Academic literature on the topic 'Negative and positive sequence component'

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Journal articles on the topic "Negative and positive sequence component"

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Paithankar, Y. G., and S. R. Bhide. "A Fast Method for Sequence Component Filtering." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 40, no. 1 (2003): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijeee.40.1.7.

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In this paper a method to filter or segregate sequence components, using minimal hardware is presented. The method does not involve phase shifts other than that of 90 degrees. Thus it can be implemented using very simple hardware or if implemented in software will need considerably less amount of processing. The method consists in first separating the zero sequence component. Then the zero sequence component is subtracted from the input signal to get a signal which is sum of positive and negative sequence components. Further it is pointed out that difference between positive and negative sequence components is easily found from the difference of the phase quantities. Thus the sum and difference of positive and negative sequence components are available, from which individual positive and negative sequence components can be easily separated by simple addition and subtraction operations.
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Zhang, Xiao Ying, Zheng Jiang, and Zhong Jian Zhou. "Three-Phase Magnitude Detection Based on Decoupling Positive and Negative Sequences of Double D-Q Transformation." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 2101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.2101.

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This paper introduces T/4 time-lapse elimination detection, a novel method of detecting three-phase magnitude based on double d-q synchronous reference frame, functioning in decoupling positive and negative sequences of fundamental wave. When the voltage (or current) fundamental positive and negative sequence components are separated, their magnitudes can be detected respectively, so it is effective to restrain the impact on detection precision from negative sequence component. To verify the performance of this novel method, simulation experiments like transient response under normal grid condition and dynamic response under three-phase unbalance with harmonic pollution condition is finished. The results indicate that the novel method obtains a high precision of measure and a better dynamic property and has advantages on preventing harmonic propagation compared with T/16 time-lapse elimination detection method. Thus it can be wildly applied in three-phase power electronic devices.
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Yang, Zonglei, Chao Xie, and Chunya Yin. "Fault Location Method for Distribution Network Using an Additional Inductance Strategy." Electronics 13, no. 4 (2024): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13040712.

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In distribution networks, time asynchrony exists between the phasor measuring unit (PMU) at both ends of a line, and the effective measurement time of the devices is short, leading to insufficient accuracy in phasor measurements. This paper proposes a fault location method for distribution networks that employ an additional inductance strategy to address the limited location accuracy caused by time asynchrony and the inadequate accuracy of phasor measurement devices. The method enhances the stability and accuracy of phase measurement by connecting an additional inductance after the online circuit breaker, thus extending the effective measurement time. It uses the symmetrical component method to obtain the positive-sequence and negative-sequence networks following a fault. Time asynchrony is treated as an equivalent asynchronous phase angle, which is then applied to the positive and negative-sequence voltage components. The impact of time asynchrony is mitigated by compensating for the phase angle difference using the ratio of the positive-sequence voltage component to the negative-sequence voltage component. This approach provides the fault location function and has improved the accuracy of fault location, which is advantageous for rapid fault repair.
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Bialobrzheskyi, O., A. Postil, and S. Yakimets. "Accounting for a positive, negative and zero sequences power in a three-phase unbalanced electrical system." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 6 (December 23, 2023): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2023-6/093.

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Purpose. Based on the instantaneous electrical power of a three-phase asymmetric system of sinusoidal periodic current, to determine positive, negative, zero-sequences active and reactive power, as well as invariance power factor. Methodology. In the unbalance case in three-phase electrical system, the electrical energy quality is evaluated by means on voltage and current positive, negative, zero-sequences. At the same time, similar components of active and reactive power have not received practical distribution. But it is precisely in terms of power that electricity is accounted for. The instantaneous power orthogonal components in the time domain are determined using the symmetrical components of voltage and current. Active, reactive powers of positive, negative and zero-sequences are allocated. The result obtained has the property of representativeness, which most of the known results lack. Findings. The three-phase system’s instantaneous power components are analytically determined, including the amplitudes of the oscillating power components. The need to take into account the oscillating instantaneous power components has been proven by means of a graphical interpretation of a special case of the three-phase system mode. As an integral indicator that takes into account the oscillating components of the three-phase system instantaneous power, its root-mean-square value over the repetition period is used. Originality. By calculating the transformer efficiency of the studied model according to the active power positive sequence and the same indicator according to the active power as a whole, it was established, that the component sequence separation affects the results of calculating the generalized indicators, including the power transmission system objects. This can lead to erroneous judgments about the efficiency of the specified facilities functioning. Practical value. The invariance power factor was used to characterize the electrical energy quality level of a three-phase sinusoidal current system in an unbalanced mode.
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Feng, Guoli, Zhihao Ye, Yihui Xia, Liming Huang, and Zerun Wang. "Impedance Modeling and Stability Analysis of Three-Phase Four-Wire Inverter with Grid-Connected Operation." Energies 15, no. 8 (2022): 2754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082754.

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With the continuous penetration and development of renewable energy power generation, distributed grids and microgrids are becoming increasingly important in power systems. In the distribution networks and microgrids, the grid impedance is comparatively large and cannot be ignored. Usually, the parallel compensation is used to improve the grid quality. In these three-phase four-wire power systems, analyzing the impedance characteristics of the grid-connected inverter is vital to carry out the small-signal stability analysis. Thus, it is vital to consider the influence of the zero-sequence component in addition to the positive-sequence component and the negative-sequence component when it comes to analyzing system stability. In this paper, the impedances of three-phase four-wire split capacitor inverter and three-phase four-leg inverter are established. Based on the achieved impedance, the similarities and differences between the impedances of three-phase four-wire split capacitor inverter and impedance of three-phase four-leg inverter are studied. The main difference is reflected in zero-sequence impedance. Additionally, the zero-sequence impedance characteristics and the dominating factors deciding the zero-sequence impedance are analyzed. Then, the stability of the system considering the grid impedance and impedance of three-phase four-wire inverter is investigated by separately considering the stability of the positive–negative-sequence component and the stability of the zero-sequence component. Several cases of small-signal instability caused by the positive–negative-sequence component or zero-sequence component are revealed. The experimental results validate the theoretical analysis.
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Li, Dan, and Ting Ting Cai. "Control Strategy for VSC-HVDC under Unbalanced Grid Voltages." Applied Mechanics and Materials 863 (February 2017): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.863.214.

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This paper describes the use of an unbalanced control strategy to solve the faults occur in AC grid side of High voltage direct current based on Voltage Source Converter (VSC-HVDC) system. This method divides the voltage and current parameters into negative-sequence and positive-sequence. It can be obtained that the negative-sequence appears as double-frequency component in the positive-sequence synchronous reference frame; while, it appears as dc component in the negative-sequence synchronous reference frame. To mitigate the unfavourable impact of the unbalance fault, such as the DC link ripples, the dual vector control algorithm in dq synchrounous reference frame is designed. Simulation results demonstrate the validity and the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
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Tian, Shiji, Min Lu, Ruikang Wang, and Di’an Liu. "Research on the Control Method of the PV Grid-Connected Inverter under an Asymmetrical Power Grid Fault." Energies 16, no. 22 (2023): 7504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16227504.

