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Mayberry, Emily. "Negative life experiences, alexithymia, and physical symptoms." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14307/.
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Estimates suggest that a large proportion of people attending medical appointments have symptoms that are not entirely attributable to structural or pathophysiological explanations – often termed ‘functional symptoms’. These symptoms are distressing for individuals and are associated with high healthcare costs. A range of psychosocial factors, including negative life experiences of trauma, negative affect, and relationship insecurity, are believed to play a role in the development, maintenance, and reporting of these symptoms. Developmental theories suggest that these psychosocial factors might also interact with one another and impact emotional development, thus making people more vulnerable to the emotional processing difficulty of alexithymia, which is also associated with functional symptoms. Therefore, this thesis begins by exploring relationships between insecure attachment styles, alexithymia, and symptoms that are not fully explained medically, through a review of existing literature. It then builds on previously published work by validating a new measure of trauma, affect, and relationship insecurity. It tests the reliability and validity of the measure and the measure’s ability to predict the potentially relevant variables of emotional processing difficulties and physical symptom reporting in a community sample. It also explores whether alexithymia and relationship insecurity mediate the relationship between early life trauma and current physical symptom reporting within this sample.
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Thupae, Keneilwe. "Exploring negative brand experiences at the Bottom of Pyramid." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26384.
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The purpose of the research study was to build a deeper understanding of negative brand experiences for consumers at the Bottom of the pyramid segment. The research took an approach of looking at a negative brand experience from end to end, by focusing on elements such as brand contacts, triggers and customer response across different experience dimensions. The literature asserts that for companies to succeed at the Bottom of the Pyramid they need to forego existing assumptions, companies must realise that low income consumers are brand conscious in order to build successful brands. Building successful brands at this market involves offering more than just a functional offering but creating an emotional bond through positive experiences. Such experiences are created each time one is in contact with one of the brand touch-points. The qualitative study showed that consumers value being treated with respect in addition to the provision of a product or service. It also shows that negative brand experiences can happen at various points for both products and services irrespective of whether a product is regarded as hedonic or utilitarian. The nature of negative word of mouth within this segment needs to be explored further as the study showed that there are other factors that influence one to spread negative word of mouth. The research study also shows that consumers are sensitive to brands that demonstrate not to care or those that break trust as such experiences lead to strong negative emotions.<br>Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.<br>Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)<br>unrestricted
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Cooper, Shanna. "EXPERIENTIAL NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS IN YOUNG ADULTS ENDORSING PSYCHOTIC-LIKE EXPERIENCES." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/517180.
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Psychology<br>Ph.D.<br>While many studies of risk factors for psychosis focus on positive symptoms, such as subthreshold levels of hallucinations and delusions, fewer studies have examined negative symptoms in the early course of the schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders. This relative lack of focus on the role of negative symptoms is problematic, given findings that negative symptoms, such as a loss of motivation and pleasure (MAP), are associated with a more persistent and impairing course of psychosis, and tend to appear earlier in the development of psychotic symptoms. Psychotic disorders, which afflict approximately 3-5% of the population, tend to emerge in late adolescence/early adulthood and are among the most debilitating and costly of mental disorders. The current project explored three areas of negative symptoms in young adults who demonstrated a range of psychotic-like experiences (PLEs). First, a review of the literature pertaining to negative symptoms across the span of psychosis was conducted. Second, we tested whether experiential negative symptoms – specifically MAP deficits – were associated with increases in PLEs, including those that are experienced as distressing (PLEDs). Third, we examined the potential influence of episodic memory performance factors on the relationship between MAP symptoms and PLEs/PLEDs. Collectively, this project highlights the importance of including negative symptoms (i.e., MAP deficits) and/or cognitive performance (i.e., associative/relational learning/memory) outcomes when evaluating people with PLEs/PLEDs to identify those who may be at greater risk for developing a psychotic disorder.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Tomasulo, Gregory C. "A Moderated Mediation Analysis of Abusive Experiences and Negative Outcomes." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1281352650.
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Watkinson, Marcelina. "Mothers' experiences of postpartum psychosis and negative emotions during breastfeeding." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2015. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/76900/.
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Objectives: Maternal health and well-being has been studied widely from the angle of postpartum depression and practical aspects of infant feeding. However, two kinds of difficulties, postpartum psychosis (PPP) and negative emotions experienced during breastfeeding, have received significantly less attention in the perinatal research field. Consequently, clinical guidelines and available support are limited for mothers with such experiences. Therefore the main objective of this thesis was to explore how experiences of PPP and negative emotions during breastfeeding influence the way mothers view themselves and their relationships, in order to identify recommendations for clinical practice. Method: A systematic literature review of 10 studies on PPP and an empirical qualitative study of 11 mothers experiencing negative emotions during breastfeeding were undertaken. Findings: Across both studies, themes captured how mothers’ negative experiences influenced the way they viewed themselves, their relationships with others and how they navigated the mother-child bond and breastfeeding. Mothers also felt disappointed with professionals’ lack of knowledge and understanding of their experiences. However, gaining insight into their own difficulties alleviated mothers’ distress and enabled them to develop and employ various coping strategies, such as seeking peer support. Discussion: Discussion of findings highlighted that the psychological nature of difficulties associated with PPP and breastfeeding problems is often given a secondary priority. In contrast, mothers experienced that relationships with others and increased understanding of their experiences was essential to their ability to cope and recover. In light of mothers’ disappointment with the care they received, clinical recommendations highlighted the importance of training and raising awareness about less common difficulties that mothers may experience in the perinatal period, which may affect how they feel about themselves and consequently, how well they adapt to the mothering role.
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McNeely, Nicolette Nestor. "The Ohio 4-H camp counseling experience relationship of participation to personal, interpersonal, and negative experiences /." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1095800892.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 170 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 130-139).
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Smith, Amanda. "Young people's experiences after traumatic or negative events : a qualitative exploration." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25194.
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This study explores the responses of young people to traumatic or difficult events, who have not sought help from the mental health services. Literature in trauma has tended to concentrate on those who suffer a pathological reaction. However, there are many young people who undergo traumatic events who do not develop a psychiatric disorder. This group is not often studied and we know little about their reaction to these events. In this study, a qualitative methodology was used to explore the experiences of six young people who felt they had an undergone a traumatic of difficult life experience. This approach included an acknowledgment of the researcher’s own views and their effect in the study. Each young person was interviewed and the transcripts were analysed using Grounded Theory (Struss and Corbin, 1998). Four categories emerged from the data. These were: impact of the event, processing the event, managing the impact and developmental aspects. The event appeared to have a serious impact on the young people’s lives although they did not feel it was in their thoughts at the present time. In the aftermath of the event, young people appeared to be engaged in processing the event and protecting themselves from being overwhelmed. This group appeared to have the flexibility to move between integration and protection, and also the ability to use a range of coping strategies. It was suggested that processing may not be a linear process that reaches a natural end point. This was discussed in terms of clinical work and the expectations therapists and clients have of the therapeutic process.
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Taylor, Lisa Marie Pittman Joe F. "Negative adult romantic relationship experiences and working models of self and other." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Summer/doctoral/TAYLOR_LISA_34.pdf.
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Harms, David. "Positive and Negative Experiences of Career Technical Secondary Students in Online Courses." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2544.
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Research indicates that secondary students who are successful in online classes share common traits. However, many secondary career technical education (CTE) students taking online courses do not demonstrate the traits identified for success. CTE students may not benefit from online classes unless they are designed with their needs in mind. The purpose of this study was to investigate current CTE student experiences with online classes at a single career center. The research questions investigated CTE experiences with online classes, positive and negative online design features, and the hybrid classroom. The theoretical framework was constructivism. The purposive sample included 12 student participants (3 participants from each of 4 CTE career clusters) and 1 paraprofessional in charge of the classroom. Data included individual and small group interviews and observations. Participants reported that the current online course design, primarily text followed by a traditional assessment, was problematic. Instructional design features that assisted CTE students included individual pacing, instant feedback on assessments, and class organization. Features that did not assist students included content issues, technology issues, and limited testing options. Hybrid environment features that assisted CTE students included having a set time and place, access to technology, and the support of a paraprofessional. Career technical education in general may benefit from this research. Effective online education may provide greater opportunities for a larger audience of learners; their improved preparation helps students contribute more to the work force and gain more in terms of career success.
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Jesinoski, Mark S. "Young's Schema Theory: Exploring the Direct and Indirect Links Between Negative Childhood Experiences and Temperament to Negative Affectivity In Adulthood." DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/845.
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Young's schema theory offers a theoretical approach that relates negative childhood experiences, temperament, and early maladaptive schema, to the experience of negative affect and/or depression in adulthood. However, despite the widespread use of schema therapy in clinical practice, little research has explored the pathways theorized by Young. This study explored the pathways posited by Young and colleagues looking at the direct and indirect relationships among negative childhood experience, temperament, early maladaptive schema, and the experience of negative affect in adulthood.
