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Journal articles on the topic 'Negative incentives'
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A. Peace, Kristine, and Victoria E.S. Richards. "Faking it: incentives and malingered PTSD." Journal of Criminal Psychology 4, no. 1 (March 12, 2014): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-09-2013-0023.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address how context for malingering and the provision of incentives influence malingered symptom profiles of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Design/methodology/approach – A 2 (case context)×3 (incentive) factorial design was utilized. Participants (n=298) were given an incentive (positive, negative, or no incentive), randomly assigned to a criminal or civil context, and asked to provide a fake claim of child abuse with corresponding malingered symptoms of PTSD. Under these conditions, participants completed several questionnaires pertaining to symptoms of trauma and PTSD. Findings – Results indicated that negative incentives were primarily associated with lower symptom scores. Therefore, “having something to lose” may result in more constrained (and realistic) symptom reports relative to exaggeration evidenced with positive incentives. Originality/value – These results have implications for forensic settings where malingered claims of PTSD are common and incentives for such claims (e.g. having something to gain or lose) frequently exist. Previous studies have failed to address incentives (positive and negative) in relation to a crime (i.e. abuse) that can span both criminal and civil contexts.
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Ding, Xiu-Hao, Yuanqiong He, Jiang Wu, and Chen Cheng. "Effects of positive incentive and negative incentive in knowledge transfer: carrot and stick." Chinese Management Studies 10, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 593–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-01-2016-0006.
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Purpose Employees play a central role in firms’ knowledge transferal, but knowledge-sharing brings significant costs for employees. Thus, this study aims to explore the components of firms’ incentive systems and how these influence employees’ knowledge-sharing, and also to test whether employees’ knowledge-sharing intentions transform into better knowledge transfer performance at the firm level. Design/methodology/approach This study collected data in China, and 219 usable questionnaires were collected. Then, this study used a structure equation model by LISREL for hypotheses testing. Findings This study finds that positive economic incentives, positive relational incentives and negative relational incentives all increase employees’ knowledge-sharing intentions, contributing to firms’ improved knowledge-transfer performance. Thus, both positive and negative incentives and both economic and relational incentives exert influences on employees’ knowledge-sharing activities. Practical implications Because employees have both material and emotional needs and always want to approach good things and avoid bad things, firms should take measures to make their incentive systems more comprehensive. Then, employees can be motivated to share their knowledge effectively. Originality/value Existing studies have mainly explored the effects of positive economic incentives on knowledge transferal. Because individuals have both a promotion self-regulatory focus associated with an approach motivation and a prevention self-regulatory focus associated with an avoidance motivation, and because they have both material and emotional needs, this study classifies incentives into three types and confirms their effectiveness for motivating employees to share knowledge.
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Voigt, Kristin. "Incentives, health promotion and equality." Health Economics, Policy and Law 7, no. 3 (September 21, 2010): 263–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133110000277.
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AbstractThe use of incentives to encourage individuals to adopt ‘healthier’ behaviours is an increasingly popular instrument in health policy. Much of the literature has been critical of ‘negative’ incentives, often due to concerns about equality; ‘positive’ incentives, however, have largely been welcomed as an instrument for the improvement of population health and possibly the reduction of health inequalities. The aim of this paper is to provide a more systematic assessment of the use of incentives from the perspective of equality. The paper begins with an overview of existing and proposed incentive schemes. I then suggest that the distinction between ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ incentives – or ‘carrots’ and ‘sticks’ – is of limited use in distinguishing those incentive schemes that raise concerns of equality from those that do not. The paper assesses incentive schemes with respect to two important considerations of equality: equality of access and equality of outcomes. While our assessment of incentive schemes will, ultimately, depend on various empirical facts, the paper aims to advance the debate by identifying some of the empirical questions we need to ask. The paper concludes by considering a number of trade-offs and caveats relevant to the assessment of incentive schemes.
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Haesebrouck, Katlijn, Martine Cools, and Alexandra Van den Abbeele. "Status Differences and Knowledge Transfer: The Effect of Incentives." Accounting Review 93, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 213–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-51765.
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ABSTRACT We examine how incentive systems influence knowledge transfer between group members with equal or different status who solve an interdependent task. In our experiment, group members receive group or individual incentives, while status is manipulated by assigning job titles with corresponding role descriptions. Although all conditions require knowledge sharing to maximize payoffs, our results suggest that significantly more knowledge is shared under group incentives relative to individual incentives when status differences are present, whereas the amount of knowledge shared does not differ across these incentive manipulations for equal-status groups. These findings are in line with theory suggesting that individual incentives can motivate knowledge sharing among equal-status groups, but cannot overcome the negative interactions that arise under status differences. Instead, group incentives are required to induce cooperative behavior that mitigates the negative effects of status differences on knowledge sharing. We contribute to the literature and practice by showing that the effect of incentives depends on the social context and that job titles can have unintended consequences.
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Mohamed, A. S., and H. H. G. Savenije. "Water demand management: Positive incentives, negative incentives or quota regulation?" Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere 25, no. 3 (January 2000): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1464-1909(00)00012-5.
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Woolley, Kaitlin, and Marissa A. Sharif. "Incentives Increase Relative Positivity of Review Content and Enjoyment of Review Writing." Journal of Marketing Research 58, no. 3 (April 23, 2021): 539–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00222437211010439.
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A series of controlled experiments examine how the strategy of incentivizing reviews influences consumers’ expressions of positivity. Incentivized (vs. unincentivized) reviews contained a greater proportion of positive relative to negative emotion across a variety of product and service experiences (e.g., videos, service providers, consumer packaged goods companies). This effect occurred for both financial and nonfinancial incentives and when assessing review content across multiple natural language processing tools and human judgments. Incentives influence review content by modifying the experience of writing reviews. That is, when incentives are associated with review writing, they cause the positive affect that results from receiving an incentive to transfer to the review-writing experience, making review writing more enjoyable. In line with this process, the effect of an incentive on review positivity attenuates when incentives are weakly (vs. strongly) associated with review writing (i.e., incentive for “participating in an experiment” vs. “writing a review”) and when the incentive does not transfer positive affect (i.e., when an incentive is provided by a disliked company). By examining when incentives do (vs. do not) adjust the relative positivity of written reviews, this research offers theoretical insight into the literature on incentives, motivation, and word of mouth, with practical implications for managers.
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Bobek, Donna D., Jason C. Chen, Amy M. Hageman, and Yu Tian. "Are More Choices Better? An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Multiple Tax Incentives." Journal of the American Taxation Association 38, no. 2 (May 1, 2016): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/atax-51478.