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The negative-sequence current component and harmonic components generated when an asymmetrical fault occurs in the power grid seriously affect the normal operation of the photovoltaic (PV) grid-connected inverter. In order to suppress the negative-sequence current component and the harmonic component of the grid-connected current, and to meet the normal grid-connected operation requirements of the PV grid-connected inverter when asymmetrical faults occur in the grid, this paper proposes the proportional integral double-resonant (PI-DR) current controller, which consists of the PI controller and double-resonant controllers. The PI-DR current controller can directly control the negative-sequence current component and the grid-connected current harmonic component in the output current in the forward synchronous rotating coordinate system, without decomposing the positive and negative sequence currents. The PI-DR current controller ensures that the PV grid-connected inverter can realize normal grid-connected operation and improves the quality of the power when an asymmetrical fault occurs in the power grid. MATLAB/Simulink experiments show that the PI-DR current controller can improve the dynamic characteristics of the PV grid-connected inverter and improve the operating capability of the system when an asymmetrical fault occurs in the power grid.
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Fu, Pengwu, Dongwen Yang, Zhi He, Zhenfeng Duan, and Dengmei Wang. "Practical calculation of asymmetric short circuit current of DFIG connected to distribution network." E3S Web of Conferences 145 (2020): 02075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014502075.

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In view of the existing complex analytic calculations of DFIG short-circuit current are hardly applied in engineering projects, a practical calculation of asymmetric short-circuit current of DFIG is proposed. According to the complex sequence and their Thevenin equivalent model of DFIG network, the composition of each sequence component of DFIG short-circuit current is analysed. Moreover, considering the low-voltage ride through strategy of DFIG, the negative sequence periodic components of short circuit current are well analysed during the crowbar activation and deactivation, and the formula of the negative sequence periodic components of short circuit current are derived. On the basis of positive and negative sequence open circuit voltage, calculating impedance and rotor current, the judgement of crowbar activation is established. The pre-calculated surfaces of negative sequence periodic components of short circuit current are proposed, and the procedure for calculating the asymmetric short-circuit current of DFIG is designed. Finally, the proposed method is verified by simulation.
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Wang, Yan, Dan Zhou, and Song Xiao Xu. "Study on Phase Comparison Pilot Protection for Six-Phase Transmission Lines Based on Six-Sequence Transformation." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 2394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.2394.

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Six-phase transmission system occupys a narrow line corridor, and it can also effectively improve power transmission density, so it gains more and more attention. A new scheme of phase comparison protection suitable for six-phase transmission lines was proposed in this paper. Because both ends of electrical quantities on six-phase transmission line are decoupled into six separate sequence components, of which opposite positive fault sequence component is independent with load current in typical six-phase transmission system, the scheme utilizes the sum of forementioned fault sequence components and same positive current sequence component and opposite negative current sequence component in proportion as the operating current in phase comparison pilot protection. The theoretical analysis and result of simulation confirm that the new scheme can correctly reflect any fault of the six-phase transmission lines, and it can overcome the disadvantages of the conventional protection under conditions of power swing, heavy load current and high transition resistances, and it can improve the sensitivity of phase comparison pilot protection and be used on six-phase transmission lines as main protection.
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Li, Wei, and Li Sun. "Grid Information Synchronous Monitoring Algorithm under Unbalanced and Distorted Condition." Advanced Materials Research 898 (February 2014): 867–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.898.867.

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The Amplitude and angular frequency of grid voltage vector fluctuate with the positive and negative sequence components and harmonic component under unbalance and distortion grid model, the conventional grid information synchronous algorithm is not suitable. A novel grid information synchronous algorithm based on AC amplitude integral is proposed, which can obtain the information of phase angle, frequency and amplitude of the fundamental positive and negative sequence components of fundamental grid voltage using the synchronization phase locked technique. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is suitable to the unbalanced and distorted grid condition and can restrain the harmonic interference and achieve the grid information synchronous monitoring.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Negative and positive sequence component"

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Williams, Lisa D. "Component transfer, positive and negative transfer effects on categorization and recognition ability." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0022/NQ51937.pdf.

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Roth, Rachel Anne. "Improving Middle School Students' Subjective Well-Being: Efficacy of a Multi-Component Positive Psychology Intervention Targeting Small Groups of Youth and Parents." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5573.

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A dual-factor model of mental health conceptualizes mental health status as a combination of both psychopathology and subjective well-being. Current literature indicates that complete mental health (i.e., low psychopathology, high subjective well-being) is associated with the best academic and social functioning among youth. Thus, the absence of psychopathology alone is not sufficient for student success. While research on interventions for improving subjective well-being, termed positive psychology interventions (PPIs), is increasing, PPIs for youth in particular lag behind similar interventions for adults. Additionally, a majority of youth-focused PPIs have targeted singular constructs (e.g., gratitude, character strengths), have neglected to include relevant stakeholders in youth's lives, and have not examined the impact of booster sessions on maintaining gains in subjective well-being. Research questions answered in the current study pertain to: (a) the impact of a comprehensive, multi-target, multi-component, small-group youth-focused PPI on students' subjective well-being and symptoms of psychopathology, and (b) the extent to which booster sessions can prevent students from experiencing post-intervention declines in subjective well-being and symptoms of psychopathology. To answer these questions, 42 seventh grade students were randomly assigned to either immediately receive the PPI or to a wait-list control group; all participants' subjective well-being and symptoms of psychopathology were analyzed across time. At immediate post-intervention, students who participated in the PPI made significant gains in all components of subjective well-being, and there was a trend for them to report less internalizing and externalizing symptoms of psychopathology relative to students in the wait-list control group. By seven-week follow-up, students who participated in the PPI exhibited sustained high levels of positive affect, and there was a trend for them to report sustained low levels of negative affect and internalizing symptoms of psychopathology relative to students in the wait-list control group. Thus, findings from the current study support this multi-component PPI as an evidence-based method for making long-lasting improvements in early adolescents' positive affect, a primary indicator of subjective well-being. Implications for school psychologists, contributions to the literature, and future directions are discussed.
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Kapidou, Alexandra. "Application for Wind Farm Integration Complying with the Grid Code by Designing an Outer Control Strategy for the Converter." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik (EES), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-187686.

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The continuously increasing energy penetration from wind farms into the grid raises concerns regarding power quality and the stable operation of the power system. The Grid Code´s requirements give strict guidelines for a wind farm´s behaviour under faulty or abnormal operating conditions.The primary purpose of this project is the application of a STATCOM for wind farm integration complying with the Grid Code. Towards that, an outer control strategy for the converter is designed so as to regulate the voltage at the point of common coupling by providing reactive power compensation. Thus the safe operation of the grid will be ensured since the wind farm will follow the Grid Code´s standards.The existing Grid Code requires only a positive sequence current controller. This study attempts to investigate whether this is sufficient or not and to examine the possibility of extending the Grid Code requirements so as to incorporate a negative sequence current controller as well. The results support the latter suggestion. Also, the use of SiC devices was also considered in this project.<br>Den ständigt ökande penetrationen av vindenergi i elnätet väcker farhågor om elkvalitet och stabil drift av kraftsystemet. Nätkoden (Grid Code) ger strikta riktlinjer för en vindkraftsparks beteende i felfall och under onormala driftsförhållanden.Huvudsyftet med detta projekt är att använda en STATCOM för integration av vindkraftsparker så att nätkoden uppfylls. I detta projekt utformas en yttre reglerstrategi för omriktaren för att reglera spänningen vid anslutningspunkten för vindkraftsparken genom att tillhandahålla reaktiv effektkompensering. Därigenom uppnås en säker drift av nätet eftersom vindkraftparken kommer att följa nätkoden.Den befintliga nätkoden kräver endast styrning av plusföljdskomponenten av strömmen. Denna studie försöker undersöka om detta är tillräckligt samt undersöka möjligheten för att utvidga nätkoden genom att införa ett krav på styrning av negativ-sekvens ström. Resultaten stöder det sistnämnda förslaget. Även användningen av halvledarkomponenter av kiselkarbid-SiC studerades i detta projekt.
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Cutri, Rodrigo. "Método de extração em tempo real de seqüência positiva, negativa e/ou harmônicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-01042008-182014/.

