Academic literature on the topic 'Negative incentives'
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Journal articles on the topic "Negative incentives"
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A. Peace, Kristine, and Victoria E.S. Richards. "Faking it: incentives and malingered PTSD." Journal of Criminal Psychology 4, no. 1 (March 12, 2014): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-09-2013-0023.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address how context for malingering and the provision of incentives influence malingered symptom profiles of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Design/methodology/approach – A 2 (case context)×3 (incentive) factorial design was utilized. Participants (n=298) were given an incentive (positive, negative, or no incentive), randomly assigned to a criminal or civil context, and asked to provide a fake claim of child abuse with corresponding malingered symptoms of PTSD. Under these conditions, participants completed several questionnaires pertaining to symptoms of trauma and PTSD. Findings – Results indicated that negative incentives were primarily associated with lower symptom scores. Therefore, “having something to lose” may result in more constrained (and realistic) symptom reports relative to exaggeration evidenced with positive incentives. Originality/value – These results have implications for forensic settings where malingered claims of PTSD are common and incentives for such claims (e.g. having something to gain or lose) frequently exist. Previous studies have failed to address incentives (positive and negative) in relation to a crime (i.e. abuse) that can span both criminal and civil contexts.
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Ding, Xiu-Hao, Yuanqiong He, Jiang Wu, and Chen Cheng. "Effects of positive incentive and negative incentive in knowledge transfer: carrot and stick." Chinese Management Studies 10, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 593–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-01-2016-0006.
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Purpose Employees play a central role in firms’ knowledge transferal, but knowledge-sharing brings significant costs for employees. Thus, this study aims to explore the components of firms’ incentive systems and how these influence employees’ knowledge-sharing, and also to test whether employees’ knowledge-sharing intentions transform into better knowledge transfer performance at the firm level. Design/methodology/approach This study collected data in China, and 219 usable questionnaires were collected. Then, this study used a structure equation model by LISREL for hypotheses testing. Findings This study finds that positive economic incentives, positive relational incentives and negative relational incentives all increase employees’ knowledge-sharing intentions, contributing to firms’ improved knowledge-transfer performance. Thus, both positive and negative incentives and both economic and relational incentives exert influences on employees’ knowledge-sharing activities. Practical implications Because employees have both material and emotional needs and always want to approach good things and avoid bad things, firms should take measures to make their incentive systems more comprehensive. Then, employees can be motivated to share their knowledge effectively. Originality/value Existing studies have mainly explored the effects of positive economic incentives on knowledge transferal. Because individuals have both a promotion self-regulatory focus associated with an approach motivation and a prevention self-regulatory focus associated with an avoidance motivation, and because they have both material and emotional needs, this study classifies incentives into three types and confirms their effectiveness for motivating employees to share knowledge.
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Voigt, Kristin. "Incentives, health promotion and equality." Health Economics, Policy and Law 7, no. 3 (September 21, 2010): 263–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133110000277.
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AbstractThe use of incentives to encourage individuals to adopt ‘healthier’ behaviours is an increasingly popular instrument in health policy. Much of the literature has been critical of ‘negative’ incentives, often due to concerns about equality; ‘positive’ incentives, however, have largely been welcomed as an instrument for the improvement of population health and possibly the reduction of health inequalities. The aim of this paper is to provide a more systematic assessment of the use of incentives from the perspective of equality. The paper begins with an overview of existing and proposed incentive schemes. I then suggest that the distinction between ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ incentives – or ‘carrots’ and ‘sticks’ – is of limited use in distinguishing those incentive schemes that raise concerns of equality from those that do not. The paper assesses incentive schemes with respect to two important considerations of equality: equality of access and equality of outcomes. While our assessment of incentive schemes will, ultimately, depend on various empirical facts, the paper aims to advance the debate by identifying some of the empirical questions we need to ask. The paper concludes by considering a number of trade-offs and caveats relevant to the assessment of incentive schemes.
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Haesebrouck, Katlijn, Martine Cools, and Alexandra Van den Abbeele. "Status Differences and Knowledge Transfer: The Effect of Incentives." Accounting Review 93, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 213–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-51765.
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ABSTRACT We examine how incentive systems influence knowledge transfer between group members with equal or different status who solve an interdependent task. In our experiment, group members receive group or individual incentives, while status is manipulated by assigning job titles with corresponding role descriptions. Although all conditions require knowledge sharing to maximize payoffs, our results suggest that significantly more knowledge is shared under group incentives relative to individual incentives when status differences are present, whereas the amount of knowledge shared does not differ across these incentive manipulations for equal-status groups. These findings are in line with theory suggesting that individual incentives can motivate knowledge sharing among equal-status groups, but cannot overcome the negative interactions that arise under status differences. Instead, group incentives are required to induce cooperative behavior that mitigates the negative effects of status differences on knowledge sharing. We contribute to the literature and practice by showing that the effect of incentives depends on the social context and that job titles can have unintended consequences.
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Mohamed, A. S., and H. H. G. Savenije. "Water demand management: Positive incentives, negative incentives or quota regulation?" Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere 25, no. 3 (January 2000): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1464-1909(00)00012-5.
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Woolley, Kaitlin, and Marissa A. Sharif. "Incentives Increase Relative Positivity of Review Content and Enjoyment of Review Writing." Journal of Marketing Research 58, no. 3 (April 23, 2021): 539–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00222437211010439.
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A series of controlled experiments examine how the strategy of incentivizing reviews influences consumers’ expressions of positivity. Incentivized (vs. unincentivized) reviews contained a greater proportion of positive relative to negative emotion across a variety of product and service experiences (e.g., videos, service providers, consumer packaged goods companies). This effect occurred for both financial and nonfinancial incentives and when assessing review content across multiple natural language processing tools and human judgments. Incentives influence review content by modifying the experience of writing reviews. That is, when incentives are associated with review writing, they cause the positive affect that results from receiving an incentive to transfer to the review-writing experience, making review writing more enjoyable. In line with this process, the effect of an incentive on review positivity attenuates when incentives are weakly (vs. strongly) associated with review writing (i.e., incentive for “participating in an experiment” vs. “writing a review”) and when the incentive does not transfer positive affect (i.e., when an incentive is provided by a disliked company). By examining when incentives do (vs. do not) adjust the relative positivity of written reviews, this research offers theoretical insight into the literature on incentives, motivation, and word of mouth, with practical implications for managers.