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ABSTRACT The U.S. federal income tax system includes numerous incentives intended to encourage many behaviors. However, these incentives add complexity. This study investigates how one source of complexity, the number of different incentives, affects individuals' use of tax incentives. The results from two experiments detect no evidence that having more (versus fewer) incentive choices (i.e., high choice complexity) affects individuals' decisions to engage in the targeted behavior or select an incentive. However, the results do show that individuals faced with high choice complexity are more likely to make errors and less likely to choose the optimal incentive. Further, high choice complexity leads to greater perceived complexity and difficulty, which, in turn, is related to less positive emotions and more anxiety. Thus, high choice complexity has negative consequences on individuals. This study also contributes to the choice complexity literature by examining its effect on making an optimal choice.
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Chee, Seungmin, Wooseok Choi, and Jae Eun Shin. "The Non-Linear Relationship Between CEO Compensation Incentives And Corporate Tax Avoidance." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 33, no. 3 (April 28, 2017): 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v33i3.9935.
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This study examines the effect of CEO compensation incentives on corporate tax avoidance. Unlike prior literature that assumes a monotonic relation between executive compensation incentives and tax avoidance, we find a non-linear relation between the two. Specifically, we find that CEO compensation incentives exhibit a positive relation with corporate tax avoidance at low levels of compensation incentives, whereas they show a negative relation at high levels of compensation incentives. We further find that the non-linear relationship between CEO compensation incentives and corporate tax avoidance does not exist for the subsample of S&P500 firms. Collectively, we provide evidence of the two counter effective forces, namely, - the incentive alignment effect and the risk-reducing effect, - that help explain the effect of CEO compensation incentives on tax avoidance.
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Gneezy, Uri, Stephan Meier, and Pedro Rey-Biel. "When and Why Incentives (Don't) Work to Modify Behavior." Journal of Economic Perspectives 25, no. 4 (November 1, 2011): 191–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.25.4.191.
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First we discuss how extrinsic incentives may come into conflict with other motivations. For example, monetary incentives from principals may change how tasks are perceived by agents, with negative effects on behavior. In other cases, incentives might have the desired effects in the short term, but they still weaken intrinsic motivations. To put it in concrete terms, an incentive for a child to learn to read might achieve that goal in the short term, but then be counterproductive as an incentive for students to enjoy reading and seek it out over their lifetimes. Next we examine the research literature on three important examples in which monetary incentives have been used in a nonemployment context to foster the desired behavior: education; increasing contributions to public goods; and helping people change their lifestyles, particularly with regard to smoking and exercise. The conclusion sums up some lessons on when extrinsic incentives are more or less likely to alter such behaviors in the desired directions.
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Owens, Mark F., and Adam D. Rennhoff. "Motion picture production incentives and filming location decisions: a discrete choice approach." Journal of Economic Geography 20, no. 3 (November 23, 2018): 679–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lby054.
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Abstract We use a discrete choice model to study the impact of tax incentives on firm location choices in situations involving heterogeneous geographic characteristics, heterogeneous firm preferences and large choice sets. We apply our model to investigate the impact of movie production incentives on filming location choices for movies produced from 1999 to 2013. We gather the characteristics of filming locations and use a machine-learning technique to define choice sets. We find production incentives can attract movies to a state, but the impact depends on the type of incentive offered, studio characteristics and inherent location geographic characteristics. Mid-sized studios respond to all forms of incentives, major studios respond only to refundable and transferable tax credits, and independent studios are not sensitive to any incentives. We fail to find strong evidence that incentives create a more permanent movie industry in a state. A counterfactual identifies the states most impacted by these policies. We supplement our discrete choice model with a simple cost-benefit analysis, which indicates that movie incentive programs are revenue-negative for states.
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Lazariev, Viktor. "The essence of negative incentives in law." ScienceRise: Juridical Science, no. 3(13) (September 30, 2020): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2523-4153.2020.213441.
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Matsumoto, Dawn A. "Management's Incentives to Avoid Negative Earnings Surprises." Accounting Review 77, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 483–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2002.77.3.483.
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Recent reports in the business press allege that managers take actions to avoid negative earnings surprises. I hypothesize that certain firm characteristics are associated with greater incentives to avoid negative surprises. I find that firms with higher transient institutional ownership, greater reliance on implicit claims with their stakeholders, and higher value-relevance of earnings are more likely to meet or exceed expectations at the earnings announcement. I also examine whether firms manage earnings upward or guide analysts' forecasts downward to avoid missing expectations at the earnings announcement. I examine the relation between firm characteristics and the probability (conditional on meeting analysts' expectations) of having (1) positive abnormal accruals, and (2) forecasts that are lower than expected (using a model of prior earnings changes). Overall, the results suggest that both mechanisms play a role in avoiding negative earnings surprises.
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Miranda, J. Jaime, M. Amalia Pesantes, María Lazo-Porras, Jill Portocarrero, Francisco Diez-Canseco, Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco, Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio J. Trujillo, and Robert W. Aldridge. "Design of financial incentive interventions to improve lifestyle behaviors and health outcomes: A systematic review." Wellcome Open Research 6 (June 25, 2021): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16947.1.
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Background: Financial incentives may improve the initiation and engagement of behaviour change that reduce the negative outcomes associated with non-communicable diseases. There is still a paucity in guidelines or recommendations that help define key aspects of incentive-oriented interventions, including the type of incentive (e.g. cash rewards, vouchers), the frequency and magnitude of the incentive, and its mode of delivery. We aimed to systematically review the literature on financial incentives that promote healthy lifestyle behaviours or improve health profiles, and focused on the methodological approach to define the incentive intervention and its delivery. The protocol was registered at PROSPERO on 26 July 2018 (CRD42018102556). Methods: We sought studies in which a financial incentive was delivered to improve a health-related lifestyle behaviour (e.g., physical activity) or a health profile (e.g., HbA1c in people with diabetes). The search (which took place on March 3rd 2018) was conducted using OVID (MEDLINE and Embase), CINAHL and Scopus. Results: The search yielded 7,575 results and 37 were included for synthesis. Of the total, 83.8% (31/37) of the studies were conducted in the US, and 40.5% (15/37) were randomised controlled trials. Only one study reported the background and rationale followed to develop the incentive and conducted a focus group to understand what sort of incentives would be acceptable for their study population. There was a degree of consistency across the studies in terms of the direction, form, certainty, and recipient of the financial incentives used, but the magnitude and immediacy of the incentives were heterogeneous. Conclusions: The available literature on financial incentives to improve health-related lifestyles rarely reports on the rationale or background that defines the incentive approach, the magnitude of the incentive and other relevant details of the intervention, and the reporting of this information is essential to foster its use as potential effective interventions.
