Journal articles: 'Negative Peace'

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Diehl, Paul F. "Exploring Peace: Looking Beyond War and Negative Peace." International Studies Quarterly 60, no. 1 (February 25, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqw005.

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Gay, William C. "Nonsexist Public Discourse And Negative Peace." Acorn 9, no. 1 (1997): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/acorn1997915.

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Conforti, Oscar Daniel Franco. "Education for Peace What Building Peace Means." Budapest International Research and Critics in Linguistics and Education (BirLE) Journal 2, no. 4 (November 4, 2019): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birle.v2i4.490.

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The idea of a society without conflicts is not a utopia, however, no less certain is that a priori social peace is only imaginable in a world of individuals who live in a space without any shortage and who have neither ambition nor greed to try to achieve new goals or objectives, this comes to say that jurists must, from their field, make significant contributions to achieve that objective: social peace. But peace has two distinct senses: negative and positive peace. By negative peace, we will understand the absence of violence, negative peace is conflict transformation, so that violence (direct, structural and cultural) stops, full stop (and we must be very careful about that because these forms of violence are interrelated and mutually reinforcing), this concept is complemented by positive peace which is cooperation for mutual and equal benefit, and the word equal is very important here because brings us closer to the harmony concept. In that sensewell know is the Galtung’s 3Rs: reconstruction of peoples and places alter the violence, reconciliation of the parties in conflict and resolution of animosities. The present article does not seek to develop any of these issues in-depth but rather to establish the basis for understanding the concept of peacebuilding.

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Owsiak, Andrew P., Paul F. Diehl, and Gary Goertz. "Border settlement and the movement toward and from negative peace." Conflict Management and Peace Science 34, no. 2 (July 8, 2016): 176–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894216650420.

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How does border settlement—that is, the management of salient territorial conflict—affect the prospects for negative peace? Using recently released data on dyadic interstate relationships during the period 1946–2001, we build on territorial peace research to argue, predict, and find three connections between border settlement and negative peace. More specifically, border settlement: (a) increases the likelihood that a dyad is at negative peace; (b) raises the likelihood that dyads transition from rivalry to negative peace relationships; and (c) consolidates negative peace—by impeding transitions toward rivalry relationships. We confirm each of these findings with a commonly used measure of border settlement, as well as an alternative indicator of unsettled borders: civil wars. These findings cumulatively support our argument, demonstrate the importance of studying relationships outside the rivalry context, and suggest that border settlement plays a critical role in the emergence and consolidation of negative peace.

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Jung, Jaeyo, and Soongab Youn. "Negative/Positive Peace Theory and Peace Orientation of Baekbeom Kim Gu’s Thought." OUGHTOPIA 33, no. 3 (November 30, 2018): 43–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32355/oughtopia.2018.11.33.3.43.

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Sugiharto, Ignatius Bambang. "Negative Memory, Art and the World Peace." Tattva Journal of Philosophy 4, no. 2 (July 1, 2012): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12726/tjp.8.2.

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In the World agitated by terrorism, solidification of identity, paranoia, xenophobia and genocide, art indeed expresses the negativity, that is, the void, the chaos, or the spiritual blindness of the socio-cultural plight. But it also serves as a diagnostic tool for identifying the disease; a process of intensifying and heightening our perceptual awareness of the crises; a necessary visualization of the ciritical interface between body, mind and soul. Art renders palpabic the ugliness, the meanness, the unbearableness of life, and this, in turn, will open the possibility to see what ultimately is mroe desirable, the deeper mystery of the soul, what we usually call 'peace'. It is in this spiritual sense that art can serve as the negation of negation.

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Cohrs, J. Christopher, and Klaus Boehnke. "Social Psychology and Peace." Social Psychology 39, no. 1 (January 2008): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335.39.1.4.

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Abstract. This paper begins by giving an overview of why and in which ways social psychological research can be relevant to peace. Galtung's (1969) distinction between negative peace (the absence of direct violence) and positive peace (the absence of structural violence, or the presence of social justice) is crossed with a focus on factors that are detrimental (obstacles) to peace versus factors that are conducive to peace (catalysts), yielding a two-by-two classification of social psychological contributions to peace. Research falling into these four classes is cited in brief, with a particular focus on four exemplary topics: support for military interventions as an obstacle to negative peace; antiwar activism as a catalyst of negative peace; ideologies legitimizing social inequality as an obstacle to positive peace; and commitment to human rights as a catalyst of positive peace. Based on this conceptual framework, the remaining six articles of the special issue “Social Psychology and Peace” are briefly introduced.

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Wagner, Richard V. "Distinguishing between Positive and Negative Approaches to Peace." Journal of Social Issues 44, no. 2 (July 1988): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1988.tb02060.x.

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Kazansky, Rastislav, Marijana Musladin, and Ivana Ondrejmiskova. "Bosnia and Herzegovina: From War to Negative Peace." Security Dimensions 35, no. 35 (March 31, 2021): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8239.

