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1
Shaffstall-Klopfenstein, Cyndie. QuarkXPress: Making the most of your negative experiences. Quark, Inc., 1992.
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Shaffstall-Klopfenstein, Cyndie. QuarkXPress: Making the most of your negative experiences. BK Cynner Productions, 1992.
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3
Grayson, J. Paul. Globe and Mail reports, student experiences, and negative racial encounters. Institute for Social Research, York University, 1995.
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4
Forrest, Ray. Home ownership in crisis?: The British experience of negative equity. Ashgate, 1999.
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5
Federighi, Paolo, and Francesca Torlone, eds. A Guarantee System for Youth Policies. “One Step Ahead” Towards employment and autonomy. Firenze University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-468-4.
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The study examines a vast panorama of the policies on which depend the living and working conditions of young people. Measures were examined that can be enacted on a regional level starting from the concrete experience of 6 Regional Governments in as many European countries. The book shows that a true “Youth Guarantee” must guarantee support for the complexity of the transitions that characterise young person’s life and shows how this must be adapted to the different conditions the various segments of young population live in. The wealth and variety of concrete experiences offered by regional policies show how it is possible to activate public ations that, having adequate ingredients, will be able to lessen the negative effects of the economic crisis and allow young people to take one step ahead at any time in their private and professional life.
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Katz, Stanley Nider. Constitutionalism in East Central Europe: Some negative lessons from the American experience. Berghahn Books, 1994.
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7
Carrie, Mason, ed. 10 successful strategies for conducting a positive meeting with a negative parent: A practical resource for beginning and experienced educators. Mar*Co Products, 2007.
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8
Berthelot, Michèle. Positive and negative aspects of women's experience in non-traditional occupations: A survey of young women in non-traditional occupations : their experience as students in male-dominated programs (secondary, college, and university levels) and their working conditions. Gouvernement du Québec, Ministère de l'education, 1989.
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Berthelot, Michèle. Positive and negative aspects of women's experience in non-traditional occupations: Highlights : a survey of young women in non-traditional occupations : their experience as students in male-dominated programs (secondary, college and university levels) and their working conditions. Gouvernement du Québec, Ministère de l'éducation, 1989.
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10
Lyubomirsky, Sonja. Hedonic Adaptation to Positive and Negative Experiences. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195375343.013.0011.
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Bitter, István, ed. Managing Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198840121.001.0001.
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Negative symptoms are considered to be the fundamental symptoms of schizophrenia. This book provides up-to-date, practical information on the management of negative symptoms in schizophrenia by describing the concepts, definitions, long-term course, evaluation (including rating scales), and treatment of such symptoms. Along with symptoms based on clinical interview and observed behaviour, the subjective experience of people with negative symptoms of schizophrenia is also described. The book helps the reader understand the link between the latest research in this field and offers an expert insight into the various approaches that are adopted by some of the most prestigious schools of psychopathology. The first chapter guides the reader through the complex and sometimes contradictory interpretations of negative symptoms. It also describes the most commonly used negative symptom rating scales. Some of the scales or parts of them are included in the Appendix. The chapter on the basic symptoms of schizophrenia and their relationship to negative symptoms can lend support both for early intervention programmes and for the long-term follow-up of patients. It describes the evaluation of basic symptoms and provides information on currently used rating instruments developed for the standardized evaluation of such symptoms. The delineation of the long-term relationship between primary negative and positive symptoms and between primary and secondary negative symptoms in the Chapter 3 can be instrumental in the diagnostic process and personalized treatment of schizophrenia, which is characterized by complex and varying psychopathology and comorbidities (e.g. depression, extrapyramidal symptoms). Chapter 4 on the subjective experiences of patients with negative symptoms contributes to a better understanding of patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia. It also includes a description of a number a rating instruments focusing on the subjective experiences of the patients. Chapters 5 and 6, on treatments, including the pharmacological and psychosocial interventions for negative symptoms in schizophrenia, provide evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice.
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Klopfenstein, Cyndie. Quarkxpress: Making the Most of Your Negative Experiences : A Pre Press Guide to Quarkxpress/ Second Edition. 2nd ed. B K Cynner Productions, 1993.
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13
Gibson, James L., and Michael J. Nelson. Group Identities and Experiences with Legal Authorities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865214.003.0003.