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Harmônicos e desequilíbrios podem causar uma série de problemas a equipamentos conectados a rede elétrica. Este trabalho propõe um método de extração em tempo real das componentes de seqüência positiva, negativa e/ou harmônicos que não requer transformações de coordenadas ou filtragem de sinais. O método proposto é verificado via simulação numérica e implementado experimentalmente em um DSP. Como exemplos de aplicação apresentam-se: a simulação de um Filtro Ativo de Potência utilizando-se um conversor do tipo fonte de tensão operando em PWM e um Relé de Seqüência Negativa.<br>Harmonics and unbalances cause several problems to equipments connected to AC mains. This work proposes a real time method to obtain the positive and negative sequence components and/or harmonics that requires no coordinate transformation neither signal filtering. Numerical simulation and experimental results are shown to validate the proposed method. As examples of application an Active Power Filter using a voltage source converter operating with PWM and an Negative Sequence Power Relay are presented.
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Beebe, Marla. "Teaching and Rehearsal Behaviors of Instrumental Music Teachers." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1181923968.

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Tománek, Miloslav. "Simulace účinků zkratových proudů v rozvodnách VVN." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217579.

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This thesis is engaged in a theoretical calculation of short-circuit currents in electric power system in compliance with the norm ČSN 60909-0 and first of all with calculation of dynamical and thermal effects of short-circuit currents in HV switching stations in accordance with the norm ČSN 60865-1. Next the thesis is engaged in a production of programs for simulation of mechanical effects of short-circuit currents with respect to a dimensioning of constructional elements of switching station and afterwards in a practical simulation of selected parts of the real switching station type „H“ in Slavkov u Brna.
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Belchior, Fernando Nunes. "Uma nova abordagem à filtragem de harmônicos através de dispositivos eletromagnéticos." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2006. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/14325.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Nowadays, the quality of the electric energy emerges as an important subject for both the consumers and the power utilities. In this context, it is recognized the existence of national and international guide lines towards the establishment of boundary or reference values for the power indexes so as to guarantee the desired standard of voltage quality. Amongst these indicators, the harmonic distortions appear as a quite important matter and the mitigation techniques to eliminate or to reduce the level of distortions have been largely discussed in the literature. The use of classical passive and active filters are the most traditional solutions, however, some authors have pointed the possibility of using a different approach based on electromagnetic devices. Focusing this subject, this thesis investigates the use of two distinct filtering devices for harmonic filtering. The first proposal is related to the well known zero sequence harmonic components and the second to the positive and negative components. The work considers the electromagnetic filter physical principles, modeling, computational implementation, investigation of ideal and non ideal operational conditions, laboratory scale prototypes and validation tests.<br>A qualidade da energia elétrica se apresenta como uma área de grande interesse para os consumidores e concessionários de energia. Buscando meios para regulamentar o assunto, reconhece-se, na atualidade, a existência de recomendações, normas e critérios nacionais e internacionais voltados para a orientação dos valores limites ou de referência para os diversos indicadores que caracterizam o padrão de qualidade desejado. Dentro deste contexto, as distorções harmônicas nos sinais de tensão e corrente surgem como uma das questões mais preocupantes. Almejando, pois a preservação da qualidade do suprimento no que tange às distorções harmônicas, assim como para os demais itens de definição da qualidade, faz-se, muitas vezes necessário a utilização de técnicas para a mitigação dos fenômenos prejudiciais ao atendimento dos padrões definidos. Focando a questão do controle das distorções harmônicas, surge esta proposta de tese, a qual enfoca a utilização de duas metodologias distintas, baseadas em arranjos eletromagnéticos para a filtragem de correntes harmônicas. Uma das propostas destina-se a filtragem das correntes harmônicas de seqüência zero e outra voltada para as componentes de seqüência positiva e negativa. O trabalho apresenta os princípios de funcionamento, modelagens, análises computacionais e validação experimental dos dispositivos supramencionados. Os estudos são iniciados através da operação dos filtros sob condições ideais, seguido de investigações associados com situações não ideais de funcionamento.<br>Doutor em Ciências
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Hamy, Anne-Sophie. "Identification of Factors Predicting Sensitivity or Resistance to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Neoadjuvant treatment : the future of patients with breast cancer Neoadjuvant treatment for intermediate/high-risk HER2-positive and triple-negative breast cancers: no longer an “option” but an ethical obligation Long-term outcome of the REMAGUS 02 trial, a multicenter randomised phase II trial in locally advanced breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy with or without celecoxib or trastuzumab according to HER2 status BIRC5 (survivin) : a pejorative prognostic marker in stage II/III breast cancer with no response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy Beyond Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis, BMI and Menopausal Status Are Prognostic Determinants for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treated by Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Pathological complete response and prognosis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for HER2-positive breast cancers before and after trastuzumab era: results from a real-life cohort The presence of an in situ component on pre-treatment biopsy is not associated with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer Chemosensitivity, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and survival of postpartum PABC patients treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy Lymphovascular invasion after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is strongly associated with poor prognosis in breast carcinoma New insight for pharmacogenomics studies from the transcriptional analysis of two large-scale cancer cell line panels Biological network-driven gene selection identifies a stromal immune module as a key determinant of triple-negative breast carcinoma prognosis A Stromal Immune Module Correlated with the Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy, Prognosis and Lymphocyte Infiltration in HER2-Positive Breast Carcinoma Is Inversely Correlated with Hormonal Pathways Stromal lymphocyte infiltration after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is associated with aggressive residual disease and lower disease-free survival in HER2-positive breast cancer Interaction between molecular subtypes, stromal immune infiltration before and after treatment in breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy COX2/PTGS2 Expression Is Predictive of Response to Neoadjuvant Celecoxib in HER2-negative Breast Cancer Patients Celecoxib With Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer Might Worsen Outcomes Differentially by COX-2 Expression and ER Status: Exploratory Analysis of the REMAGUS02 Trial Comedications influence immune infiltration and pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS129.

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La chimiothérapie néoadjuvante (CNA) est utilisée dans les cancers du sein agressifs ou localement avancés (CS). Au delà des bénéfices cliniques, elle représente une opportunité pour monitorer in vivo la sensibilité d’une tumeur à un traitement.A partir de l’analyse de sets de données de patients traités par CNA, nous souhaitons identifier des mécanismes associes à la résistance ou sensibilité au traitement. Dans la première partie, nous avons évalué des paramètres, cliniques, anatomopathologiques et transcriptomiques. Nous avons démontré que des éléments non explorés comme la présence d’embols après CNA revêtaient une information pronostique importante. Dans une 2ème partie, nous avons analysé l’impact de l’infiltrat immunitaire dans le cancer du sein, et avons décrit les changements observés entre des échantillons avant et après CNA. Nous avons montré que l’impact pronostique des TILs était différent avant et après CNA, et était opposé dans les CS triple négatif ou HER2-positif. Finalement, nous avons analysé l’impact des comédications pendant la CNA. Nous avons trouvé des effets positifs – via l’augmentation de l’infiltrat immunitaire et la réponse au traitement – et des effets négatifs avec des effets délétères dans certains sous groupes de patients. En conclusion, la situation néoadjuvante représente une plateforme pour générer et potentiellement valider des hypothèses de recherche. La mise à disposition de jeux de données de patients traités par chimiothérapie néoadjuvante constituerait une ressource majeure pour accélérer la recherche contre le cancer du sein<br>Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC i.e. chemotherapy before surgery) is increasingly being used for aggressive or locally advanced breast cancer (BCs). Beyond clinical benefits, it represents an opportunity to monitor in vivo sensitivity to treatment. Based on the analysis of datasets of BCs patients treated with NAC, we aimed at identifying mechanisms associated with resistance or sensitivity to treatment.In the first part, we evaluated biological, clinical, pathological and transcriptomic patterns. We demonstrated that unexplored pathological features such as post-NAC lymphovascular invasion may carried an important prognostic information.In a second part, we analyzed impact of imune infiltration in BC and we described extensively the changes of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) between pre and post-NAC samples. We showed that the prognostic impact of TILs was different before and after NAC, and was opposite in TNBC and HER2-positive BCs. Finally, we investigated the impact of comedications use during NAC. We found both positive effects - while enhancing immune infiltration and response to treatment - and negative effects with deleterisous oncologic outcomes in specific patients subgroups. In conclusion, the neoadjuvant setting represents a platform to both generate and potentially validate research hypotheses aiming at increasing the efficacy of treatment. The public release of real-life datasets of BC patients treated with NAC would represent a major resource to accelerate BC research
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Lu, Ming Fo, and 盧明佛. "Applications of Positive and Negative Sequence Observers for STATCOM Control Under Unbalanced Grid Faults." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54649407381407271499.