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Through the history Bosnia and Herzegovina, as a territory and as a country, has been very unstable and full of ethnical diversity; nowadays not much has changed. It is a new century, there is a new political ideology and new structures; however, the protagonists still have different ethnical backgrounds. Changing the ideology in the area of the Balkans was very difficult and followed by dispute between the people and by a bloody war. To whom the territory belongs, who was first there, and who has more right to claim that territory – these are the main questions with which nationalists and politicians rule over the whole populations. This contribution is focusing on the process of conflict transformation from violence and total war into the reduction of violence. Bosnia and Herzegovina formally applied for EU membership on 15 February 2016, following years of constitutional reforms and commitments with the Dayton Peace Agreement.

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Taufik, Zulfan. "FROM NEGATIVE TO POSITIVE PEACE: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF YOUTH IN RELIGIOUS PEACEBUILDING IN BUKITTINGGI, WEST SUMATRA." AKADEMIKA: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam 25, no. 2 (October 4, 2020): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.32332/akademika.v25i2.2132.

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Youth as religious peacebuilding actors still receive less attention in academic studies and peace praxis. It often makes youth being depicted as victims or as perpetrators of violence in religious conflict. This study specifically seeks to explore the efforts of youth involvement and also to strengthen the capacity of the youth in making religious peacebuilding in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra. By using the action research method, this research found that Bukittinggi is at negative peace, which is still at the level of mere absence of war and saving the seeds of mutual suspicion between interfaith believers. It is undoubtedly because of a lack of interaction and openness between the interfaith believers. As for the strengthening efforts are undertaken through interfaith youth forum, youth for peace workshop, and the initiation of the interfaith youth organization. That various efforts give hope for the future of religious peace in Bukittinggi from negative peace to positive peace. It is because youth offer creative energy and active potential to transform violent conflict and foster active peace. Keywords: Youth, Religious Peacebuilding, Negative Peace, Positive Peace, Bukittinggi.

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Leshem, Oded Adomi, and Eran Halperin. "Lay theories of peace and their influence on policy preference during violent conflict." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 31 (July 20, 2020): 18378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2005928117.

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We often talk about peace as if the concept is self-explanatory. Yet people can have various theories about what peace “is.” In this study, we examine the lay theories of peace of citizens embroiled in a prolonged ethnonational conflict. We show that lay theories of peace 1) depend on whether one belongs to the high-power or low-power party and 2) explain citizens’ fundamental approaches to conflict resolution. Specifically, we explore the link between power asymmetry, lay theories of peace, and preference for conflict resolution strategies within large-scale samples of Palestinian residents of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and Jewish residents of Israel. Results reveal that members of the high-power group (in this case Jewish-Israelis) are more likely to associate peace with harmonious relationships (termed “positive peace”) than with the attainment of justice (termed “structural peace”), while members of the low-power group (in this case Palestinians) exhibit an opposite pattern. Yet both groups firmly and equally interpret peace as the termination of war and bloodshed (termed “negative peace”). Importantly, across societies, associating peace with negative peace more than with positive or structural peace predicts citizens’ desire for a solution that entails the partition of land (the Two-State Solution) whereas associating peace with structural or positive peace more than with negative peace predicts citizens’ desire to solve the conflict by sharing the land (the One-State Solution). This study demonstrates the theoretical and policy-relevant utility of studying how those most affected by war understand the concept of peace.

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Liebovitch, Larry S., Peter T. Coleman, and Joshua Fisher. "Approaches to Understanding Sustainable Peace: Qualitative Causal Loop Diagrams and Quantitative Mathematical Models." American Behavioral Scientist 64, no. 2 (July 4, 2019): 123–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764219859618.

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Scholarly research on peace has overwhelmingly focused on negative peace, or the absence of conflict, aggression, violence, and war. We seek to understand holistic peace systems, the political, economic, and social systems that sustain peaceful societies. We show how two methods can help us understand the properties and dynamics of such complex peace systems. Each method provides insights from different perspectives to help understand sustaining peace. The causal loop diagram helps us to identify the peace factors and the connections between them. The mathematical model helps us determine the quantitative results of the interactions between all the peace factors. Using these methods, we found that there is no single “leverage” factor that is the lynchpin in creating sustainable peace. Rather, the small effects of a large number of positive peace factors that support peace can collectively overcome the stronger emotional response to the negative conflict factors that jeopardize peace.

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13

Richmond, Oliver P. "The dilemmas of a hybrid peace: Negative or positive?" Cooperation and Conflict 50, no. 1 (June 12, 2014): 50–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836714537053.

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Simangan, Dahlia. "Domino Effect of Negative Hybrid Peace in Kosovo's Peacebuilding." Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 12, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 120–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2018.1423772.

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Simangan, Dahlia. "When hybridity breeds contempt: negative hybrid peace in Cambodia." Third World Quarterly 39, no. 8 (February 21, 2018): 1525–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2018.1438184.

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Hvidsten, Andreas H., and Kjersti Skarstad. "The challenge of human rights for peace research." International Theory 10, no. 1 (December 6, 2017): 98–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752971917000161.

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Human rights law posits a close, almost self-evident, relation between human rights and peace. Peace researchers, however, see this relation as an unsettled empirical question. In this essay, we consider the peace researchers’ (implicit) critique of human rights law. We argue that seeing the relation between human rights and peace as an empirical question rests on a largely unexamined conceptual separation of justice and peace. Re-investigating this conceptual relation reveals two positions that have different implications for human rights and peace: (1) a ‘negative’ understanding of peace as stability, and (2) a ‘positive’ understanding of peace as a working social contract. On the negative understanding, human rights may or may not be instrumentally effective in maintaining stability, which is rightly seen as an empirical question. On the positive understanding of peace, on the other hand, human rights are potentiallyconceptuallyrelated to peace, and the relation cannot be reduced to an empirical question. We argue that (2) is a better understanding of peace – at least the kind of peace envisioned in human rights philosophy – and provides a potential bridge between human rights scholarship and peace research.