Self-report data were collected from 365 undergraduate students. Results demonstrated consistent and robust direct relationships between temperament and negative affect, as well as indirect relationships between temperament and/or NCE, schema, and the outcome of negative affect. Results, though mixed, reveal strengths of the schema therapy model and provide suggestions for future research.
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Qassim, Amal. "Negative emotions in change : an exploratory study of academics' negative emotional experiences during universities' change in Saudi Arabia and the UK." Thesis, Brunel University, 2018. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/17153.
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The key aim of this thesis was to investigate the emotional impact of change within higher educational institutions in Saudi Arabia and the UK. The study adopted a qualitative approach to investigate how the academic setting influences emotions, specific trigger events and the emotion management strategies of academics. The social constructionist approach provided a theoretical platform for investigating how emotions are influenced by sociocultural situations, and for understanding how each culture has its own distinctive trends relating to emotions, resulting from social practices. Using semi-structured interviews and photo-elicitation techniques, narrative interviews were carried out with a sample of 40 London and Saudi academics. Thematic analysis was used to analyse and interpret the collected data. The stories of academics revealed that negative emotions were a common response to changes within higher education; however, the main trigger events of negative emotions related to managements' treatment of academic staff during change time. There was lack of transparency in transferring information on the change process to academics in both universities, which lead to various negative emotions such as confusion, anger, fear, indignation frustration and sadness. The study provided evidence of variation in the strategies used by both groups of academics to manage their negative emotions, ranging from personal to situational strategies, although both groups used personal rather than situational strategies most frequently. There were, however, clear differences between the academics, particularly in relation to the expression of specific emotions, which could be attributed to differences between individualistic and collectivist cultures. The study confirmed that change within university is indeed an emotional event, and the impact on academics within higher education needs to be considered by those implementing change. It is also important to note that the different negative emotions expressed by academics and their management strategies can be influenced by social and cultural norms, with organisational structure and religion playing significant roles here.
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Collins, S. J. "An interpretative phenomenological analysis of mothers' negative experiences and emotions during early motherhood." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2019. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/37778/.
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Contemporary ideologies surrounding motherhood do not appear to reflect the experience for many women. Motherhood is often portrayed as idealised, romanticised and as a joyful experience however a large proportion of women do not find this and experience psychological distress, many receiving a diagnosis of postnatal depression. Current psychiatric systems may not adequately represent mothers' experiences or reflect the range and complexity of emotions experienced during the early stages of motherhood. In addition, most psychological research has explored mothers' emotions through the lens of a medical model, with a focus on depression; exploration of emotions, beyond depression, has been under-researched. This study aimed to explore the range of emotions mothers experience. A qualitative study of six women, who experienced distress postnatally, were interviewed using semi-structured interviews to ascertain their subjectively lived experience. Data were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The study found an emotional conflict between the mothers' aspired and idyllic representations of motherhood and their lived experiences; three themes were identified: when idyllic notions of motherhood are not realised; when motherhood is not instinctive; and when prioritising childcare is not easy. When the mothers were unable to live up to these identified notions of motherhood, they experienced emotional distress, from resentment and guilt, to feeling broken and insecure. The amalgamation of emotions experienced created a landscape of emotional complexity the mothers had to negotiate. This study also found that these women's experiences were not represented in the psychiatric categorical systems; they did not identify with having postnatal depression in the early stages of motherhood and were therefore left unsupported. This study explored ways counselling psychologists may be able to offer support to this sub-clinical group of women through interventions and by viewing their experiences as a normal response to motherhood as opposed to pathologising them.
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Crawley, Rowan. "A comparative study of staff members' experiences of challenging and offending behaviour by adults with learning disabilities within clinical and forensic services." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251662.
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McDaniels, Susan A. "Identity construction through narrative the impact of chaotic environments and negative affective experiences of childhood /." Click here for text online. The Institute of Clinical Social Work Dissertations website, 1995. http://www.icsw.edu/_dissertations/mcdaniels_1995.pdf.
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Dissertation (Ph.D.) -- The Institute for Clinical Social Work, 1995.<br>A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Institute of Clinical Social Work in partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
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D'Sa, Nikhit. "Making Meaning of Risk: Exploring Resilient Adolescents’ Interpretations of the Impact of Negative Life Experiences." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:16461033.
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Our understanding of the relationship between risk factors and resilience has been framed primarily by probability. Resilience has been conceptualized as “beating the odds”: doing better than our statistical predictions would expect given the amount of risk the individual has faced. Undoubtedly, this research has offered a rich picture into trajectories of psychosocial development. However, it has limited our exploration of the mechanisms that explain why risk factors result in resilience. Context-driven work exploring these mechanisms has been limited by the subjective nature of risk factors. In order to extend our understanding of risk factors and resilience we have to understand the difference between actual and statistical risk; we have to understand how individuals make meaning of risk factors within the different ecological systems in their lives. In this study I explore how 38 inner-city charter school youth (ages 16-21) make meaning of self-identified negative life experiences. The school serves youth who have previously dropped out or have been expelled from high school. Additionally, the youth at this school reported a high level of risk factors by most objective standards. Using a mix of narrative writing and interviews, I explored (1) what events the youth self-reported as being detrimental, (2) what themes emerged in the youth’s discussion of the impact of these experiences, and (3) what discourses the youth used in discussing the impact of a particularly persistent experience: the loss of a biological parent. My analysis revealed that the youth framed their meaning around three questions: why have I been affected, how do I make sense of it, and what has changed in my life? In doing this they tried to create new meaning of negative life events, sometimes by internalizing or redefining life experiences. I discuss how meaning-making could be a constructivist mechanism that helps engender resilience; resilience could be explained by the ease with which the discrepancy between global meaning (i.e., schema that orients our understanding of the world) and situational meaning (of a stressful event) is resolved. I discuss the implications of this theory-generating work for future research and school-based practice.<br>Human Development and Education
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Hartman, Lynne I. "A Narrative Study of Emotions Associated with Negative Childhood Experiences Reported in the Adult Attachment Interview." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1443730177.
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Doolittle, Ashley K., and Jennifer Zorotovich. "Among Emerging Adulthood Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Relate to Anxiety, Depression, Life Satisfaction, and Survivor’s Guilt." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/secfr-conf/2018/schedule/1.
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Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are events that take place during one’s youth that may be stressful or traumatic (Adverse Childhood Experiences, 2017) and a strong focus within this body of knowledge has been on the experiences of childhood neglect and abuse. Emerging adulthood is a distinct developmental phase of the life course characterized by extensive self-exploration and consideration about the future (Arnett, 2000). Given that identity exploration continues to be important during emerging adulthood, it is important to study ACEs and the effects they have on the emerging adult who is making decisions regarding their future. Much of the literature on ACEs has been dedicated to establishing the relationship between ACEs and negative health outcomes. For instance, research has shown that ACEs have been linked to increased risks for suicide attempt and ideation throughout one’s lifespan (Sachs-Ericsson et. al, 2016) and has also been associated with feelings of anxiety (Briggs & Price, 2009), guilt (Kaess et. al, 2013), and depression (Briggs & Price, 2009). Therefore, ACEs and negative health outcomes have already been strongly confirmed. The positive psychology movement (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2014) has brought to scholars’ attention the need to expand on conceptualizations of what it means to be doing well. Specifically, it is no longer sufficient to define optimal well-being only in terms of the absence of negative outcomes. In order to assess holistic well-being, consideration must also be given to positive factors. A recent review of the literature yielded no studies that have explored the presence, or absence, of positive well-being factors in conjunction to negative health outcomes among those having experienced ACEs. In order to obtain a true understanding of holistic well-being at critical developmental junctures, the current study moves beyond a sole focus on pathology by also considering how life satisfaction and subjective happiness manifest during emerging adulthood in relation to ACEs.
Data on 284 participants were collected and analysis is forthcoming. Participants were recruited through the use of physical flyer postings, social media advertisements, and through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (mTurk) system. Regression analysis and bivariate assessments will be used to explore the relationship between ACEs and depression, anxiety, life satisfaction, subjective happiness, and survivor’s guilt.
Findings will be discussed in terms of broadening our understanding of the impacts to holistic well being for as related to ACEs during a rather critical and busy developmental juncture, emerging adulthood. Moving beyond pathology-focused models will expand on professional practice by utilizing frameworks embedded within a strengths-based approach. Educators, advocates, practitioners, and clinicians can utilize this this knowledge to enhance their work with clients and the services provided.
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Zwahlen, Diana. "Families facing cancer : positive and negative experiences of cancer patients and their family members in the cancer trajectory /." Bern : [s.n.], 2009. http://www.zb.unibe.ch/download/eldiss/09zwahlen_d.pdf.