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碩士<br>國立清華大學<br>電機工程學系<br>103<br>This thesis studies STATCOM control when an unexpected unbalanced fault is experienced in the grid. In order to extract the corresponding positive sequences and negative sequences of voltage/current phasors, both voltage/current sequence observers will be considered first. Then the controller design is based on the conventional cascaded inner/outer loop current control configuration. These control parameters must be designed precisely to meet proper bandwidth relationship among observer, inner-loop current control, and outer-loop voltage control, so that it can conform the given transient performance. In order to verify the correctness of the proposed control, dynamical simulations in SIMULINK will be investigated. Then, Matlab Embedded Coder will utilized for generating DSP codes for hardware implementations. A three-phase balanced voltage dip circuit is implemented for hardware experiments of unbalanced faults. Both simulations and experimental work are conducted. Both results provide satisfactory dynamical performances of the proposed controller.
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Hsu, Che-Wei, and 許哲瑋. "Research of Low Voltage Ride-Through Strategies for Grid-Connected Converters Based on Positive Sequence and Negative Sequence Reactive Current Control." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84714874914767954785.

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碩士<br>國立清華大學<br>電機工程學系<br>98<br>With more and more distributed energy resources (DERs) being connected to the grid through interface converters, the utility requires the DER generation system to remain grid-connected during grid voltage imbalance to ensure the operating stability of the AC power system. These low voltage ride-through requirements also suggest that the DER generation system injects reactive power to support grid voltages. Traditional reactive power compensation methods can provide request reactive current to meet the low voltage ride-through requirements. However, the resulting peak phase current may exceed the peak rated current of the converter during voltage sag, thus facing the risk of over-current protection tripping of itself. In this thesis, a positive sequence and negative sequence reactive current injection method is proposed to meet the low voltage ride-through requirement. The proposed method can generate the positive sequence and negative sequence reactive current commands so the resulting phase current does not exceed the ampere constraint of the converter,which is very critical for the safe operation of the converter. Its operation principle and control method are explained and analyzed. Simulation and laboratory test results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Comparisons of the proposed method and other low voltage ride-through techniques are also presented.
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Books on the topic "Negative and positive sequence component"

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Rasmussen, Dennis C. Smith, Rousseau and the True Spirit of a Republican. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474422857.003.0012.

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This chapter explores the meaning of Adam Smith’s claim that Jean-Jacques Rousseau embodied ‘the true spirit of a republican carried a little too far’, ultimately concluding that Smith was not referring to Rousseau’s ‘republican’ or ‘positive’ conception of liberty but rather to his claim that commerce is invariably corrupt and corrupting. It also explores these thinkers’ conceptions of liberty, arguing that their views are nearly diametrically opposed, but not (only) in the way that is generally assumed. On the level of politics, as is well known, Smith advocated negative liberty while Rousseau advocated positive liberty. Yet on the level of the individual Smith regarded a kind of positive liberty—namely, self-command—as a necessary component of a moral life, while Rousseau regarded negative liberty as a supreme good for those who are sufficiently free of destructive passions that they will refrain from abusing it.
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Campos, Nauro F., Paul De Grauwe, and Yuemei Ji. Structural Reforms, Growth, and Inequality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821878.003.0001.

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This chapter provides a critical overview of the state of the art in the economics literature on structural reforms. It takes stock of theoretical developments, measurement efforts, and of the econometric evidence. We start with a simple theoretical framework for the relationship between structural reforms, economic growth, and income inequality. We argue that whether structural reforms have a positive or negative impact depends on various factors. The type of reform, timing, sequence, and political constraints play crucial roles in determining the effectiveness of reforms on economic growth and income inequality. We conclude by proposing a 7-point agenda for future research.
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Seeck, Margitta, L. Spinelli, Jean Gotman, and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Combination of Brain Functional Imaging Techniques. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0046.

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Several tools are available to map brain electrical activity. Clinical applications focus on epileptic activity, although electric source imaging (ESI) and electroencephalography-coupled functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG–fMRI) are also used to investigate non-epileptic processes in healthy subjects. While positron-emission tomography (PET) reflects glucose metabolism, strongly linked with synaptic activity, and single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) reflects blood flow, fMRI (BOLD) signals have a hemodynamic component that is a surrogate signal of neuronal (synaptic) activity. The exact interpretation of BOLD signals is not completely understood; even in unifocal epilepsy, more than one region of positive or negative BOLD is often observed. Co-registration of medical images is essential to answer clinical questions, particularly for presurgical epilepsy evaluations. Multimodal imaging can yield information about epileptic foci and underlying networks. Co-registering MRI, PET, SPECT, fMRI, and ESI (or magnetic source imaging) provides information to estimate the epileptogenic zone and can help optimize surgical results.
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Stephenson, Carolyn. Peace Research/Peace Studies: A Twentieth Century Intellectual History. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.273.

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Peace research is a component of the field of international relations (IR) that focuses on the causes of war and violence as well as the conditions of peace. The origins of peace research can be traced to the works of Plato, Thucydides, Hugo Grotius, Thomas Hobbes, and Immanuel Kant. The central debate in peace research revolved around the question of whether peace is to be defined simply as the absence of war and direct violence (“negative peace”) or the whether the concept encompasses both the absence of war and direct violence plus the presence of social justice (“positive peace”). Three primary waves of peace studies worldwide since its beginnings between the world wars can be identified: the first wave, roughly from the 1930s to 1960s, focused largely on the causes of war; the second wave was concerned with radicalization and democratization of peace studies; and the third wave saw the rise of two dominant fields—those of nuclear weapons, arms control and disarmament, and conflict resolution/management. During the 1990s, there was a renewed attention to research on topics such as sanctions, peacemaking, the concept of a culture of peace, environment, development, and conflict. Peace research and peace studies have in some ways brought about a transformation not only of dominant power structures, but also of the very concept of power itself. However, there are areas that need improvement, such as developing alternatives to armed conflict and injustice.
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Houston, Lynn Marie. Food Culture in the Caribbean. Greenwood Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400652493.