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Adhikari, Debendra Prasad. "The Saga of Conflict Transformation and Peace Process in Nepal: A Unique Account." Journal of Education and Research 7, no. 2 (October 4, 2018): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jer.v7i2.21245.

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Transforming from conflict to a state of peace has been a global concern in the 21st century. Nepal involved in peace building process in a unique way. Nepal’s effort to solve armed conflict has proven to be a unique Nepali model in peace and conflict literature. This paper examines the context of armed conflict and the peace process in the light of managing combatants of the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) thereby contributing to the approach of transforming armed conflict into a state of global peace. For this purpose, I have used the meta-analysis to illuminate the situation of transformation from conflict to peace. Additionally, I have reflected on the ideas as a peace and human rights activist in Nepal. The paper concludes that the consensus among the conflicting parties to address the causes of armed conflict with their own ideas can uniquely contribute to conflict transformation and to establish negative peace. The reflection of this paper will pave the way for further research on peace education focusing on positive and negative peace in the post-conflict political context of the country.

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KACOWICZ, ARIE M. "‘Negative’ International Peace and Domestic Conflicts, West Africa, 1957–96." Journal of Modern African Studies 35, no. 3 (September 1997): 367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x97002474.

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Obayashi, Kazuhiro. "Distributional effects of political power-sharing arrangements and their negative consequences for post-agreement stability." Asian Journal of Comparative Politics 3, no. 2 (May 2, 2018): 109–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057891118765223.

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Most of the previous studies of power-sharing arrangements (PSAs) find the political PSA to be ineffective in stabilizing post-agreement peace. These studies argue that the political PSA is a signal that is not costly enough to moderate the information asymmetry or commitment problem among the signatories. In this article, I develop an alternative theory of the political PSA that identifies its “negative” effect on post-agreement stability by highlighting two issues that have attracted little attention in the previous studies, i.e. distributional effects of the political PSA and shifts in the bargaining power among the signatories. To assess the validity of the theory, I first conduct a logistic regression analysis of inclusion of political PSA provisions in peace agreements, and then conduct a survival analysis of post-agreement peace duration.

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Zeedan, Rami. "The Role of Military Service in the Integration/Segregation of Muslims, Christians and Druze within Israel." Societies 9, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc9010001.

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This study applies the negative peace/positive peace approach to internal nation-state relations between the majority and ethnic minority. This approach focuses on the policies implemented by the state. In order to understand the social system from its formation, an important focus should be given to the period of establishment of a new state, whereas physical borders are defined along with the borders of society, which determines who is included in the new nation and who is excluded. The conclusions are based on the case of the Israeli Druze, an ethnic minority with whom the state of Israel and its Jewish majority have achieved positive peace. This study suggests that the positive peace with the Druze was achieved following their integration in the army—as a decision of the state of Israel—that lead to their integration in the Israeli society. Conversely to the Israeli Muslims, where a negative peace is maintained, following the early year’s state policy to exclude them.

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Niesta, Daniela, Immo Fritsche, and Eva Jonas. "Mortality Salience and Its Effects on Peace Processes." Social Psychology 39, no. 1 (January 2008): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335.39.1.48.

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Abstract. The present paper offers a review of the relationship between existential individual threats and peace-hampering as well as peace-facilitating factors. An overwhelming bulk of literature on terror management theory (TMT) demonstrates negative effects of mortality salience such as derogation of outgroup members, prejudice, stereotyping, aggression, and racism. These negative reactions may be detrimental in peace-processes and critical in explaining intergroup conflicts, severe hostilities, and war. Complementary empirical insights derived from TMT, however, demonstrate positive effects of mortality salience (MS) that lead to prosocial reactions. The findings that are reviewed throughout this paper aim at reconciling the seemingly contradictory findings of antisocial and prosocial reactions to reminders of death. In concluding, a variety of conceivable interventions are discussed that may override genuinely detrimental consequences of MS and help to foster peace processes.

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Aji, M. Prakoso, and Jerry Indrawan. "UNDERSTANDING PEACE STUDIES AS PART OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS." Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara 9, no. 3 (December 13, 2019): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33172/jpbh.v9i3.645.

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Peace Studies is a discipline that is derived from International Relations. With the development of International Relations, they are dealing with cases related to conflicts and wars between states, as well as states with non-states. For this reason, Peace Studies was born so that it can focus on discussing issues surrounding conflict, war, and resolution efforts. Peace Studies in general are associated with the concept of conflict resolution. One method of conflict resolution in Peace Studies is the concept of conflict transformation. Conflict transformation is not only aimed at stopping conflict and to change patterns of negative relations between conflicting parties, but also to change the political, social and economic structure that causes the patterns of negative relations. Peace Studies offers a new analysis of how International Relations should look at the complexity of relations between actors. The author did not conduct field research related to this article, but conduct a conceptual research through literature study. The purpose of this article is to see how Peace Studies can help answer problems in International Relations related to conflicts or wars that occur internationally.Keywords: peace studies, conflict, armed conflict, violence, and conflict transformation

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Cha, Kyeong Min, So Young Kang, So Yeon Hyun, Jae Sung Noh, Yun Mi Shin, and Nam Hee Kim. "Mediating effect of interpersonal coping on meaning in spirituality and quality of life and the influences of depression and anxiety thereon in cancer patients." Palliative and Supportive Care 17, no. 04 (November 5, 2018): 388–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951518000731.