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Black and white Americans hold vastly different explicit attitudes about law, justice, and the legal system. But to what extent are the views of blacks toward the legal system homogeneous? We argue that identities and experiences color the extent to which blacks exhibit high levels of support for the legal system. First, we discuss how both personal and vicarious experiences with the legal system vary among blacks, and explain how individuals who have had more negative experiences with the legal system may be less likely to support it. Second, drawing from a rich and developing literature on race and politics, we catalog variation in feelings of linked fate and group identification among blacks. Relying on a nationally-representative survey of blacks, we demonstrate that these two forms of group attachments are surprisingly different.
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Claxton, Shannon, and Manfred Van Dulmen. Casual Sexual Relationships and Experiences in Emerging Adulthood. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.002.
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Casual sexual relationships and experiences (CSREs) such as hookups, one-night stands, friends with benefits relationships, and booty calls have received increasing attention in the past decade. This review examines the role of CSREs during emerging adulthood, as well as similarities and differences among the different types of CSREs. The authors also examine the predictors and positive and negative consequences of engaging in CSREs. Although research in the area of CSREs has provided important information about the development and course of these relationships/experiences, future research should focus on exploring these relationships and experiences using an integrated theoretical perspective and longitudinal methods, in diverse, non-college samples.
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Suedfeld, Peter, A. Dennis Rank, and Marek Malůš. Spontaneous Mental Experiences in Extreme and Unusual Environments. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.35.
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This chapter reviews the effects of a special category of environments on cognitive and cognitive/emotional processes. These extreme and unusual environments (EUEs) are characterized by drastic differences from the individual’s accustomed milieu, and by posing serious challenges to well-being, health, and survival. There is a massive and wide-ranging body of writing on this topic, from history, anthropology, sociology, literature, and biography, as well as from psychology. The chapter covers information from studies of religion and ritual, mysticism, exploration, spaceflight, artistic endeavor, psychotherapy, and laboratory experiments. Sojourners in EUEs have experienced changes in memory and cognitive performance, perceptual anomalies, states of dissociative fugue, and unusual flights of imagination, among other consequences. Both positive and negative effects have been found and are discussed.
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Poehlmann, Julie, and Rebecca Shlafer. Perinatal Experiences of Low-Income and Incarcerated Women. Edited by Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.004.
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Poverty is a significant risk factor for suboptimal pregnancy and infant outcomes. Because of widespread recognition of the negative effects of poverty during pregnancy, federal programs in the United States and other health and psychosocial interventions are available to improve pregnancy and postpartum outcomes, with some success. Incarceration is increasingly recognized as a significant risk for pregnant women and their children. When they enter jail or prison, 6–10% of incarcerated women are pregnant, and more than 1,400 women per year give birth while incarcerated. Pregnant prisoners are more likely to experience risk factors associated with poor perinatal outcomes and are likely to receive inadequate prenatal care, and many states still allow shackling of incarcerated women during labor and birth. Although few interventions are available for incarcerated pregnant women, several progressive programs, such as those involving doulas or nursery programs, are available for a minority of affected women.
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1951-, Case Roland, Misfeldt Catriona 1965-, Lewis Harry 1951-, British Columbia. Ministry of Education., and Critical Thinking Cooperative, eds. Immigration in 20th century Canada: A unit exploring the positive and negative experiences of immigrant groups and Canada's policies regarding immigration. Critical Thinking Cooperative, 2002.
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Holditch-Davis, Diane, and Margaret Shandor Miles. Understanding and Treating the Psychosocial Consequences of Pregnancy Complications and the Birth of a High-Risk Infant. Edited by Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.012.
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This chapter examines parental responses to pregnancy complications and having a high-risk infant. Women with high-risk pregnancies have more depressive symptoms, stress, and anxiety than healthy pregnant women. They experience shock, worry, sadness, frustration, anger, guilt, and grief; perform fewer health-promoting behaviors; and have less intense maternal–fetal attachment. Parents also experience emotional distress after the birth of a high-risk infant, including worry about infant survival and outcomes, stress, anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, grief, hostility, and powerlessness. Distressed parents perceive their infants more negatively and are less sensitive in interactions than nondistressed parents. Several postnatal interventions have been implemented to ameliorate these negative responses. Overall, the responses of mothers to a high-risk pregnancy or birth of a high-risk infant are remarkably similar. More needs to be known about the effect of the parent’s past history, paternal responses, responses of minorities, experiences of parents of high-risk full-term infants, and interventions to ameliorate negative parental responses.
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Saito, Yuriko. The Aesthetics of the Ordinary and Familiar. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199672103.003.0001.