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Food in the Caribbean reflects both the best and worst of the Caribbean's history. On the positive side, Caribbean culture has been compared with a popular stew there called callaloo. The stew analogy comes from the many different ethic groups peacefully maintaining their traditions and customs while blending together, creating a distinct new flavor. On the negative side, many foods and cooking techniques derive from a history of violent European conquest, the importation of slaves from Africa, and the indentured servitude of immigrants in the plantation system. Within this context, students and other readers will understand the diverse island societies and ethnicities through their food cultures. Some highlights include the discussion of the Caribbean concept of making do—using whatever is on hand or can be found—the unique fruits and starches, the one-pot meal, the technique of jerking meat, and the preference for cooking outdoors. The Caribbean is known as the cradle of the Americas. The Columbian food exchange, which brought products from the Caribbean and the Americas to the rest of the world, transformed global food culture. Caribbean food culture has wider resonance to North, Central, and South America as well. The parallels in the food-related evolution in the Americas include the early indigenous foods and agriculture; the import and export of foods; the imported food culture of colonizers, settlers, and immigrants; the intricacies of defining an independent national food culture; the loss of the traditional agricultural system; the trade issues sparked by globalization; and the health crises prompted by the growing fast-food industry. This thorough overview of island food culture is an essential component in understanding the Caribbean past and present.
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Donaghy, Michael. The clinical approach. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0030.

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This chapter describes the appropriate clinical approach to take when presented with a patient reporting a neurological symptom. Just under 10 per cent of the population consult their general practitioner about a neurological symptom each year in the United Kingdom. About 10 per cent of these are referred for a specialist opinion, usually to a neurologist. Nine conditions account for roughly 75 per cent of general neurological referrals and are diagnosed initially on purely clinical grounds, with the other 25 per cent representing the full range of other, potentially very rare, neurological disorders.This chapter underlines the importance of a thorough and informative history to achieve successful diagnosis. Crucial facets for a good history include information on the time course of symptom development, whether symptoms are negative or positive, previous neurological history (both personal and familial), as well as other potentially contributory general medical disorders. The general neurological examination is also described, as are specific examination manoeuvres that may be added to the general neurological examination in specific clinical circumstances.Reflexes play an important role in diagnostic neurology because they reflect the integrity of, or alterations in, the neural structures responsible for their arc. Loss of a reflex may be due to interruption of the afferent path by a lesion involving the first sensory neurone in the peripheral nerves, plexuses, spinal nerves, or dorsal roots, by damage to the central paths of the arc in the brainstem or spinal cord, by lesions of the lower motor neurone at any point between the anterior horn cells and the muscles, of the muscles themselves, or by the neural depression produced by neural shock. In clinical practice, the most useful and oft-elicited reflexes are the tendon reflexes of the limbs, the jaw jerk, the plantar response, the superficial abdominal reflexes, the pupil-light response, and in infants, the Moro reflex. The place of these particular reflexes in the routine neurological examination is outlined, and the elicitation and significance of these reflexes and of a wide variety of others which are used occasionally are described.Examinations that allow localization lesions that are responsible for muscle weaknesses and the assessment of somatosensory abnormalities are described, as are neurological disorders that result in identifiable gait disorders. The clinical signs and examinations relevant to autonomic disorders are also discussed.Intensive care may be required for patients critically ill either as a result of primary neurological disease, or in those in whom a neurological disorder is a component of, or secondary to, a general medical disorder. Indications for admission to neurological intensive care have been defined (Howard et al. 2003): impaired consciousness, bulbar muscle failure, severe ventilatory respiratory failure, uncontrolled seizures, severely raised intracranial pressure, some monitoring and interventional treatments, and unforeseen general medical complications. Naturally specific treatments indicated for the particular diagnosis should be instituted along with general intensive care measures.Finally, the discussion of diagnoses of chronic or terminal conditions with patients is discussed, with particular focus on the best way to present the diagnosis to the patient.
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Book chapters on the topic "Negative and positive sequence component"

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Häfner, H., and K. Maurer. "Are There Two Types of Schizophrenia? True Onset and Sequence of Positive and Negative Syndromes Prior to First Admission." In Negative Versus Positive Schizophrenia. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76841-5_10.

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García Portilla, Jason. "Component 1 (Macro): Quantitative (Regression) Analysis." In “Ye Shall Know Them by Their Fruits”. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_15.

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AbstractThis chapter corresponds to the macro-quantitative component. It discusses how competitiveness and corruption were modelled, how the methods were applied in the correlation analysis and which empirical results were achieved.Regression analysis is used to test the relationship between variables of some prominent prosperity/corruption theories. This part does not seek to prove causation, but instead empirically explores whether competitiveness/transparency are related to indicators such as state religion or a population’s religious affiliation.Consistent results of the models on competitiveness (GCI) are: (1) a positive influence of EPI on GCI; (2) a positive influence of a German legal origin (or German language) on GCI; (3) a negative influence of an Orthodox population on GCI; and (4) a negative influence of a Roman Catholic population (or Roman Catholic State Religion) on GCI. These results are also consistent with the predictions in the theory chapters (Chaps. 10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_6–10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_11).The corruption model applied here tests the interrelations between GDP, political liberties (democracy proxy), and language and ethnic fractionalisation. The results of the models on corruption are entirely compatible with theory. The results confirm my hypothesis that transparency levels are directly (i.e. positively) related to the proportion of Protestants in countries in Europe and the Americas.
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Poselskaya, Ludmila Nikolayevna. "Memory As a Positive and Negative Motivation Component In a Person’s Activity." In Memory in the Ontopoesis of Life. Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2501-2_16.

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Wu, Xiaobo, Jianying Liang, Junhong Tian, Conglei Song, and Qinggao Fu. "Fundamental-Frequency Positive/Negative-Sequence Detection Under Unbalanced and Distorted Grid Voltage Conditions." In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies for Rail Transportation (EITRT) 2023. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9319-2_47.

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Zhao, Yanchang, Huaifeng Zhang, Shanshan Wu, et al. "Debt Detection in Social Security by Sequence Classification Using Both Positive and Negative Patterns." In Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04174-7_42.

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Fluhr, Robert, Cris Kuhlemeier, Pamela J. Green, et al. "Multiple Positive and Negative Sequence Elements Mediate the Light-Induced Expression of a Plant Gene." In Plant Molecular Biology. Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7598-6_53.

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Mutter, Stefan, Bernhard Pfahringer, and Geoffrey Holmes. "The Positive Effects of Negative Information: Extending One-Class Classification Models in Binary Proteomic Sequence Classification." In AI 2009: Advances in Artificial Intelligence. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10439-8_27.

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Pateriya, Ayushi, and Anuprita Mishra. "Development of Islanding Detection Technique Using Positive and Negative Sequence Voltage and Current in Microgrid Atmosphere." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-9916-9_10.

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Rodrigues, Daniel Delatin, and Marco Grasso. "Social Tipping Processes in the Transformation of Civitavecchia’s Socio-energy System." In Springer Climate. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50762-5_8.

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AbstractThe chapter introduces the notion of ‘social tipping processes’, an interdisciplinary framework for the analysis of complex transformation processes which helps to identify the sequence of, broadly understood, socio-political events that can trigger positive or negative dynamics of transformations of current social-ecological systems. Social tipping processes are first framed and delineated, then this category is applied to a spatially and temporally delimited empirical case, the long-standing Italian energy city of Civitavecchia—near Rome—to investigate the transformation to renewables of the local socio-energy systems as a dynamic and relational process. The chapter concludes by outlining the main paths forward for a sustainable future, as advocated by the social tipping processes perspective put into action in the case under scrutiny.
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Jansing, Steffen, Christoph Rieger, Tim Jabs, et al. "Exploratory Pilot Study for the Integration of Task-Specific Load Alternation into a Cyclic Assembly Process." In Annals of Scientific Society for Assembly, Handling and Industrial Robotics 2022. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10071-0_6.