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AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate associations among spirituality, coping strategies, quality of life (QOL), and the effects of depression and anxiety thereon in cancer patients.MethodIn total, 237 cancer patients referred to a psycho-oncology clinic at a university hospital in Korea were enrolled. After identifying predictors of patient QOL in a stepwise regression model, we developed a hypothetical path model wherein interpersonal coping was considered as a mediating variable between spirituality (meaning/peace) and QOL and wherein depression and anxiety affected each of these three variables.ResultThe direct effect of spirituality (meaning/peace) on QOL was 36.7%. In an indirect model, interpersonal coping significantly mediated the relationship between spirituality (meaning/peace) and QOL. Depression exerted the largest negative effect on spirituality (meaning/peace), interpersonal coping, and QOL. Anxiety had negative effects on spirituality (meaning/peace) and QOL, but a positive effect on interpersonal coping.Significance of resultsInterpersonal coping strategies work as a partial mediator of the relationship between meaning/peace subscales of spirituality and QOL. Effective management of depression may help in achieving better outcomes associated therewith. Greater attention and efforts to improve social connectedness and meaning of life in spiritual well-being may improve the QOL of cancer patients.

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Benitez, Rick. "Plato's Conception of Peace." Theoria 66, no. 159 (July 1, 2019): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/th.2019.6615902.

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This article examines some of the ways in which Plato conveys a concern with peace and what conceptions of peace he has a concern with. I first consider Plato’s attitude to war (πόλεμος) and its conventional opposite, peace (εἰρήνη). In this context we find very little concern with peace at all and, by contrast, a somewhat disturbing emphasis on the importance of war. However, if we turn from war to a different type of conflict, faction (στάσις), we find a distinct difference. Plato considers faction unproductive because of the internal divisions it sustains. Yet Plato does not specifically call the opposite of faction ‘peace’; instead, he uses terms that have different extensions for us, such as δικαιοσύνη (‘justice’). Nevertheless, it is possible to outline a positive Platonic conception of peace by tabling a set a of peace-related terms. I distinguish three categories of terms that describe (1) conditions of peace (or negative peace), (2) dispositions of peacefulness, and (3) relations of peace, where such relations result from the expression of peaceful dispositions. My examination suggests that positive peace, for Plato, is founded on the unity and integrity of character. Only when individuals are at peace with themselves can peace within society be achieved.

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Saputra, Wahyu Nanda Eka, Agus Supriyanto, Budi Astuti, Yulia Ayriza, Sofwan Adiputra, Augusto Da Costa, and Dr Ediyanto. "Peace Counseling Approach (PCA) to Reduce Negative Aggressive Behavior of Students." Universal Journal of Educational Research 8, no. 2 (February 2020): 631–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2020.080236.

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Bjarnegård, Elin, and Erik Melander. "Disentangling gender, peace and democratization: the negative effects of militarized masculinity." Journal of Gender Studies 20, no. 2 (June 2011): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2011.565194.

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Roberts, David. "Post-conflict Statebuilding and State Legitimacy: From Negative to Positive Peace?" Development and Change 39, no. 4 (July 2008): 537–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2008.00495.x.

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Clark, Janine Natalya. "From Negative to Positive Peace: The Case of Bosnia and Hercegovina." Journal of Human Rights 8, no. 4 (November 17, 2009): 360–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14754830903332434.

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Ali, Aiman Amjad, Fozia BiBi, and Muhammad Imran Ashraf. "Trump’s Middle East Peace Plan: Prospects and Challenges." Global Strategic & Securities Studies Review V, no. II (June 30, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(v-ii).01.

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President Trump’s Middle East Peace Plan is tilted in favour of Israel. The prime motivation behind it is to put a favourable end to the long-standing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The Peace Plan has drawn great global response with those terming the Peace Plan as unreasonable outnumbering those who claim that the Peace Plan is devised to perfection. Despite the negative public opinion, President Trump still happens to be very confident about the prospects of his Peace Plan. The Peace Plan has very conveniently diverted attention from the domestic politics of both, President Trump and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and is thereby, suspected to be a part of another possible political strategy. With a multitude of players in action, this paper shall attempt to draw a comprehensive account of all the prospects of Trump’s Middle East Peace Plan.

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Hoffman, Blake, Paul F. Diehl, Andrew Owsiak, Gary Goertz, and Yahve Gallegos. "What’s So Peaceful about Asian Peace?" International Studies Review 19, no. 1 (October 19, 2018): 49–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-01901003.

