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1

1947-, Montgomery Stephen, ed. The voice: Overcome negative self-talk and discover your inner wisdom. New York: Sterling Ethos, 2011.

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2

Page, Michael Von Tangen. A negative peace: Northern Ireland and the Good Friday agreement. London: Centre for Defence Studies, 2000.

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3

Haile-Mariam, Mengistu. Eighth Party Plenum denounces negative response of terrorists to peace call: Excerpts from the central report presented by Comrade Mengistu Haile-Mariam...to the Eighth Plenum of the CC of the WPE. Addis Ababa: Ministry of Information, 1988.

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4

Peacekeeping and the African Union: Building Negative Peace. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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5

Richmond, Oliver P. 3. Peace in modernity. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199656004.003.0004.

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‘Peace in modernity’ looks at peace in the 20th century and describes how it has shaped the views we have of peace today. The 20th-century international system was based on states, laws, constitutions, and civil society. These bodies represented a progressive version of peace. The modern view of peace tends to be secular and focuses on security, human rights, politics, and democracy. Modern peace comprises different stages: security first (a negative peace) followed by positive peace (reducing arms and changes to trade). This form of liberal peace has become the foundation of the modern international system of states and order.
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6

Langer, Gigi. 50 ways to worry less now: Reject negative thinking to find peace, clarity, and connection. 2018.

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7

Richmond, Oliver P. 2. Peace in history. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199656004.003.0003.

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‘Peace in history’ considers the significance of violence for contemporary international relations by looking at different forms and key dimensions of peace in history. A common historical belief is that humanity is unable to fulfil its potential without peace. As well as there being a ‘will to power’ there is also a ‘will to peace’. There will always be a need for conflict and a need for peace. The historic evolution of peace has moved from a negative and narrow version to a positive and broad notion of peace. It has evolved as an aspiration and a fact, emerging from alliances, social movements, and institutions as well as political, social, and economic philosophical thinking.
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8

Richmond, Oliver P. 9. Hybrid forms of peace. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199656004.003.0010.

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‘Hybrid forms of peace’ describes types of peace which lie beyond liberal peace frameworks. These are emerging in diverse locations around the world today and are neither strictly liberal nor local. They are hybrids, formed through political contestation involving a range of actors, their preferences, and security interests. These forms of peace can be either negative or positive. The issues that those aiming at peacebuilding and statebuilding face raise the question of how contributions to peace from a range of informal local actors may be understood and externally supported.
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9

Evans, Lisa L. Turning A Negative Into A Positive : : 101 Creative Tips For Saving Money And Finding Financial Peace. AuthorHouse, 2012.

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10

Stephenson, Carolyn. Peace Research/Peace Studies: A Twentieth Century Intellectual History. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.273.

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Peace research is a component of the field of international relations (IR) that focuses on the causes of war and violence as well as the conditions of peace. The origins of peace research can be traced to the works of Plato, Thucydides, Hugo Grotius, Thomas Hobbes, and Immanuel Kant. The central debate in peace research revolved around the question of whether peace is to be defined simply as the absence of war and direct violence (“negative peace”) or the whether the concept encompasses both the absence of war and direct violence plus the presence of social justice (“positive peace”). Three primary waves of peace studies worldwide since its beginnings between the world wars can be identified: the first wave, roughly from the 1930s to 1960s, focused largely on the causes of war; the second wave was concerned with radicalization and democratization of peace studies; and the third wave saw the rise of two dominant fields—those of nuclear weapons, arms control and disarmament, and conflict resolution/management. During the 1990s, there was a renewed attention to research on topics such as sanctions, peacemaking, the concept of a culture of peace, environment, development, and conflict. Peace research and peace studies have in some ways brought about a transformation not only of dominant power structures, but also of the very concept of power itself. However, there are areas that need improvement, such as developing alternatives to armed conflict and injustice.
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11

Selby, John. Quiet Your Mind: An Easy-to-Use Guide to Ending Chronic Worry and Negative Thoughts and Living a Calmer Life. New World Library, 2004.

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12

Stahn, Carsten, and Jens Iverson, eds. Just Peace After Conflict. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823285.001.0001.

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The interplay between peace and justice plays an important role in almost any contemporary conflict. Peace and conflict studies have generally devoted more attention to conflict than to peace. Peace is often described in adjectives, such as negative/positive peace, liberal peace or democratic peace. But what elements make a peace just? Just war theory, peacebuilding, or transitional justice provide different perspectives on the dialectic relation between peace and justice and the methods of establishing peace after conflict. Experiences such as the Colombian peace process show that peace is increasingly judicialized. This volume analyses some of the situational, normative, and relational elements of peace in processes of transition. It explores six core themes: conceptual approaches towards just peace, macro-principles, the nexus to security and stability, protection of persons and public goods, rule of law and economic reform and accountability. It engages with understudied issues, such as the pros and cons of robust UN mandates, the link between environment protection and indigenous peoples, the treatment of illegal settlements, the feasibility of vetting practices or the protection labour rights in post-conflict economies. It argues that just peace requires only not negotiation, agreement and compromise (e.g., moderation), but contextual understandings of law, multiple dimensions of justice and strategies of prevention. It complements the two earlier volumes on the legal contours of jus post bellum, namely Just Post Bellum: Mapping the Normative Foundations (2014) and Environmental Protection and Transitions from Conflict to Peace: Clarifying Norms, Principles and Practices (2017).
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13

Richter, Wolfgang. The European Peace and Security Order at Risk. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828945.003.0007.