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Johnson, Sabra Elyse. "Factors Relating to Romantic Relationship Experiences for Emerging Adults." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3874.
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This study of 1,492 emerging adults focuses on the relationships among negative family of origin experiences, attitudes about marriage, positive communication and the influence of past romantic relationships. The data used in this study comes from a survey questionnaire, READY (see www.relate-institute.org) completed by emerging adult participants (18-25). Results from the Structural Equation Model showed both aversive family of origin experiences and negative beliefs about marriage have a significant and negative influence on perceptions of romantic relationship experiences. Also, positive communication has a significant and positive influence on perceptions of past romantic relationships. However, positive communication did not mediate the relationships between negative family of origin experiences, attitudes about marriage, and the influence of past romantic relationship experiences. Implications for clinicians as well as directions for and content of future research on family of origin experiences, attitudes about marriage, and the influence of past romantic relationship experiences are explored.
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Yaris, Seval. "The Mediating Role Of Metacognition On The Relationship Among Depression/anxiety/negative Impact Of Life Experiences And Smoking Dependence." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611621/index.pdf.
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of metacognition as a mediator of the relationship between smoking dependence and depression/anxiety/ negative impact of life experiences. A sample of 202 adult smokers completed the following questionnaires: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Life Experiences Survey (LES), Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), and Fagerströ<br>m Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND). The path analyses were used to test a mediation model in which depression, anxiety, or negative impact of life experiences was the predictor of metacognition, which in turn was a predictor of smoking dependence. Twelve mediation models were tested using total scores of metacognition, and its factors including positive beliefs about worry, negative beliefs about worry, lack of cognitive confidence, beliefs about need to control thoughts, and cognitive self-consciousness as mediator variables. The models included depression, anxiety, or negative impact of life experiences as independent variables<br>and smoking dependence as dependent variable. The results suggested that neither total metacognition score nor the individual metacognitive dimensions did mediate the relationship between smoking dependence and depression/anxiety/negative impact of life experiences. The results and limitations, as well as the implications of these findings, were discussed by referring to the relevant literature.
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Yah, Veronica. "Una cadena de esperanza| How Latino male English language learners use community cultural wealth in challenging negative educational experiences." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3574905.
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<p> Latino males from an English Language Learner (ELL) background are not successfully graduating from high school and going to college. This study seeks to understand this phenomenon through narratives of young Latino males in the Los Angeles area. Guided by Yosso's theory community cultural wealth theory, this qualitative study examines the challenges experienced by Latino males in their high school English Language Learner programs, and how these challenges were met. community cultural wealth theory provides six tenets of capital that communities of color possess: aspirational, familial, linguistic, social, navigational, and resistance. These types of cultural wealth exist in the lives of students and can assist students in attaining successful educational outcomes. Interviews with 16 Latino male ELLs between the ages of 18 to 25 were conducted over a 2-month period. The 16 Latino male ELLs were divided into groupings of high school graduates in college, high school graduates, high school students finishing their diploma requirements, and high school dropouts. Along with these interviews, four parent interviews were also conducted in order to gain a holistic perspective of the Latino males' experiences. Latino male ELLs illustrated the utilization of multiple forms of community cultural capital in their narratives; forms of social, linguistic, and navigational capital made a difference in Latino male ELLs that reported not only finishing high school, but also attending college. Conclusions of the study will be used to make recommendations for improvements in counseling services, assisting newly arrived ELLs to high school, and specific changes to policy.</p>
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Dennison, Andrea. "Using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis and psychodynamic theory to explore teachers' experiences of what they perceive as negative pupil behaviour." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/39317.
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Section 1: Literature Review Literature on psychodynamics in schools, particularly transference and countertransference, is reviewed. Benefits to teachers, in exploring psychodynamics and transferential relationships, are discussed. There is little research into these unconscious dynamics that moves beyond vignettes and theoretical discussion, with only nine studies meeting the inclusion criteria: highlighting the need for more credible methods and methodology to be employed in future research. Section 2: Research Report Semi-structured interviews were conducted with three teachers to explore their experiences of what they perceive as negative pupil behaviour. Data was analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Findings highlighted convergence and divergence between participants, indicating that teacher life experiences, beliefs, personal attributes and relationships underpinned many of their responses to behaviour, how they made sense of behaviour and how they processed their emotions. Psychodynamic theory was used to further explore the teacher-pupil dynamic, illustrating transferential relationships. Implications for educational psychologists are discussed, particularly the need to explore teacher emotions and provide support and advice during consultation meetings. Future research possibilities are explored. Section 3: Critical Appraisal A critique of the methodology used in the research report is discussed, including research limitations. Personal and professional reflections on the research process are explored. Section 4: Service Evaluation Principals of all 130 schools in Barbados were emailed an online survey to explore the nature of psychological input to their school over an academic year, eliciting a 20% response rate. The 62% of schools that received input from a psychologist generally found it useful. Responses are discussed in relation to the importance of psychologists working with the eco-system around the child, particularly in collaboration with teachers and parents within the school setting. Suggestions for psychological input to schools in the future are explored. A critique of the study is provided, alongside obstacles encountered during the research.
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Rathwell, Scott. "Exploring the Relationship between Coaches’ Leadership Behaviours and Athletes’ Positive Developmental Outcomes and Negative Experiences in Canadian University Sport." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36236.
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The purpose of this dissertation was to a) examine the correlational relationships between Canadian university athletes’ perceptions of coach leadership behaviours and their perceptions of positive developmental outcomes (e.g., life skills) and negative experiences related to university sport, and b) explore how coach leadership behaviours and the associated developmental outcomes and negative experiences were described by both coaches and athletes. Data for this dissertation were collected over four stages. In Stage One, an online survey was used to collect data from a pan-Canadian sample (n = 605) of university athletes. In Stage Two, semi-structured open-ended interviews were conducted with fifteen university athletes. In Stage Three, semi-structured open-ended interviews were conducted with fourteen university coaches. In Stage Four, an online survey was used to collect data from a second pan-Canadian sample of university athletes (n = 498). Five articles were written to address the purpose of this dissertation.
In Article One, data from two pan-Canadian samples of athletes were used to modify and confirm a new measurement tool known as the University Sport Experience Survey (USES). The USES provides a reliable and factorially-valid instrument for measuring development in university sport. In addition, Article One provided the first operational definitions of the positive developmental outcomes and negative experiences that could be reliably and validly assessed in a university sport context.
Article Two qualitatively explored athletes’ perceptions of the developmental outcomes associated with their participation in university sport, as well as their perceptions of transfer. Results provided additional support for certain USES categories to be used for understanding positive development within the context of Canadian university sport programs. Further, results suggested university sport programs offer rich opportunities for developing skills, qualities, experiences, and relationships needed to become functioning members in our society.
In Article Three, quantitative survey data were used to assess the cross-sectional relationships between athletes’ perceptions of their coaches’ leadership behaviours and outcomes from the USES. Coach leadership behaviours were conceptualized within the Full Range Leadership Model and assessed using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Findings showed that transformational coaching was generally related to positive developmental outcomes and inversely related to athletes’ negative experiences in sport. Moreover, coaches’ passive/avoidant behaviors were commonly related to athletes’ negative experiences in university sport. Contrary to expectations, passive/avoidant coaching behaviors were also positively related with a number of positive developmental outcomes.
Article Four qualitatively assessed athletes’ perceptions of who they believed was responsible for their positive development within the university sport context. Athletes specified other athletes, the head coach, the coaching staff, and their parents as the people who influenced their positive development within the context of university sport. Notably, athletes felt they themselves were the ones who contributed the most to their own development.
Article Five qualitatively explored coaches’ perceptions of and strategies for fostering their athletes’ positive development through university sport. The coaches believed there were inherent conditions surrounding university sport that facilitated positive development. However, the coaches maximized their athletes’ development by establishing a support network, building team culture, and empowering their student-athletes by teaching them fundamental skills related to self and social regulation.
Together, the five articles make novel theoretical and practical knowledge contributions to the field of positive development through sport, and set a precedence for positive development research in university sport, as well as other emerging adult sport contexts.
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Shannon, Tracy E. "Clinical Implications of Wearing a Scarlet Letter: Sex Offender Public Policy." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1347995906.
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Clarke, Keely. "Do shame, self-criticism and/or depression mediate the relationship between negative early life experiences and later problems with eating?" Thesis, Lancaster University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536068.
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Torishima, Masako. "Negative recollections regarding doctor-patient interactions among men receiving a prostate cancer diagnosis: a qualitative study of patient experiences in Japan." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253466.
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Dutt, Anne J. [Verfasser], and Hans-Werner [Akademischer Betreuer] Wahl. "Subjective Aging Experiences and Negative Affectivity: Examination of Fundamental Associations and of Underlying Pathways / Anne Josephine Dutt ; Betreuer: Hans-Werner Wahl." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1177385473/34.
