Academic literature on the topic 'Negative politeness'
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Journal articles on the topic "Negative politeness"
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Jucker, Andreas H. "Positive and negative face as descriptive categories in the history of English." Understanding Historical (Im)Politeness 12, no. 1-2 (May 23, 2011): 178–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhp.12.1-2.08juc.
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Studies in the history of politeness in English have generally relied on the notions of positive and negative face. While earlier work argued that a general trend from positive politeness to negative politeness can be observed, more recent work has shown that in Old English and in Middle English face concerns were not as important as in Modern English and that, in certain contexts, there are also opposing tendencies from negative to positive politeness. In this paper, I focus in more detail on the notions of positive and negative face and follow up earlier suggestions that for negative face a clear distinction must be made between deference politeness and non-imposition politeness. On this basis, I assess the usefulness of the notions of positive and negative face for the development of politeness in the history of English.
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Dlali, Mawande. "Negative politeness and requests in isiXhosa." South African Journal of African Languages 21, no. 3-4 (January 2001): 366–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2001.10587485.
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Hickey, Leo. "Politeness in Translation between English and Spanish." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2000): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.12.2.03hic.
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Abstract If we accept Brown and Levinson’s distinction between positive and negative politeness, it would seem justifiable to accept also that Britain tends to be a negative-politeness society whereas Spain tends towards positive politeness. The paper asks how positive-politeness readers (Spaniards) react to examples of negative (or English) politeness when translated literally. It reports on a smallscale experiment carried out to see how such readers reacted to translations from English of samples of negative politeness and poses the question whether translators (continue to) translate the locutionary dimension (the words) of such texts rather than attempt to convey the illocutionary force (the acts of politeness being performed).
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Beschieru, Mihaela. "Changes in the Classroom Discourse: Negative Politeness and Impoliteness." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausp-2021-0012.
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Abstract The paper focuses on changes identified in the classroom discourse in terms of the teacher–student relations. While traditional classroom relations relied on teacher’s authority and control in the classroom, the current situation indicates a shift in the power relations existing in the class. The paper aims to analyse some of these changes by studying politeness and ways of expressing negative politeness and impoliteness. It starts by defining politeness as conflict-free communication, and then moves to negative politeness and impoliteness, applying these two concepts in the interpretation of the classroom discourse. The data used for the analysis were collected during English and history classes in a high school in Romania. The paper draws on Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson’s (1987 [1978]) concept of negative politeness and on Derek Bousfield’s (2008) impoliteness theory. The data reveal that the most common negative politeness strategies in the classroom discourse use indirect speech acts, questions and hedges, minimizing the imposition and impersonalizing. I argue that while teachers use mainly politeness strategies, students use impoliteness strategies as a way of claiming power. Thus, they can be disruptive and show lack of interest; they interrupt or take the floor at a wrong time; they sometimes dismiss, contest, or refuse the teacher’s indications and often challenge the teacher’s authority; at times, they are also rude towards their own peers in trying to demonstrate their superiority.
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Windika, Witria. "An Analysis of Politeness Strategies of Disagreement: The Case of Students of English Education Study Program in one State Islamic University in Sumatera, Indonesia." Edukasi: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran 6, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 260–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/ejpp.v6i1.3132.
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The pupoposes of this study were (1) to find out the realizations of politeness strategies of disagreement by the sixth semester students of English Education students of Islamic State University in Sumatera, and (2) to figure out the most common types of politeness strategy used by them. The study employed qualitative research. The data were taken through a written test and Discourse Completion Test (DCT). The sample was taken by using cluster random sampling method which consisted of 12 male students and 12 female students. The study revealed that female and male English language learners experienced four types of politeness strategy: positive politeness, negative politeness, bald-on-record politeness, and off-record politeness with negative politeness as the most frequent strategy used by female and male English language learners. The result of the study showed that negative politeness was dominant politeness strategy which had value of 63,33%. The second place was bald-on-record (23,33%), the third place was positive politeness (11,67%), and the last one was off-record (1,67%). The conclusion of this study indicated that in expressing politeness strategy for disagreement, both female and male respondents tended to perform negative politeness strategy.