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AbstractTakt work represents a significant risk factor for the development of musculoskeletal complaints and diseases, especially in short-cycle processes. The increased risk results primarily from a permanent uniform load on the musculoskeletal system. Studies on motor variability suggest that an increase in load variation can have positive effects on reducing the risk.The research project “Integration of activity-specific load changes to reduce physical stress during takt work” aims to demonstrate the increase in load variation by introducing specific load changes during takt work as a possible means of preventing musculoskeletal disorders without causing negative effects on productivity. For this purpose, a pilot study was already carried out with ten subjects, which is presented in more detail in this paper.As foundation for the description of this study, the given paper first provides background on the applied theoretical concepts as well as the design of the overall research project. This is followed by the presentation of the experimental procedure and the results of the pilot study on cyclic assembly. Based on the stress profiles determined via surface electromyography the sequence of the analysed reference assembly process is reconfigured in order to integrate load changes. Future investigations within the research project are planned to compare both processes in terms of risk surrogate parameters for musculoskeletal disorders.
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Conference papers on the topic "Negative and positive sequence component"

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Fu, Haoying, Zhen Chen, Congzhe Gao, and Xiao Liu. "Fast Negative Sequence Component Detection Method Based on High-order Rotating Reference Frame." In 2025 IEEE International Conference on Power Systems and Smart Grid Technologies (PSSGT). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/pssgt64932.2025.11034156.

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Tan, Shangning, Haiyang Lu, Keke Liu, Danfeng He, and Ru Zhao. "Positive and Negative Sequence Circulating Current Control Strategy based on M3C Frequency Domain Characteristics." In 2025 6th International Conference on Electrical, Electronic Information and Communication Engineering (EEICE). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/eeice65049.2025.11033990.

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Xu, Jianhua, Wanlu Zhu, and Pengfei Zhi. "Positive Sequence Component Extraction Method for Renewable Energy access Power Grid Based on MDSC-PLL." In 2024 43rd Chinese Control Conference (CCC). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ccc63176.2024.10662583.

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Qin, Junda, Bingjian Yang, Weitao Yang, Wenxiang Wu, Chong Zhang, and Panpan Liu. "A Low Voltage Ride-Through Control Strategy for Multi-Ports Energy Router Based on Positive and Negative Sequence Composite Limiting." In 2024 International Conference on HVDC (HVDC). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hvdc62448.2024.10723064.

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Little, Brenda J., Patricia A. Wagner, and Zbigniew Lewandowski. "The Role of Biomineralization in Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion." In CORROSION 1998. NACE International, 1998. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1998-98294.

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Abstract The relationship between biomineralization and microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is intuitive—microorganisms influence corrosion by both forming and dissolving minerals. Biomineralization that results in mineral deposition on a metal surface can shift the corrosion potential in either a positive or negative direction, depending on the nature of the mineral. Manganese oxide biodeposition on stainless steel surfaces forces a shift in the positive, more noble direction, making some stainless steels more vulnerable to pitting and crevice corrosion. Bioprecipitated sulfides result in accelerated corrosion of some metals and alloys. Iron oxide formation can initiate a sequence of events that results in underdeposit corrosion of susceptible metals. Biomineral dissolution reactions remove passive layers or force mineral replacement reactions that lead to further dissolution. The role of biomineralization in MIC will be reviewed in the following sections.
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Trichtchenko, L., and D. H. Boteler. "Frequency Dependence in AC Harmonic Interference to Pipelines." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-11004.

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Abstract Studies of Alternating Current (AC) interference on pipelines from nearby power lines usually consider the fundamental (50Hz or 60Hz) frequency of the power line currents. However, these currents can also contain considerable harmonics of the fundamental AC frequency. Measurements on pipelines in Canada and Sweden have shown that these harmonics can produce significant interference in the pipe-to-soil potentials. The electromagnetic fields experienced by the pipeline are dependent on three types of parameters. The first is associated with the phase relations of the power line harmonics, classified as ‘positive sequence’, ‘negative sequence’, and ‘zero sequence’. The second is related to the conductivity of the host media (ground) that affects the electromagnetic field experienced by a pipeline. The third is pipeline series impedance and parallel admittance, which introduces additional frequency dependence. This paper examines the frequency dependence of the phase relation of the power line currents, the Earth response, and the pipeline response and shows how they can be combined to provide an AC risk assessment.
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Tianqu Hao, Li Ran, Zheng Zeng, and Wei Lai. "Fast extraction of positive and negative sequence voltage components for inverter control." In 8th IET International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2016). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2016.0150.

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Ma, Wenchuan, Shuo Zhang, Nan Shi, Shuwen Wang, Yu Bai, and Shumin Li. "Detection Methods of Unbalance Factor and Phase Angle Difference of Positive and Negative Sequence Component of Three-Phase Voltage." In 2012 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec.2012.6306945.

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Guo, Jian, Xiaobo Yang, Jiawen Si, Ke Ren, Pengfei Yue, and Roaidar Khan. "Modeling and Simulation of a Positive and Negative Sequence Component Separation for Grid Voltage Based on the Improved Method of Instantaneous Symmetrical Components." In 2019 Chinese Control And Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2019.8833394.

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Tai-Ying Zheng, Seung-Tae Cha, Peter A. Crossley, and Yong-Cheol Kang. "Protection algorithm for a wind turbine generator based on positive- and negative-sequence fault components." In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Power System Automation and Protection (APAP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apap.2011.6180548.

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Reports on the topic "Negative and positive sequence component"

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Bravo-Ureta, Boris E., and Horacio Cocchi. On-Site Costs and Benefits of Soil Conservation Among Hillside Farmers in El Salvador. Inter-American Development Bank, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011143.

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This study analyses the relationships between farm income, adoption of conservation technologies and output diversification among PAES participants by comparing their performance at two points in time, 2002 and 2005, and against non-participants (control group) in 2005. The indicators reveal that the soil conservation and agroforestry component of PAES has been highly profitable. The outcome of the study shows crop diversification and soil conservation practices exhibit a strong positive association with the length of farmers' involvement with PAES and their participation in social organizations, and the positive association between conservation practices and income contrasts with the effects of conservation structures, which is negative but non-significant.
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Herrin, Alejandro, Judith Borja, Nanette Mayol, et al. Home and School Environment Component: Sense of Belongingness and Bullying for the Second Congressional Commission on Education (EDCOM 2). Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2024. https://doi.org/10.62986/dp2024.42.

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This paper aims to supplement information from PISA 2018 using the Longitudinal Cohort Study on the Filipino Child (LCSFC). In particular, it explores relationships among schooling outcomes, bullying, and a common set of child, belongingness, family, and community background factors. For this analysis, schooling outcome is measured as being on track with schooling, i.e., children are in age-appropriate grades and have no missed or repeated school years. The bullying variables include physical bullying by friends/classmates, adults, and parents, as well as emotional bullying by friends/classmates and parents. The examination considers the association between being bullied and on-track schooling while controlling for common background factors. The results show that only physical bullying from friends is significant for both sexes, while emotional bullying by friends is significant only for males. However, the association is positive, contrary to expectations. For example, Orbeta (2021) found a consistent and highly significant negative association between measures of bullying and achievement in Mathematics, Science, and Reading. Perhaps the association is greater when it comes to measured academic performance (e.g., scores on standardized tests) and not as pronounced for merely being on track in schooling, after controlling for the challenges of being on track as reflected by the background factors that also influence bullying. This brings attention back to the associations between background factors and on-track schooling, now considering bullying. The significant associations between child factors remain consistent and significant (IQ scores, children with disabilities, child work, attended nursery, and depressive symptoms). What is interesting is the consistent positive association of wasting with on-track schooling. It is not clear what this actually captures—perhaps it is related to the timing of interventions. No significant associations are seen with variables related to belongingness. The importance of family factors remains positive, particularly with household wealth, education of the mother (for males), and the mother’s confidence that the child can achieve a college education (for both sexes). Being part of the IP population is negatively associated for both males and females. An unexpected finding is the association between on-track schooling and an environment of violence at home, controlling for bullying. This association is significant and negative. This unexpected result may be due to unobserved factors, including children’s capacity to cope with unfavorable situations at home. Among community factors, residence in armed conflict areas is associated with poor schooling outcomes, especially for males. In summary, this study using longitudinal data finds a strong association between human capital factors (both child and parents) and schooling. In some instances, human capital factors tend to be protective against bullying (IQ scores, mothers' education, and aspirations for the child), which mitigate the potential effects of bullying and perhaps, in the process, build resilience in children. Further work needs to be done to uncover the underlying factors that current measures may mask.
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Hotsur, Oksana. SOCIAL NETWORKS AND BLOGS AS TOOLS PR-CAMPAIGN IMPLEMENTATIONS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11110.