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Bobek, Donna D., Jason C. Chen, Amy M. Hageman, and Yu Tian. "Are More Choices Better? An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Multiple Tax Incentives." Journal of the American Taxation Association 38, no. 2 (May 1, 2016): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/atax-51478.
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ABSTRACT The U.S. federal income tax system includes numerous incentives intended to encourage many behaviors. However, these incentives add complexity. This study investigates how one source of complexity, the number of different incentives, affects individuals' use of tax incentives. The results from two experiments detect no evidence that having more (versus fewer) incentive choices (i.e., high choice complexity) affects individuals' decisions to engage in the targeted behavior or select an incentive. However, the results do show that individuals faced with high choice complexity are more likely to make errors and less likely to choose the optimal incentive. Further, high choice complexity leads to greater perceived complexity and difficulty, which, in turn, is related to less positive emotions and more anxiety. Thus, high choice complexity has negative consequences on individuals. This study also contributes to the choice complexity literature by examining its effect on making an optimal choice.
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Chee, Seungmin, Wooseok Choi, and Jae Eun Shin. "The Non-Linear Relationship Between CEO Compensation Incentives And Corporate Tax Avoidance." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 33, no. 3 (April 28, 2017): 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v33i3.9935.
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This study examines the effect of CEO compensation incentives on corporate tax avoidance. Unlike prior literature that assumes a monotonic relation between executive compensation incentives and tax avoidance, we find a non-linear relation between the two. Specifically, we find that CEO compensation incentives exhibit a positive relation with corporate tax avoidance at low levels of compensation incentives, whereas they show a negative relation at high levels of compensation incentives. We further find that the non-linear relationship between CEO compensation incentives and corporate tax avoidance does not exist for the subsample of S&P500 firms. Collectively, we provide evidence of the two counter effective forces, namely, - the incentive alignment effect and the risk-reducing effect, - that help explain the effect of CEO compensation incentives on tax avoidance.
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Gneezy, Uri, Stephan Meier, and Pedro Rey-Biel. "When and Why Incentives (Don't) Work to Modify Behavior." Journal of Economic Perspectives 25, no. 4 (November 1, 2011): 191–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.25.4.191.
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First we discuss how extrinsic incentives may come into conflict with other motivations. For example, monetary incentives from principals may change how tasks are perceived by agents, with negative effects on behavior. In other cases, incentives might have the desired effects in the short term, but they still weaken intrinsic motivations. To put it in concrete terms, an incentive for a child to learn to read might achieve that goal in the short term, but then be counterproductive as an incentive for students to enjoy reading and seek it out over their lifetimes. Next we examine the research literature on three important examples in which monetary incentives have been used in a nonemployment context to foster the desired behavior: education; increasing contributions to public goods; and helping people change their lifestyles, particularly with regard to smoking and exercise. The conclusion sums up some lessons on when extrinsic incentives are more or less likely to alter such behaviors in the desired directions.
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Owens, Mark F., and Adam D. Rennhoff. "Motion picture production incentives and filming location decisions: a discrete choice approach." Journal of Economic Geography 20, no. 3 (November 23, 2018): 679–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lby054.
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Abstract We use a discrete choice model to study the impact of tax incentives on firm location choices in situations involving heterogeneous geographic characteristics, heterogeneous firm preferences and large choice sets. We apply our model to investigate the impact of movie production incentives on filming location choices for movies produced from 1999 to 2013. We gather the characteristics of filming locations and use a machine-learning technique to define choice sets. We find production incentives can attract movies to a state, but the impact depends on the type of incentive offered, studio characteristics and inherent location geographic characteristics. Mid-sized studios respond to all forms of incentives, major studios respond only to refundable and transferable tax credits, and independent studios are not sensitive to any incentives. We fail to find strong evidence that incentives create a more permanent movie industry in a state. A counterfactual identifies the states most impacted by these policies. We supplement our discrete choice model with a simple cost-benefit analysis, which indicates that movie incentive programs are revenue-negative for states.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Negative incentives"
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Coetzee, Johannes Gerhardus, and Babita Mathur-Helm. "Performance measures : preventive strategies to limit negative secondary behaviour induced in selected incentive-based companies." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5035.
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Mini-research report presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration at the University of Stellenbosch.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research report is focused on the phenomenon that various Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) used by an organisation as part of their Performance Management systems in support of their strategic objectives will sometimes also drive non-productive behaviour. Thus although the intention might be that the KPI should promote a specific strategic objective, the very same KPI might drive additional behaviour that might not be aligned with the strategic objectives at all or could even be downright destructive. The purpose of this research study is to develop an analysis methodology that can be used to identify those KPIs that drive negative secondary behaviour (the intended positive behaviour being the primary behaviour). The methodology must also assist in identifying preventive measures that can be used to mitigate the risk posed by the negative behaviour. An interesting aspect of this research report is that it cross-references between the business and engineering disciplines by means of adapting techniques used in engineering to assist with a business management problem. The result of this research is a KPI Effectiveness Analysis that has gone through a trail phase where a number of case studies were analysed by means of this tool. The results were conclusive and the analysis tool found to be of great assistance.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsingsverslag fokus op die verskynsel dat Sleutel Prestasie Indikators (SPI's)wat deur ondernemings gebruik word as deel van hul prestasiebestuur-stelsels en wat ten doel het om die strategiese doelwitte van die onderneming te ondersteun, soms ook nie-produktiewe gedrag bevorder. Dus alhoewel dit die intensie met die SPI mag wees om gedrag te bevorder wat die strategiese doelwitte sal ondersteun, dieselfde SPI ook gedrag kan bevorder wat glad nie die strategiese doelwitte ondersteun nie en dalk self destruktief van aard kan wees. Die doel van hierdie navorsingstudie is om 'n analise metodologie te ontwikkel wat gebruik kan word om die SPI's te identifiseer wat negatiewe sekondêre gedrag bevorder (waar die bedoelde gedrag as die primêre gedrag gesien word). Die metodologie moet ook die identifisering van moontlike voorkomende stappe help fasiliteer wat gebruik kan word om die risiko van negatiewe gedrag te vernminder. 'n Interessante aspek van hierdie navorsingsverslag is dat daar 'n kruisverwysing gedoen word tussen die besigheids- en ingenieursdissipline deur tegnieke wat in die ingenieursrigting gebruik word aan te pas ten einde te help met 'n besigheidsbestuursprobleem. Die resultaat van die navorsing is 'n SPI Effektiwiteitsanalise wat tydens 'n toetsfase in 'n paar gevallestudies geanaliseer is deur hierdie metode te gebruik. Die resultate was konkreet en bewys dat die analise metode van groot hulp is.