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This chapter examines the regional order of Europe after the end of the Cold War by discussing its actors, interests, institutions, norms, and principles to determine if the peace and security “between Vancouver and Vladivostok” is at stake. Hence, the global influence of the continental order is put into its historical and institutional context. The maintenance of this order has become increasingly difficult as the extensions of both the EU and NATO to the East, the failed assertiveness of the OSCE, and the conflicts in Georgia and Ukraine have shown. The main risks lay in the fragile relations between Russia and the West and it remains open if the current negative trend will be reversed. However, the chapter suggests the strengthening of the OSCE, a new NATO–Russia accord and more cooperation in global security challenges as feasible countermeasures.
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14

Rivera, Roberta. Mindfulness for Anxiety: How to Overcome Anxiety and Depression, Relieve Stress, Stop Worrying, Eliminate Negative Thinking, and Return to a State of Peace and Happiness. Independently Published, 2020.

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15

Richmond, Oliver P. 8. Peacekeeping, peacebuilding, and statebuilding. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199656004.003.0009.

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‘Peacekeeping, peacebuilding, and statebuilding’ examines four generational approaches to peace which are aimed at consolidating the liberal peace system and international, state, and civil architecture. These are: a first generational approach aimed at a negative peace; a second generational approach focused on social reconciliation and a social peace; a third generational approach focused on building liberal peace through various measures such as democratization, creating a rule of law and a code of human rights, statebuilding, peacebuilding, civil society, and capitalism; and a fourth generational approach focused on recognizing local and contextual peace traditions.
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16

Eckert, Amy E. Cui Bono. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801825.003.0012.

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The emergence of a new market for private force has altered many aspects of war fighting, including those pertaining to victory and post-conflict settings. While some literature suggests that private military companies (PMCs) can sometimes lead parties to negotiate a peace agreement more quickly, the value of this victory is open to debate. Empirical evidence and case studies of civil wars explored in this chapter suggest that the peace achieved through the use of PMCs is unlikely to endure or to bring substantial improvement to the lives of the most vulnerable victims of war—that is, instead of a positive peace, PMCs achieve a negative peace. Moreover, states often mortgage their natural resources to PMCs as a form of payment. In other words, both the war and the victory secure considerable benefits for PMCs and accomplish little for the civilian populations within war-torn states.
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17

Turnbull, Martha. Local and Global Jihadist Narratives in Afghanistan. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190650292.003.0009.

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This chapter explores the relationship between local and global jihadist narratives in Afghanistan by examining the public messages of the Afghan Taliban and Al-Qaeda since 2011. It argues that the two groups have formed a closer partnership following the emergence of the Islamic State and its affiliate group the Islamic State Khorasan Province. Unlike the events of the Arab Spring, which had little impact in Afghanistan, the rise of the Islamic State and its offshoot in the region forced the Taliban and Al-Qaeda to create a robust counter-narrative which has brought the two groups closer together. This development marks a new era in the relationship between the Taliban and Al-Qaeda and has significant negative implications for the peace process in Afghanistan.
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18

Priest, Graham. Buddhist Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499778.003.0005.

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This essay formulates an ethics based largely on Buddhist principles. However, it does so without assuming views for which, arguably, there is no real evidence, such as rebirth. In light of this, it is argued that the good for a Buddhist ethics plausible in a contemporary Western context cannot be simply a negative one, of eliminating suffering. The positive good to be promoted is that of peace of mind. We should be concerned to eliminate all troubled mental states, given Buddhist views that the distinction between myself and another has no substance. According to this formulation, therefore, morality is self-interest, universalized by a denial of the self. Some possible objections and replies are then considered. The hardest of these is that suffering may actually be a good sometimes.
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19

Roșu, Felicia. Contract. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789376.003.0005.