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Arey, George Arthur. "Positive or negative : a study of expectations and experiences of students living in substance-free university housing at Ball State University." Virtual Press, 2002. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1230608.
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This study was designed to collect data that would provide evidence as to what students' expectations of the environment were along with whether these expectations were actually being experienced by students living in the substance-free environment. A systematic sample of 139 students were surveyed who lived in the Students Uniting to Remain Free (SURF) substance-free living environment at Ball State University during the Fall semester of 2001 academic year. Data collection consisted of a survey instrument that had eight three-part questions, 10 demographic characteristic questions, and six student involvement questions.The data revealed that new and returning students living in the SURF hall were very satisfied with their residential experience. The majority of their expectations matched the majority of their experiences. Statistically significant differences between the expectations of new and returning students existed with the following variables: drinking and using drugs outside of the SURF hall, expecting that they would not have to deal with noise and disruptions caused by alcohol usage, living with students who had similar religious ideals and values, expecting the SURF hall to be a quiet study area and expecting and experiencing wellness and healthy lifestyle programs.The growing interest in substance-free housing environments is an area that many Chief Housing Officers and Student Affairs Administrators may want to consider investing more time researching in addition to allocating additional institutional resources in the creation of increased levels of this living environment option. Current expansion of this lifestyle option on campuses across the nation may dictate that for institutions to stay competitive and to meet the needs of the various populations living on their campuses the offering of this lifestyle option may need to increase. Additional research into the academic benefits and long-term retention benefits may be necessary for the development of new programs.<br>Department of Educational Leadership
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Bagherzadeh, Ramin. "CUSTOMERS CAN LOVE FIRMS AGAIN AFTER SPREADING NEGATIVE EXPERIENCES ON SOCIAL MEDIA: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL IMPACT THEORY ON ECONOMIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPENSATION." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1846.
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The number of people who spread their negative experiences after a service failure on online platforms such as social media has been increasing. In this situation, firms need to restore customers’ economic and social losses by offering appropriate service recoveries in order to make customers happy and be forgiven. As the service recoveries are offered online, the influence of virtual presence has to be considered in offering service recoveries. Social impact theory (SIT) explains how the presence of others affects an individual’s behavior through three social forces: source strength, immediacy, and size. This study suggests virtual observers’ expertise, online immediacy, and virtual audience size as the three social forces on social media platforms. Social impact is high due to an increase of any social forces. The aim of this research is to examine the effect of psychological and economic compensation on customers’ delight in social media contexts based on the three social forces of SIT. The current study seeks to investigate the mechanism through which customers forgive the firm to ultimately become loyal customers again. The results suggest that economic and psychological compensation are positively related to customers’ delight. In addition, the results show that economic compensation has a greater impact on customers’ delight when the social impact is low versus high. Also, psychological compensation has a greater impact on customers’ delight when the social impact is high versus low. The results also indicate that perceived reciprocity partially mediates the relationship between customers’ delight and forgiveness. Higher levels of customer delight lead to higher levels of perceived reciprocity, and ultimately higher levels of customer forgiveness. The results demonstrate that relationship strength does not moderate the mediation effect of perceived reciprocity on customer delight-forgiveness relationship. Finally, the results show that forgiveness is positively related to repurchase intention. The findings help managers to offer effective service recoveries on social media and understand the effectiveness of economic and psychological compensation even when customers are reluctant to engage in reparatory behaviors after experiencing a service failure.
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Brake, C. Alex. "MODELING DAILY POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS SYMPTOMS AND MENTAL CONTAMINATION EXPERIENCES AMONG SURVIVORS OF SEXUAL TRAUMA." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/169.
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Mental contamination (i.e., feelings of dirtiness in the absence of contact with a contaminant) is a potentially important yet understudied factor in posttraumatic psychopathology, particularly for survivors of sexual trauma. Mental contamination has been linked to PTSD symptom severity, negative affect, and coping cross-sectionally and in lab-based paradigms, but research has yet to assess these relationships in ecological contexts. The present study extends previous cross-sectional findings by modelling relationships between mental contamination and posttraumatic psychopathology, emotions, and coping both within-day and from one day to the next. Forty-two female sexual trauma survivors completed twice-daily assessments of mental contamination, PTSD symptoms, negative emotions, and avoidant/approach coping via a smartphone app. Daily averages and intraindividual changes in mental contamination scores were linked with PTSD symptoms at the same timepoint. Mental contamination also significantly predicted several specific avoidant coping strategies at later timepoints in addition to concurrent links. Unexpectedly, several negative emotions exhibited positive links with concurrent mental contamination but were negatively linked to later mental contamination. Exploratory analyses identified a significant interaction whereby elevated morning negative affect predicted evening reductions in mental contamination, but only for individuals also high in morning PTSD symptoms. Lastly, prevalence of reported baseline mental contamination was much higher in the present study compared to prior research. Clinical relevance and future recommendations for ecological research in trauma-related mental contamination is discussed.
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Van, der Merwe Pieter Schalk. "The subjective experience of a group of South African psychologists regarding the HPCSA and the ethical code / Pieter van der Merwe." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4931.
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The profession of psychology in South Africa has not always been regulated by a statutory body such as the
Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). Currently, the profession of psychology is regulated
by the HPCSA and psychologists and the HPCSA find themselves in a lawful and interminable relationship.
The HPCSA’s motto is to protect the public and to guide the profession, but it was questioned whether
psychologists actually experience guidance from the HPCSA. In response to this problem, this study aimed
to explore the subjective experiences of a group of South African psychologists regarding the HPCSA as well
as the ethical code which serves as a guideline for the conduct of psychologists. This study made use of a
sequential mixed method design, which comprised of a qualitative phase followed by a quantitative phase.
All participants in this study were qualified psychologists. Seven participants took part in the qualitative
phase and 74 participants took part in the quantitative phase. The data from the qualitative phase was
grouped into broad categories and served as the basis for compiling a questionnaire for the quantitative
phase. After collecting the completed questionnaires, the data was read into SPSS (Statistical Package for
the Social Sciences), which was used for the statistical analysis of the data. The data was analysed by means
of frequency distributions and mean scores. During the analysis of the data, six themes where identified: five
regarding the HPCSA as the regulator of psychology and one regarding the ethical code that guides the
conduct of psychologists. The themes include “guidance and mentorship”, “the HPCSA as a watchdog”, “the
HPCSA’s motive”, “reverence that psychologists have for the HPCSA”, “the competence of the HPCSA”
and “psychologists’ view on the ethical code”. The results indicated that an ambiguous relationship exists
between this group of psychologists and the HPCSA, as these two entities seem to function separately.
Generally, psychologists who took part in this research have a negative view towards the HPCSA, although
they realise the necessity for the HPCSA as a regulating body for psychology. The recognition of this need is
a platform for a workable relationship between psychologists and the HPCSA. The participants provided less
detail and responded more neutral regarding their views on the ethical code, and it is concerning that quite a
number of psychologists indicated that they did not know the code. This study concludes with
recommendations for the HPCSA to be more approachable and to provide psychologists with more support.<br>Thesis (M.A. (Research Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Fullick, Julia. "You Scratch My Back and I'll Scratch Yours: Mentor-Perceived Costs and Benefits and the Functions They Provide Their Proteges." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2278.
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Mentoring relationships can have both costs and benefits for mentors and their proteges. The present research examined the degree to which mentors' perceived costs and benefits affect the functional and dysfunctional mentoring they provide to their proteges. Additionally, I investigated whether mentor-perceived costs and benefits were associated with the mentors' own goal orientation and the goal orientation of their proteges. Data were collected from 86 proteges and their current supervisory mentors. Consistent with expectations, when mentors reported greater costs of embarrassment associated with their relationship, the proteges reported receiving greater dysfunctional mentoring. Proteges who reported receiving greater functional mentoring tended to have mentors who perceived greater benefits of mentoring them. Both proteges and mentor goal orientations demonstrated significant correlations with mentor-perceived costs and benefits of their relationships. Implications for training and reinforcing functional mentoring will be discussed.<br>M.S.<br>Department of Psychology<br>Sciences<br>Industrial Org Psychology MS
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Hofmann, Hanna Verfasser], Carl-Walter [Gutachter] [Kohlmann, and Sonja [Gutachter] Rohrmann. "The Importance of Positive and Negative Affectivity and Mental Health Activities for Positive Mental Health and Work-related Behavior and Experiences / Hanna Hofmann ; Gutachter: Carl-Walter Kohlmann, Sonja Rohrmann." Schwäbisch Gmünd : Pädagogische Hochschule Schwäbisch Gmünd, 2019. http://d-nb.info/120436477X/34.