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Dorneles, Trennepohl Terence. "Tributação ambiental negativa: políticas públicas de fomento ambiental com o uso de incentivos tributários." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2005. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/4285.
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Previous issue date: 2005Inicia-se discorrendo acerca da norma jurídica e da posição da sanção, mormente a premial, em sua estrutura. Após as considerações sobre o meio ambiente e seu atual estágio de degradação, bem como a exposição dos fundamentos que justificam a criação de tributos, com caráter regulador, repressivo às atividades que geram degradação ao ecossistema, busca-se soluções, principalmente com a aplicação de um processo de tributação negativa, através de novos conceitos, senão definitivos, ao menos paliativos, no conjunto de medidas de proteção ao meio ambiente. Assim, a necessidade de implantação de algumas figuras tributárias poderá ser, mesmo que não totalmente originais, uma vez que alguns poucos já defendem a idéia, ao menos auxiliadora à causa ambiental, no alvorecer de um novo cenário jurídico, em que a temática será intensamente debatida. O problema que exsurge no trabalho é de qual maneira pode o direito tributário moderno interagir com o direito ambiental como forma de preservação do meio ambiente, levando em conta a sanção premial da norma jurídica tributária. Dentre os institutos estudados, encontram-se as subvenções, os subsídios, os créditos presumidos, as isenções, os diferimentos, as remissões e as anistias
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Thompson, Kristina Marie. "Positive and negative incentive contrast in rats: A new look at the differences between the sexes." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1616340664295556.
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Brooks, Edward Felix. "Cognitive dissonance in product testimonial competitions : does the low chance of reward influence the negative incentive effect? /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARPS/09arpsb8731.pdf.
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Brites, Alice Dantas. "Monitoramento dos efeitos ecológicos e socioeconômicos da comercialização de produtos florestais não madereiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/90/90131/tde-24032011-215203/.
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A comercialização de produtos florestais não madeireiros (PFNMs) popularizou-se como atividade promotora do desenvolvimento socioeconômico de comunidades florestais com baixo impacto ambiental. Há evidências, contudo, de que a exploração possa produzir efeitos ecológicos e socioeconômicos negativos, sugerindo que é necessário monitorar tais iniciativas. A comercialização frequentemente ocorre em áreas remotas e em contextos de pobreza, como é o caso de muitas daquelas da Amazônia brasileira. Desta forma, é necessário que o monitoramento restrinja-se a avaliar os efeitos evidenciados como mais comuns em estudos anteriores. Este estudo revisa e sintetiza as evidências científicas dos efeitos da exploração de PFNMs sobre parâmetros ecológicos e socioeconômicos e, a partir daí, indica aqueles mais relevantes ao monitoramento. O estudo também levanta até que ponto o monitoramento é implementado no contexto da Amazônia brasileira e avalia quais os parâmetros importantes e viáveis de monitoramento neste caso específico. Para isso, foram realizadas revisões sistemáticas da literatura e a consulta a profissionais da área através do método Delphi. Os resultados indicam que efeitos ecológicos negativos são frequentes, principalmente quando se coletam folhas ou cascas. Alterações em órgãos ou processos fisiológicos e a taxa de sobrevivência dos espécimes explorados são parâmetros que devem ser monitorados, em particular quando se coletam frutos e partes vegetativas. Para todos os tipos de PFNMs, o tamanho e a estrutura populacional são parâmetros prioritários ao monitoramento. A riqueza de espécies da comunidade explorada merece atenção, principalmente quando se coletam frutos. Para os aspectos socioeconômicos, efeitos positivos foram mais frequentes que negativos. A contribuição da renda monetária obtida com o comércio na renda total, a regularidade de ingresso desta renda e o papel dos PFNMs como recursos de salvaguarda são parâmetros do capital financeiro prioritários ao monitoramento. Para o capital social, o empoderamento feminino, a coesão de grupo e o acesso aos benefícios gerados pela comercialização devem ser monitorados. Na Amazônia brasileira são poucas as iniciativas de implementação do monitoramento da comercialização de PFNMs. Embora este seja considerado importante, existem dificuldades que derivam principalmente da falta de apoio institucional, políticas de incentivo e de recursos financeiros. Os profissionais participantes do Delphi consideram que os parâmetros ecológicos mais importantes a monitorar neste contexto são o tamanho e a estrutura populacional do recurso explorado, o aumento da taxa de mortalidade, a quantidade total de recurso extraída e a técnica de coleta utilizada. Para os parâmetros econômicos, aspectos do mercado, como o preço pago ao coletor, a demanda e a qualidade do produto, bem como a renda monetária obtida pelos indivíduos são os parâmetros considerados mais importantes. Por fim, para os aspectos sociais, os efeitos na cultura, na qualidade de vida e na organização interna da comunidade foram priorizados. Os profissionais indicam que é viável estabelecer o monitoramento dos parâmetros levantados.Amazon, non-timber forest products, ecological effects, socioeconomic effects, monitoring.
Books on the topic "Negative incentives"
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Hilt, Eric. The negative trade-off between risk and incentives: Evidence from the American whaling industry. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006.
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Fu xiang ji li: Ba que dian bian wei ren sheng de zhuan lei dian = Negative incentives. Taibei Shi: Zhong zi wen hua shi ye you xian gong si, 2017.
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Willumsen, David M. Theoretical Framework. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805434.003.0002.
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This chapter sets out the theoretical framework of the book, and develops the hypotheses to be tested. It argues that the attitudes of MPs to party unity will be shaped by the career, electoral, and other political incentives they face, and so reflect the extent to which MPs’ experiences of the expectation to maintain party unity is positive or negative. It then develops three measurements of policy incentives to dissent in floor votes in multiparty legislatures, each corresponding to a different assumption about how MPs approach floor voting. Further, the chapter discusses the case selection and the quality of the data used in the book.
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Resnick, Danielle. Foreign Aid and Democratization in Developing Countries. Edited by Carol Lancaster and Nicolas van de Walle. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199845156.013.17.