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Capturing the realm of everyday aesthetics requires a wide net. The defamiliarized familiar certainly is its major ingredient. However, everyday aesthetics contains diverse modes of experience beyond defamiliarziation. The familiar experienced as familiar, often yielding a sense of comforting security and stability while at other times felt as sheer drudgery, also comprises an important dimension of everyday aesthetics. The only aspect of daily life that does not belong to everyday aesthetics is inattentiveness, as it prevents one from having any ‘experience’ to speak of. Everyday aesthetics thus embraces a rich array of different experiences, sometimes by turning the ordinary into something extraordinary, while at other times illuminating the familiar texture of daily life, and at other times exposing instances of negative aesthetics in everyday experience.
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Grzywacz, Joseph G., Abdallah M. Badahdah, and d. Azza O. Abdelmoneium. Work Family Balance: Challenges, Experiences, and Implications for Families. 2nd ed. Hamad Bin Khalifa University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/difi_9789927137952.
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A key objective of the study of work-family balance detailed in this report was to build an evidence base to inform policy creation or refinement targeting work-family balance and related implementation standards to ensure the protection and preservation of Qatari families. Two complementary projects were designed and implemented to achieve this key objective. The first project was a qualitative study involving in-depth interviews with 20 Qatari working adults (10 males and 10 females). The interviews were designed to learn the meaning of work-family balance among Qataris, identify the factors shaping work-family balance or the lack thereof, and collect firsthand detailed information on the use and value of policy-relevant work-family balance sup - ports for working Qataris. The second component was a survey designed to describe work-family balance among working Qatari adults, determine potential health and well-being consequences of poor work-family balance, and characterize Qataris’ use of and preferences for new work-family balance supports. The data from the qualitative interviews tell a very clear story of work-family balance among Qataris. Work-family balance is primarily viewed as working adults’ ability to meet responsibilities in both the work and family domains. Although work-fam - ily balance was valued and sought after, participants viewed work-family balance as an idyllic goal that is unattainable. Indeed, when individuals were asked about the last time they experienced balance, the most common response was “during my last vacation or extended holiday.” The challenge of achieving work-family balance was equally shared by males and females, although the challenge was heightened for females. Qataris recognized that “work” was essential to securing or providing a desirable family life; that is, work provided the financial wherewithal to obtain the features and comforts of contemporary family life in Qatar. However, the cost of this financial wherewithal was work hours and a psychological toll characterized as “long” and “exhausting” which left workers with insufficient time and energy for the family. Participants commented on the absolute necessity of paid maternity leave for work-family balance, and suggested it be expanded. Participants also discussed the importance of high-quality childcare, and the need for greater flexibility for attending to family responsibilities during the working day. Data from the quantitative national survey reinforce the results from the qualitative interviews. Work-family balance is a challenge for most working adults: if work-fam - ily balance were given scores like academic grades in school, the majority of both males and females would earn a "C" or lower (average, minimal pass or failure). As intimated in the qualitative data, working females’ work-family balance is statistically poorer than that of males. Poor work-family balance is associated with poorer physical and mental health, with particularly strong negative associations with depression. It appears the Human Resource Law of 2016 was effective in raising awareness of and access to paid maternity leave. However, a substantial minority of working Qataris lack access to work-family balance supports from their employer, and the supports that are provided by employers do not meet the expectations of the average Qatari worker.
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Lanskey, Caroline, Friedrich Lösel, Lucy Markson, and Karen Souza. Prisoners’ Families, Penal Power, and the Referred Pains of Imprisonment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810087.003.0012.
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This chapter develops the analysis of the ‘punishment beyond the legal offender’. It illustrates how parental imprisonment was experienced differently within and across families, and while not all experiences were negative, there were common experiences of hardship. The chapter considers these personal and social hardships ‘referred pains of imprisonment’. Its analysis shows how these experiences were shaped by the direct contact families had with criminal justice agents, the strength of the relationship with the imprisoned parent, and the anticipated and actual response of others within the local community. The chapter introduces a distinction between ‘acute’ pains that were experienced in the early stages of engagement with the criminal justice process (the arrest, trial, and removal of the father from the family) and ‘chronic’ pains that persisted and burdened family members over the longer term.
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Walker, Hannah L. Mobilized by Injustice. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190940645.001.0001.