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Akuka, Benedict S., Christiana Hammond, and Albert A. Wornyo. "Politeness in Parliamentary Discourse: An Analysis of the Hansard of the Parliament of Ghana." Studies in Linguistics and Literature 5, no. 4 (September 26, 2021): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sll.v5n4p1.
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This study investigates politeness in parliamentary discourse in Ghana. Using politeness theory as framework and the parliamentary Hansard as source of data, the study examines the politeness strategies employed by parliamentary actors, the implications of the frequency of the usage of the politeness strategies, and how the Standing Orders of Parliament determine the choice of a politeness strategy. Findings of the study show that political actors in the Parliament of Ghana use the bald on-record, the positive, the negative and the off-record politeness strategies in varied proportions. The study further reveals that the negative politeness strategy is the most frequently used politeness strategy with the Speaker being the highest user of the negative and the bald on-record politeness strategies. Again, the study found out that the off-record politeness strategy is the least used strategy. The Majority Members in Parliament use the highest frequency of the positive politeness strategies while the Minority Members of Parliament employ more negative politeness strategies. The study concludes that parliamentary discourse in Ghana employs more of the direct explicit polite expressions than the indirect implicit expressions of politeness. The study recommends that researchers should pay critical attention to the politeness phenomenon in parliamentary discourse.
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Syah, Nur Aini. "POLITENESS STRATEGY PERFORMED IN SATU JAM LEBIH DEKAT TALK SHOW ON TV ONE: A PRAGMATIC APPROACH." ELTALL: English Language Teaching, Applied Linguistic and Literature 2, no. 1 (March 19, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21154/eltall.v2i1.2727.
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Talk show program on TV One is a program that uses language as a means of communication. To create the success of cummunication, it needs a strategy. This study aims to find out the politeness srategies used in Satu Jam Lebih Dekat talk show on TV One. The method used in this article is descriptive qualitative method. The data source of this research is oral data source, which is focused on the speeches between the presenter, interviewees, and mystery guest with the sources from a number of ministers in our country by downloading on the site www.youtube.com. For data analysis technique, the researcher used the contextual method with the pragmatic competence-in-dividing. And for the theory, the researcher focuses on politeness strategies by Brown Levinson's theory (1987: 94).The results indicate that there are 16 types of politeness strategies of Satu Jam Lebih Dekat program namely Bald on record, Positive Politeness-attend to hearer, Positive Politeness-intensify interest, Positive Politeness-use group identify marker, Positive Politeness-seek agreement, Positive Politeness-avoid disagreement, Positive Politeness-assert speaker’s knowledge, Positive Politeness-include both speaker and hearer in activity, Positive Politeness-give or ask reasons, Positive Politeness-give gifts, Negative Politeness-be conventionally indirect, Negative Politeness-question, hedge, Negative Politeness-give deference, Negative Politeness-impersonalize speaker and hearer, Off record-give hints, and Off record-give association clues. The most dominant use of politeness strategy is positive politeness-asking an agreement with the 42 percentage. The politeness strategies of this speech acts support the effectiveness of talk show and will minimize threats, protect, and extract information from interviewees without any compulsion due to the use of this politeness strategy.
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Hobjilă, Angelica. "Positive Politeness and Negative Politeness in Didactic Communication – Landmarks in Teaching Methodology." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 63 (October 2012): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.10.032.
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Kornielaieva, Yevheniia. "POLITENESS PHENOMENON." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 32, no. 1 (April 3, 2019): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/3212.