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This article examines how donors influence democracy through foreign aid. Focusing on development aid and democracy assistance, it considers three mechanisms through which aid is disbursed: the diffusion of norms and knowledge, the provision of incentives, and the use of coercion. The article first looks at different types of foreign aid before providing a conceptualization of the democratization process. It then discusses the mechanisms linking different types of aid with elements of democratization and how well these mechanisms have worked in practice. It argues that coercion has been most conducive at influencing democratic transitions and addressing breakdown. Norms and knowledge diffusion as well as incentives are more directly influential, in both positive and negative ways, on issues of accountability and competitive party systems.
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Schulkin, Jay. Cravings and Addictions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198793694.003.0008.
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The allure of afflictions and appetites gone awry are endless in the modern era. They range from the endless junk food we eat, to the computer games that lock our children to distraction, compulsion, and fixation on a screen. A sense of compulsion pervades addiction. For both appetite and addiction, incentives are mediated by diverse information molecules, which include CRF and dopamine. Chapter 8 explains how CRF is tied both to the ingestion of diverse drugs and to withdrawal. This process, however, is little understood. Indeed, one of the most important discoveries in the addiction research field was that for all addictive drugs that have been tested, this dual phenomenon on ingestion and withdrawal has been expressed; this included cocaine, heroin, alcohol, and cannabis, for example. The brain is active in all stages of addiction (preoccupation/anticipation, binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and psychic pain), and is differentially regulated.
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Misati, Roseline, and Kethi Ngoka. Constraints on the performance and competitiveness of Tanzania’s manufacturing exports. 35th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/973-0.
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This study sought to examine the main constraints to manufacturing export competitiveness in Tanzania. Using panel data for the period 1997–2018, the study established that supply-side factors dominate demand-side factors in explaining manufacturing export competitiveness. Specifically, the results revealed that foreign direct investment and tariffs have a negative and significant effect on export competitiveness in Tanzania, while infrastructure, total investment, labour productivity, and high institutional quality enhance manufactured exports. The study also showed scope for quality upgrading through technology diffusion as well as deeper integration of Tanzania’s nascent global value chains by building on existing competencies and negotiating deep trade agreements to increase market reach. Accordingly, measures to increase investment in infrastructure, strengthen institutional frameworks, and further develop human capital can boost export competitiveness in Tanzania. In addition, export competitiveness can be enhanced through reduction of tariffs and incentives to use cheaper value-adding intermediate inputs.
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Mehta, Rupal N. Delaying Doomsday. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190077976.001.0001.
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Why are states willing to give up their nuclear weapons programs? This book presents a new theory for how external inducements supplied by the United States can convince even the most committed of proliferators to abandon weapons pursuit. Existing theories focus either on carrots or sticks. I explore how using both positive and negative inducements, in the shadow of military force, can persuade both friends and foes not to continue their nuclear weapons pursuit. I draw on worldwide cross-national data on nuclear reversal, case studies of Iran and North Korea, among other countries, and interviews with diplomats, policy-makers, and analysts. I show that the majority of proliferators have been persuaded to reverse their nuclear weapons programs when offered incentives from the United States. Moreover, I demonstrate that these tools are especially effective during periods of leadership transition and can work on both allies and adversaries. My theory and evidence also suggest a broader conception of counterproliferation than currently exists, identifying how carrots and sticks used together can accomplish one of the international community’s most important policy objectives.
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Beninger, Richard J. Mechanisms of dopamine-mediated incentive learning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824091.003.0012.
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Mechanisms of dopamine-mediated incentive learning explains how sensory events, resulting from an animal’s movement and the environment, activate cortical glutamatergic projections to dendritic spines of striatal medium spiny neurons to initiate a wave of phosphorylation. If no rewarding stimulus is encountered, a subsequent wave of phosphatase activity undoes the phosphorylation. If a rewarding stimulus is encountered, dopamine initiates a cascade of events in D1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons that may prevent the phosphatase effects and work synergistically with signaling events produced by glutamate. As a result, corticostriatal synapses have a greater impact on response systems; this may be part of the mechanism of incentive learning. Dopamine acting on dendritic spines of D2 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons may prevent synaptic strengthening by inhibiting adenosine signaling; these synapses may be weakened through mechanisms involving endocannabinoids. When dopamine concentrations drop, e.g. during negative prediction errors, the opposite may occur, producing inverse incentive learning.
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Sahn, David E. Is Food the Answer to Malnutrition? Edited by Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.030.
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Although there is little disagreement on the magnitude and importance of alleviating malnutrition, its causation and control continue to be the subject of debate and research. Recent evidence suggests that many of the traditional food-based strategies to reduce malnutrition, such as food aid distribution programs, school feeding programs, and food stamps, as well as policies that intervene to affect the price of food such as subsidies and rationing schemes, have proven of limited effectiveness. One important reason is that the critical period of undernutrition is generally in utero and early life. Among the most vulnerable groups, particularly pregnant women and infants, the causes of malnutrition often have little to do with food access and availability. Instead, prenatal care, immunization programs, breastfeeding promotion, and generally raising the quality of child care and nurturing behaviors are paramount. Likewise, improving the sanitary and home environment, including interventions that enhance access to clean water and latrines and behaviors such as hand washing and boiling water, will contribute to reductions in infection and help break the cycle of disease and malnutrition. In the area of food-related interventions, among those that are critical to the production of improved health and nutritional outcomes are food supplementation and fortification schemes that address micronutrient deficiencies. At the same time, there is legitimate concern that misguided food interventions, particularly broad-based price subsidies, food stamps, and food aid may have a range of deleterious consequences. These range from contributing to the epidemic of obesity and related chronic disease, to having a negative impact on farmers and producer incentives and the functioning of food markets.
Book chapters on the topic "Negative incentives"
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Suruga, Terukazu. "Employment Adjustment in Japanese Firms: Negative Profits and Dismissals." In Internal Labour Markets, Incentives and Employment, 196–221. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230377974_9.
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Grandin, Temple. "The effect of economic factors on the welfare of livestock and poultry." In Improving animal welfare: a practical approach, 300–313. 3rd ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245219.0300.
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Abstract This chapter describes how standards implemented by major meat buyers can be used to improve welfare, how different marketing systems can either improve welfare or make it worse, how to use incentive payments to improve welfare, the negative effects of biological overload of an animal on its welfare and how short-term economic gains obtained by converting pastureland to crops may be detrimental to both welfare and sustainability.