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Harvey, Toni. "An exploration of the meanings a small group of women placed on their experiences of screening and prenatal diagnostic testing and their construction of risk, following a negative result from amniocentesis." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441599.
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Grimsrud, Elisabeth. "Fødselsopplevelser – hva synes å bidra til at de blir en negativ erfaring?" Thesis, Nordic School of Public Health NHV, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-3629.
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Hensikt: Å belyse hvilke aspekter kvinner selv trekker fram når de beskriver sin fødselsopplevelse som negativ. Metode: Kvalitativ tematisk analyse er anvendt for å analysere fritekstkommentarer fra 103 kvinner som har vurdert sin fødselsopplevelse som negativ, i den norske kohorten av Bidens-studien. Hovedresultater: Tre hovedtemaer trer fram i resultatene: ”Komplikasjoner hos mor, barn eller begge”, ”Å ikke føle seg sett og hørt” og ”Opplevelse av smerte og tap av kontroll”. Funnene viser at majoritetenav kvinnene hadde opplevd uventede og dramatiske komplikasjoner. Mange hadde følt seg ignorert, dårlig behandlet og ikke inkludert i avgjørelser. Et mindretall opplevde at den negative fødselsopplevelsen hovedsaklig skyldtes smerte og/eller tap av kontroll. Konklusjon: Kvinnenes beskrivelser viser at de ikke forventet å oppleve det de gjorde i fødsel, det være seg komplikasjoner eller mangelfull ivaretakelse. Enkelte opplevde situasjoner som må betraktes som overgrep i form av forsømmelse, verbale overtrampog uhøflig opptredenfra omsorgsgivernes side. I denne studien kommer det fram at omsorgsgiveres holdninger og væremåte er vesentlig for en positiv fødselsopplevelse. Den informasjonen som komfram gjennom funnene kan brukes av jordmødre for på best mulig måte å forebygge negative fødselsopplevelser.<br>Aim: This study aimed to explore the aspects women describe as contributing to their negative experience of childbirth. Methods: We used qualitative thematic analysis to analyze 103 free-text comments in a questionnaire from the Norwegian cohort of the Bidens study. The comments were provided by women who had a negative childbirth experience. Main findings: The majority of respondents reported experiencing unexpected and dramatic complications during childbirth. We identified three major themes: “(i) complications in mother, baby or both”, “(ii) not being seen or heard”; and (iii) “experience of pain and loss of control”. Further, the majority of respondents had felt ignored, had not been treated with respect, and did not feel included in decisions about their childbirth. A minority described pain and loss of control as the main reason for their negative birth experience. Conclusions: The women’s comments show that they did not expect to experience negative things during childbirth. Further, they were unprepared for complications and improper care. Alarmingly, many respondents experienced what must be characterized as abuse in the health-care system (i.e. neglect, verbal abuse or rudeness). The present study shows that caregivers’ attitudes and presentation contribute importantly to a positive childbirth experience. Midwives can use the information gained from this study to prevent negative birth experiences.<br><p>ISBN 978-91-86739-95-9</p>
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Dyverfeldt, Hannah, and Emma Karlsson. "Generella teman om negativa emotionsupplevelser : En kvalitativ studie." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-32378.
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En studie med syftet att undersöka de generella temana i individers upplevelse av negativa emotioner. Tidigare forskning inom området har fokuserat på det frågeställningar som exempelvis handlar om negativa emotioners påverkan på individers hälsa. Den här studien söker att utveckla det kvalitativa området inom emotionspsykologi. Två frågeställningar undersöktes: Vad är de generella temana i män och kvinnors upplevelse av negativa emotioner?Finns det en skillnad i upplevelse av negativa emotioner mellan kvinnor och män? Deltagare var 66 individer, i åldrarna 19 till 77 varav 33 män. Materialet samlades in via en kvalitativ enkät och analyserades med meningskoncentrering och genom fenomenologisk tolkning. Resultatet gav fem generella teman: (1) Situation med minskad kontroll, (2) fysiskt upplevelse, (3) psykisk upplevelse, (4) agerande och (5) uppmärksammande. Resultatet gick i linje med tidigare studier men bidrog med att fylla en kunskapslucka med dess kvalitativa inriktning, temat (5) uppmärksammande var ett nytt tema som upptäcktes.
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Klüft, Izabella. "Sexual Healing : Upplevelser av läkande sexuella möten efter negativa sexuella erfarenheter." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för socialt arbete (SA), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-45878.
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Studien undersöker fenomenet: upplevelser av läkande sexuella möten efter negativa sexuella erfarenheter. Syftet är att undersöka hur personer med tidigare negativa sexuella erfarenheter kan uppleva sexuella möten med andra som läkande samt hur det kan främja den sexuella hälsan. Fokus ligger på hur sexuella möten med andra kan upplevas, beskrivas och förstås som läkande. Ett underliggande syfte är att förmedla hopp till dem som kanske har förlorat hoppet om njutningsfulla sexuella möten med andra. Kunskap kring detta kan även komma att bidra till utvecklingen av hälsofrämjande arbete gällande sexuell hälsa hos personer med negativa sexuella erfarenheter. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis användes som kvalitativ metod och fem intervjuer med personer som upplevt läkande sexuella möten genomfördes. Samtliga identifierade sig som kvinnor varav tre som bisexuella, en som heterosexuell och en som heterosexuell men attraheras av människor. Teorier för att begripliggöra fenomenet var Existentiella perspektiv, Social Baseline Theory samt Teorier om att omforma kroppsminnen. Tidigare relevant forskning var inom områden Sexuell läkning efter trauma, Social smärta och läkning samt Andra ingångar till upplevelser av läkande sexuella möten. Huvudteman som framkom var Ingen press! – första steget till läkning, Från olust till lust, Upplevelser av läkande sexuella möten samt Skillnaden mellan då och nu. Sammanfattningen är att intervjupersonerna uppgav att de kunde läka från tidigare negativa sexuella erfarenheter med hjälp av sexuella möten med andra. Genom tillitsfulla relationer vågade de anta sexuella utmaningar som främjade deras sexuella hälsa och förmåga att njuta. I de sexuella mötena hjälpte den andra dem att reglera och hantera känslor som kom upp. De kunde då omforma negativa kroppsminnen på ett djupt motsägande sätt och nå upplevelser av läkning. Slutsatsen är att mer forskning om fenomenet upplevelser av läkande sexuella möten behövs. Det kan vara så att det några har skadat kan behövas andra för att läka.<br>The study examines the phenomenon: experiences of healing sexual encounters after negative sexual ordeals. The purpose is to investigate how people with previous negative sexual experiences can experience sexual encounters with others as healing and how it can promote sexual health. The focus is on how sexual encounters with others can be experienced, described and understood as healing. An underlying purpose is to convey hope to those who may have lost hope of enjoyable sexual encounters with others. Knowledge about this may also contribute to the development of health-promoting work regarding sexual health in people with negative sexual experiences. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used as a qualitative method and five interviews with people who experienced healing sexual encounters were conducted. All of them identified as women of which three as bisexual, one as heterosexual and one as heterosexual but attracted to humans. Theories to understand the phenomenon were Existential Perspective, Social Baseline Theory and Theories of reshaping body memories. Previous relevant research was within areas of Sexual Healing After Trauma, Social Pain and Healing and Other Paths to Experiences of Healing Sexual Encounters. The main themes that emerged was No pressure! - the first step to healing, From no desire to desire, Experiences of healing sexual encounters and The difference between then and now. In summary the interviewees reported that they were able to heal from previous negative sexual experiences with the help of sexual encounters with others. Through trusting relationships, they dared to take on sexual challenges that promoted their sexual health and ability to enjoy sex. In the sexual encounters, the other helped them to regulate and deal with the emotions that arose. They could then reshape negative body memories in a deeply contradictory way and achieve experiences of healing. The conclusion is that more research on the phenomenon experiences of healing sexual encounters is needed. It is possible that what some have injured may require others to heal.
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希叔, 孫., та Heesook Son. "新人ソーシャルワーカーの成長に関する研究 : 特別養護老人ホーム生活相談員のネガティブな経験に対する語りに着目して". Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13106243/?lang=0, 2019. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13106243/?lang=0.
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本論文は，特別養護老人ホームに従事する新人ソーシャルワーカーのネガティブな経験に対する語りに注目し，彼らはそれをどのように変容させ，自らの成長につなげているのかを明らかにすることを目的とした．新人ソーシャルワーカーが実践の中で直面するネガティブな経験の構造を概念化したうえで，それを捉え直すプロセスとそれによる成長のメカニズムを解明するため，4つの課題を立て検証を行った．<br>博士(社会福祉学)<br>Doctor of Philosophy in Social Welfare<br>同志社大学<br>Doshisha University
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Bandeira, Belkis Souza. "Experiência e conceito : possibilidades formativas da dialética negativa de Theodor W. Adorno." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2013. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/2793.