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Springing from decades of abuse by law enforcement and an excessive criminal justice system, members of over-policed communities lead the current movement for civil rights in the United States. Activated by injustice, individuals protested police brutality in Ferguson, campaigned to end stop-and-frisk in New York City, and advocated for restorative justice in Washington, D.C. Yet, scholars focused on the negative impact of punitive policy on material resources, and trust in government did not predict these pockets of resistance, arguing instead that marginalizing and demeaning policy teaches individuals to acquiesce and withdraw. Mobilized by Injustice excavates conditions under which, despite otherwise negative outcomes, negative criminal justice experiences catalyze political action. This book argues that when understood as resulting from a system that targets people based on race, class, or other group identifiers, contact can politically mobilize. Negative experiences with democratic institutions predicated on equality under the law, when connected to a larger, group-based struggle, can provoke action from anger. Evidence from several surveys and in-depth interviews reveals that mobilization as result of negative criminal justice experiences is broad, crosses racial boundaries, and extends to the loved ones of custodial citizens. When over half of Blacks and Latinos and a plurality of Whites know someone with personal contact, the mobilizing effect of a sense of injustice promises to have important consequences for American politics.
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Reid, Helen. Insight. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199346677.003.0018.
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In considering the experiences that shaped her life as a musician and as a pianist, Helen Reid describes and assesses the implications of an injury that she suffered which nearly ended her career before it had begun. Despite the physical and emotional hardships that she endured, she no longer views this period as entirely negative: instead, she sees it as a positive experience that enabled her to grow as a person, musician and teacher.
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Martin, Jeffrey J. Peer Relationships. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638054.003.0011.
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This chapter addresses the relation between sport and peer relationships for children with disabilities. Sport may be particularly valuable as a vehicle for the development of peer relationships, as many children with disabilities struggle with loneliness. Similar to many achievement-oriented social settings, sport can be a vehicle for positive, negative, and neutral experiences. For instance, sport has been linked to enhanced self-esteem, physical self-concept, positive mood states, and high-quality sport friendship. Sport can also mitigate negative affective states, such as loneliness, depression, anxiety, and fear. For example, segregated sport programs provide safe environments where adolescents with disabilities do not have to fear being teased or denigrated by able-bodied participants. However, experiences in integrated sport, with able-bodied children, can be beneficial if instructors create safe environments where teasing and bullying are not allowed. While children with disabilities are often victims of bullying, they can also be bullies in sport settings. Finally, sport experiences can be benign, with no discernible negative or positive ramifications.
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Martin, Jeffrey J. Physical Education Students. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638054.003.0039.
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Physical education (PE) is a potentially major site for delivering physical activity (PA) and sporting opportunities to children with disabilities. Most children with disabilities are officially enrolled in inclusive PE classes with mostly able-bodied children. The purpose of this chapter is to review the psychological-oriented research done in adapted PE that speaks to the PE experiences of children with disabilities. Children with disabilities have a wide range of experiences in PE. On the negative end are reports indicating that many children with disabilities are inactive and culled off to the side of the gym or playing field because teachers are unable and unwilling to adapt the activity to include children with various disabilities. Other negative experiences include being teased; children with disabilities are seen as different. In other cases, children with disabilities are simply ignored. On a more encouraging note, children with disabilities have positive experiences and develop sport and PA skills and enjoy the social interactions of other children. Researchers have also investigated the experiences of able-bodied children that occur from interacting with children with impairments.
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Hood, Ralph W. Mysticism and Hypo-egoicism. Edited by Kirk Warren Brown and Mark R. Leary. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328079.013.19.
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The shift from negative evaluations of hypo-egoicism to more positive considerations is a shared interest of both the positive psychologist and the psychologist of religion. This chapter suggests that the possible positive benefits of hypo-egoicism associated with experiences of transcendence may be interpreted as vertical (more common in psychology of religion) or horizontal (more common in positive psychology). However, the empirical consequences may be similar. The measurement of hypo-egoicism associated with reported mystical experiences is well established and the correlates of such experience are seldom associated with psychopathology. Likewise, that mysticism can be facilitated by appropriate set and setting circumstances and associated triggers such as isolation and chemicals suggests that hypo-egoicism is a human ability that can be facilitated among those interested in its likely positive outcomes for lives framed in terms of religion, spirituality, or both.
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Watson, David, James P. David, and Jerry Suls. Personality, Affectivity, and Coping. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195119343.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses personality, affectivity, and coping, and argues that commonly studied coping strategies reflect broader and more basic dispositional tendencies within the individual, that two general dimensions of temperament-Neuroticism (or Negative Emotionality) and Extraversion (or Positive Emotionality)-are crucially important in influencing both the coping strategy that an individual chooses and the level of distress that he or she experiences.
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Kleykamp, Meredith, Ryan Kelty, and David R. Segal. Military Service in Midlife. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0027.