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Previous work on an Asian peace has been imprecise on where, when, and why it occurs. This study examines different levels of state-based peace starting with the absence of war; unlike other treatments, however, we examine the incidence of civil war as well as the traditional interstate war. We then consider a more stringent threshold for peace, focusing on the absence or diminution of violent conflicts short of war, specifically incidents of militarized disputes and lesser conflicts. Finally, we look a broader conception of peace (“positive peace”) and examine all state relationships in Asia along a peace scale, which ranges from serious rivalries to negative peace to integrated security communities. Our findings indicate the strongest evidence for Asian peace with respect to avoiding interstate war. Nevertheless, there are significant conflicts involving violence and the threat of military force that persist in the region. A number of rivalries, many of them long-standing, continue to raise the specter of war. In addition, positive peace in Asia is rare for interstate relations and isolated to a few states for internal peace.

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Cardozo, Mieke T. A. Lopes. "Sri Lanka: In Peace or in Pieces? A Critical Approach to Peace Education in Sri Lanka." Research in Comparative and International Education 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/rcie.2008.3.1.19.

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This article seeks to explore the ‘two faces of education’ through a critical analysis of peace education in Sri Lanka. It aims to contribute to the wider debate on the complex role of education in situations of conflict. The article starts with an overview of what peace education is, or should be. This leads to the conclusion that peace education cannot succeed in isolation, and needs to be incorporated in a multilevel process of peacebuilding. Further analysis draws from Bush & Saltarelli's notion of the ‘two faces of education’, combined with Lynn Davies's notion of ‘war education’. These notions help to explain to what extent (peace) education in Sri Lanka contributes to positive or negative conflict, or, in other words, which one of the two ‘faces’ is most prominent. The positive side of education is employed through inter-group encounters, the stimulation of self-esteem and a ‘peaceful school environment’. Through dialogue and understanding, these initiatives stimulate a desegregation of a very segregated school system and society. However, these positive initiatives remain limited. Other, more structural issues, tend to work towards the negative face of education, by fostering segregation, fear and bias rather than counteracting them. These issues form pressing challenges for peace educators and policy makers in Sri Lanka. Critically informed research and evaluation should provide guidelines for well-thought through peace education initiatives, by working towards a combination of critical theory and problem-solving approaches to deliver both critical and hands-on guidelines for further peace education initiatives.

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Oakes, James. "What's Wrong with “Negative Liberty”." Law & Social Inquiry 21, no. 01 (1996): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1996.tb00010.x.

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On 5 January 1879, the Chicago Tribune published an interview with Karl Marx that had been conducted in London a few weeks earlier. In the course of the interview Marx clarified the platform of the International Society as it had been established at Gotha in 1875. The platform was a litany of liberal reforms: universal male suffrage in all elections, popular referenda on issues of war and peace, the abolition of a standing army matched by universal military duty, the abolition of all laws regulating the press and public assemblies, free legal counsel and jury trials, universal public education, freedom of science and religion, a progressive income tax, legal restrictions on the length of the working day, the abolition of child labor, sanitary laws guaranteeing the safety of the living and working conditions of labor, and restrictions on prison labor.

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Battaglino, Jorge Mario. "The coexistence of peace and conflict in South America: toward a new conceptualization of types of peace." Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 55, no. 2 (December 2012): 131–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-73292012000200008.

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South America's predominant democratic regimes and its increasing interdependence on regional trade have not precluded the emergence of militarized crises between Colombia and Venezuela or the revival of boundary claims between Chile and Peru. This way, how can we characterize a zone that, in spite of its flourishing democracy and dense economic ties, remain involved in territorial disputes for whose resolution the use of force has not yet been discarded? This article contends that existing classifications of zones of peace are not adequate to explain this unusual coexistence. Thus, its main purpose is to develop a new analytical category of regional peace for assessing this phenomenon: the hybrid peace. It aims to research the evolution of security systems in South America during the previous century and build a new, threefold classification of peace zones: negative peace zones, hybrid peace zones, and positive peace zones.

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Besley, Timothy, and Hannes Mueller. "Estimating the Peace Dividend: The Impact of Violence on House Prices in Northern Ireland." American Economic Review 102, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 810–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.2.810.

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This article exploits data on the pattern of violence across regions and over time to estimate the impact of the peace process in Northern Ireland on house prices. After establishing a negative correlation between killings and house prices, we estimate the parameters of a Markov switching model with conflict and peace as latent states. We use the model to estimate the size of the peace dividend as captured in house price changes. (JEL D74, R23, R31)

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Ruth-Heffelbower, Duane. "Local Capacities for Peace Meets Conflict Resolution Practice." Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 1, no. 1 (September 2002): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15423166.2002.792434939906.

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Relief and development workers have not seen themselves as doing peacebuilding until recently, and have noted the negative impact of aid in many cases. This article suggests how the Local Capacities for Peace Project (LCPP) model can be informed by conflict resolution practice to create relief and development interventions leading to peace.

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Dr. Bakht Rawan and Syed Inam ur Rahman. "Comparative Frame Analysis of Coverage of Kashmir Conflict in Indian and Pakistani Newspapers from War/Peace Journalism Perspective." sjesr 3, no. 2 (June 28, 2020): 338–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss2-2020(338-345).

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The study analyzes press coverage of Kashmir conflict in Indian and Pakistani leading English newspapers from war/peace journalism perspective. The results show that print media of both the countries were more war-oriented than peace. They were following respective national policies in reporting the Kashmir conflict. War journalism indicators in the coverage of the conflict had outnumbered the peace-journalism indicators. The results confirm previous research studies’ findings regarding the role (negative) of national media in de-escalation of inter-state conflicts. It indicates that conventional media prioritizes coverage of possible conflict scenario in war frames and ignores peace approaches and hence fuels the conflicts further.