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Miranda, J. Jaime, M. Amalia Pesantes, María Lazo-Porras, Jill Portocarrero, Francisco Diez-Canseco, Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco, Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio J. Trujillo, and Robert W. Aldridge. "Design of financial incentive interventions to improve lifestyle behaviors and health outcomes: A systematic review." Wellcome Open Research 6 (September 2, 2021): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16947.2.
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Background: Financial incentives may improve the initiation and engagement of behaviour change that reduce the negative outcomes associated with non-communicable diseases. There is still a paucity in guidelines or recommendations that help define key aspects of incentive-oriented interventions, including the type of incentive (e.g. cash rewards, vouchers), the frequency and magnitude of the incentive, and its mode of delivery. We aimed to systematically review the literature on financial incentives that promote healthy lifestyle behaviours or improve health profiles, and focused on the methodological approach to define the incentive intervention and its delivery. The protocol was registered at PROSPERO on 26 July 2018 (CRD42018102556). Methods: We sought studies in which a financial incentive was delivered to improve a health-related lifestyle behaviour (e.g., physical activity) or a health profile (e.g., HbA1c in people with diabetes). The search (which took place on March 3rd 2018) was conducted using OVID (MEDLINE and Embase), CINAHL and Scopus. Results: The search yielded 7,575 results and 37 were included for synthesis. Of the total, 83.8% (31/37) of the studies were conducted in the US, and 40.5% (15/37) were randomised controlled trials. Only one study reported the background and rationale followed to develop the incentive and conducted a focus group to understand what sort of incentives would be acceptable for their study population. There was a degree of consistency across the studies in terms of the direction, form, certainty, and recipient of the financial incentives used, but the magnitude and immediacy of the incentives were heterogeneous. Conclusions: The available literature on financial incentives to improve health-related lifestyles rarely reports on the rationale or background that defines the incentive approach, the magnitude of the incentive and other relevant details of the intervention, and the reporting of this information is essential to foster its use as potential effective interventions.
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Stout, Helen, and Martin de Jong. "Exploring the Impact of Government Regulation on Technological Transitions; a Historical Perspective on Innovation in the Dutch Network-Based Industries." Laws 9, no. 2 (April 11, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws9020011.
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Government interventions can affect processes of technological transition through the enactment of legal and other policy instruments. In this contribution, we concentrated on legal interventions only and examined what they were, the relation between the public and private players that they affected, and the nature of the incentive they provided. We did this for four historical cases in the world of utility industries in the Netherlands in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The summarizing results for each case appeared in overview tables which eventually showed whether most of the administered stimuli were negative, neutral, or positive for the action alternatives of the innovating players, and thus the further development of the newly emerging technology. It is hard to escape the conclusion that the common argument and rhetoric that governments normally aim to propel industrial progress by opening a variety of options for innovating private players rings hollow when analyzed more systematically. A higher number of the incentives we found across the four cases were negative rather than positive, while some cases had only negative incentives and none had more positive than negative incentives.
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Lourenço, Sofia M. "Monetary Incentives, Feedback, and Recognition—Complements or Substitutes? Evidence from a Field Experiment in a Retail Services Company." Accounting Review 91, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 279–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-51148.
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ABSTRACT This study investigates the performance effects of the combined use of three reinforcers, or incentive motivators, commonly used by companies: monetary incentives, feedback, and recognition. Using a field experiment in a retail services company, I test whether these incentives, which appeal to diverse motivation mechanisms—tangible payoffs, self-regulation, and social esteem—and, hence, have different utilities, are complements or substitutes. The results of the hard performance data collected, in the form of a ratio of sales relative to goals, show that monetary incentives and recognition are substitutes, while feedback is independent of the other incentives. The negative interaction between monetary incentives and recognition is evidence of crowding out between tangible payoffs and social esteem motivations. Individually, these two incentives have a positive impact on performance of about 13 percentage points, which corresponds to a 32.5 percent performance increase. Feedback interactions and main effects are not statistically significant, which suggests that, in this setting, providing feedback in the form of knowledge of results has no impact.
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Drake, Andrea R., Susan F. Haka, and Sue P. Ravenscroft. "Cost System and Incentive Structure Effects on Innovation, Efficiency and Profitability in Teams." Accounting Review 74, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 323–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.1999.74.3.323.
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The small number of full-scale adoptions of activity-based costing (ABC) coupled with ABC implementation failures have fueled a debate about the costs and benefits of ABC relative to more traditional volume-based costing (VBC) systems. ABC differs from VBC by focusing attention on activities and resources that are under the control of multiple workers. Reducing these costs often requires a coordinated effort. Therefore, incentives that motivate workers to cooperate are a prerequisite to successful process improvements based on ABC. Alternatively, when competitive incentives are combined with ABC, the result can be unexpected and negative. We examine how accounting cost system and incentive structure choices interact. We find that profits are highest when ABC is linked with group-based incentives, which provide high motivation to cooperate. In contrast, the lowest level of profit occurs when the same information-rich cost system, ABC, is coupled with tournament-based incentives. VBC, a cost system that provides a lower level of cost driver information, moderates the incentive effect. Thus, our results demonstrate that the effectiveness of ABC relative to traditional VBC is influenced by its interactive effect with incentive compensation.
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Seta, Hiroki, and Hiroshi Inoue. "On bank’s risk incentives under deposit insurance system." International Journal of Financial Engineering 06, no. 04 (December 2019): 1950039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424786319500397.
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This paper refers to bank’s risk incentive problem which is one of the factors behind its risky behavior toward investing in projects. Using the relevant distributions of depositors’ bank balances, we study the risk incentive influence. As a result, the bank’s risk incentive is shown to be classified regarding depositors and bank’s shareholders who increase its capital, indicating the former being positive value and the latter negative. In this study, we use perpetual American put option and perpetual down and out call option. Thus, we examine changes in the influence of these incentives, showing several numerical examples.
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Nosek, Brian A., Jeffrey R. Spies, and Matt Motyl. "Scientific Utopia." Perspectives on Psychological Science 7, no. 6 (November 2012): 615–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691612459058.