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This chapter examines the role of military experience on positive or negative development and functioning in early adulthood. It reviews the demographic composition of the military in the United States, with attention to the diversity of those who serve. It reviews how military service influences the transition to adulthood, now serving as a pathway toward, rather than an interruption of, adulthood. It summarizes the wealth of research connecting military service to midlife outcomes, with a special focus on how military experiences may generate positive growth and resilience. Although some who serve may experience trauma, military service can also provide material and psychosocial benefits, including post-traumatic growth. Notably, the benefits of military service tend to accrue most for individuals who come from more disadvantaged backgrounds, making the military a potentially important institutional setting for a successful transition to adulthood for those who need such supports the most.
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Wills, Thomas Ashby, and James M. Sandy. Comparing Favorably. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195130447.003.0008.
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This chapter considers how people may use social comparison to cope with psychological distress arising from sources such as negative life events, failure experiences, and threats to self-esteem. It includes the theory of social comparison, the theory of downward comparison, and the mechanisms of downward comparison (selection of target, constructed comparisons, derogation of an outgroup, counterfactual thinking), as well as current issues in social comparison research.
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Barlow, David H., Todd J. Farchione, Shannon Sauer-Zavala, et al. Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190685973.001.0001.
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The Unified Protocol (UP) for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders: Therapist Guide is a treatment programv applicable to all anxiety and unipolar depressive disorders and potentially other disorders with strong emotional components (e.g., eating disorders, borderline personality disorder). The UP for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders addresses neuroticism by targeting the aversive, avoidant reactions to emotions that, while providing relief in the short term, increase the likelihood of future negative emotions and maintains disorder symptoms. The strategies included in this treatment are largely based on common principles found in existing empirically supported psychological treatments—namely, fostering mindful emotion awareness, reevaluating automatic cognitive appraisals, changing action tendencies associated with the disordered emotions, and utilizing emotion exposure procedures. The focus of these core skills has been adjusted to specifically address core negative responses to emotional experiences.
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Whitmire, Ethelene. Normal, Illinois; Chicago; Wilberforce; and Chicago Public Library. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038501.003.0003.
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This chapter details Regina's years in Normal, Illinois; and then shifts to her return to Chicago and her college experiences at Wilberforce University. It was in Normal that she attended school with the future Illinois governor and presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson II. In terms of her experiences in Normal, Regina later credited an understanding librarian as a guiding influence in her early life and training which has brought success in her chosen field. Meanwhile, Regina's experiences at the Chicago Public Library were mostly negative. However, she later said she was influenced by Vivian G. Harsh—Chicago Public Library's head librarian. The current Vivian G. Harsh Collection of Afro-American History and Literature at the Carter G. Woodson Regional Library is named after her.
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Schachter, Steven C. Non-Epileptic Seizures in Our Experience. Edited by Markus Reuber and Gregg H. Rawlings. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190927752.001.0001.
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To an outside observer, Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures (PNES) look like epileptic seizures. The manifestations of PNES include collapses, impaired consciousness, and seizure-related injuries. However, unlike epileptic seizures, which are the result of abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, most PNES are an automatic psychological response to a trigger perceived as threatening. Not least because the changes in the brain that underpin PNES cannot be visualized easily with clinical tests (such as the EEG), there are many uncertainties and controversies surrounding the condition. Patients often provoke a mixture of emotions in healthcare professionals. In the authors’ previous book, In Our Words: Personal Accounts of Living with Non-Epileptic Seizures, over 100 individuals with PNES and their families wrote about their experiences with the condition. While some had positive care experiences, most were left feeling confused, angry, and abandoned by the clinicians they had encountered. Non-Epileptic Seizures in Our Experience: Accounts of Healthcare Professionals complements the previous book by presenting the perspectives of over ninety healthcare professionals from around the world. The anonymous publication format enabled many not only to share success stories but also to be open about difficulties and failures. There will be something to learn from this book for highly experienced professionals as well as for relative novices and those experiencing PNES. The hope is that this book will challenge negative attitudes surrounding the condition, improve understanding between healthcare professionals and patients, and, ultimately, advance the quality of care provided for those with PNES.
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Saeed, Abdullah. Secularism, State Neutrality, and Islam. Edited by Phil Zuckerman and John R. Shook. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.12.