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The article deals with the ways in which social networks and the blogosphere influence the formation and implementation of a PR campaign. Examples from the political sphere (election campaigns, initiatives), business (TV brands, traditional and online media) have revealed the opportunities that Facebook, Telegram, Twitter, YouTube and blogs promote in promoting advertising, ideas, campaigns, thoughts, or products. Author blogs created on special websites or online media may not be as much of a tool in PR as an additional tool on social media. It is noted that choosing a blog as the main tool of PR campaign has both positive and negative points. Social networks intervene in the sphere of human life, become a means of communication, promotion, branding. The effectiveness of social networks has been evidenced by such historically significant events as Brexit, the Arab Spring, and the Revolution of Dignity. Special attention was paid to the 2019 presidential election. Based on the analysis of individual PR campaigns, the reasons for successful and unsuccessful campaigns from the point of view of network communication, which provide unlimited multimedia and interactive tools for PR, are highlighted. In fact, these concepts significantly affect the effectiveness of the implementation of PR-campaign, its final effectiveness, which is determined by the achievement of goals. Attention is drawn to the culture of communication during the PR campaign, as well as the concepts of “trolls”, “trolling”, “bots”, “botoin industry”. The social communication component of these concepts is unconditional. Choosing a blog as the main tool of a marketing campaign has both positive and negative aspects. Only a person with great creative potential can run and create a blog. In addition, it takes a long time. In fact, these two points are losing compared to other internet marketing tools. Further research is interesting in two respects. First, a comparison of the dynamics of the effectiveness of PR-campaign tools in Ukraine in 2020 and in the past, in particular, at the dawn of state independence. Secondly, to investigate how/or the concept of PR-campaigns in social networks and blogs is constantly changing.
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Balza, Lenin, Nicolás Gómez Parra, Jorge Cuartas, and Tomás Serebrisky. Infrastructure Services and Early Childhood Development in Latin America and the Caribbean: Water, Sanitation, and Garbage Collection. Inter-American Development Bank, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012998.

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Access to essential infrastructure services such as water, sanitation, and garbage collection can considerably affect children's environment and may play a significant role in shaping early childhood developmental and health outcomes. Using data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for 18 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), we show a significant positive association between access to water and sanitation and early childhood development, as well as reduced instances of stunting. In addition, we identify a negative association between access to improved garbage collection services and the rates of stunting and underweight among children under five. Our findings are robust after using alternative measures for access and controlling for individual, maternal, and household factors, alongside considerations of household wealth and caregiver's stimulation activities. Similarly, the economic relevance of the relationship is highlighted by the substantial gap relative to the size of the vulnerable groups, persisting even after adjusting for confounding variables. Our results also suggest that households may be able to lessen the potential impact of pollutants through mitigation measures such as treating water to make it safe for consumption, using handwashing cleansers, and storing household trash in lidded containers. The current findings underscore the importance of investing in basic infrastructure services as a critical component of comprehensive strategies to enhance early childhood development and health in low- and middle-income countries. We emphasize the importance of considering the quality and type of infrastructure services alongside their availability. Future research should incorporate more complete and detailed data to improve understanding of the causal relationship between water, sanitation, and garbage collection and early childhood development, as well as the mechanisms underlying the observed associations.
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Sessa, Guido, and Gregory B. Martin. molecular link from PAMP perception to a MAPK cascade associated with tomato disease resistance. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597918.bard.

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The research problem: The detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a key mechanism by which plants activate an effective immune response against pathogen attack. MAPK cascades are important signaling components downstream of PRRs that transduce the PAMP signal to activate various defense responses. Preliminary experiments suggested that the receptor-like cytoplasmickinase (RLCK) Mai5 plays a positive role in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and interacts with the MAPKKK M3Kε. We thus hypothesized that Mai5, as other RLCKs, functions as a component PRR complexes and acts as a molecular link between PAMP perception and activation of MAPK cascades. Original goals: The central goal of this research was to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which Mai5 and M3Kε regulate plant immunity. Specific objectives were to: 1. Determine the spectrum of PAMPs whose perception is transmitted by M3Kε; 2. Identify plant proteins that act downstream of M3Kε to mediate PTI; 3. Investigate how and where Mai5 interacts with M3Kε in the plant cell; 4. Examine the mechanism by which Mai5 contributes to PTI. Changes in research directions: We did not find convincing evidence for the involvement of M3Kε in PTI signaling and substituted objectives 1 and 3 with research activities aimed at the analysis of transcriptomic profiles of tomato plants during the onset of plant immunity, isolation of the novel tomato PRR FLS3, and investigation of the involvement of the RLCKBSKs in PTI. Main achievements during this research program are in the following major areas: 1. Functional characterization of Mai5. The function of Mai5 in PTI signaling was demonstrated by testing the effect of silencing the Mai5 gene by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiments and in cell death assays. Domains of Mai5 that interact with MAPKKKs and subcellular localization of Mai5 were analyzed in detail. 2. Analysis of transcriptional profiles during the tomato immune responses to Pseudomonas syringae (Pombo et al., 2014). We identified tomato genes whose expression is induced specifically in PTI or in effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Thirty ETI-specific genes were examined by VIGS for their involvement in immunity and the MAPKKK EPK1, was found to be required for ETI. 3. Dissection of MAP kinase cascades downstream of M3Kε (Oh et al., 2013; Teper et al., 2015). We identified genes that encode positive (SGT and EDS1) and negative (WRKY1 and WRKY2) regulators of the ETI-associated cell death mediated by M3Kε. In addition, the MKK2 MAPKK, which acts downstream of M3Kε, was found to interact with the MPK3 MAPK and specific MPK3 amino acids involved interaction were identified and found to be required for induction of cell death. We also identified 5 type III effectors of the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonaseuvesicatoria that inhibited cell death induced by components of ETI-associated MAP kinase cascades. 4. Isolation of the tomato PRR FLS3 (Hind et al., submitted). FLS3, a novel PRR of the LRR-RLK family that specifically recognizes the flagellinepitope flgII-28 was isolated. FLS3 was shown to bind flgII-28, to require kinase activity for function, to act in concert with BAK1, and to enhance disease resistance to Pseudomonas syringae. 5. Functional analysis of RLCKs of the brassinosteroid signaling kinase (BSK) family.Arabidopsis and tomato BSKs were found to interact with PRRs. In addition, certain ArabidospsisBSK mutants were found to be impaired in PAMP-induced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae. Scientific and agricultural significance: Our research activities discovered and characterized new molecular components of signaling pathways mediating recognition of invading pathogens and activation of immune responses against them. Increased understanding of molecular mechanisms of immunity will allow them to be manipulated by both molecular breeding and genetic engineering to produce plants with enhanced natural defense against disease.
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6

Yaron, Zvi, Martin P. Schreibman, Abigail Elizur, and Yonathan Zohar. Advancing Puberty in the Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon Piceus) and the Striped Bass (Morone Saxatilis). United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568102.bard.

