the natural and social sciences in the formulation of public policy.
With contributions from 30 leading experts, Australia Burning draws together these issues, under the themes:
Ecology and the environment
Fire behaviour and fire regime science
People and property
Policy, institutional arrangements and the legal framework
Indigenous land and fire management
The book examines some of the key questions that relate to the ecology, prediction and management of fire, urban planning, law, insurance, and community issues, including indigenous and non-indigenous concerns. It looks at what we need to know to inform public policy, given the present risks and uncertainty, and explores the avenues for closer integration between science, policy and the community.
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Hinshaw, Stephen P., and Richard M. Scheffler. ADHD in the twenty-first century. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
ADHD is a worldwide phenomenon of considerable importance, having generated major controversy throughout its history. In this chapter we emphasize the confluence of biological vulnerabilities and contextual influences essential for its manifestations. We also provide information on the sharp rises in both diagnosed prevalence and rates of medication treatment in recent years, providing a case example from the US pertaining to the influences of educational policies as one trigger of such increases. We conclude with commentary on the need for integrative and integrated perspectives on both the origins of ADHD and evidence-based treatments. Even though ADHD has important heritable and biological roots, its symptoms and impairments are amplified or diminished in homes and schools, and multimodal treatments are optimal for enhancing competence. Moreover, societal context and policy clearly shape diagnostic trends. We emphasize the need for integrative perspectives on ADHD, as reductionistic viewpoints polarize essential dialogue.
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Jin, Dal Yong. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039973.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter first summarizes the major characteristics of the New Korean Wave. It then considers whether we need to develop non-Western media theories to explain the rapid growth of local popular culture in the global markets or whether we have to apply and utilize current forms of these theories. It also discusses what we have to keep in mind in further studies on the Hallyu phenomenon in the midst of globalization, which will be a good case study for several other emerging local markets. It argues that producers in the Korean cultural industries need to develop the unique culture through the hybridization process. The Korean government and cultural industry corporations also play a key role in developing cultural policies and cultural products. By doing so, Korea will be able to make a compelling case for the growth of local popular culture and digital technologies in the global markets.
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Wyatt, Tristram D. 7. The wisdom of crowds. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198712152.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
Recent work on collective animal behaviour shows that relatively simple behaviours by each animal acting individually can together produce complex, emergent behaviours larger than the parts. This self-organization occurs despite the limited cognitive abilities of individual animals and despite each animal’s limited access to global information, or the ‘big picture’. ‘The wisdom of crowds’ explains this phenomenon termed swarm intelligence by considering the murmurations of starlings, schools of fish, ant trails, and termite nest-building. The behaviour of individual animals and the rules of interaction, from which the collective behaviours emerge, have evolved under natural selection just like other behaviours. The application of such self-organization models is also discussed.
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Steensma, Thomas D., and Annelijn Wensing-Kruger. Gender Dysphoria. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.26.
Full textAbstract:
Gender dysphoria refers to the distress that is the result of the incongruence between one’s gender identity and gender assigned at birth. Feelings of gender dysphoria can be present in individuals of all ages; the need for clinical attention and the aim of counseling however is different for children, adolescents, and adults. This chapter focuses on gender dysphoria in children and adolescents. It starts by introducing the phenomenon of gender dysphoria, descrfibing the way it is diagnosed and the prevalence. In addition, based on what is known from the literature, the assessment and counseling approaches in children and adolescents with gender dysphoria are described and discussed.
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Acerbi, Alberto. Cultural Evolution in the Digital Age. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835943.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
From emails to social media, from instant messaging to political memes, the way we produce and transmit culture is radically changing. This book uses, for the first time, cultural evolution theory to analyze how information spreads, and how it affects our behavior in the digital age. Online connectedness and digital media allows access to networks where cultural transmission is possible, increasing both the availability of cultural models (from whom we can copy) and our reach (the number of individuals who can copy from us). This poses new problems, and new opportunities (Chapter 1). A cognitive and evolutionary approach suggests that we are wary learners, and the power of social influence, either online or offline, is often overestimated (Chapter 2). The background developed in the initial chapters into the details of different online phenomena is used: the tendency to copy popular individuals (Chapter 3), popular opinions (Chapter 4), or exchange information only with same-minded individuals (Chapter 5). The spread of online misinformation is then scrutinized at length (Chapter 6), proposing that to understand the phenomenon we need to understand why, generally, some information is more successful in spreading than other. The last two chapters examine how online, digital, transmission is different from other forms of cultural transmission, providing more “fidelity amplifiers” (Chapter 7), and how this could affect future cultural cumulation (Chapter 8). Overall, it is proposed that a “long view” to the current situation, based on a personal perspective of cognitive and evolutionary approaches to culture, suggests that some of the dangers of digital, online, interactions may have been overestimated, and the opportunities still ahead of us are discussed.
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Price, Julie R., Alric D. Hawkins, and Steven D. Passik. Opioid therapy: managing risks of abuse, addiction, and diversion. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0095.
Full textAbstract:
Given the complex and chronic medical problems that are seen in the palliative care setting, there is an ever increasing need for awareness of prescription drug abuse. Providers must balance the potential for abuse of prescribed opioids with the need to provide appropriate analgesia for patients in the palliative care setting. In addition, the presence of aberrant drug use amongst patients with advanced illness represents a major impediment to appropriate care. In order to maximize patient outcomes and to prescribe needed medication both safely and fairly, the clinician should work to develop appropriate controls and monitoring. Aberrant drug-related behaviour is a complex phenomenon that can occur in the chronic medically ill patient and needs to be approached in an empathetic manner that allows for recognition of the biological, chemical, psychological, and social aspects, with the ultimate goal of safely managing patients’ pain, while addressing other issues that are leading to their distress and perpetuating their aberrant drug use.