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Previous issue date: 2013-08-02<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>O presente estudo sustenta o potencial formativo da dialética negativa de Theodor W. Adorno, descrevendo, a partir das categorias Indústria cultural e Semiformação, o processo de mercantilização dos produtos simbólicos, cuja face subjetiva é o processo de formação interrompida, que produz um indivíduo cuja subjetividade fica formatada segundo os parâmetros de uma cultura onde o que impera é a imagem, sacralizada pela indústria na qual a experiência humana vai sendo substituída pelo consumo de mercadorias, que gera um crescente empobrecimento do potencial formativo da cultura e das próprias práticas educativas. Defende uma filosofia transformada, que acentua o poder da teoria na crítica, e possibilita a transformação no plano do social, pois se apresenta como o próprio conteúdo da filosofia, pelas categorias filosóficas, de forma que teoria do conhecimento e teoria da sociedade estão entrelaçadas em seu interior. Propõe o reconhecimento da dialética sujeito-objeto, na qual o sujeito não subordina o objeto identificando-o com um conceito universal, mas se entrega à natureza deste, salvando sua diferença, como reconhecimento da mediação entre as partes, aberto no que Adorno chama de Constelação própria do objeto, que possibilita uma dimensão formativa do sujeito no próprio processo do conhecimento, na medida em que o conhecimento passa a ser entendido como uma experiência do objeto que se realiza mediada pelo conceito. A categoria experiência torna-se essencial para que se entenda o pensamento filosófico, pois a renovação do pensamento está relacionada com a constante experiência do objeto e só nele recebe sua determinação. O pensamento não é aquiescência, mas uma tensão entre o ato ativo de experienciar, de ser afetado sempre pela própria coisa. Entende que filosofia necessita dos conceitos para relacionar-se com a realidade, tanto quanto da sensibilidade, para poder ir além de si no processo de compreensão do objeto e do próprio sujeito, que, numa perspectiva constelatória, percebe o objeto a partir das relações que estabelece com a realidade concreta, entendida em suas múltiplas relações histórica, sociais e culturais. O conhecimento, entendido como experiência humana, forma, pois permite ao sujeito pensar criticamente a realidade em que está inserido, estabelecendo relações com o mundo e também com o outro, não apenas como objeto a ser conhecido, mas como algo não-idêntico e que pode ser experienciado, não meramente decodificado, garantido a individualidade de cada um como possibilidade de, pela própria compreensão da interação do humano.<br>This study supports the formative potential of Theodor W. Adorno’s negative dialectics, and describes the process of commodification of symbolic products from the Cultural Industry and Semi-formation categories, whose subjective expression is the discontinued formative process which creates an individual whose subjectivity is shaped according to parameters of a culture in which the image rules, sanctified by industry, so that the human experience is being replaced by the consumption of goods, thus generating a growing impoverishment of the formative process of culture and educational practices. The study advocates a changed philosophy that emphasizes the power of theory in criticism and enables transformations in the social sphere, since it appears as the very content of philosophy through philosophical categories, in a way that both the theory of knowledge and the theory of society are intertwined within it. The paper proposes the recognition of the subject-object dialectics where the subject does not submit the object by identifying it with a universal concept, but rather surrenders to the nature of the latter, thus saving its differences in recognition of the mediation between the parties, the so-called Constellation of the subject by Adorno. This process enables a formative dimension of the subject in the process of knowledge, insofar as knowledge is understood as an experience of the object that is accomplished by the mediation of the concept. The experience category is essential for philosophical thought to be understood, once the renovation of thought is related to the constant experience of the object, and is only determined by it. Thought is not acquiescence, but rather a tension between the active act of experiencing, of always being affected by the same thing. It takes for granted that philosophy needs concepts to connect with reality, inasmuch as it needs sensitivity to be able to go beyond itself in the process of comprehending the object and even the subject which, from the constellation viewpoint, perceives the object from the relations established with concrete reality, understood in its multiple historical, social and cultural relations. Knowledge, as human experience, is formative, for it allows the subject to think about the reality in which he is inserted in a critical way, establishing bonds with the world and with each other, not only as an object to be known, but also as something unparalleled that needs to be experienced rather than decoded, ensuring each person’s individuality as a possibility of transformation through the comprehension of human interaction in the structuring of social processes.
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Lilja, Kerstin. "Negativa förlossningsupplevelser bland föräldrar." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-18892.
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Bakgrund: Förlossningsupplevelser påverkar föräldrar psykologiskt, fysiskt, socialt och kulturellt. Föräldrarnas upplevelser av förlossningen har både omedelbara och långvariga effekter på deras hälsa och relation till varandra och sitt barn. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa faktorer som kan bidra till negativa förlossningsupplevelser hos föräldrar. Metod: Datamaterialet bestod av ett frågeformulär som besvarats av 211 kvinnor som fött barn vid ett sjukhus i Norrland mellan åren 2006-2010 och som uppgivit en negativ förlossningsupplevelse på VAS-skala. Studien bygger på föräldrarnas svar på en öppen fråga "egna kommentarer" och "pappas kommentarer". Materialet har analyserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: När kvinnornas svar hade analyserats framkom sex huvudkategorier. Huvudkategorierna var: "Bristande kommunikation och information", "Missnöje med personalens förhållningssätt", "Svårt att hantera smärtan", "Missnöje med förlossningen och förlossningssätt", "Oro och Rädsla" samt "Bristande närvaro och stöd". Diskussion: Faktorer som kunde bidra till negativa förlossningsupplevelser var om förlossningsförväntningarna inte motsvarade hur förlossningen faktiskt blev. Föräldrar som var rädda eller oroliga inför förlossningen fick i högre grad en negativ förlossningsupplevelse. Bristen på känslan av kontroll, där föräldrarna inte kände sig delaktiga eller hade kunnat påverka besluten under förlossningen ger oftare negativa förlossningsupplevelser. Förlossningens längd, förlossningssätt, interventioner och smärtupplevelser var viktiga komponenter hur förlossningsupplevelsen blev. Barnmorskans stöd, information och förhållningssätt till föräldrarna påverkade också förlossningsupplevelsen.<br>Background:Childbirth experiences affect parents psychologically, physically, socially and long-term effects on their health and their relationship to each other and their children. Purpose: Purpose of the study was to illuminate the factors that may contribute to adverse experiences of parents.Method: The data consisted of a questionnaire answered by 211 women who had a baby at a hospital in northern Sweden between the years 2006-2010 and who have provided a negative birth experience on the VAS scale. The study is based on parents responses to an open question "own comments" and "dad’s comments". Material was analyzed using qualitative content analysis.Results: When the women's responses were analyzed, revealed six major categories. Main categories were: "Lack of communication and information," " Dissatisfaction with staff attitude, " "Hard to manage pain," " Dissatisfaction with labor and mode of delivery," " Worry and fear" and "Lack of presence and support". Discussion:Factors that could contribute to negative birth experience was about childbirth expectations did not correspond to the birth actually became. Parents who were afraid or nervous about giving birth had a greater negative birth experience. Lack of sense of control, where the parents did not feel involved or had been able to influence decisions during labor gives more negative birth experiences. Redemption duration, mode of delivery, interventions and painful experiences were important components of the childbirth experience was. Midwife support, information and attitude to parents affected the birth experience.
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Dahm, Theresa. "Goal pursuit, motivation and the experience of positive and negative affect in young people : an experience sampling study." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2015. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/56835/.
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The study reported in this thesis aimed to test a psychological model of goaldirected behaviour in a sample of young adults, using experience sampling methods. The purpose was to assess the relationship between goal-related appraisals of success and importance, and fluctuations in both positive and negative affect as well as levels of ruminative thought. The influence of individual differences in transdiagnostic factors relating to motivation and anhedonia, as well as symptoms of depression, rumination and schizotypy were also considered. An analogue sample of non-clinical young adults was recruited and took part in this six-day intensive, longitudinal study. Subjective reports of momentary affect, rumination, and goal appraisals were assessed five times daily for six days. Baseline measures relating to symptoms of psychopathology, motivation and anhedonia were also administered. Using multilevel modelling, the relationship between goal appraisals and affective and ruminative responses could be analysed within the context of the days and individuals that they occurred. Results suggested that appraisals of success were associated with higher levels of momentary positive affect and lower levels of momentary negative affect and rumination. While importance was positively associated with momentary rumination, the expected interaction between success and importance was not found. Individual differences in depression symptoms and schizotypy were differentially associated with reduced momentary positive affect, whereas individual differences in trait rumination were differentially associated with increased momentary negative affect and rumination. There was some evidence that individual differences in depression symptoms were also associated with reduced overall enjoyment and goal success during the experience sampling period. These findings are relevant to our understanding of goal-directed behaviour, and how goal appraisals influence positive affect as well as negative affect and rumination. The results suggest that targeting appraisals of success and increasing activities that provide experiences of mastery and pleasure may be an important aspect of clinical interventions.