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This chapter explores how Muslims understand secularism and respond to the idea of separating religion from the state. For many Muslims, secularism has negative connotations, as they understand it to be against religion, equivalent to irreligion or antireligion. Due to these preconceptions, a Muslim who calls for secularism to be accepted may face significant resistance in many Muslim-majority countries. Various historical, social, and political reasons account for why much of the Western world has moved to separate religion or the church from the state, even while religion has remained, in several instances, an explicit part of the state. There is ample room in Islamic thought to explore the basic issue of state neutrality vis--vis religion, but the language of political discourse must shift toward more neutral terms. The term “state neutrality” is more acceptable. Muslims can come to accept state neutrality, despite their negative historical experiences associated with secularism.
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Sollberger, Michael. Can Synaesthesia Present the World as it Really Is? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688289.003.0010.
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Can some synaesthetic experiences be treated as veridical perceptual experiences, i.e. as conscious mental states in which worldly objects and their features perceptually appear as they really are? Most empirical scientists and philosophers working on synaesthesia answer this question in the negative. Contrary to this prevailing opinion, Mohan Matthen’s ‘When is Synaesthesia Perception?’ (Chapter 8, this volume) argues that such a dismissive approach to the epistemic properties of synaesthetic experiences is not mandatory. Matthen claims that there is conceptual room for a more tolerant approach according to which at least one variety of synaesthesia, which he calls ‘direct synaesthesia’, is epistemically on a par with everyday non-synaesthetic perception. The aim of this chapter is to evaluate the idea of ‘direct synaesthesia’ and to assess whether the accepted dogma that synaesthesia is always prone to error has to go.
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Major, Brenda, and Toni Schmader. Stigma, Social Identity Threat, and Health. Edited by Brenda Major, John F. Dovidio, and Bruce G. Link. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.3.
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This chapter provides an overview of social identity threat theory and research and discusses its implications for health. The chapter defines social identity threat as the situationally triggered concern that one is at risk of being stigmatized and provides a conceptual model of its antecedents and consequences. Social identity threat stems from mere awareness of the cultural representations that associate a self-relevant social identity with undesirable characteristics, coupled with situational cues that bring these self-relevant cultural biases to mind, and personal characteristics that moderate one’s susceptibility to such experiences. Social identity threat can lead to involuntary psychological and physiological processes that when experienced repeatedly can have detrimental consequences for health. This chapter describes strategies that people use to cope with social identity threat and discusses their implications for health, in addition to providing a description of psychological interventions that can attenuate the negative effects of social identity threat.
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Tsai, Jack, Natalie Jones, Robert H. Pietrzak, Ilan Harpaz-Rotem, and Steven M. Southwick. Susceptibility, Resilience, and Trajectories. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0019.
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Nearly everyone experiences a highly stressful or traumatic event during their lifetime. However, individual responses to such events vary widely from person to person. Some people respond with symptoms of anxiety, depression, acute stress, or posttraumatic stress disorder, yet others experience minimal or no psychiatric symptoms after trauma. What makes one person more susceptible and another more resilient to the negative effects of trauma? What are the different adaptive trajectories of trauma survivors and what determines their trajectory? These are some of the questions that are examined in this chapter, which focuses on what is currently known about resilience to stress. The chapter is divided into five sections: definition, prevalence, and measurement of resilience; longitudinal studies on trajectories after trauma exposures; research on factors that are predictive of resilience and different trajectories; interventions that have been developed to increase resilience; and discussion about future directions for research on resilience.
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Bhugra, Dinesh, Antonio Ventriglio, and Kamaldeep S. Bhui. Psychotherapy: General principles. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198723196.003.0007.
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Psychotherapy is a process based on different types of schools of thought, with patient and therapist working together through talking therapies to bring about a sustained change. Three types of psychotherapy have been described: supportive, re-educative, and constructive. Each has a specific set of rules and strategies that the therapist must follow. Once again, the explanatory models of patients and their families will influence whether they engage in therapy or not. Those from minority cultural groups may enter therapy with a pre-existing defence, such as seeing the majority population as the problem, and the therapist may find it difficult to engage them. It is worth recognizing that different schools of therapy may not always apply to other cultural groups. In addition, it may be that ethnic minority therapists have faced discrimination and this experience will affect their attitudes. Furthermore, they may not be willing to share negative experiences.
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Reed, Christopher Robert. Labor. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036231.003.0005.