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Knox, Colin, and Seamus McCrory. "Consolidating peace: Rethinking the community relations model in Northern Ireland." Administration 66, no. 3 (August 1, 2018): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/admin-2018-0025.

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Abstract Northern Ireland has now moved from ‘negative’ peace (the absence of violence, largely) to ‘positive’ peace (confidence-building measures to consolidate gains in voting practice and in reducing discrimination against the minority community in employment and housing allocation). This transition has involved funders at the European, regional and local levels investing in peace and reconciliation measures to consolidate political gains made since the Belfast (Good Friday) Agreement in 1998. This paper examines the achievements made to date, the extent to which they have resulted in a peace dividend for those most impacted by the violence, and whether the focus of peace-building interventions should shift away from the traditional community relations model. It finds that the reformed local authorities in Northern Ireland and the border regions could play a pivotal role in making a significant difference to peace-building through new legal powers in community planning.

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Husain, Taha. "A Study on the Attainment of Regional Peace: Insinuation of Johan Galtung’s Philosophy of Peace in Southeast Asian Countries." Advances in Social Science and Culture 1, no. 1 (May 4, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/assc.v1n1p1.

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The purpose of this study is to scrutinize the insinuation of Galtung’s “positive” and “negative” peace in southeast Asian countries. Applying the qualitative research methodology and a case study approach, this study finds a relation of Galtung’s’ peace theory and peaceful coexistence in contemporary Southeast Asian nations. This study reveals that the southeast Asian nation-states beneath the authority of ASEAN’s regionalism have efficaciously been managed its negative peace since the 1970s. The execution of positive peace, on the other hand, had instigated with the enactment of treaty, accord and agreement since the 1980s. This regional organization has taken numerous strategies, which contributes to speed up its economy, improve social lifespan and develop a culture of peace in this area. The zone which was once well-known for its mutual confrontation, hostility and conflict, has now converted diplomatic. Its non-coercive approaches, soft diplomacy and, nuclear nonproliferation has now turned into a pioneer characteristic for the conflict-prone regions of the world.

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Covell, Katherine, Linda Rose-Krasnor, and Kitty Fletcher. "Age Differences in Understanding Peace, War, and Conflict Resolution." International Journal of Behavioral Development 17, no. 4 (December 1994): 717–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502549401700409.

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Children's and adolescents' understanding of conflict and strategies for peace were assessed in response to concerns raised during the Gulf War. The sample comprised 156 schoolchildren aged 7-18 years. Major findings included a unilinear developmental progression in understanding the concept of war and peace. There was a tendency for the younger children to have concepts of war which broadly incorporated many negative aspects and to cite government rather than individuals as having responsibility for ensuring peace. The older children were more likely than the younger children to express the belief that there should be no intervention in others' conflicts. Age differences in strategies for resolving conflict and establishing peace between individuals were found to be greater than developmental differences in strategies for conflict and peace between countries. There was little evidence for assuming that children develop a strategy for resolving conflicts which is generalised across interpersonal and international domains. Across ages, the concept of peace was specified less well than the concept of war, although the overall patterns of findings suggest that most children understand peace.

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Rainey, Brian. "“Their Peace or Prosperity”." Journal of Ancient Judaism 6, no. 2 (May 14, 2015): 158–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/21967954-00602002.

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This article contends that “hereditary punishment,” defined as, “biblical scenarios in which an act committed by a person or a group of people has negative effects on the descendants of that person or people” is the most prominent rationale offered for the exclusion of foreigners, or “people(s) of the land(s)” in Ezra 9–10 and Nehemiah 13. Whereas some exegetes contend that Ezra-Nehemiah excludes these foreigners due to a fear that “idolatrous” religious practices will proliferate among the Exile community, this article looks at how the appeals to Leviticus 18 and 20 in Ezra 9 and to Deuteronomy 23 in Nehemiah 13 reveal that these foreigners have been excluded because they committed offenses against Yahweh or the Exile community for which they and their descendants should be punished. Ezra 9, by referencing concepts found in Leviticus 18 and 20, claims that the local non-Judean population should be excluded because they committed “abominations” and thereby defiled the land. Nehemiah 13:1–3, by referencing Deut 23:4–9, claims that these foreigners should be excluded because they acted like Ammon and Moab by obstructing the Exile community’s restoration. As a result, it is unclear whether or not Ezra-Nehemiah excludes all foreigners from the Exile community or whether the exclusion is limited to non-Judeans in close proximity, who were perceived to have committed an offense of some kind.

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Soegijono, Simon Pieter. "Papalele: Dangerous Encounter and Transaction in Conflict." KOMUNITAS: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 7, no. 2 (June 3, 2015): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v7i2.4520.