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Bendimerad, Fouad. "The Role of Earthquake Insurance in Earthquake Risk Reduction and Resilience Building." In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering, 277–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68813-4_12.
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AbstractResilience is defined as “The ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from and more successfully adapt to adverse events” (US National Academies). Resilience has four pillars: • Anticipate: the ability to anticipate and reduce the impact of shocks through preparedness and planning, • Absorb the ability to absorb and cope with the impacts of shocks and stresses. • Adapt: the ability to change in response to multiple, long-term and future risks, and to learn and adjust after a shock materializes. • Transform: the ability to take deliberate steps to change the systems that create risk, vulnerability and or inequality. How does insurance intervene in building resilience? The outcome of insurance is to restore property and livelihoods in case of an adverse effect. It does that by providing a cash infusion into the socio-economic system of the affected communities immediately after the event. The cash is used to restore property and avoid interruption of commercial and industrial activity. Insurance also intervenes in terms of reducing impact of stresses (which are the more extensive types of risk) since it enables a system of “maintenance” by providing funds for recovery under minor but more frequent events. For most developing countries, governments have been the insurer of last resort when it comes to catastrophe risk (referred to as Cat Risk in the insurance industry). The reason is that level of cat insurance penetration in most developing countries is very low, sometimes lower than 1%. The assurance of government intervention coupled with the lack of effectiveness of the financial transaction associated with a traditional insurance policy negate any incentive for individuals to acquire a cat insurance policy. The Turkish Compulsory Insurance Program or TCIP is one of the early experiment to change that paradigm and to provide a meaningful role for cat insurance in emerging economies. After a slow start, TCIP has now developed the financial capacity and the spread of coverage to play a significant role both in the financing of risk but also in supporting earthquake risk reduction in Turkey. New cat insurance products based on parametric indexing have since emerged. These insurance products could further improve the efficiency of TCIP and other cat insurance pools by making them more attractive to individuals, thereby scaling up their contribution to building resilience.
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Blankenship, Wayne. "Desire, Cultural Dissonance, and Incentives for Remaining HIV-Negative." In New International Directions in HIV Prevention for Gay and Bisexual Men, 123–32. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315783949-9.
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Franklin, Gabriel, and Tibérius O. Bonates. "Simulating an Incentive Framework for Scientific Production by Means of Adaptive Agents." In Interdisciplinary Applications of Agent-Based Social Simulation and Modeling, 221–38. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5954-4.ch013.
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This chapter describes an agent-based simulation of an incentive mechanism for scientific production. In the proposed framework, a central agency is responsible for devising and enforcing a policy consisting of performance-based incentives in an attempt to induce a global positive behavior of a group of researchers, in terms of number and type of scientific publications. The macro-level incentive mechanism triggers micro-level actions that, once intensified by social interactions, lead to certain patterns of behavior from individual agents (researchers). Positive reinforcement from receiving incentives (as well as negative reinforcement from not receiving them) shape the behavior of agents in the course of the simulation. The authors show, by means of computational experiments, that a policy devised to act at the individual level might induce a single global behavior that can, depending on the values of certain parameters, be distinct from the original target and have an overall negative effect. The agent-based simulation provides an objective way of assessing the quantitative effect that different policies might induce on the behavior of individual researchers when it comes to their preferences regarding scientific publications.
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Yüksel, Serhat, Hasan Dinçer, Hüsne Karakuş, and Gözde Gülseven Ubay. "The Negative Effects of Carbon Emission on FDI." In Handbook of Research on Sustainable Supply Chain Management for the Global Economy, 20–35. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4601-7.ch002.
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This study aims to understand the negative impacts of carbon emission on the foreign direct investments. For this purpose, a comparative analysis is performed for both E7 and G7 countries. In the analysis process, Pedroni panel cointegration (PPC), Kao panel cointegration (KPC), and Dumitrescu Hurlin panel causality (DHPC) analyses are taken into consideration. The findings indicate that carbon emission has a negative influence on foreign direct investments for both country groups. Nonetheless, this relationship is stronger for G7 economies. It is also identified that there is no causality relationship between these variables. It is recommended that the countries should generate appropriate policies to minimize carbon emission problem. Within this context, new tax can be implemented for the companies that lead to high carbon emission. Additionally, governments can give incentives to the projects that aim to decrease carbon emission. In this scope, decreasing tax ratio and providing a technical support can be given as examples.
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Ferraro, Paul J., and Randall A. Kramer. "Compensation and Economic Incentives: Reducing Pressure on Protected Areas." In Last Stand. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195095548.003.0013.
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Although the global social benefits of establishing protected areas in tropical rain forests may outweigh the total costs, the local private costs of restricting access to an important resource may be relatively substantial for residents and communities. The imbalance between costs accruing at the local level and benefits accruing at the national and international levels has raised questions about whether people living in or near protected areas ought to be compensated for their losses, and if so, how compensation should be made. The issue of compensating residents for lost resources has been discussed, implicitly or explicitly, in many treatments of the relationship between protected areas and local people, as well as in treatments of externalities. (Economists define externalities as actions of consumers or producers that affect the well-being of others in a way that is not reflected through prices or economic transactions.) In the literature on compensation, there is a large difference of opinion on whether compensation should be paid to victims of negative externalities, which include such things as the pollution of air or water and the siting of hazardous waste dumps. A number of studies have argued for compensation of those people subject to negative externalities, at least in particular situations or through particular mechanisms Oohnson, 1977; O'Hare, 1977; Western, 1982; Knetsch, 1983; Ward, 1986; Tietenberg, 1988; Hodge, 1989; Sullivan, 1990, 1992; Barnett, 1991; Burrows, 1991; McNeely, 1991; Miceli, 1991; Farber, 1992; Pollot, 1993). Other authors, mainly economists, have argued equally persuasively against compensation in many or all situations (Knetsch, 1983; Blume et al., 1984; Baumol and Gates, 1988). Most of the differences of opinion derive from differences in the context of the case examined, the assumptions made, the criteria used for judging the desirability of outcomes, interpretations of relevant laws, and the proposed mechanism for compensation. In the context of protected areas, most authors have argued in favor of compensating residents (e.g., Western, 1982; Barnett, 1991; McNeely, 1991). A unique best choice regarding compensation is not indicated in economic and political theory. Few protected area projects have attempted large-scale compensation initiatives; thus, there are few field examples to guide the discussion.