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The present article deals with the problem of human interaction which serves the subject of such sciences as linguistics, pragmatics as well as psychology, sociology, anthropology, so on. Human interaction is also studied within Politeness Theory once developed by P. Brown and St. Levinson. Politeness Theory has become quite influential as it is aimed at redressing of offences to a person’s self-image, or face, by face-threatening acts. According to P. Brown and St. Levinson, politeness is a universal concept. It is the powerful means that helps the speaker to express his intentions and mitigate face threats carried by his face-threatening acts to the listener. Therefore, politeness makes it possible for the speaker to save his own face and the face of his partner of communication. In other words, politeness ensures the rights of communicants not to be interfered with and to be approved of. These rights make up positive and negative face of a communicant. Positive face implies the interactant’s desire to be appreciated and to be approved of while negative face presents the want to be unimpeded by others. These two related aspects determine the strategies of positive and negative politeness that are aimed at reinforcing the positive image of a communicant and at preserving their independence. On the whole, politeness provide mutual comfort and harmonious flow of human interaction. The same idea is supported by G. Leech, G. Kasper, B. Fraser, P. Grice who develops Cooperative Principle of polite communication. Being a universal concept politeness is realised through a set of strategies. The author of the article calls such point of view on politeness “western-oriented”. As for Russian and Ukrainian linguists, they see politeness as speech etiquette which is released in speech formulae. Choosing this or that speech etiquette formula, communicants establish, support and terminate the contact in accordance with socially accepted rules of conversation, thus, making their interaction pleasant and friendly. Politeness is not regarded as a set of strategies, but only as politeness formulae.
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Azwan. "SOCIAL DIMENSIONS ON POLITENESS STRATEGIES OF REFUSALS USED BY AMBONESE AND AMERICAN." Journal of Education, Linguistics, Literature and Language Teaching 4, no. 01 (July 31, 2021): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33059/ellite.v4i01.3888.
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The aims of this study were to identify the politeness strategies used by Ambonese and Americans in refusing requests, as well as the effects of social relationships. A descriptive qualitative approach was used in the study. The data of American conversations were collected from youtube.com and direct observation by recording conversations between interlocutors by 20 respondents of Ambonese in any situation. The data was analyzed and classified using six politeness systems by Yassi, and politeness strategies by Brown and Levinson. The results show that in interactions between strangers, Ambonese people tend to use a bald on record strategy, which is frequently combined with a negative politeness strategy, whereas Americans tend to use a negative politeness strategy, which includes expressing apology followed by a direct expression of refusal or using off-record strategy. In an intimate relationship, Ambonese people tend to use positive politeness strategies, whereas Americans tend to use off-record strategies and negative politeness strategies. In a hierarchal relationship, Ambonese tend to use negative politeness strategies by inferior to superior person, while Americans tend to use negative politeness strategies or off record strategies. Culturally, Ambonese people were influenced by local wisdom to maintain solidarity in responding and addressing, which is called Pela Gandong, whereas Americans were influenced by the freedom to express themselves.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Negative politeness"
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Nagatomi, Ayumi. "Pedagogical implications of negative questions in Japanese." Connect to this title online, 1999. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1116614736.
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AL, Salti Rawan. "Politeness strategies in the film North and South." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-74777.
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Politeness theory, developed by Brown and Levinson, has been applied to literature in linguistic research for in-depth analysis of discourse, whether written or spoken. Based on my understanding of politeness and the different politeness strategies suggested in the literature, this paper analyzes the different strategies mostly used by the main characters of the televised version of the novel North and South (1855), written by Elizabeth Gaskell, by focusing on some parts of the conversations in the televised version (2004), in terms of gender, social class and situation. The result shows that the film characters mostly resort to on-record and positive politeness strategies, while negative politeness and off-record strategies are less used in the conversations, which supports the story ambition to bridge gender and social gaps. The analysis demonstrates that much of our understanding of character motives in a novel/film relies on the way politeness strategies credibly reflect our experience and how strategies in interaction commonly work as theoretically described.
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Hilbig, Inga. "Lietuvių ir anglų lingvistinis mandagumas: prašymai." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20091228_152402-13334.
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Ši daktaro disertacija yra iš lingvistinio mandagumo – lingvistinės pragmatikos srities. Tyrimo objektas – sakytiniai prašymai. Tikslas – ištirti ir sugretinti lietuvių ir anglų prašymų mandagumo strategijas bei jų realizacijas, nustatyti ir paaiškinti tirtų kalbų atstovų prašymų panašumus bei skirtumus.