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An academic scientist’s professional success depends on publishing. Publishing norms emphasize novel, positive results. As such, disciplinary incentives encourage design, analysis, and reporting decisions that elicit positive results and ignore negative results. Prior reports demonstrate how these incentives inflate the rate of false effects in published science. When incentives favor novelty over replication, false results persist in the literature unchallenged, reducing efficiency in knowledge accumulation. Previous suggestions to address this problem are unlikely to be effective. For example, a journal of negative results publishes otherwise unpublishable reports. This enshrines the low status of the journal and its content. The persistence of false findings can be meliorated with strategies that make the fundamental but abstract accuracy motive—getting it right—competitive with the more tangible and concrete incentive—getting it published. This article develops strategies for improving scientific practices and knowledge accumulation that account for ordinary human motivations and biases.
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Lubarsky, David A., Michael T. French, Howard S. Gitlow, Lisa F. Rosen, and Steven G. Ullmann. "Why Money Alone Can’t (Always) “Nudge” Physicians." Anesthesiology 130, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 154–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000002373.
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Abstract Behavioral economics seeks to define how humans respond to incentives, how to maximize desired behavioral change, and how to avoid perverse negative impacts on work effort. Relatively new in their application to physician behavior, behavioral economic principles have primarily been used to construct optimized financial incentives. This review introduces and evaluates the essential components of building successful financial incentive programs for physicians, adhering to the principles of behavioral economics. Referencing conceptual publications, observational studies, and the relatively sparse controlled studies, the authors offer physician leaders, healthcare administrators, and practicing anesthesiologists the issues to consider when designing physician incentive programs to maximize effectiveness and minimize unintended consequences.
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Oznobina, A. D., and N. V. Sidorov. "Negative incentives and their impact on staff performance." Normirovanie i oplata truda v promyshlennosti (Rationing and remuneration of labor in industry), no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pro-3-2101-05.
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In the scientific literature, quite little attention is paid to «negative» incentive measures, as well as the consequences that they can have for a person’s labor activity, as in most cases they are assigned a purely negative kind of influence. In this article, such measures are considered in more detail, and it is also revealed what impact they actually have on the work of staff.
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Elbaz, Shimon, and Adriana Zaiț. "Effect of Monetary Incentives on the Demand for Electricity of Domestic Consumers – Case of Israel." Review of Economic and Business Studies 11, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 131–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rebs-2018-0068.
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AbstractThis research, based on a pilot study performed by the Israeli Electricity Company (IEC) in the framework of a demand management arrangement, focused on an economic approach for influencing domestic customers’ electricity consumption. The main objectives were to find out if monetary incentives in the form of a constant discount in the household consumer’s electricity bill (with no connection to consumption levels) influence consumers participating in a demand management arrangement with their electricity provider (here the IEC) and if such an incentive will lead to a decrease in the participants’ electricity consumption and/or a shift in their consumption from peak to low demand hours. The study examined also the monetary incentive’s influence on the participants’ willingness to join a future arrangement. The findings show that the participants who received a constant incentive increased their consumption, contrary to the expected behaviour, suggesting the presence of a “rebound effect”. One of the incentives that predicted a tendency to save electricity was the pro environmental attitude of the consumer, whereas financial incentives did not predict a tendency to save electricity. Damage to consumer comfort caused by load shedding exerted no significant influence. The economic incentive of a discount in the electricity bill increased the consumers’ willingness to join a future arrangement, even at the cost of compromising their privacy, although the possibility that this arrangement would lead to the loss of their control of home electric appliances as a result of load shedding drastically decreased this willingness. A positive financial incentive was found to have a minor influence on consumers’ willingness to participate in a demand management arrangement, while a negative incentive (the wish to avoid fines) was found to be very influential. Comparing to previous studies, the results are mixed, confirming some previous findings and contradicting others – and they offer an important contribution for the worldwide debate on energy conservation and household electricity reduction, through the Israeli dimension in a complex puzzle.
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Jelley, R. Blake, Richard D. Goffin, Deborah M. Powell, and Robert L. Heneman. "Incentives and Alternative Rating Approaches." Journal of Personnel Psychology 11, no. 4 (January 2012): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000068.
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Ratings of others’ performance are central in applied psychology. We investigated rater incentives and two approaches to Behavior Observation Scale (BOS) rating on rating accuracy. Raters (N = 147) were randomly assigned to one of three accuracy-incentive conditions and completed one of two BOSs 48 hr after observing videotaped performances. A serial BOS asked raters to assess one ratee at a time, across behaviors. A parallel BOS had raters consider all ratees on one behavior at a time. The serial (one ratee at a time) approach was generally more accurate than the parallel (one behavior at a time) approach. However, an accuracy incentive prior to observation mitigated the negative effects of the parallel approach. Overall, a serial BOS seems well suited for developmental appraisal.
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Abuya, Timothy, Daniel Mwanga, Melvin Obadha, Charity Ndwiga, George Odwe, Daniel Kavoo, John Wanyugu, Charlotte Warren, and Smisha Agarwal. "Incentive preferences for community health volunteers in Kenya: findings from a discrete choice experiment." BMJ Open 11, no. 7 (July 2021): e048059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048059.
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BackgroundCommunity health volunteers (CHVs) play crucial roles in enabling access to healthcare at the community levels. Although CHVs are considered volunteers, programmes provide financial and non-financial incentives. However, there is limited evidence on which bundle of financial and non-financial incentives are most effective for their improved performance.MethodsWe used a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to understand incentive preferences of CHVs with the aim to improve their motivation, performance and retention. Relevant incentive attributes were identified through qualitative interviews with CHVs and with their supervisors. We then deployed a nominal group technique to generate and rank preferred attributes among CHVs. We developed a DCE based on the five attributes and administered it to 211 CHVs in Kilifi and Bungoma counties in Kenya. We used mixed multinomial logit models to estimate the utility of each incentive attribute and calculated the trade-offs the CHWs were willing to make for a change in stipend.ResultsTransport was considered the incentive attribute with most relative importance followed by tools of trade then monthly stipend. CHVs preferred job incentives that offered higher monthly stipends even though it was not the most important. They had negative preference for job incentives that provided award mechanisms for the best performing CHVs as compared with jobs that provided recognition at the community level and preferred job incentives that provided more tools of trade compared with those that provided limited tools.ConclusionA bundled incentive of both financial and non-financial packages is necessary to provide a conducive working environment for CHVs. The menu of options relevant for CHVs in Kenya include transport, tools of trade and monthly stipend. Policy decisions should be contextualised to include these attributes to facilitate CHW satisfaction and performance.