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Qurnfulah, Emad Mohammed. "The negative impacts of subdivision regulation on the residential built environment : Jeddah's experience." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2914.
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Land subdivision plans (LSPs) are the basis of development and transform untouched lands into modern residential areas. Subdivision regulation (SR) plays a key role in the process of organisation, design, planning and development of residential areas. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) relies on a single unified SR guideline formulated by the central government that applies one conventional development LSP approach for all Saudi cities. This approach does not take account of the provision of the final product or any particular part of it (e.g. housing units, public service plots, etc.), as well as after-sale services such as maintenance and management. Situated in the American and Saudi subdivision literature, this research first examines the quality of what this type of regulated development produces at a macro (city) scale relating to the structure of the urban form being built in Jeddah. It finds that at this scale, low-density car-reliant urban sprawl results – exactly the type of development that misses the sustainable liveability rhetoric the SR documents espouse, and which undermines Jeddah’s planning department’s attempts to meet the city’s 21st century challenges of rapid demographic and economic growth, and climate change. The research then investigates the quality of the public services and facilities provision at a micro (district) level by appraising the quality of two conventionally developed subdivision districts in Jeddah. It finds the quality of the public services and facilities is poor, especially for those residents not using a car. Building plots stand vacant/semi-built for long periods of time, and soft infrastructure provision (schools, parks, community facilities) are often slow to arrive – if they arrive at all. A face-to-face survey of resident heads of households in these two districts revealed that these shortcomings made life very difficult. The research also explored the regulations’ content and implementation process and, as part of this element of the investigation, interviewed local planners and conventional developers to gain a better understanding of how they perceived their role, the quality of these localities, and the shortcomings in the system that produced this type of development. The conventional developers were of the view they already provided too much, and if anything the regulations should be relaxed, not strengthened; the planners’ iv perception was that the regulations were about right, requiring essential services but not so restrictive as to prevent development. The residents’ survey from the original case studies also revealed preferences for a number of other localities in Jeddah where provision was better. The research investigated the development practice of these localities (‘non-conventional development’), by visiting the localities and interviewing the developers and found a smart growth/New Urbanism model of development, which could provide better quality public realm and up-front infrastructure provision, albeit at a cost and rather exclusively. This thesis concludes that it is important to improve the current conventional practices of LSP development to enable Jeddah to provide a more sustainable and more liveable urban form than is currently created, and presents a set of recommendations to achieve this. These include recommendations to amend the SR guidelines based on comprehensive studies conducted with modern techniques incorporating residents’ aspirations, developers’ suggestions, officials’ ideas, inputs from urban planners, and autonomy to local regulators (increased role and responsibility of Jeddah Municipality) cumulatively aimed at provision of better public facilities and services. There are still some possible venues to conduct future researches, such as encouraging planning and consulting offices to reveal their views of the current SR code and LSP development. Moreover, residents’ perceptions should be studied and included in unconventional subdivision plans to fulfil their satisfaction. Finally, it is useful to study and analyse the views of public services and facilities providers, particularly pertaining to their role within the LSP approval process.
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Brown, Clarence Ezra. "Racism in the Gay Community and Homophobia in the Black Community: Negotiating the Gay Black Male Experience." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33121.
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This research posed the question â How does racism in the gay community and homophobia in the Black community restrict gay Black maleâ s life chances and life opportunities?â Previous research has uncovered racist attitudes within the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community as well as homophobic attitudes within the Black community. Because of conflicting social identifiers (Is it possible for one to be both homosexual and Black?) and the invisibility of a gay Black voice, it is imperative to deconstruct the relationship between gay Black men and the communities they are a part of. I utilized qualitative in-depth interviewing techniques interviewing 15 Black men aged 18 and older who identified themselves as homosexual. The questions revolved around three primary questions designed to center the researcherâ ¦How do gay Black men describe their lives, How do gay Black men describe what their lives ought to be, and What obstacles do gay Black men see effecting their opportunity to live the lives they feel they ought to be living.
The gay Black male research participants disclosed that because of Black stereotypes, gay stereotypes, acceptance with stipulations in the gay community and the black community, racism in the gay community, homophobia in the Black community, and perceptions of blackness and masculinityâ s affect on gay Black menâ ¦gay Black men live their lives with various restrictions. In other words, gay Black men do not appear to be living their lives the way they feel they ought to be living it. This work is important because a majority of the participants stated they wished to live restriction free lives. They are not able to fully be themselves in their daily lives and often have to assimilate to be accepted.<br>Master of Science
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Botha, Adéle. "The experience and handling of workplace bullying / Adéle Botha." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8438.
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Previous studies have established that for some people a typical day at work starts with immense feelings of distress, anxiety and irritability caused by workplace bullying. Not only does bullying behaviour in the workplace have a negative impact on a person’s professional life, but it is also detrimental to the effectiveness of the organisation. A survey focussing on the perceived exposure to bullying and victimisation in the workplace was administered to a sample of 159 employees employed by a mine in Mpumalanga. The results uncovered that more than a quarter of the participants reported that they had experienced workplace bullying. The study also discovered that line managers experienced more negative acts than senior managers. While those who only experience a brief spell of bullying behaviour at work survive their experience relatively unscathed, previous studies have also indicated that others are affected in a significant physical and psychological way. In conclusion this study determined that workplace bullying is an actual occurrence, not only internationally but also in South Africa. Employees and employers can therefore only benefit from understanding this unique workplace phenomenon. This article provides the opportunity for employed people to recognise the nature and prevalence of workplace bullying in order to prevent it from becoming a silent epidemic. Researchers generally accept that bullying is behaviour that is aggressive or negative and carried out repeatedly. Previous research established that bullying can occur in any context where people interact. This article open by synthesising a conceptual framework of negative acts as an interactive form of organisational behaviour from the available literature. Empirical research was done in order to investigate the prevalence of negative acts. The study found that more than a quarter of the participants had experienced bullying at some stage during their career with managers and supervisors predominantly reported as the perpetrators. The study also found that behaviour that tends to isolate individuals was generally reported as the most frequently experienced form of negative acts. By understanding workplace bullying both employers will be able to implement influence strategies aimed at dealing with this workplace phenomenon at levels of protection, intervention and dispute resolution. In conclusion it has been established that workplace bullying is not only a real problem in international workplaces, but also in South Africa. This means that employers not only have to cope with the consequences of employees performing badly but also behaving badly. This article presents an opportunity to understand negative behaviour in the workplace.<br>Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012
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Chapman, Erin Noelle. "From Object to Subject young women's experience of sexuality education within sex-negative taboos /." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3389095.
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Rand, Joseph S. "Parental Experience-Based Change: Positive and Negative Changes in Monitoring, Expectations, Nurturing, and Discipline." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6118.
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This study sought to create a measure of parent's perceptions of parental experience-based change (PEBC), or parents' perceptions of the changes they make to their parenting of secondborn children as a result of experiences with firstborn children. The measure assessed PEBC in the domains of monitoring, expectations, nurturing and discipline. Participants were 401 mothers or fathers of 2 or 3 adolescent children. Factor analyses revealed an 8 factor solution that assessed increasing and decreasing in each of the 4 domains. Criterion validity was evaluated using regression analyses to examine the relationships between each factor and parenting outcomes thought to be related to PEBC, namely efficacy, relationship positivity and negativity, demandingness, responsiveness and granting of autonomy. Reliability of the measure was also evaluated. Overall, results supported the validity and reliability of the measure of PEBC and future research can implement the measure in study of parenting and sibling influence.
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Wilson, Zoë. "An exploration of how counselling psychology trainees experience their negative internal reactions to clients." Thesis, University of East London, 2013. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/4017/.
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This qualitative study aimed to explore how trainee counselling psychologists experience having negative internal reactions in relation to their clients. It seemed important to explore this domain of trainee experience since therapists have reported their training has left them ill-equipped to effectively manage strong reactions to clients (Harris, 2002). A review of the research identified a lack of process-orientated empirical studies exploring how trainee therapists understand, manage and are impacted by their experience of this client scenario. A semi-structured format was used to interview eleven trainee counselling psychologists to explore their experiences in-depth. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Analysis of the data was guided by the principles of constructivist grounded theory (Charmaz, 2006). The core category in the constructed grounded theory represents trainees’ occupation of their professional identity. Its character influences how trainees are challenged by their experience, how they assign responsibility within the therapeutic relationship for their experienced conflict and how they engage with this conflict. Simultaneously, trainees’ occupation of their professional identity is shaped through the process of their experience, through the reciprocal relationships that exist between the four categories. This thesis offers a holistic and process-orientated understanding of trainee counselling psychologists’ experiences of having negative internal reactions in relation to their clients. It is recommended that trainers and supervisors encourage trainees to be open about, and seek help with, their experiences of this client scenario. Further research directions relating to the professional development of counselling psychologists are elucidated.