Tiriamoji medžiaga gauta eksperimentiniu diskurso kūrimu testu – atvirosiomis anketomis su prašyti skatinančių situacijų scenarijais. Respondentai – aukštųjų mokyklų studentai: 100 lietuvių ir 100 anglų. Medžiagos klasifikacijai ir analizei naudota Blum-Kulkos ir kt. (1989) sistema, sukurta tirti prašymui kaip pasakymų sekai, sudarytam iš prašymo branduolio (minimalaus ilokucinės jo galios realizacijos vieneto) ir papildomų vidinių bei išorinių modifikacijų. Darbe remiamasi Brown ir Levinsono (1987) teorija, kurioje pasiūlyta perskyra tarp pozityviojo (artumas, solidarumas) ir negatyviojo (atstumas, pagarba) mandagumo.
Gauti rezultatai rodo, kad nors lietuvių ir anglų prašymai turi daug bendrybių, lietuviškuose atsispindi mažiau dėmesio adresato laisvei ir privatumui, daugiau tiesmukumo, mažiau atsargaus pesimizmo, tikėjimo šnekos akto sėkme ir pan. Tačiau lietuviai labiau nei anglai yra linkę savo prašymus švelninti perteikdami artumą, atsiremdami į savaime suprantamus žmonių įsipareigojimus vieni kitiems, kurdami draugišką bendravimo atmosferą ir pan. Lietuviai, palyginti su negatyviai mandagiais anglais, yra labiau orientuoti į pozityviojo mandagumo tipą. Skirtingi... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]This doctoral dissertation belongs to the area of linguistic pragmatics. The subject dealt with in this study is the analysis and comparison of spoken requests in Lithuanian and British English. The aim of the study was to compare politeness strategiess and linguistic realizations of requests, to identify and describe the similarities and differences between these directives in the chosen languages. The data has been collected by means of the Discourse Completion Test, which is an open-ended questionnaire used to prompt requests. The answers of 100 Lithuanian university undergraduates and 100 English university undergraduates were studied. The data classification was based upon the coding scheme of Blum-Kulka et al. (1989), which is designed to study requests as a sequence of utterances, which are made of a head act (the minimal unit of the realization of the request’s illocutionary force) and its internal and external modifications. Brown & Levinson’s (1987) theory with its distinction between positive politeness (closeness, solidarity) and negative politeness (distance, deference) was applied. Despite the numerous similarities that were found, the results demonstrate that Lithuanian requests show less consideration of the hearer’s freedom and privacy, less careful pessimism, more directness, and greater belief in a favourable outcome of the speech act, etc. However Lithuanians are inclined to soften their requests by conveying closeness, appealing to the duties and... [to full text]
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Thellman, Saga. "Does Gender Influence the Way People Provide and Receive Politeness? : A Research Study on the Differences or Similarities Between Gender and Linguistic Politeness." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för lärande, humaniora och samhälle, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-36471.
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This essay examines the relation between gender and adherence to Brown and Levinson's Politeness Principle. Women and men tend to use language for different purposes and for the purpose of achieving various goals. In order to examine this relation, a research study was conducted. Two women and three men were observed discussing subjects given by an interviewer. The collected interview data gathered from the conversation was analyzed and related to the Politeness Principle. Aspects from sociolinguistics, such as theories from gender and language studies, and the Cooperative Principle as proposed by H P Grice, were also considered and formed part of the analysis. The results indicate that there is a small difference between women’s versus men’s adherence to the Politeness Principle. More specifically, women tend to use more aspects of linguistic politeness. However, as the sample group of the research study consisted of only five participants, the limits of the study in terms of the generalizability of the results are recognized and suggestions have been made for further research.
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Gagne, Christophe. "Les interactions verbales en France et en Grande-Bretagne : étude comparative de quatre petits commerces français et britanniques." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20051/document.