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Tian, Yu, Brad M. Tuttle, and Yin Xu. "Using Incentives to Overcome the Negative Effects of Faultline Conflict on Individual Effort." Behavioral Research in Accounting 28, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/bria-51147.
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ABSTRACT In this study, we investigate the effects of faultline-induced conflict on individual effort and how incentives can be designed to overcome these negative effects. Faultlines are hypothetical dividing lines between group members based on various member attributes that can potentially split the overall group into subgroups. Results from our experiment show that team members are more likely to perceive conflict when they face a faultline-related issue, which, in turn, leads to lower effort by individual team members. Consistent with the theory of cooperation and competition, incentives moderate the effect of conflict on effort, such that team incentives have a greater effect to increase effort than individual incentives when the level of conflict is high, rather than low. Collectively, our findings suggest that competitive team incentives may be an effective tool to overcome the negative effects of faultline conflict in a group.
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Breunis, Leonieke J., Jasper V. Been, Lieke de Jong-Potjer, Eric Ap Steegers, Inez D. de Beaufort, Marlou La de Kroon, and Hafez Ismaili M’hamdi. "Incentives for Smoking Cessation During Pregnancy: An Ethical Framework." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 9 (December 18, 2019): 1553–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz231.
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Abstract Introduction Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of morbidity and mortality of the mother and child. The inability of the unborn child to protect itself, raises the social and academic responsibility to protect the child from the harmful effects of smoking. Interventions including rewards (incentives) for lifestyle changes are an upcoming trend and can encourage women to quit smoking. However, these incentives can, as we will argue, also have negative consequences, for example the restriction of personal autonomy and encouragement of smoking to become eligible for participation. To prevent these negative consequences, we developed an ethical framework that enables to assess and address unwanted consequences of incentive-based interventions whereby moral permissibility can be evaluated. Aims and Methods The possible adverse consequences of incentives were identified through an extensive literature search. Subsequently, we developed ethical criteria to identify these consequences based on the biomedical ethical principles of Beauchamp and Childress. Results Our framework consists of 12 criteria. These criteria concern (1) effectiveness, (2) support of a healthy lifestyle, (3) motivational for the target population, (4) stimulating unhealthy behavior, (5) negative attitudes, (6) personal autonomy, (7) intrinsic motivation, (8) privacy, (9) fairness, (10) allocation of incentives, (11) cost-effectiveness, and (12) health inequity. Based on these criteria, the moral permissibility of potential interventions can be evaluated. Conclusions Incentives for smoking cessation are a response to the responsibility to protect the unborn child. But these interventions might have possible adverse effects. This ethical framework aims to identify and address ethical pitfalls in order to avoid these adverse effects. Implications Although various interventions to promote smoking cessation during pregnancy exist, many women still smoke during pregnancy. Interventions using incentives for smoking cessation during pregnancy are a promising and upcoming trend but can have unwanted consequences. This ethical framework helps to identify and address ethical pitfalls in order to avoid these adverse effects. It can be a practical tool in the development and evaluation of these interventions and in evaluating the moral permissibility of interventions using incentives for smoking cessation during pregnancy.
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Baba, Vishwanath V., and Richard T. Barth. "Alienation Among Professional Engineers: A Canadian-American Comparison." Relations industrielles 37, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 126–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/029235ar.
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The purpose of the study is to empirically verify the Marxian proposition that increased (decreased) control and decreased (in-creased) professional incentives bear a positive (negative) relation to alienation; and to look for possible differences between Canadian and American engineers with regard to the relationship between alienation and control-incentive structure.
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Tuszynski, Meg Patrick, and Dean Stansel. "Targeted state economic development incentives and entrepreneurship." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 7, no. 3 (September 3, 2018): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-d-18-00033.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between state economic development incentives programs and entrepreneurial activity. Design/methodology/approach The authors use panel data and a fixed-effects model to examine the determinants of five measures of entrepreneurial activity. To measure state economic development incentives programs, they use a new and substantially improved data set from Bartik (2017). They also include a measure for economic freedom, the Fraser Institute’s Economic Freedom of North America index. Findings The authors find a robustly negative relationship between development incentives and patent activity. They find some evidence that incentives are negatively associated with small business establishments (<10 employees) as a percentage of total establishments but positively associated with the large business establishment (>500 employees) share. They also find evidence of a positive relationship between economic freedom and both patent activity and net business formation. Research limitations/implications The results imply that economic development incentive programs are unlikely to increase entrepreneurial activity and may decrease it. They also imply increased economic freedom (lower taxes, lower spending, and lower governmental restrictions on labor markets) may increase entrepreneurial activity. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this paper provides the first examination of the relationship between development incentives and entrepreneurial activity that utilizes Bartik (2017), a new vastly improved data set of state economic development incentive programs. The paper also contributes to the literature on the relationship between economic freedom and entrepreneurial activity.
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De Simone, Lisa, Kenneth J. Klassen, and Jeri K. Seidman. "Unprofitable Affiliates and Income Shifting Behavior." Accounting Review 92, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 113–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-51555.
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ABSTRACT Income shifting from high-tax to low-tax jurisdictions is considered a primary method of reducing worldwide tax burdens of multinational firms. Current losses also affect income shifting incentives. We extend prior approaches by explicitly considering unprofitable affiliates and test whether the association between losses and tax incentives for unprofitable affiliates deviates from the negative association observed in profitable affiliates. Results suggest that multinational firms alter the distribution of reported profits to take advantage of losses. Our point estimate for profitable affiliates implies that an increase of one standard deviation in the tax incentive, C, of an affiliate with an average return on assets of 13.3 is associated with a lower return on assets of 0.5 percentage points. The same change in tax incentive of an unprofitable affiliate is associated with an increase in its return on assets of approximately 0.7 percentage points, holding assets, labor, productivity, and other factors constant. We further document a larger responsiveness to tax incentives between profitable and unprofitable affiliates in high-tax jurisdictions, consistent with predictions.
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Dimitrova, Desislava. "Entrepreneurship – culture incentives." VUZF Review 5, no. 3 (September 16, 2020): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.38188/2534-9228.20.3.05.
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European commission has identified entrepreneurship as crucial for achieving the objectives of several European sectorial policies and as one of the main tools for overcoming the negative effects of the financial crisis of 2008. Despite the multitude of policies and tools to support entrepreneurship, there are still significant differences between member states regarding their entrepreneurial activity. Тhe present study offers an alternative approach for explaining those difference that takes into account the cultural context represented by cultural values. An empirical research is carried out using several indicators measuring entrepreneurial activity and comparing them with Geert Hofstede cultural dimensions indexes of EU member states via correlation analysis.