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This chapter provides insight into the status of labor from which the foundation of consumerism emanated. The halcyon days that were seen in the business sphere failed to materialize into a comparable experience for the bulk of the black laboring class during the 1920s. The end of war brought a series of negative experiences and ones all too familiar to the black worker in America. Demobilization of the armed forces and the servicemen's return into the labor force produced a glut of workers. With the Chicago Urban League reporting that unemployment had reached serious proportions, this decade beginning with such gloomy prospects of continuous postwar recession and with unemployment rampant, its conclusion inauspiciously produced a similar scenario in place. The recognized features of economic depression in the 1930s then easily came as no surprise to the African American worker in and outside of industry.
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Miller, Peggy J., and Grace E. Cho. Discipline. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199959723.003.0006.
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Chapter 6, “Discipline,” describes how discipline was practiced in Centerville families, and includes illustrative vignettes from recorded observations. Discipline was a delicate matter within the social imaginary of childrearing and self-esteem because negative feedback was construed as damaging children’s self-esteem if not handled adroitly. Although parents believed that discipline was important, they did not want to be too harsh or discipline in the wrong way. They sometimes cast children’s misdeeds as preferences or self-expression, thereby sidestepping the need for discipline. And when parents resorted to punishment, they often used humor, endearments, or expressions of love to soften their criticism and mitigate the psychological impact on the child. The most negative messages directed at the focal children came from their siblings. This chapter also describes variability across families; parents often drew on their own personal experiences and considered their child’s individual temperament when disciplining. Stressful life conditions posed additional challenges.
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Auvray, Malika, and Mirko Farina. Patrolling the Boundaries of Synaesthesia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688289.003.0013.
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Synaesthesia is a neurological condition in which people make unusual associations between various sensations. This chapter investigates conceptually whether alleged non-developmental (i.e. artificial) forms of synaesthesia could be counted as genuine synaesthetic experiences. It focuses in particular on post-hypnotic suggestions, drug habits, flavor perception, and use of sensory substitution devices. It discusses a number of criteria that have been taken as definitional of synaesthesia; namely, inducer-concurrent pairing, idiosyncrasy, consistency over time, and automaticity of the process, and subsequently investigates whether those alleged non-developmental cases could fulfill these criteria. Although the response provided here is negative, as each of the cases fail to fulfill one or several of the criteria, the comparisons between these cases and congenital synaesthesia prove useful to highlight key differences between different kinds of multisensory experiences.
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Shushan, Gregory. Africa. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190872472.003.0003.
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There are very few examples of African near-death experiences (NDEs) or statements that afterlife beliefs were grounded in them. This corresponds to beliefs that often bore few similarities to NDEs, a scarcity of relevant myths, and revitalization movements that lacked any significant relationship to NDEs. Instead, there were many myths explaining why people do not return from death; beliefs in the continued presence of ancestor spirits on Earth, and fear of their potential malevolent influence; shamanic practices that focused on possession and sorcery rather than soul travel; negative attitudes toward death, the dead, and the possibility of their return; burial practices that would not have facilitated revival; and simply a lack of interest in otherworldly afterlife speculations. When such beliefs were found, however, they did bear similarities to NDEs, perhaps indicating distant cultural memories of such experiences.
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Gorman, Jack M. Love, Reward, and Social Connections. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190850128.003.0007.
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Just as there are pathways for negative emotions and behaviors like fear and despair, the brain has networks that accompany positive ones, such as parental behavior, love, and social connectedness. One such system involves the brain hormones oxytocin and vasopressin, which are known to play a critical role in monogamous pair bonding and in both maternal and paternal nurturing behavior. Another is the so-called reward pathway that originates in the brain stem and terminates in the nucleus acumbens. This pathway allows us to anticipate reward and identify risk, and it reinforces pleasurable experiences. Both systems can also be part of aberrant behaviors like prejudice and drug addiction.
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Willumsen, David M. Theoretical Framework. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805434.003.0002.
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This chapter sets out the theoretical framework of the book, and develops the hypotheses to be tested. It argues that the attitudes of MPs to party unity will be shaped by the career, electoral, and other political incentives they face, and so reflect the extent to which MPs’ experiences of the expectation to maintain party unity is positive or negative. It then develops three measurements of policy incentives to dissent in floor votes in multiparty legislatures, each corresponding to a different assumption about how MPs approach floor voting. Further, the chapter discusses the case selection and the quality of the data used in the book.
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Levesque, Roger J. R. The Science and Law of School Segregation and Diversity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190633639.001.0001.