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Lutovac, S. (Sonja). "From memories of the past to anticipations of the future:pre-service elementary teachers’ mathematical identity work." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2014. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526205540.
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Abstract This study explored mathematical identity work by drawing on the cases of Finnish and Slovenian pre-service elementary teachers. All cases reported having had negative experiences with mathematics during their school years. These experiences were shown to have a central meaning for pre-service teachers’ mathematical identities. However, identity also extends to the future. For this reason, pre-service teachers’ anticipations of the future were also explored. The concepts of narrative identity (Ricoeur, 1992) and possible selves (Markus & Nurius, 1989) were applied in the context of mathematics education. The overall narrative perspective of the study enabled a psycho-social understanding of identity. The special interest of the study was confined to an understanding of the role that educational contexts play in pre-service teachers’ mathematical identity work. Narrative inquiry was applied as a research methodology. In-depth interviews invited pre-service teachers to construct narratives of their mathematics-related experiences. These narratives were analysed holistically and categorically, as well as in terms of content and form. The findings showed striking similarities in pre-service teachers’ school-time memories. The cases in question felt like victims of their own mathematical experiences. The anticipations of mathematics teaching were also underlined by the challenges rooted in their school-time experiences. However, a surprising finding was that the identity work in which the Finnish and Slovenian cases engaged during their teacher education differed substantially. The main reasons for the differences in identity work seemed to stem from different emphases and pedagogical practices in mathematics education courses within the Finnish and Slovenian teacher education settings. The study argued that identity work can be facilitated during teacher education. To begin such a process, it would be central to focus on pre-service teachers’ biographical context through narrative pedagogical tools. The findings also showed that neglecting issues from school-time experiences might engender further challenges for pre-service teachers’ future mathematics teaching. Finally, the study argued for the need to openly address identity during teacher education. The significant theoretical contribution of the study is the conceptualisation of ‘mathematical identity work’<br>Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin matemaattista identiteettityötä suomalaisten ja slovenialaisten luokanopettajaopiskelijoiden kokemusten kautta. Opiskelijoiden mukaan heillä oli ollut omana kouluaikanaan kielteisiä matematiikan opintoihin liittyviä kokemuksia, joilla osoitettiin olevan negatiivisia vaikutuksia opiskelijoiden matemaattisiin identiteetteihin. Koska tutkimuksessa korostuu identiteetin tulevaisuusaspekti, tarkastelun kohteina olivat opiskelijoiden tulevaisuuteen liittyvät toiveet ja odotukset. Tutkimuksessa sovellettiin narratiivisen identiteetin (Ricoeur, 1992) ja mahdollisten minuuksien (Markus & Nurius, 1989) käsitteitä matematiikan opetuksen kontekstissa. Identiteetin ymmärtämisen psyko-sosiaalisena ilmiönä mahdollisti narratiivinen näkökulma. Erityinen huomio kohdistettiin siihen, millainen merkitys kasvatuksellisilla konteksteilla on luokanopettajaopiskelijoiden matemaattisessa identiteettityössä. Tutkimusmetodologiana käytettiin narratiivista tutkimusta. Opiskelijat kertoivat syvähaastatteluissa matematiikkaan liittyvistä kokemuksistaan. Nämä narratiivit analysoitiin holistisesti ja kategorisesti ottaen huomioon myös niiden sisältö ja muoto. Tuloksista ilmenee merkittävää samankaltaisuutta luokanopettajaopiskelijoiden omaan kouluaikaan liittyvissä muistoissa. Monet esimerkiksi kuvailivat itsensä uhreiksi. Myös tulevaan matematiikan opetukseen liittyvät ennakko-odotukset olivat värittyneet opettajaopiskelijoiden omaan kouluaikaan liittyvien haasteellisten kokemusten kautta. Yllättävä tulos oli se, että suomalaisten ja slovenialaisten opiskelijoiden luokanopettajakoulutuksen aikainen identiteettityö erosi huomattavasti toisistaan. Erojen pääsyynä ovat nähtävästi erilaiset painotukset ja käytänteet opettajankoulutuksen matematiikan pedagogisissa opinnoissa. Tutkimus osoittaa, että identiteettityötä voidaan pyrkiä edistämään opettajankoulutuksen aikana. Prosessin aloittamiseksi olisi tärkeää kohdentaa huomio opettajaopiskelijoiden elämäkerrallisiin konteksteihin soveltamalla narratiivisia pedagogisia työkaluja. Sillä että omaan kouluaikaan liittyviä kokemuksia ei oteta huomioon, voi olla kielteisiä heijastuksia opettajaopiskelijoiden tulevaan matematiikan opetukseen. Tutkimuksen mukaan identiteetti on syytä ottaa avoimesti tarkasteluun opettajankoulutuksen aikana. Tutkimuksen teorian kannalta merkittävä anti on termin matemaattinen identiteettityö käsitteellistäminen
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Fransson, Jonas, Sanella Osmic, and Becky Otabor. "EN BUFFÉ AV OLIKA SINNEN : - När sinnesmarknadsföring på köpcentrum slår slint." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96514.
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Genom åren har köpcentrum skiftat fokuset från att enbart skapa ett köp- och sälj scenario, till en mer gynnsam atmosfär, där kunderna kan umgås och skapa unika upplevelser. Köpcentrum strävar efter att stå ut bland sina konkurrenter och förse sina kunder med olika utbud av produkter och tjänster. För att uppnå detta mål, krävs kreativa marknadsföringsstrategier och kundens åsikter, för att möjliggöra ett framgångsrikt varumärke. Att involvera de mänskliga sinnena har genom åren blivit en allt mer populär strategi när det kommer till marknadsföring. Sinnesmarknadsföring använder de fem mänskliga sinnena för att nå djupt in i konsumenternas känslor och påverka kundupplevelsen. Denna strategi har under åren resulterat i en hel del positiva resultat när den tillämpas i en marknadsföringsplan. Vi anser dock att det finns ett behov av att identifiera de negativa aspekterna av sinnesmarknadsföring, för att minimera och undvika konsekvenserna. Detta intresse har lett oss till vårt forskningsområde om att studera de negativa effekterna av sinnesmarknadsföring i ett köpcentrum och dess konsekvenser på konsument och företag. Vi påbörjade denna uppsats genom att intervjua de tre största köpcentrumen i Kalmar, Sverige för att kunna få ett företagsperspektiv av fenomenet. Dessutom, genomförde vi en enkätundersökning för att få ett konsumentperspektiv och jämföra skillnaderna. Dessa empiriska material gav oss viktig information som lett oss till att identifiera kategorierna av vårt teoretiska ramverk och slutligen nå en slutsats. Resultatet av denna forskning klargjorde skillnaden mellan företag och konsumentperspektivet, gällande de negativa effekterna av sinnesmarknadsföring. Sinnesmarknadsföring har visat oss behovet av att inkludera konsumenterna och förstå de negativa effekterna av fenomenet, för att kunna utveckla de rätta sinnesstrategierna.<br>Throughout the years, shopping malls have shifted the focus from only creating a buying and selling scenario, to a more conducive atmosphere, where customers can socialize and create unique experiences. Shopping malls strive to stand out amongst its competitors and provide its customers with a different outrange of products and services. In order to achieve this aim, creative marketing strategies and customer inputs are demanded to enable a successful brand. Involving the human senses has along the years, became an increasingly popular strategy when it comes to marketing. Sensory marketing utilizes the five human senses to reach deep into consumers emotions and influence customer experience. This strategy has during the years resulted in a great number of positive outcomes when applied to a marketing plan. However, we believe that there is a need of identifying the negative aspects of sensory marketing, to help minimize and avoid the consequences. This interest has led us to our research area of studying the negative effects of sensory marketing in a shopping mall and its consequences on consumers and corporate. We approached this paper by starting off with interviewing the three main shopping malls in Kalmar, Sweden to obtain a corporate perspective of the phenomenon. Furthermore, we carried out a survey to acquire the consumer perspective in order to compare the differences. These empirical materials gave us essential information that led us to identifying the categories of our theoretical framework and finally reaching a conclusion. The results of this research clarified the dissimilarity between the corporate and the consumer perspective, concerning the negative effects of sensory marketing. Sensory marketing has shown us the need of including consumers and understanding the negative effects of the phenomenon, in order to develop the right sensory strategy.
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Bratton, Kevin Michael. "Suppression of negative experiences cognitive cost /." 2003. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04112003-105039/unrestricted/etd.pdf.
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