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The true peace is still being fought in various countries, indeed Indonesia. It relates with the pluralism life as the main constraint recently. So it is important to raise the individual and community awareness to pluralism. Thus, peace becomes important factor for any country with various identity like Indonesia. This Peace is related to some value, as follows: mutual respect and sense of tolerence to face the conflict of religion, ethnicity and race that takes place at this time. At recent, numerous attempts have done by government, education institution, non-governmental organization, and others independent stakeholder. The strategy of peace recovery can be done by formal activities, like: workshop, training, seminar, focus group discussion, etc. However, it appears negative impression of the results which is not optimal. In spite of the efforts to build peace, this paper as the research give an idea contribution to peace on the empirical level and informal that was built by micro business in Ambon City. They are known as papalele. Papalele provides essential lessons about peace from economic activity; without religion, etnicity ang race. Despite, their role was not considered various stakeholder at that time and became untold story in peace building in Ambon City, in fact they are true peace bridge.

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Dogus, Yurdagul. "A qualitative research on organizational peace in schools." Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences 14, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 661–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v11i4.4486.

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The concept of organisational peace is a dynamic situation that can develop through open communication, whose main elements are justice, trust and goodwill, and affect the peace and happiness of individuals. Organisational peace consists of two dimensions such as ‘internal organisational peace’ and ‘external organisational peace’. ‘Internal organisational peace’, which is formed by relations and conditions within the organisation itself, is influenced by four factors such as individual, organisational, managerial and job characteristics. The ‘external organisational peace’, which is formed by the organisation's relations with others, stems from the direct–indirect, optional or obligatory interactions of the organisation. External organisational peace is influenced by five factors such as hierarchical relations, close environment, other organisations, society and global relations. This research is the first study that provides a conceptual framework for the concept of organisational peace and examines the concept of organisational peace empirically. The aim of this study is to determine the views of teachers in the ‘internal organisational peace’ dimension in schools. The research was carried out in the phenomenological design of qualitative research methods. The study group consisted of 10 teachers selected by the criterion sampling method. Teachers explain the concept of organisational peace with happiness, common goals, cooperation, justice, comfort, democratic values, harmony, respect and healthy communication. Factors that promote ‘internal organisational peace’ are positive personality, job satisfaction, fair practices, effective organisational communication, competencies of managers and good physical conditions of the job. Factors that prevent ‘internal organisational peace’ are negative personality, violent behaviour, unfair management, closed communication and bad physical conditions of the job. Keywords: Organisational peace, school, Turkey.

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Ide, Tobias, and Adrien Detges. "International Water Cooperation and Environmental Peacemaking." Global Environmental Politics 18, no. 4 (November 2018): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00478.

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Proponents of the environmental peacemaking approach argue that environmental cooperation has the potential to improve relations between states. This is because such cooperation facilitates common problem solving, cultivates interdependence, and helps to build trust and understanding. But as of now, very few cross-case studies on environmental peacemaking exist. Furthermore, much of the available literature understands peace in negative terms as the mere absence of acute conflict. This article addresses both shortcomings by studying the impact of international water cooperation on transitions toward more peaceful interstate relations. To do so, we combine information on positive water-related interactions between states with the peace scale, a recent data set measuring the degree of positive and negative peace between states. For the period 1956–2006, we find that a higher number of positive, water-related interactions in the previous ten years makes a shift toward more peaceful interstate relations more likely. This is particularly the case for state pairs that are not in acute conflict with each other.

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Lu, Luo, and Shu-Fang Kao. "Striving for Positive Aging Among Chinese Older People: Effects of Life Stress and Control Beliefs in a Longitudinal Study." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 86, no. 4 (October 9, 2017): 382–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091415017732972.

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We examined effects of life stress and control beliefs on a constellation of subjective indicators of well-being for older people, including meaning in life, happiness, peace of mind, and positive aging perception. The Chinese cultural background provided the sociocultural milieu for the present study. In a longitudinal study, 301 older Chinese adults completed a questionnaire survey twice, 6 months apart. Regression analyses found that stress caused by major life-changing events (acute) and financial hardship (chronic) were consistent negative predictors of all well-being indicators. Furthermore, primary control belief (tenacious goal pursuit) amplified the negative impacts of life events on happiness and peace of mind. Secondary control belief (submitting to circumstances), in contrast, acted as a buffer that alleviated the deleterious effects of financial hardship on peace of mind and meaning in life. Noting the threats of unfavorable life circumstances and the potency of secondary control belief for older Chinese people, theoretical and cultural implications were discussed.

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Afriyandi, Rikho. "Analisis Ujaran Kebencian dalam Bermedia Sosial: Kajian atas Semangat Perdamaian dalam Al-Quran." Journal of Islamic Civilization 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33086/jic.v3i1.1893.

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Hate speech has a negative effect on everyone. Social media plays a role in opening up space in expressing opinions in cyberspace. The development of technology with the opening of communication access seems to disturb the peace. The hope of a safe, peaceful and harmonious life is disturbed by the spread of hate speech. Al-Quran as a way of life is important to be re-presented in reducing hate speech and its negative effects. The purpose of this article is to analyze hate speech in social media and find the spirit of peace in the Koran. The method used is library. The results and discussion reveal that hate speech is spread in various ways and in various forms. Al-Quran forbids every individual to make hate speech and provide solutions by presenting the spirit of peace, namely: by speaking noble, full of courtesy and respect (qoulan karima), telling the truth or the truth (qoulan sadidan), and speaking weakly. soft (qoulan layyina).