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Kulkarni, Atul, Xin Cindy Wang, and Hong Yuan. "Boomerang effect of incentive reminders during shopping trips." Journal of Consumer Marketing 36, no. 5 (August 12, 2019): 592–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-07-2018-2783.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the unintended negative effect of incentivizing shoppers to make unplanned purchases through incentive reminders during shopping trips. Design/methodology/approach Two experimental studies with between-subject designs were conducted to examine the effect of incentive reminders and related factors on abandonment intention. Findings When the search for unplanned purchases needed to reach promotional threshold fails, shoppers’ propensity to abandon a transaction increases if they are reminded of an incentive during their shopping trip. When the size of the planned purchases is relatively larger than the incentivized unplanned purchases, abandonment propensity is higher in response to reward type incentives, whereas when the size of the planned purchases is relatively smaller than the incentivized unplanned purchases, abandonment propensity is higher in response to avoidance type incentives. Research limitations/implications This research intersects and integrates several research domains, specifically transaction abandonment, promotional reactance, unplanned purchases and promotion framing. Practical implications Findings from this research help managers understand the possible negative consequences of incentive reminders and offer suggestions for decreasing shopper propensities to abandon transactions in response to incentive reminders aimed at increasing transaction sizes. Originality/value This is the first study to highlight (i) the possible effect of incentive reminders on transaction abandonment; (ii) the influence of the size of unplanned purchases and incentive types on abandonment; and (iii) the underlying roles of perceived value of planned purchases and fairness perceptions in abandonment.
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Farias, Hilder André Bezerra, Sérgio Luiz de Medeiros Rivero, and Márcia Jucá Teixeira Diniz. "Negative incentives and sustainability in the amazonian logging industry." Nova Economia 27, no. 3 (December 2017): 363–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6351/2735.
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Abstract: This paper investigates the existence of lock-in of low technology and high environmental impact on Brazilian Amazon logging industry. The research employed evolutionary economics as a theoretical basis, especially the concept of technological trajectories. The duality of decisions involving logging - conventional logging (CL) versus reduced-impact logging (RIL) - was studied. An agent-based simulation model - in which decision-making under bounded rationality is based on a genetic algorithm - was implemented in Java programming language. Results demonstrate the existence of lock-in, producers aversion to risks, greater operational efficiency of sustainable logging, and benefits derived from a policy of environmental bonuses, both in economic and ecological terms.
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Tchistyi, Alexei, David Yermack, and Hayong Yun. "Negative Hedging: Performance-Sensitive Debt and CEOs’ Equity Incentives." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 46, no. 3 (February 15, 2011): 657–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109011000068.
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AbstractWe examine the relation between chief executive officers’ equity incentives and their use of performance-sensitive debt contracts. These contracts require higher or lower interest payments when the borrower’s performance deteriorates or improves, thereby increasing expected costs of financial distress while making a firm riskier to the benefit of option holders. We find that managers whose compensation is more sensitive to stock volatility choose steeper and more convex performance pricing schedules, while those with high delta incentives choose flatter, less convex pricing schedules. Performance pricing contracts therefore seem to provide a channel for managers to increase firms’ financial risk to gain private benefits.
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Idaszak, Jacqueline R., and Peter J. D. Carnevale. "Third Party Power: Some Negative Effects of Positive Incentives." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 19, no. 6 (May 1989): 499–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb00070.x.
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Blankenship, Wayne. "Desire, Cultural Dissonance, and Incentives for Remaining HIV-Negative." Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality 10, no. 3-4 (August 19, 1998): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j056v10n03_09.
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Han, The Anh, Luís Moniz Pereira, Tom Lenaerts, and Francisco C. Santos. "Mediating artificial intelligence developments through negative and positive incentives." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): e0244592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244592.
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The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is going through a period of great expectations, introducing a certain level of anxiety in research, business and also policy. This anxiety is further energised by an AI race narrative that makes people believe they might be missing out. Whether real or not, a belief in this narrative may be detrimental as some stake-holders will feel obliged to cut corners on safety precautions, or ignore societal consequences just to “win”. Starting from a baseline model that describes a broad class of technology races where winners draw a significant benefit compared to others (such as AI advances, patent race, pharmaceutical technologies), we investigate here how positive (rewards) and negative (punishments) incentives may beneficially influence the outcomes. We uncover conditions in which punishment is either capable of reducing the development speed of unsafe participants or has the capacity to reduce innovation through over-regulation. Alternatively, we show that, in several scenarios, rewarding those that follow safety measures may increase the development speed while ensuring safe choices. Moreover, in the latter regimes, rewards do not suffer from the issue of over-regulation as is the case for punishment. Overall, our findings provide valuable insights into the nature and kinds of regulatory actions most suitable to improve safety compliance in the contexts of both smooth and sudden technological shifts.
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Thornton, Rebecca L. "The Demand for, and Impact of, Learning HIV Status." American Economic Review 98, no. 5 (November 1, 2008): 1829–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.5.1829.
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This paper evaluates an experiment in which individuals in rural Malawi were randomly assigned monetary incentives to learn their HIV results after being tested. Distance to the HIV results centers was also randomly assigned. Without any incentive, 34 percent of the participants learned their HIV results. However, even the smallest incentive doubled that share. Using the randomly assigned incentives and distance from results centers as instruments for the knowledge of HIV status, sexually active HIV-positive individuals who learned their results are three times more likely to purchase condoms two months later than sexually active HIV-positive individuals who did not learn their results; however, HIV-positive individuals who learned their results purchase only two additional condoms than those who did not. There is no significant effect of learning HIV-negative status on the purchase of condoms. (JEL I12, O15)
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Tang, Yongli, Xinyue Hu, Claudio Petti, and Matthias Thürer. "Institutional incentives and pressures in Chinese manufacturing firms’ innovation." Management Decision 58, no. 5 (June 17, 2019): 812–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-08-2018-0933.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how Chinese firms’ innovation is related to their perceived incentives and pressures from the transitioning institutional environment. Design/methodology/approach A sample of 166 manufacturing firms located in Guangdong Province (China) is analyzed using binomial and moderated multiple regression models. Findings The results show that institutional incentives are more effective in promoting incremental innovations than radical ones, whereas institutional pressures are more pronounced in facilitating radical innovations than incremental ones. In addition, the interaction between the two divergent institutional forces is negatively related to innovation performance. Practical implications The findings inform managers and policy makers in institutional transition environments to consider and balance the effects of institutional forces. Firms should match the institutional incentives and pressures with their own innovation objectives in terms of incremental or radical goals, and take caution to deal with the divergent institutional directions, so as to avoid the negative interaction effects. Policy makers should take a systems approach when considering the incentive-based and/or command-and-control designs of innovation policies and regulations. Originality/value The study contributes to existing literature on institutions and innovation by disentangling incentive and pressure effects of institutions, regulation and innovation policies, as well as the combined and interaction effects intrinsic within institutional mixes.