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The black carp (bc)GtH IIb cDNA was amplified and isolated, cloned and sequenced. Comparison of the bcGtH IIb deduced a.a. sequence with that of GtH IIb from other teleosts revealed high homology to cyprinid species and a lower homology to salmonid or perciform fish. The gene coding for the GtH IIb was isolated and sequenced. Three bc recombinant phages which hybridized to the goldfish GtH Ib cDNA probe were isolated and are currently being characterized. The region coding for the mature GtH IIb was expressed in a bacterial expression vector resulting in the production of a recombinant protein. In vitro folding resulted in a protein only 1.3% of which displaced the native common carp GtH II in a RIA. Therefore, the common carp GtH RIA was utilized for the physiological studies at the current phase of the project. Two non-functional sites were identified along the brain-pituitary gonadal axis in the immature black carp. The pituitary is refractory to GnRH stimulation due to a block proximal to the activation of PKA and PKC probably at the level of GnRH receptors. The gonads, although capable of producing steroids, are refractory to gonadotropic stimulation but do respond to cAMP antagonists, indicating a block at the GtH receptor level. Attempts to advance puberty in 2 and 3 y old black carp showed that testosterone (T) stimulates GtH synthesis in the pituitary and increases its sensitivity to GnRh. A 2 month treatment combining T+GnRH increased the circulating GFtH level in 3 y old fish. Addition of domperidone to such a treatment facilitated both the accumulation of GtH in the pituitary and its response to GnRH. The cDNA of striped bass GtH a, Ib and IIb subunits were amplified, isolated, cloned and sequenced, and their deduced a.a. sequences were compared with those of other teleosts. A ribonuclease protection assay was developed for a sensitive and simultaneous determination of all GtH subunits, and of b-actin mRNAs of the striped bass. GnRH stimulated dramatically the expression of the a and GtH IIb subunits but the level of GtH Ib mRNA increased only moderately. These findings suggest that GtH-II, considered in salmonids to be involved only in final stages of gametogenesis, can be induced by GnRH to a higher extent than GtH-I in juvenile striped bass. The native GtH II of the striped bass was isolated and purified, and an ELISA for its determination was developed. The production of all recombinant striped bass GtH subunits is in progress using the insect cell (Sf9) culture and the BAC-TO-BAC baculovirus expression system. A recombinant GtH IIb subunit has been produced already, and its similarity to the native subunit was confirmed. The yield of the recombinant glycoprotein can reach 3.5 mg/ml after 3 days culture. All male striped bass reach puberty after 3 y. However, precocious puberty was discovered in 1 and 2 y old males. Females become vitellogenic during their 4th year. In immature 2 y old females, T treatment elevates the pituitary GtH II content while GnRH only potentiates the effect. However, in males GnRH and not T affects GtH accumulation in the pituitary. Neither GnRH, nor T treatment resulted in gonadal growth in 2 y old striped bass, indicating that either the accumulated GtH II was not released, or if released, the gonads were refractory to GtH stimulation, similar to the situation in the immature black carp. In 3 y old female striped bass, 150 day GnRHa treatment resulted in an increase in GSI, while T treatment, with or without GnRHa, resulted in a decrease in oocyte diameter, similar to the effect seen in the black carp. Further attempts to advance puberty in both fish species should take into account the positive effect of T on pituitary GtH and its negative effect of ovarian growth.
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7

Dolja, Valerian V., Amit Gal-On, and Victor Gaba. Suppression of Potyvirus Infection by a Closterovirus Protein. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580682.bard.

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The plant virus family Polyviridae is the largest and most destructive of all plant viruses. Despite the continuous effort to develop resistant plant varieties, there is a desperate need for novel approaches conferring wide-range potyvirus resistance. Based on experiments with the tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV)-derived gene expression vector, we suggested approach for screening of the candidate resistance genes. This approach relies on insertion of the genes into a virus vector and evaluation of the phenotypes of the resulting recombinant viruses. The genes which suppress infection by the recombinant virus are selected as candidates for engineering transgenic resistance. Our analysis of the TEV variants expressing proteins of the beet yellows closterovirus (BYV) revealed that one of those, the leader proteinase (L-Pro), strongly and specifically interfered with the hybrid TEV infection. Since closterovirus L-Pro is evolutionary related to potyviral helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro), we suggested that the L-Pro interfered with HC-Pro function via a trans-dominant inhibitory effect. Based on these findings, we proposed to test two major hypotheses. First, we suggested that L-Pro-mediated suppression of potyvirus infection is a general phenomenon effective against a range of potyviruses. The second hypothesis stated that the suppression effect can be reproduced in transgenic plants expressing L-Pro, and can be utilized for generation of resistance to potyviruses. In accord with these hypotheses, we developed two original objectives of our proposal: A) to determine the range of the closterovirus-derived suppression of potyviral infection, and B) to try and utilize the L-Pro-mediated suppression for the development of transgenic resistance to potyviruses. In the first phase of the project, we have developed all major tools and technologies required for successful completion of the proposed research. These included TEV and ZYMV vectors engineered to express several closteroviral L-Pro variants, and generation of the large collection of transgenic plants. To our satisfaction, characterization of the infection phenotypes exhibited by chimeric TEV and ZYMV variants confirmed our first hypothesis. For instance, similar to TEV-L- Pro(BYV) chimera, ZYMV-L-Pro(LIYV) chimera was debilitated in its systemic spread. In contrast, ZYMV-GUS chimera (positive control) was competent in establishing vigorous systemic infection. These and other results with chimeric viruses indicated that several closteroviral proteinases inhibit long-distance movement of the potyviruses upon co-expression in infected plants. In order to complete the second objective, we have generated ~90 tobacco lines transformed with closteroviral L-Pro variants, as well as ~100 lines transformed with BYV Hsp70-homolog (Hsp70h; a negative control). The presence and expression of the trans gene in each line was initially confirmed using RT-PCR and RNA preparations isolated from plants. However, since detection of the trans gene-specific RNA can not guarantee production of the corresponding protein, we have also generated L-Pro- and Hsp70h-specific antisera using corresponding synthetic peptides. These antisera allowed us to confirm that the transgenic plant lines produced detectable, although highly variable levels of the closterovirus antigens. In a final phase of the project, we tested susceptibility of the transgenic lines to TEV infection. To this end, we determined that the minimal dilution of the TEV inoculum that is still capable of infecting 100% of nontransgenic plants was 1:20, and used 10 plants per line (in total, ~2,000 plants). Unfortunately, none of the lines exhibited statistically significant reduction in susceptibility. Although discouraging, this outcome prompted us to expand our experimental plan and conduct additional experiments. Our aim was to test if closteroviral proteinases are capable of functioning in trans. We have developed agroinfection protocol for BYV, and tested if co- expression of the L-Pro is capable of rescuing corresponding null-mutant. The clear-cut, negative results of these experiments demonstrated that L-Pro acts only in cis, thus explaining the lack of resistance in our transgenic plants. We have also characterized a collection of the L-Pro alanine- scanning mutants and found direct genetic evidence of the requirement for L-Pro in virus systemic spread. To conclude, our research supported by BARD confirmed one but not another of our original hypotheses. Moreover, it provided an important insight into functional specialization of the viral proteinases and generated set of tools and data with which we will be able to address the molecular mechanisms by which these proteins provide a variety of critical functions during virus life cycle.
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