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Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans une perspective comparative et interculturelle. Sa mise en œuvre repose sur l’idée que c’est en observant ce qui se passe dans les interactions du quotidien que l’on peut mieux comprendre le rapport que les cultures entretiennent, et mettre au jour ce que les comportements observés dans chacune des cultures étudiées ont de spécifique. En s’appuyant sur l’analyse minutieuse et détaillée d’enregistrements effectués dans quatre sites commerciaux français et britanniques, l’étude tente de comprendre le comportement langagier des participants en le mettant en relation avec divers éléments du contexte (éléments relevant du micro-contexte : matériel discursif contigu aux énoncés étudiés ; du contexte situationnel : agencement du site, nombre de participants, finalité de l’interaction ; du macro-contexte : place occupée par les interactions de commerce dans les cultures en question, par les sites, valeurs culturelles d’arrière-plan). La finalité de cette étude (qui aborde les rituels d’entrée et de sortie d’interaction ; les remerciements ; la réalisation d’actes de langage directifs : questions, requêtes, offres ; les séquences conversationnelles) est d’obtenir une meilleure compréhension des profils communicatifs relatifs aux cultures française et britanniqueThis thesis, which is of a contrastive and intercultural nature, is informed by the idea that it is by observing the behaviour of interactants in everyday interactions that the relationship between cultures can best be approached, and the specificity of the forms of behaviour encountered explored. Through the careful and detailed analysis of recordings taken in four different shops (French and British), the study aims to understand the linguistic behaviour of the participants by linking it to various contextual elements (micro-contextual elements: discursive material that surrounds the utterances analysed; situational elements: site layout, number of participants, interaction’s finality; macro-contextual ones: status of service encounters and of the types of shops selected, cultural values that underpin explored behaviour). The purpose of the study (which analyses opening and closing rituals; thanking; the way directive speech acts such as questions, offers and requests are performed; conversational sequences) is to provide a better understanding of the communicative styles that can be associated with French and British cultures
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Olga, Panic-Kavgic. "Jezički ispoljena učtivost pri slaganju ineslaganju sa sagovornikom: uporedna analizaengleskih, srpskih i prevedenih filmskih dijaloga." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Filozofski fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2014. http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=87866&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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Ova disertacija se bavi analizom jezičkiispoljene učtivosti na primerima filmskihdijaloga kojima se ispoljava slaganje ineslaganje sa sagovornikom na engleskom isrpskom jeziku, kao i u titlovanim prevodima nasrpskom. Osnovni ciljevi istraživanja jesu da seklasifikuju, opišu i primerima potkrepestrategije slaganja i neslaganja sa sagovornikom,da se sumiraju i uporede dobijeni rezultati u dvajezika, te da se utvrde promene prilikomtitlovanog prevođenja odabranih dijalogâ saengleskog jezika na srpski. Pretpostavke u vezisa uklapanjem dobijenih rezultatâ uodgovarajuće kulturne matrice i osiromašenjeminterakcijske komponente sadržaja titlovanogprevoda istražene su u svetlu relevantnihteorijskih razmatranja, putem kvalitativneanalize odabranog jezičkog materijala.This thesis deals with verbally expressedpoliteness in film dialogues of agreement anddisagreement with the interlocutor in Englishand Serbian, as well as in subtitled translationsinto Serbian. The most important goals of theresearch are to classify, describe and exemplifythe strategies of agreement and disagreement inselected US and Serbian films, to summarizeand compare the results of the analysis in thetwo languages and to determine the changes inthe interactional component of meaning in thesubtitling mode of translation from English intoSerbian. The hypotheses concerning theanalysed cases of agreeing and disagreeing inthe light of prevalent politeness patterns in USand Serbian culture, as well as the presumedundertranslation of the interactional componentof meaning in the Serbian subtitles are testedconsidering the relevant theoretical frameworks,by means of applying the method of qualitativeanalysis
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Šubertová, Aneta. "Zdvořilostní aspekty ve výuce angličtiny jako druhého jazyka." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-329355.