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He, Zhenhong, Dandan Zhang, Nils Muhlert, and Rebecca Elliott. "Neural substrates for anticipation and consumption of social and monetary incentives in depression." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 14, no. 8 (August 2019): 815–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsz061.
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Abstract Depression has been reliably associated with abnormalities in the neural representation of reward and loss. However, most studies have focused on monetary incentives; fewer studies have considered neural representation of social incentives. A direct comparison of non-social and social incentives within the same study would establish whether responses to the different incentives are differentially affected in depression. The functional magnetic resonance imaging study presented here investigated the neural activity of individuals with subthreshold depression (SD) and healthy controls (HCs) while they participated in an incentive delay task offering two types of reward (monetary gain vs social approval) and loss (monetary loss vs social disapproval). Compared to HCs, individuals with SD showed increased subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) activity during anticipation of social loss, whereas the response in the putamen was decreased during consumption of social gain. Individuals with SD also exhibited diminished insula responses in consuming social loss. Furthermore, positive connectivity between the insula and ventral lateral pre-frontal cortex (VLPFC) was observed in individuals with SD while negative connectivity was found in HCs when consuming social loss. These results demonstrate neural alterations in individuals with depression, specific to the processing of social incentives, mainly characterised by dysfunction within the ‘social pain network’ (sgACC, insula and VLPFC).
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Huston, G. Ryan, and Thomas J. Smith. "The Impact of Tax Incentives on the Choice to Hold Shares Acquired from Employee Stock Option Exercises." Journal of the American Taxation Association 34, no. 2 (March 1, 2012): 67–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/atax-50173.
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ABSTRACT This paper extends prior stock option literature by examining the impact of individual and corporate tax incentives on the decision to hold or sell shares acquired through the exercises of incentive stock options (ISOs) and non-qualified stock options (NQSOs). We focus on factors found in prior literature to be associated with the choice to hold or sell in the context of the type of stock option exercised. Specifically, we find that the positive (negative) relation found in prior literature between the decision to hold shares following exercise and future returns (depth) is associated more with NQSOs than ISOs, consistent with individual tax incentives. Examining corporate tax incentives, we find that corporate tax benefits mitigate insiders' likelihood to hold shares obtained from ISO exercise. Furthermore, we find evidence that firms compensate employees to forgo individual tax benefits associated with holding shares from ISO exercise, and as this compensation increases, insiders are more likely to sell following exercise. JEL Classifications: H24; H25; J33.
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Gürerk, Özgür, Bernd Irlenbusch, and Bettina Rockenbach. "Motivating teammates: The leader’s choice between positive and negative incentives." Journal of Economic Psychology 30, no. 4 (August 2009): 591–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2009.04.004.
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Filbey, Francesca M., Joseph Dunlop, and Ursula S. Myers. "Neural Effects of Positive and Negative Incentives during Marijuana Withdrawal." PLoS ONE 8, no. 5 (May 15, 2013): e61470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061470.
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Welborn, B. Locke, Youngki Hong, and Kyle G. Ratner. "Exposure to negative stereotypes influences representations of monetary incentives in the nucleus accumbens." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 15, no. 3 (March 2020): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa041.
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Abstract Contemporary society is saturated with negative representations of racial and ethnic minorities. Social science research finds that exposure to such negative stereotypes creates stress above and beyond pre-existing effects of income inequality and structural racism. Neuroscience studies in animals and humans show that life stress modulates brain responses to rewards. However, it is not known whether contending with negative representations of one’s social group spills overs to influence reward processing. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the effects of stigmatizing negative stereotypes on neural responding to the anticipation and consumption of monetary gains and losses in a Mexican American sample. Machine learning analyses indicated that incentive-related patterns of brain activity within the nucleus accumbens differed between Mexican Americans subjected to negative stereotypes and those who were not. This effect occurred for anticipating both gains and losses. Our work suggests that rhetoric stigmatizing Latinos and other minorities could alter how members of such groups process incentives in their environment. These findings contribute to our understanding of the linkage between stigmatizing experiences and motivated behavior, with implications for well-being and health.
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Burszta-Adamiak, Ewa, and Wiesław Fiałkiewicz. "A review of green roof incentives as motivators for the expansion of green infrastructure in European cities." Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska 28, no. 4 (December 29, 2019): 641–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2019.28.4.58.
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Nowadays green roofs play a key role in alleviating the negative effects of urbanization. Despite investors awareness of the advantages of green roofs, there are still some barriers that hinder investments on a large scale. As a result a financial and non-financial incentives are implemented. The review presented in this paper allowed to identify the most popular initiatives and to formulate recommendations for creating incentive supporting implementation of green roofs in urban areas.
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Sharifuddin, Juwaidah, and Norhasmat Abdul Aziz. "Assessing the Effects of Government Incentives on the Performance of SMEs in Food Manufacturing Sector." International Journal of Community Development and Management Studies 3 (2019): 043–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31355/40.