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Yüksel, Serhat, Gözde Gülseven Ubay, and Büşra Çelebi. "The Negative Role of Environmental Pollution on International Trade." In Handbook of Research on Recent Perspectives on Management, International Trade, and Logistics, 122–38. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5886-7.ch008.
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The purpose of this study is to determine the main causes behind companies causing carbon emissions. In this way, the main reasons for companies to make carbon emissions have been explored. For this purpose, six different variables that are thought to be effective on this issue were determined. After that, an examination was made with fuzzy DEMATEL method in order to determine which of these factors are more important. The findings indicate that legal deficiency is the main reason for companies to cause carbon emissions. In this situation, it is a must to take necessary measures for the solution of this problem. In order for overcome legal deficiency problem, it is understood that the legal infrastructure should be adapted to this process. In order to increase the international trade volume, it is necessary to impose penal sanctions on companies and to regularly inspect these companies. In addition to these, incentives can be given to companies that are in competitive sectors and to create an awareness on this subject, governments can facilitate training programs.
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Grand, Julian Le, and Bill New. "Paternalism in Practice." In Government Paternalism. Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164373.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the prevalence of paternalistic elements in existing government policies. It first considers the range of interventions that may be viewed as involving elements of government paternalism, including the provision of information, subsidies or other forms of positive financial incentives, and the imposition of legal restrictions, taxation or other forms of negative financial incentives. It then describes various nonpaternalistic justifications for state intervention and a number of ways in which they fail satisfactorily to provide an adequate basis for particular policies. In particular, it discusses efficiency, market failures, and the harm principle as well as equity. The chapter identifies paternalistic motivations as the most plausible explanation for many currently existing laws, regulations, and other government activities that promote well-being.
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Ferguson, William D. "Public Goods, Externalities, and Collective-Action Problems of Governance." In The Political Economy of Collective Action, Inequality, and Development, 85–112. Stanford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503604612.003.0004.
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This chapter addresses the book’s first developmental hypothesis and its relations to CAPs that complicate establishing functional governance: Development requires creating social arrangements that deliver key public goods and services and that concurrently mitigate important negative externalities. Externalities are either positive or negative impacts of economic or political interactions on the noninvolved. Negative externalities include pollution and the spread of contagious disease; they arise from activities such as coal-powered electricity generation, crime, lack of sanitation, overuse of natural resources (e.g., deforestation), and excess conflict. Using game-theoretic logic, this chapter develops a few simple models that illustrate the basic CAPs and more detailed models that address how the political and economic incentives of rival coalitions influence the ability and motivation of governments to develop, utilize, and broadly or selectively apply state fiscal and legal capacity.
Conference papers on the topic "Negative incentives"
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Gerni, Cevat, Selahattin Sarı, Haktan Sevinç, and Ömer Selçuk Emsen. "Role of Investment Incentives in Removal of Regional Imbalances and Convergence Analysis as Success Criteria: The Turkish Case." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01234.
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Together with starting to observe the situations like the development differences seen between the countries after industrial revolution between the cities and regions of the countries. This situation leads some of the cities to emigrate and some other cities to become more crowded. The negative externalities emerging in migration-receiving cities make the life in those cities intolerable, whilst the decreasing population of emigrant cities triggers the decrease in both of demand and supply that is a production factor. The reflection of this situation shows itself as the cycle of “migration-revenue decrease-migration”. Through the investment incentives given to underdeveloped regions in order to prevent the migration that is a reflection of regional imbalances, it is aimed to decrease the imbalances by increasing the employment and revenue. The incentives applied in the year after statistical region classification in Turkey consist of incentives in periods of 2004-2008 and 2009-2012. In this study, it has been examined if there is any convergence between the income per capita in city and region axes, and if the incentives have any influence on this convergence. The investment incentives prepared in accordance with the realities of the cities eliminate the development differences by creating more efficient results. As a policy argument, it can be asserted that the incentive implementations considering the comparative superiorities of the cities will play more important roles in both of ensuring the efficient use of the resources and closing the development differences.
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Tan, Ping. "Management Inspiration of Adopting Positive and Negative Incentives in Class Management." In 7th International Conference on Education, Management, Information and Mechanical Engineering (EMIM 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emim-17.2017.297.
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Serebryanaya, D. S. "ANALYSIS OF THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PROGRESS." In INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/itno.2020.111-113.
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Scientific and technological progress in general and its manifestation: digitalization, automation and robotization can completely destroy labor as a factor of production in the very near future. This threatens the process of social reproduction with colossal deformations, which, in turn, are capable of pushing the global economy into an endless depression. Overcoming these threats creates new incentives for the development of the mechanisms of the "knowledge economy" and, in particular, for the formation, within the framework of the latter, of an effective functional alternative to work in the traditional sense.
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McIntosh, Mark W., and Bert Bras. "Determining the Value of Remanufacture in an Integrated Manufacturing-Remanufacturing Organization." In ASME 1998 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc98/dfm-5750.
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Abstract In recent years, the concept of reusing products has received significant attention in academia as a means for reducing society’s negative impact on the environment. In fact, due to a number of both economic and environmental advantages to product reuse, some authors have proposed a larger role for reuse within society. In order to achieve an expanded role for product reuse, it will first be necessary to integrate remanufacturing capabilities into original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) such that reuse can be carefully planned by both product and process design. However, the implementation of OEM reuse is currently limited to the few examples that exist today by several barriers. These barriers include the problem of incomplete incentives due to the product disposal externality, the trends in production towards rapid innovation and mass customization, and the fact that remanufacture presents a fundamentally new set of challenges that producers are not prepared to deal with. It is our belief that reuse will not play a larger role in society until producers have both the incentives and ability to implement remanufacture given their business conditions. Providing this capability and these incentives will require a better understanding of how different factors impact remanufacturing operations within an OEM. This understanding can be provided through the improved modeling of remanufacture. In this work, a motivation and an algorithm for modeling how product design characteristics, product development strategies, and different business conditions impact remanufacturing viability is presented. The authors’ implementation of this model is described and the model is used to study a family of single use camera products over an eleven-year period in order to gain insight from a successful OEM remanufacturer.
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Kurdyukov, V. N., and T. V. Lebedeva. "ANALYSIS OF MEASURES TO REDUCE ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC DAMAGE FROM AUTOMOBILE TRANSPORT." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS. DSTU-PRINT, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.1.643-646.