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This thesis deals with politeness and its realization in a classroom discourse. The theoretical part describes the most influential politeness theories and also the findings on the topic of teaching pragmatics and linguistic politeness. The research in the thesis focuses on analysis of teachers' verbal realizations of politeness as found in the recordings of four English lessons. The research was designed to verify the two hypotheses: (1) teachers are basically polite in a classroom of English as a second language and (2) politeness strategies of Czech teachers of English differ from those of native speaking teachers. The analytical part adopts the viewpoint of Brown and Levinson's positive and negative politeness. The last part of the thesis aims at summarizing the implications that this thesis, its theoretical summary and its research, have for teaching English as a second language.
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Hermanová, Andrea. "Zdvořilostní strategie v písemných žádostech zahraničních studentů." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-373727.
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i Abstract The MA thesis examines the politeness strategies which native speakers and non-native speakers of English employ in written English requests addressed to the faculty. The requests represent by nature the category of Face threatening acts and require a certain level of politeness. The account of politeness is based on the Face management theoretical framework by Brown and Levinson (1987). The empirical part compares on-record (positive and negative) and o↵-record politeness strategies and the level of directness (Blum-Kulka, 1987) comprised in two hundred email messages sent by students of British and Irish, German, and French nationality. The analysis discovered that the nationality/native language is to some extent a determinative feature in the choice of politeness strategies, while the gender of the student influences the level of directness of the request. The Appendix contains the full sample of examined emails. Keywords politeness theory, face management, request, on- record politeness (negative and positive), o↵-record politeness, directness of request
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Nguyen, Hong Hai. "Etude comparative de l'acte d'invitation dans les cartes d'invitation au mariage en français et en vietnamien." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10691.
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Cette recherche porte sur l’acte d’invitation au mariage eta pour but,d’abord, de révéler les caractéristiques de tel acte dans les cartes d’invitation en français et en vietnamien puis d’identifier des ressemblances et des différences qui sont culturellement déterminées. Pour ce faire, nous avons décrit la formulation et le fonctionnement pragmatique des cartes d’invitation au mariage dans les deux langues du point de vue de la politesse linguistique. Le résultat de l’analyse nous a permis, par la suite, d’identifierles particularités dans la formulation des cartes ainsi que dansles stratégies de politesse privilégiées dans les deux communautés française et vietnamienne. Cette étude nous amène à conclure qu’à la différence de l’individualité qui caractérise la culture occidentale y compriscelle de la France, les Vietnamiens, de tradition de riziculture, mettent beaucoup plus d’importance sur le respect de l’honneur, et ont peur de perdre la face, de faire perdre celle de l’autre, d’être différents des autres, d’être hors du commun. Par conséquent,ils optent très souvent pour des modèles traditionnels de cartes d’invitation sans trop d’éléments de personnalisation et privilégient la politesse positive.This research on the act of invitation to marriage aims to find out the characteristics of this act in invitation cards in French and Vietnamese, then to reveal the resemblances and the differences which are culturally determined. For this purpose, we described the formulation and the pragmatic functioning of invitation cards to marriage in the view of linguistic politeness. The analysis result allowed us then to exploit the particularities in the formulation of cards as well as the strategies of politeness privileged in French and Vietnamese communities. We concluded that unlike the individuality that characterises Occidental cultures including French culture, Vietnamese people of rice culture attach more importance to the respect of honor and are afraid of losing face, making others lose face, being different from others, or not being in common with them. As a consequence, they often choose traditional models of invitation cards without insisting too much on the personalisation and they privilege the positive politeness.
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Kubayi, Sikheto Joe. "Address forms in Xitsonga : a socio-pragmatic perspective." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13372.
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The purpose of this study is to explore the nature of socio-cultural rules underlying address behaviour in face-to-face interactions in Xitsonga. In the study, a socio-pragmatic approach is used. This approach is a combination of sociolinguistics and pragmatics. Data are collected using semi-structured interviews from 29 participants in Hlanganani region. Hlanganani is a Xitsonga speech community located in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The participants were selected in terms of five variables, namely their age, gender, marital status, educational status and occupation. Five theories are tested in this study, namely Brown and Gilman’s (1968) theory of power and solidarity, Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory, the theory of accommodation, the theory of universal grammar and the Gricean theory of conversation. The study finds that Hlanganani is an age-set society in that the age of a person is the primary determiner of address choice. The male gene also receives superior status in address behaviour in Xitsonga. It is also found that women are given the same lower status as children. It is observed that women’s statuses reflect their graduation in terms of marriage and the production of children. It is recommended that more studies of a similar kind should be undertaken based on either different speech communities or on a comparative basis of
particularly African languages. Such studies will go a long way in describing similarities and differences in both the linguistic and the social structures of different cultures.African Languages
D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)
Books on the topic "Negative politeness"
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Ogiermann, Eva. On apologising in negative and positive politeness cultures. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co., 2009.