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The law does not square with people’s experiences of segregation and diversity. An empirical look at the legal system’s effectiveness in addressing school segregation reveals, from a practical perspective, that segregation persists and even surpasses levels before the civil rights movement. Yet, the legal system continues as though segregation is a thing of the past. Even more bizarre, the negative effects of racial and ethnic disparities in schooling are well documented, and the legal system compels itself to ignore much of them. To exacerbate matters, legal analysts increasingly interpret the law as a system that operates in a different world than the one documented by researchers who describe disparities and what could be done about them. For their part, researchers pervasively continue to document experiences without considering the legal system’s basic concerns. This book details the source of these gaps, evaluates their empirical and legal foundation, explains why they persist, and reveals what can be done about them.
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Gibson, James L., and Michael J. Nelson. Change in the Legitimacy of the U.S. Supreme Court. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865214.003.0006.
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Positivity Theory suggests that increased exposure to the symbols of judicial authority stimulates positive associations within individuals that help courts build and maintain their legitimacy. Indeed, recent research suggests that exposure to the symbols of judicial authority negates the linkage between decisional disappointment and changes in judgments of institutional legitimacy. However, this research has been conducted on predominantly white samples and fails to account for the possibility that individuals’ group attachments and experiences with legal authorities might affect the extent to which they update their diffuse support for a court in response to a displeasing decision. We therefore examine changes in legitimacy, relying on a nationally-representative survey experiment. The results indicate that respondents are particularly likely to withdraw support from the Court under the condition of seeing the symbols of judicial authority if they have negative personal experiences with the police, and if they are both particularly disappointed in the decision and do not have any strong group attachments.
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Hitlin, Steven, and Sarah K. Harkness. Unequal Foundations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465407.001.0001.
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This book offers a novel theory and an original use of cross-cultural data to argue that the level of economic inequality in a society is reflected in the emotional experience of its members. People living in societies with greater equality experience more positive, binding emotions on a regular basis, while people living in unequal societies, like the United States, are significantly more likely to regularly experience negative, sanctioning moral emotions. We develop the idea that morality operates at both the societal and individual levels, and develop the thesis that individual moral emotions represent the distal structure of society. We bridge a number of areas in social science, including morality, inequality, social psychology, and the study of emotions. A good deal of work explains how being economically advantaged (or not) contributes to individual tastes, beliefs, values, and choices. Very little work links the extent of the advantages within a society to individual outcomes. We suggest that being advantaged in a relatively equal society leads to different experiences and shared cultures than being advantaged in a highly unequal society. We offer a novel use of established data from a tool drawn from the well-established Affect Control Theory tradition to demonstrate empirical support for our theory. As such, we go beyond previous work by showing data that supports our theory using a method that is designed for cross-cultural comparative research. We aim for this book to stimulate future work via different tools to test our theoretical argument.
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Ansari, Ali M. 1. Reading Iran. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199669349.003.0001.
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Two important contributing factors to any understanding of Iran and the identity of Iranians are the centrality of history, and the subtle nature of Iran’s relationship with the West. ‘Reading Iran’ explains that an understanding of Iran’s history is not only important for the context and frame of reference it provides, but also the light it sheds on the experiences that Iranians consciously claim to share. Western writers approach Iran with considerable cultural baggage, not all of it negative, but which is undoubtedly coloured by an extensive cultural, literary, and occasionally political relationship. The Iranian present imagines its past and, in so doing, constructs a thoroughly cosmopolitan, inclusive, and frequently contradictory identity.
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Baldwin, Austin S., and Margarita Sala. Perceived Satisfaction with Health Behavior Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0004.
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Perceived satisfaction with health behavior change is defined as the overall assessment of the various positive and negative experiences and outcomes that result from engaging in the target behavior. Perceived satisfaction is theorized to be a critical predictor of health behavior change maintenance. It is therefore important to understand both (1) determinants of satisfaction and (2) the effect of satisfaction on health behavior change maintenance. This chapter reviews evidence across several different behavioral domains suggesting that perceived satisfaction is an important predictor of health behavior change maintenance. However, evidence to date is not yet clear on why people are satisfied with the changes they make or how best to intervene on this construct.
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Ramirez-Valles, Jesus. The Meanings of Latino. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036446.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses the ways in which Latino GBT activists live their lives as “Latinos” in a racial social system. In a parallel fashion to stigma related to gender nonconformity, it treats the racial labeling of groups as stigma. That is, to call someone Latino or to use the label Latino is part of the process of marking differences between groups, creating social separation, and establishing discriminatory practices. This stigmatization reinforces, if not creates, relations of power. From the viewpoint of the labeled group, stigma can take the form of actual experiences; perceptions about how others or the society at large see them; and internalization of the negative views others have in the self.