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The article considers common classifications of measures to reduce environmentaleconomic damage from motor vehicles. Classification from the point of view of control impact is proposed, which allows to take into account relations between the state and citizens in the field of reduction of negative impact of motor vehicles on the environment. The analysis of the classification made it possible to identify areas of activity for improving the efficiency of management impacts, taking into account the incentives of citizens to comply with the requirements of the legislation and to create conditions for their exceeding. Increasing the efficiency of resource allocation in the Territory will allow the released funds to be allocated to the development of industry, agriculture, education and science.
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Naturil-Alfonso, Carmen, David Sánchez Peñaranda, Jose Salvador Vicente, and Francisco Marco-Jiménez. "Procrastination: the poor time management among university students." In Fourth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head18.2018.8167.
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Academic procrastination is a fact related to the delay or postpone of academic work until last minute. This phenomenon is evident in a vast majority of university students, and its occurrence is increasing. In order to analyse possible causes and/or solutions, we studied if longer time for accomplishing an assignment incentives or avoids procrastination among university students. Results showed that both short and long time-frame groups tended to procrastinate in the same way. Additionally, academic grades did not revealed differences between groups, as the procrastination was the same between groups. Thus, this study shows that even with longer period of time to accomplish a task, university students tend to procrastinate, and thus seem to have a negative effect on their assignment grades. Therefore, it seems a current problem and measures should be developed in order to solve it.
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Khursheed, Aaiysha, George Simons, Brad Souza, and Jennifer Barnes. "Quantification of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions From California Self-Generation Incentive Program Projects." In ASME 2007 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2007-22109.
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Over the past few decades, interest in the effects of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on global climate change has peaked. Increasing temperatures worldwide have been blamed for numerous negative impacts on agriculture, weather, forestry, marine ecosystems, and human health. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reports that the primary GHG emitted in the U.S. is carbon dioxide (CO2), most of which stems from fossil fuel combustion [1]. In fact, CO2 represents approximately 85% of all GHG emissions nationwide. The other primary GHGs include nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), ozone (O3), and fluorinated gases. Since the energy sector is responsible for a majority of the GHGs released into the atmosphere, policies that address their mitigation through the production of electricity using renewable fuels and distributed generation are of significant interest. Use of renewable fuels and clean technologies to meet energy demand instead of relying on traditional electrical grid systems is expected to result in fewer CO2 and CH4 emissions, hence reducing global climate change impacts. Technologies considered cleaner include photovoltaics, wind turbines, and combined heat and power (CHP) devices using microturbines or internal combustion engines. The Self-Generation Incentive Program (SGIP) in California [2] provides incentives for the installation of these technologies under certain circumstances. This paper assesses the GHG emission impacts from California’s SGIP during the 2005 program year by estimating the reductions in CO2 and CH4 released when SGIP projects are in operation. Our analysis focuses on these emissions since these are the two GHGs characteristic of SGIP projects. Results of this analysis show that emissions of GHGs are reduced due to the SGIP. This is because projects operating under this program reduce reliance on electricity generated by conventional power plants and encourage the use of renewable fuels, such as captured waste heat and methane.
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Beyene, Asfaw, and Benjamin Erpelding. "Sizing, Part-Load Operation, and System Performance of Combined Heat and Power." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42035.
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Because of its superior efficiency and peak load mitigation capabilities, considerable attention has been given recently to combined Cooling, Heating and Power (CCHP). They technology enjoys tax benefits, incentives, accelerated permit processes, etc both at the local, state, and federal levels. One serious challenge to the implementation of CCHP systems is matching and sizing of the system to strongly and frequently varying load conditions. This paper presents matching and sizing related challenges of CCHP systems with emphasis on operation-related and weather-driven load factors. Regional data from the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) were used to evaluate the success of recent incentive-driven CHP implementations. It is concluded that while CCHPs have significant cost and performance advantages over traditional single-cycle systems, inadequate strategies — failure to address system flexibilities to accommodate load variations in particular, seem to have negatively impacted these promising technology.
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Larsen, Chris, Jennifer Szaro, William Wilson, and Kevin Lynn. "An Alternative Approach to PV System Life Cycle Cost Analysis (PV LCC): Phase II." In ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76079.
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This analysis expands the photovoltaic (PV) life cycle cost (LCC) results presented at ASES 2004. That paper presented the model and concept used to develop PV LCC, and it showed the results of the analysis of over one hundred systems monitored by the Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC). FSEC began tracking cost, performance and reliability data for systems installed in Florida in 1998, with data now available through a web-accessible database. For the majority of the 124 systems, installed cost information was collected as part of the state’s PV rebate and PV for schools programs. Results presented previously [1] indicated that over an assumed 20–30 system life time a PV system will have a positive life cycle cost. That is, a negative total return on investment. These results were based on actual cost, performance, maintenance, and reliability data. In the baseline case, average total system costs over the lifetime were 32.4¢/kWh while electricity savings totaled 3.7¢/kWh netting a life cycle cost of 28.7¢/kWh. While based on actual data from over 100 installed systems — some installed for over 6 years — a number of conservative assumptions also drove the analysis, such as the exclusion of the state’s rebate programs (varying from $2 to $5 per DC Watt) which impacted nearly all of the systems in the analysis. Since the first presentation of these results the PV LCC model has been further developed to incorporate additional performance information and expands the sample of systems incorporated. This paper will thus provide further insight into the relative importance of various up-front and on-going costs to the overall lifetime economics of a system. The paper will also address additional sensitivity analysis performed. Particular attention is paid to inverter mean time between failure (MTBF), the impact of incentives, and basic financial assumptions used in the model such as the discount rate and electricity rates. Various scenarios are considered in asking the question of what is necessary for the system LCC to break-even.
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Muska, Aina, Andra Zvirbule, and Irina Pilvere. "Factors affecting the development of the Bioeconomy in Latvia." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.002.