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Chapter 4 focuses on the contracts imposed on rulers in elective monarchies, which made their position on the throne conditional. The Polish-Lithuanian conditions, known as the Henrician articles (or the pacta conventa) were significantly more complex than those used in Transylvania in the 1570s and 1580s; only in the seventeenth century did the latter become similarly elaborate. Moreover, the Transylvanian conditions were mostly negative promises (i.e. to abstain from abusing power or infringing the liberties of citizens), whereas the Polish-Lithuanian ones included positive ones as well (to bring financial, strategic, or military aid, and to resolve certain domestic issues). The chapter analyses the extent to which Stephen Báthory observed his electoral contract during his Transylvanian and Polish-Lithuanian reigns, particularly the interdiction of hereditary succession, religious peace, and the right of disobedience.
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20

Smith, Tony. The Irony of American Liberal Internationalism. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691154923.003.0014.

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This epilogue discusses the irony of American liberal democratic internationalism that became apparent by late 2011: it has been instrumental in establishing the United States' preeminence in international affairs between 1945 and 2001, but has also contributed much to its decline thereafter. If containment had been the primary basis of American foreign policy during the Cold War, there was also a secondary track, which consolidated the political and economic unity of the liberal democratic regimes through multilateral organizations under U.S. leadership. Under the auspices of neoconservatism and neoliberalism, democracy was envisioned as having a “universal” appeal capable of promoting international peace. The epilogue considers some of the negative consequences of Wilsonianism as well as some of the forces challenging the future role of liberalism. It argues that the fate of liberal democratic internationalism depends in large part on the behavior of those who guide the policies of the democratic world.
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21

Hofmann, Ursign, and Pascal Rapillard. Post-Conflict Mine Action. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198784630.003.0017.

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Contamination from remnants of conflict is a legacy of many armed conflicts, threatening the environment and human security. Addressing these hazards, reopening access to resources and livelihoods and re-establishing basic security, mine action is a critical activity in the transition from conflict to peace. Yet, clearance of remnants on land may also lead to environmental damage. Furthermore, residual risks remain after clearance and states and mine action organizations may face liability in case of accidents. This chapter examines the negative environmental impact of remnants of conflict and discusses the normative framework and good practice aimed to ensure that clearance does not further harm the environment. It is also demonstrated how mine action illustrates and is relevant to a holistic jus post bellum framework. This chapter finally scrutinizes the different challenges related to addressing liability for environmental degradation and damage to individuals from remnants of conflict and from their removal.
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22

Marullo, Thomas Gaiton. Fyodor Dostoevsky-The Gathering Storm (1846-1847). Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501751851.001.0001.

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This second book in a three-volume work on the young Fyodor Dostoevsky is a diary-portrait of his early years drawn from letters, memoirs, and criticism of the writer, as well as from the testimony and witness of family and friends, readers and reviewers, and observers and participants in his life. The result of an exhaustive search of published materials on Dostoevsky, this volume sheds crucial light on the many unexplored corners of Dostoevsky's life in the time between the success of his first novel, Poor Folk, and the failure of his next four works. The book lets the original writers speak for themselves — the good and the bad, the truth and the lies — and includes extensive notes with correctives, counterarguments, and other pertinent information. It looks closely at Dostoevsky's increasingly tense ties with Vissarion Belinsky, Nikolai Nekrasov, Ivan Turgenev, and other figures of the Russian literary world. It then turns to the individuals who afforded Dostoevsky security and peace amid the often-negative reception from fellow writers and readers of his early fiction. Finally, the book shows us Dostoevsky's break with the Belinsky circle; his struggle to stay afloat emotionally and financially; and his determination to succeed as a writer while staying true to his vision, most notably, his insights into human psychology that would become a hallmark of his later fiction.
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23

(Japan), Jōdo Shinshū Honganji-ha, ed. Shashin ni miru sensō to watakushitachi no kyōdan: Heiwa o negatte. Kyōto-shi: Honganji Shuppanbu, 2000.

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24

George, Carol V. R., and Kate Bowler. God's Salesman. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190914769.001.0001.

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When Donald Trump was married to his first wife Ivana Zelnícková in 1977, the family minister who officiated the wedding was the preacher and author of The Power of Positive Thinking, Norman Vincent Peale. Perhaps more than any other figure in American public life, Trump has touted Peale’s positive thinking methods to apparently great success. “I never think of the negative,” he said after the opening of Trump Tower in 1983. Peale’s 1952 book, which helped to drive the religious revival of the 1950s, remains a perennial bestseller, and has affected the lives of a vast public in the United States and around the world. This book uses interviews with Peale himself as well as access to his manuscript collection to provide a scholarly account of Peale and his highly visible career. The text explores the evolution of Peale’s message of practical Christianity, the belief that when positive thinking was combined with affirmative prayer, the technique of “imaging,” and purposeful action, the result was a changed life. It was a message with special appeal for many in the post-War middle class struggling to rebuild their lives and have a voice in society. The text examines the formative influences on Peale’s thinking, especially his devout Methodist parents, his early exposure to and then enthusiastic acceptance of Ralph Waldo Emerson and William James, and his almost instinctive attraction to evangelicalism, particularly as it was manifested politically.
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