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Ogiermann, Eva. On apologising in negative and positive politeness cultures. Philadelphia, Pa: John Benjamins Pub. Company, 2009.
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On apologising in negative and positive politeness cultures. Philadelphia, Pa: John Benjamins Pub. Company, 2009.
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Ogiermann, Eva. On apologising in negative and positive politeness cultures. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co., 2009.
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Arnovick, Leslie K. Historical Pragmatics in the Teaching of the History of English. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190611040.003.0009.
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The best pedagogical practices in the teaching of the History of the English Language (HEL) recommend the incorporation of new research paradigms. Historical pragmatics and historical sociolinguistics are both relatively new fields of study, and both clearly locate the English language in its social and cultural context. This chapter will give you examples of historical pragmatic studies (e.g., the evolution of discourse markers and changes in directive speech acts) and historical sociolinguistics (e.g., the use of you/thou in relation to social rank and gender, changes from positive (neutral) politeness to negative politeness) that can fruitfully be incorporated into HEL courses.
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Amha, Azeb. Commands in Wolaitta. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0014.
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This chapter examines expressions of commands (imperatives) in Wolaitta and the ways in which the imperative is distinguished from statements and questions. Although each sentence type is formally distinct, imperatives and questions share a number of morpho-syntactic properties. Similar to declarative and interrogative sentences, imperatives in Wolaitta involve verbal grammatical categories such as the distinction of person, number, and gender of the subject as well as negative and positive polarity. In contrast to previous studies, the present contribution establishes the function of a set of morphemes based on -árk and -érk to be the expression of plea or appeal to an addressee rather than politeness when issuing a command. Instead, politeness in commands is expressed by using plural (pro)nominal and verbal elements. The imperative in Wolaitta is a robust construction which is also used in formulaic speeches such as leave-taking as well as in blessing, curses, and advice.
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Enfield, N. J. Linguistic expression of commands in Lao. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0009.
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This chapter undertakes a survey of commands and similar speech acts in Lao, the national language of Laos. The survey draws upon a corpus of naturally occurring speech in narratives and conversations recorded in Laos. An important linguistic resource for expressing commands is a system of sentence-final particles. The particles convey subtle distinctions in meaning of commands, including matters of politeness, urgency, entitlement, and expectation. These distinctions are illustrated with examples. Forms of person reference such as names and pronouns also play a role in the formulation of commands, particularly in so far as they relate to a cultural system in which social hierarchy is strongly valued. Various other linguistic issues related to commands are examined, including negative imperatives, complementation, indirect strategies for expressing commands, and serial verb constructions.
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Hill, Mark J. Actors and Spectators: Rousseau’s Contribution to the Eighteenth-century Debate on Self-interest. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474422857.003.0005.