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In the European Union, including Latvia, the development of the bioeconomy by exploiting the potential of research, innovation and knowledge transfer is considered to be the basis for economic growth. The research aims to assess the drivers of and barriers to bioeconomic development in Latvia and define actions facilitating the development of the national bioeconomy. The present research employed mostly SWOT analysis in combination with expert judgement. The research concluded that the overall trend in the following strengths of the bioeconomy: Research infrastructure and modern technical equipment for the development of the bioeconomic knowledge base (3S) and Vast regional coverage of and cooperation among leading research institutions in the field of bioeconomics (1S) was negative, as the total impact of the threats exceeded the total impact of the opportunities. However, the overall trend in the strength Extensive initial activities and the knowledge base for bioeconomic research (2S) was positive, as the total impact of the opportunities exceeded the total impact of the threats. The total impact of exogenous factors on the weaknesses in the development of the bioeconomy was positive; therefore, the total impact of exogenous factors tended to weaken the weaknesses. Since the largest positive impacts on endogenous factors were made by the following opportunities: Effective support for independent innovation projects implemented by large companies (3O) and Stimulation of innovation in the small and medium enterprise sector in active synergy with national research priorities and available funding (2IO), it is necessary to increase government and private sector funding for R&D in order to contribute to the development of the bioeconomy in Latvia. The availability of funding should be balanced and predictable in the long term to reduce the impact of the threat Public policies and insufficient and unpredictable funding for research and development hinder the development of bioeconomy industries and steady growth opportunities (2T). To encourage the business sector to invest in R&D, including in the bioeconomy industries, public support and various incentives for entrepreneurs are needed.
Reports on the topic "Negative incentives"
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Pierce, Lamar, Alex Rees-Jones, and Charlotte Blank. The Negative Consequences of Loss-Framed Performance Incentives. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26619.
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Hilt, Eric. The Negative Trade-off Between Risk and Incentives: Evidence from the American Whaling Industry. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11960.
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Cassar, Lea, and Stephan Meier. Intentions for Doing Good Matter for Doing Well: The (Negative) Signaling Value of Prosocial Incentives. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24109.
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Bonilla-Mejía, Leonardo, and Erika Londoño-Ortega. Geographic Isolation and Learning in Rural Schools. Banco de la República, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1169.
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Rural schools are usually behind in terms of learning, and part of this could be related to geographical isolation. We explore this hypothesis, assessing the effect of distance between rural schools and local governments on learning in Colombia. We use spatial discontinuous regression models based on detailed administrative records from the education system and granular geographic information. Results indicate that distance to towns and Secretary of Education has significant negative effects on students’ standardized test scores. We evaluated alternative mechanisms, finding that the effect of distance is partly explained by differences in critical educational inputs, such as teachers’ education attainment and contract stability. Finally, we assess the mediating role of a program providing monetary incentives to teachers and principals in remote areas.
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Keane, Claire, Karina Doorley, and Dora Tuda. COVID-19 and the Irish welfare system. ESRI, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/bp202201.
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COVID-19 had, and continues to have, a strong negative effect on incomes in Ireland due to widespread job losses as the measures put in place to slow the spread of the disease resulted in severe economic restrictions. Despite the existence of unemployment supports, additional income supports were introduced to protect incomes. As public health restrictions lift and the economy recovers, we face the withdrawal of such supports. We examine these supports and the role they played in supporting incomes. By profiling those who benefitted most from the new schemes, we highlight the groups most at risk of significant income losses as they wind down. We consider what gaps in the social welfare system necessitated the introduction of such schemes in the first place, along with potential future policy changes to ensure that the social welfare system can provide adequate income protection and financial incentives to work as we emerge from the COVID-19 crisis.
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Barreix, Alberto, and Fernando Velayos. Incentivos tributarios, compromisos internacionales y suficiencia recaudatoria: Otra trilogía imposible. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003231.
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Los países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) utilizan la reducción de la tasa de impuesto a la renta empresarial (IRE) para promover la inversión y, a su vez, este incentivo debe cumplir con la condición de no discriminar entre operaciones de exportación y aquellas destinadas a todo el mercado local, según los compromisos contraídos con la de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) y el proyecto de Erosión de la Base Imponible y Traslado de Beneficios (BEPS, por sus siglas en inglés). Así se posibilita un importante arbitraje tributario cuando las empresas con incentivos en la tasa de renta empresarial venden con sobreprecios a firmas sujetas a tasa normal en el mercado local, trasvasando rentas a las firmas beneficiadas desde las del régimen general. Esto tiene impactos negativos significativos y crecientes en términos de recaudación y equidad entre firmas bonificadas y las del régimen general en el mismo ramo, especialmente en los servicios cuyo crecimiento es notorio (como los digitales o de telecomunicación). Para morigerar este arbitraje será necesario aplicar algunas opciones prácticas, como las que se presentan más adelante, que hagan viable la bonificación tributaria en la tasa del impuesto como herramienta de políticas, sean compatibles con dichos acuerdos internacionales y reduzcan las pérdidas de recaudación. Adicionalmente, se incluyen cuadros con el resumen de los principales regímenes de incentivos tributarios y de la revisión por los pares de los posibles regímenes fiscales perniciosos en América Latina (Acción 5 de BEPS).
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Ajzenman, Nicolás, Gregory Elacqua, Diana Hincapié, Analia Jaimovich, Florencia López Bóo, Diana Paredes, and Alonso Román. Do You Want to Become a Teacher?: Career Choice Motivation Using Behavioral Strategies. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003325.
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Qualified teachers are a fundamental input for any education system. Yet, many countries struggle to attract highly skilled applicants to the teaching profession. This paper presents the results of a large-scale intervention to attract high performing high-school students into the teaching profession in Chile. The intervention was a three-arm email campaign which made salient three types of motivations typically associated with the teaching profession: intrinsic/altruistic, extrinsic, and prestige-related. The objective was to identify which type of message better appealed to high performing students to nudge them to choose a teaching major. The “intrinsic” and “prestige” arms reduced applications to teaching majors among high performers, while the “extrinsic” arm increased applications among low performers. A plausible interpretation could be that the “intrinsic” and “prestige” messages made more salient an issue that could otherwise be overlooked by high performing students (typically from more advantaged households), negatively impacting their program choice: that while the social value of the teaching profession has improved, it still lags behind other professions that are valued more by their families and social circles. In turn, the “extrinsic” arm made salient the recent improvements in the economic conditions of the teaching profession in Chile, thus appealing to low performing students who in general come from disadvantaged families and for whom monetary incentives are potentially more relevant. These results emphasize the importance of having a clear picture of the inherent motivations that could influence individuals career choice. Making salient certain types of motivations to the wrong target group could lead to undesired results.
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The Positive Effect of Negative Incentives. IEDP Ideas for Leaders, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.13007/308.
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