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NOTE: THIS ARTICLE WAS PUBLISHED WITH THE INFORMING SCIENCE INSTITUTE. Aim/Purpose................................................................................................................................................................................................. The Malaysian government has given numerous incentives to small and medium enterprises (SMEs), including those in the food manufacturing sector, in an attempt to boost their performance. This study aims to assess the effects of these incentives, particularly financial and tax incentives, on the performance of SMEs in the Malaysian food manufacturing sector. Background................................................................................................................................................................................................. Millions of Ringgit has been allocated for the development of SMEs by the Malaysian government. The findings of this study aim to assist the policymakers in improving the current policies in incentive give outs to enhance the effectiveness and reduce the number of SMEs that were forced to close down in less than five years of operation. Methodology................................................................................................................................................................................................. The study was conducted using structure, conduct, and performance (SCP) paradigm on secondary data from 140 companies over a period of five years (2013 – 2017). Correlation analysis was done to explore the relationship between each explanatory market variables included in the SCP paradigm. Contribution................................................................................................................................................................................................. This study provides insights into the effect of different types of government incentives on the performance of SMEs in the Malaysian food manufacturing sector. Findings....................................................................................................................................................................................................... The study found that financial and tax incentives gave different effects on the performance of SMEs in the Malaysian food manufacturing sector during the study period. Financial incentive shows a weak positive significant correlation with advertising-to-sales ratio (ASR), return on assets (ROA) and market share (MS) ratio while showing negative significant correlation towards capital intensity (CAP). On the other hand, tax incentive shows a strong significant positive correlation with MS and weak significant positive correlation with CAP, ROA and return on sales (ROS). This shows that financial incentive strongly correlates with SMEs’ performance, whereas tax incentive is associated with market structure and conduct of SMEs in the Malaysian food manufacturing sector. Recommendations for Practitioners............................................................................................................................................................ Firstly, the government should consider providing extra assistance to SMEs in entering the sector as entry barriers for the sector is relatively high. Focus can be given in increasing financial incentives at a more competitive rate as it can reduce debt or increase the firm’s equity or aid firms in acquiring assets, which are crucial for efficient and effective production of processed food. Allocation of tax incentives should be reviewed as it does not have a strong correlation with firms’ performance. Recommendation for Researchers............................................................................................................................................................... There are limitations to the number of SMEs included in this study. Hence, researchers are recommended to have direct contact with more firms to ensure more accurate data. Impact on Society........................................................................................................................................................................................... With more efficient and effective policies in the government’s financial and tax incentives, more allocation can be channeled to other areas that have direct implications to the citizen. Additionally, with better policies, more jobs will be created in the market, and a highly competitive market will lead to a production of higher quality products that can be enjoyed by the consumers. Future Research............................................................................................................................................................................................... This study has contributed to the SCP paradigm as it demonstrated the effects of government financial and tax incentives on the market structure, conduct, and performance of SMEs in the Malaysian food manufacturing sector. Future researches might focus on non-financial incentives given out by the government such as human resource development, training, industrial infrastructure and amenities, technology development and capabilities, technology transfer, and organizational innovation.
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Caton, Gary L., Jeremy Goh, and Jinghao Ke. "The interaction effects of CEO power, social connections and incentive compensation on firm value." Corporate Ownership and Control 16, no. 4 (2019): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv16i4art2.
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Using a regression interaction model and a biographical dataset, with which we can pinpoint periods during which friendships were likely to have developed, we study the relation between company value and the interplay between CEO power, CEO equity incentives and the friendliness of the board of directors. Consistent with our hypotheses developed below, we find that firm value tends to increase when equity incentives are combined with a friendly board of directors, and conclude that the negative effects of CEO power on firm value reported by others are limited to firms with weak CEO equity incentive compensation plans and arms-length boards of directors. We are the first to combine these datasets and show that friendship between powerful CEOs and their boards, when agency problems are mitigated through CEO compensation, leads to higher value.
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Miglietta, Salvatore. "Incentives and Relative Wealth Concerns." Quarterly Journal of Finance 04, no. 04 (December 2014): 1450013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201013921450013x.
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If risk-averse agents prefer to be wealthier both in absolute terms and relative to their peers (relative wealth concerns), then (1) they prefer positive correlation, and (2) they are averse to negative correlation between their payoffs. A laboratory experiment shows that subjects prefer positively correlated payoffs. Subjects interested in relative payoffs display stronger aversion to negatively correlated payoffs. This novel evidence has implications that motivate firms' extensive use of broad-based incentive plans and firms' scarce use of Relative Performance Evaluation (RPE) contracts.
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Botz, Charles K. "Principles for Funding on a Case Mix Basis: Construction of Case Weights (RIWs)." Healthcare Management Forum 4, no. 4 (December 1991): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0840-4704(10)61307-5.
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The construct of Resource Intensity Weights (RIWs) contains implicit financial incentives if they are used for hospital funding purposes. This paper compares the RIW (funding) credit to the expected average per diem cost for each of the new subcategories (typicals, deaths, transfers, signouts and outliers) of Case Mix Groups (CMGs). RIW construction, and inherent incentives for a hospital to reduce costs or length of stay(LOS), differ significantly for each subcategory. At some point or points in a patient's LOS, when RIW credit equals case cost, RIWs are incentive neutral. However, it can also be demonstrated that RIW credit is not generally congruent with average costs on each day of a patient's stay. Financial incentives (both positive and negative) arise when RIW credit and costs differ. Only by being fully aware of these differences can hospitals determine how to respond to the introduction of case mix funding to maintain financial viability. Funding agencies, too, need to appreciate the sometimes subtle policy implications that come with the adoption of RIWs for funding purposes.
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Barrett, Helen R., Theresa M. Streets, James H. Tucker, and Gerald T. Pettaway. "Skin Temperature Biofeedback for Multiple Sessions with Monetary Incentives." Perceptual and Motor Skills 65, no. 1 (August 1987): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.65.1.139.
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This study evaluated the relative effectiveness of two incentive contingencies in learning biofeedback-assisted control of peripheral skin temperature: positive versus positive/negative monetary incentives. Both incentive groups of 10 participated in six sessions, including pre- and posttraining voluntary control sessions, and four intervening sessions with visual feedback and monetary contingencies. Each session consisted of adaptation, resting baseline, feedback or voluntary control, and a final resting baseline. The results indicated no significant difference in response control between groups and an over-all decline in temperature within sessions. Self-control was evidenced by the slower rate of decline in temperature for the first as compared to the last session, and feedback control by the attenuation in the rate of decline in the last three training sessions. Based on data from other physiological responses, these findings are not likely due to habituation effects. It was concluded that response control should not necessarily be defined in terms of increasing temperature but rather by reference to an appropriate comparison condition. Motivational effects should be further investigated with alternative incentive contingencies.
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Bowles, S., and S. Polanía-Reyes. "Economic Incentives and Social Preferences: Substitutes or Complements? Part 2." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 5 (May 20, 2013): 73–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2013-5-73-108.
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In the second part of the paper concrete forms and examples of the effects of incentives on the social preferences are shown and experiments are described where these effects occur. The authors claim that the negative consequences of the incentives are connected less to the incentives themselves as, rather, with their perceptions among the agents. That is why for a reasonable use of incentives one has to take account of possible effects of such perceptions.