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A debate between virtuous self-interest and social morality emerged in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The historical narrative of these ideas has been touched on by others – such as Albert O. Hirschman, Pierre Force, and Eric MacGilvray – with nuance and detail, but broadly one can recognize two camps: those who saw public utility in self-interest through the positive externalities of commerce, and those who had serious concerns over the political outcomes of the entanglement of commerce and virtue. This chapter follows these studies and attempts to locate Rousseau (primarily) and Smith (secondarily) within this debate. By looking at how their particular moral philosophies interact with their political thought it is argued that Rousseau is distinct from Smith in an important, but often confused, way: while some have argued that Rousseau is a moralist and Smith a philosopher of the political and social value of self-interest, it will be argued here that the opposite may be true. That is, despite Rousseau's “general will” and Smith's “impartial spectator” having been identified as similar moral tools used to overcome the negative aspects of self-interest through externalized self-reflection, it is argued that Rousseau is a moral rationalist who is skeptical of reason as a moral motivator, and thus dismisses the general will as a tool which can encourage personal moral action, while Smith is a moral realist, but a particularly soft one in regard to the motivational force of morality, and instead turns to rationality – through the impartial spectator – as a source of moral action. The upshot of this distinction being, Rousseau does not deny the power of commerce and self-interest as motivational forces, simply their social utility; social institutions like English coffeehouses – centres of politeness and doux commerce – should exist, and self-interest should motivate, but both need to be cleansed of the vice of commerce. That is, this chapter argues that Smith is moral realist who relies on reason – specifically that one must be a spectator who can impartially and rationally reflect on situations in order to will moral ends – and Rousseau is a moral rationalist who relies on sentiment – one must have an interest in situations if they are to be a moral actor.
Book chapters on the topic "Negative politeness"
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Shvanyukova, Polina. "Chapter 5. Promoting negative politeness in nineteenth-century England." In Politeness in Nineteenth-Century Europe, 171–96. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pbns.299.06shv.
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Jucker, Andreas H. "Positive and negative face as descriptive categories in the history of English." In Understanding Historical (Im)Politeness, 175–94. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bct.41.08juc.
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Li, Chengtuan. "Professional Identity Construction via Implicit Negation and Im/politeness." In An Interpersonal Pragmatic Study of Professional Identity Construction in Chinese Televised Debating Discourse, 131–61. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7505-8_7.
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Krulatz, Anna. "Understanding Language in Context." In Advances in Linguistics and Communication Studies, 205–22. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8467-4.ch008.
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This chapter focuses on the key concepts in the study of pragmatics, including pragmatic competence, different types of meaning (abstract meaning, contextual meaning, and force of an utterance), the cooperative principle and four conversational maxims, as well as politeness and the concept of face (positive and negative). The chapter gives some examples of cross-cultural differences in pragmatic norms to justify the importance of teaching pragmatics in a language classroom, touching briefly on the development of pragmatic skills in a second or foreign language. It then explores different approaches to pragmatics instruction, including raising awareness about pragmatic norms in the target language through deductive and inductive tasks, presenting grammatical structures jointly with their pragmatic functions, and integrating pragmatics with content-based instruction.
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Loizidou, Dora, and Dina Savlovska. "Taking care of their positive online face? Reasons and strategy development." In Virtual exchange and 21st century teacher education: short papers from the 2019 EVALUATE conference, 71–84. Research-publishing.net, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2020.46.1134.
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This paper examines a peer virtual exchange project between students at the University of Cyprus and the University of Latvia. The main purpose of this project is to develop intercultural awareness. Through telecollaborative tasks, students are asked to interact in a common discussion space around elements related to their cultural values. The aim of this paper is to discuss students’ strategies for these online exchanges. The hypothesis this paper seeks to examine is that students do not express themselves freely in the discussion forums in order to protect their personal and national image. We are thus interested in the public self-image of the students, known as ‘face’. Our findings identified politeness strategies and we are interested in the main reasons for their acts towards positive and/or negative face.
Conference papers on the topic "Negative politeness"
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Gerasimenko, I. V. "Positive and negative politeness strategies in scientific discourse." In Наука России: Цели и задачи. НИЦ «Л-Журнал», 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/sr-10-02-2019-23.
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Alhaded, Hashem Hani Shehadeh, and Aurika Shavtikova. "STRATEGIES OF NEGATIVE POLITENESS IN JORDANIAN AND AMERICAN ACADEMIC DISCOURSES." In INTCESS 2021- 8th International Conference on Education and Education of Social Sciences. International Organization Center of Academic Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51508/intcess.202190.
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Abdurahman, Abdurahman, and Ngusman Abdul Manaf. "Realization of Negative Politeness Strategy on Speech Act of Questions and Answers in the Learning Processes." In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Languages and Arts (ICLA 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icla-18.2019.103.
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