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DRUCKMAN, DANIEL, and CECILIA ALBIN. "Distributive justice and the durability of peace agreements." Review of International Studies 37, no. 3 (July 13, 2010): 1137–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210510000549.

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AbstractThis study explores the relationship between principles of distributive justice (DJ) and the durability of negotiated agreements. Sixteen peace agreements negotiated during the early 1990s were coded for the centrality of each of four principles of DJ – equality, proportionality, compensation, and need – to the core terms of the agreement. The agreements were also assessed on scales of implementation and durability over a five-year period. Another variable included in the analysis was the difficulty of the conflict environment. These data were used to evaluate three sets of hypotheses: the relationship between DJ and durability, the role of the conflict environment, and types of DJ principles. The results obtained from both statistical and focused-comparison analyses indicate that DJ moderates the relationship between conflict environments and outcomes: when principles of justice arecentral toan agreement, the negative effects of difficult conflict environments are reduced; when principles are not central, the negative effects of difficulty are heightened. These relationships are accounted for primarily by one of the four DJ principles – equality. Implications of these findings are discussed along with a number of ideas for further research.

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Lefler, Ashley. "Building Peace in South Sudan." Potentia: Journal of International Affairs 6 (October 1, 2015): 48–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/potentia.v6i0.4416.

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The outbreak of violence in South Sudan in December 2013 has enlarged ethnic divides and reversed the development advances the young nation has struggled to achieve since independence; while the continued deadlock in the IGAD-led negotiation process provides little hope of a negotiated peace settlement. A peacebuilding strategy that takes into account the context-specific circumstances of this intra-state conflict enhances the opportunity for peace and development in South Sudan, and provides the international community an opportunity to contribute to peace in a meaningful way. Limited capacity, deep and persistent ethnic divisions, corruption and a long memory of brutality within the civilian population complicate prospects for peace in the country. An examination of recent peacebuilding efforts in South Sudan reveals a fragmented and provisional approach. Using the framework of Ali and Matthews, this paper outlines a peacebuilding strategy for South Sudan that addresses root causes, consequences and legacies of the conflict, while taking into consideration the unique country specific circumstances. Recognizing the need to move from negative to positive peace, this paper prioritizes security and political arrangements as essential prerequisites for success in economic development and justice and reconciliation. The role of the international community, regional/sub-regional organizations and global civil society.

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Meinert, John. "Peace and the Transcendentals: The Case of Thomas Aquinas." European Journal for the Study of Thomas Aquinas 37, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 18–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ejsta-2019-0002.

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Abstract In both the 20th and 21st centuries, there has been a lively debate concerning beauty’s transcendental status in Aquinas’ thought. Nobody, however, has noticed that this debate can be replicated with peace. Peace’s place vis-à-vis the transcendentals is also ambiguous. This paper argues that peace is not an independent transcendental, but a transcendental of the good. In peace’s positive and negative rationes, union/order and rest/tranquility, it is reduced to the transcendental good. Yet through this reduction, peace adds conceptual content to ens. Inasmuch as something is, it is ordered/in union. Inasmuch as something is, it is at rest/tranquil.

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McLernon, Frances, Neil Ferguson, and Ed Cairns. "Comparison of Northern Irish Children’s Attitudes to War and Peace Before and After the Paramilitary Ceasefires." International Journal of Behavioral Development 20, no. 4 (May 1997): 715–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502597385144.

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This study compares the attitudes of young people in Northern Ireland to conflict and conflict resolution, before and after the 1994 ceasefire announcements. Content analysis on the responses of 117 adolescents aged 14-15 years showed differences in their attitudes to war and peace and in their strategies to attain peace. Concepts of war as static and unchanging showed a significant difference after the ceasefire. In addition, the perception of war as a struggle between national leaders before the ceasefire shifted significantly to a more general view of war in terms of war activities and their negative consequences. Perceptions of peace as “active” showed a marked swing after the ceasefire to a more abstract view of peace as freedom, justice, and liberty after the ceasefire. Before the ceasefire, adolescents were reluctant to provide strategies to attain peace, but after the ceasefire, strategies were suggested with more confidence. Results also indicated that adolescents prefer an alternative to violence in the resolution of conflict. Although the proportion of adolescents who said the country was at peace did not change significantly after the ceasefire, the percentage who expressed ambivalent feelings about the status of Northern Ireland in terms of peace increased significantly. This suggests that, at the time of this study, many young people had not fully accepted the reality of the peace process.

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Hunt, Charles T., and Shannon Zimmerman. "Twenty Years of the Protection of Civilians in UN Peace Operations." Journal of International Peacekeeping 23, no. 1-2 (October 9, 2019): 50–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-20200004.

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The Protection of Civilians (PoC) has been part of United Nations (UN) peace operations for twenty years. Today, PoC is irrefutably a ‘centre of gravity’ for how UN peace operations see and portray themselves. Despite negative perceptions, a great deal of progress has been made in how missions prepare for and respond to the demands of protection mandates. For the vulnerable populations they serve, mandates to protect raise expectations and provide hope that peacekeepers will safeguard them. Yet efforts to implement PoC mandates have encountered a range of problems, which peace operations have struggled to address. This article critically reflects on the past two decades of promoting, planning for and practicing protection in UN peace operations. It argues that while the achievements are many, significant challenges remain and much more must be done to deliver on this cardinal obligation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Negative Peace'

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