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Journal articles on the topic 'Negotiated law'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Jackson, Sherman A. "Islamic Law, Muslims and American Politics." Islamic Law and Society 22, no. 3 (2015): 253–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685195-00223p03.

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In this article I ask whether and how Islamic law constricts American Muslims in their ability to negotiate the applied socio-political order. Assuming sharī‘ah to be their point of departure, I ask if their efforts are religiously legitimate or purely pragmatic and necessarily oblivious to Islamic law. In this context, I explore how Islamic law is negotiated across space and time, the degree of recognition it accords to local (including non-Muslim) custom, and the distinction between jurisdiction of law and jurisdiction of fact. I also investigate the question of sharī‘ah’s overall scope and

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2

Moroney, Julie. "Reviving Negotiated Rulemaking for an Accessible Internet." Michigan Law Review, no. 119.7 (2021): 1581. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.119.7.reviving.

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Web accessibility requires designing and developing websites so that people with disabilities can use them without barriers. While the internet has become central to daily life, websites have overwhelmingly remained inaccessible to the millions of users who have disabilities. Congress enacted the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) to combat discrimination against people with disabilities. Passed in 1990, it lacks any specific mention of the internet Courts are split as to whether the ADA applies to websites, and if so, what actions businesses must take to comply with the law. Further compli

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3

Goldman, Jerry. "Negotiated solutions to overcoming impediments in a law-related experiment." New Directions for Program Evaluation 1985, no. 28 (1985): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ev.1410.

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4

Ginsburg, Tom. "Authoritarian International Law?" American Journal of International Law 114, no. 2 (2020): 221–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2020.3.

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AbstractInternational law, though formally neutral among regime types, has mainly been a product of liberal democracies since World War II. In light of recent challenges to the liberal international order, this Article asks, what would international law look like in an increasingly authoritarian world? As compared with democratic countries, authoritarians emphasize looser cooperation, negotiated settlements, and rules that reinforce regime survival. This raises the possibility of authoritarian international law, designed to extend authoritarian rule across time and space.

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Henry, Alistair, and Lesley McAra. "Negotiated orders: Implications for theory and practice in criminology." Criminology & Criminal Justice 12, no. 4 (2012): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895812452283.

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6

Damaska, M. "Negotiated Justice in International Criminal Courts." Journal of International Criminal Justice 2, no. 4 (2004): 1018–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicj/2.4.1018.

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7

Hausman, Naomi, and Kurt Lavetti. "Physician Practice Organization and Negotiated Prices: Evidence from State Law Changes." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 13, no. 2 (2021): 258–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20180078.

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We study the relationship between physician organizational structures and prices negotiated with private insurers. Using variation caused by state-level judicial law changes, we show that a 10 percent increase in the enforceability of noncompete agreements (NCAs) causes 4.3 percent higher physician prices, and declines in practice sizes and concentration. Using two databases containing every physician establishment and firm between 1996 and 2007, linked to negotiated prices, we show that larger practices have lower prices for services with high fixed costs, consistent with economies of scale.

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8

Edwards, Adam, and Gordon Hughes. "Public safety regimes: Negotiated orders and political analysis in criminology." Criminology & Criminal Justice 12, no. 4 (2012): 433–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895811431850.

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Implicit in the concept of negotiated orders is an understanding of the social productivity of political power; the power to accomplish governing programmes for citizens as much as the power over citizens for the purposes of social control. This distinction is especially pertinent for the role of political analysis in critical criminological thought, where criticism of the authoritarian state has vied with studies of governmentality and governance to explain the exercise of political power beyond the State and with the distinction between politics and administration found in liberal criminolog

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9

McAra, Lesley, and Susan McVie. "Negotiated order: The groundwork for a theory of offending pathways." Criminology & Criminal Justice 12, no. 4 (2012): 347–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895812455810.

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This article explores the role which formal and informal regulatory orders play in the development of offender identity. Drawing on quantitative and qualitative data from the Edinburgh Study of Youth Transitions and Crime, it argues that the cultural practices of formal orders (such as those imposed by schools and the police) and informal orders (such as the rules governing peer interactions) mirror each other in respect of their fundamental dynamics – animated primarily by an inclusionary–exclusionary imperative. Formal orders differentiate between categories of young people on the basis of c

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10

Kolb, Abigail, and Ted Palys. "Homegirls, Hoodrats and Hos: Co-constructing Gang Status through Discourse and Performance." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 5, no. 4 (2016): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v5i4.334.

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Despite a growing literature regarding female gang membership, little is known about the ways in which gang-affiliated women negotiate the boundaries of gang membership. The current study, based on semi-structured interviews with twenty-four formerly gang-affiliated Chicana women involved with a prominent gang prevention/intervention organization, sought to understand how these women negotiated their interactions and understood their identity within the gang. Findings suggest that these women and the gangs in which they operate recreate broader gender norms that affect their standing and socia

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11

Carr, Patrick J. "Citizens, community, and crime control: The problems and prospects for negotiated order." Criminology & Criminal Justice 12, no. 4 (2012): 397–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895812447235.

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How do communities control crime, and what does this tell us about the problem of negotiating order at the local level? This article will draw on empirical research in two US cities to illustrate how social controls at the local level are negotiated between citizens and law enforcement, and how different structures of this arrangement arise because of contrasting contexts and different institutional imperatives. The article will showcase the evolving role of the citizen as a partner in negotiated order and will speculate as to the future role of community members in the co-production of safety

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12

Horning, R. "The enforceability of contracts negotiated in cyberspace." International Journal of Law and Information Technology 5, no. 2 (1997): 109–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/5.2.109.

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13

Weigend, Thomas, and Jenia Iontcheva Turner. "The Constitutionality of Negotiated Criminal Judgments in Germany." German Law Journal 15, no. 1 (2014): 81–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200002844.

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In a long-awaited judgment, the German Constitutional Court in 2013 upheld the constitutionality of the 2009 German law authorizing the negotiation of criminal judgments between the court and the parties. The German version of plea bargaining, which had grown from the grassroots of criminal law practice, was later accepted by the Federal Court of Justice and written into § 257c of the Code of Criminal Procedure (StPO) in 2009. In light of these developments, a verdict of unconstitutionality by the Federal Constitutional Court was the final hope of those who opposed the replacement of the searc

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14

Moura Melim, Mafalda, Renata Saraiva, and Nuno Igreja Matos. "Conference Report: “Workshop on Negotiated Justice”, Lisbon, 15./16. April 2019." Criminal Law Forum 31, no. 1 (2020): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10609-020-09386-x.

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15

Peters, Julia, Bruno Aubusson de Cavarlay, Christopher Lewis, and Piotr Sobota. "Negotiated Case-ending Settlements: Ways of Speeding up the (Court) Process." European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 14, no. 2-3 (2008): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10610-008-9077-4.

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16

Lafuente Hernández, Sara. "Negotiated board-level employee representation in European Companies: Leverage for the institutional power of labour?" European Journal of Industrial Relations 25, no. 3 (2019): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680119830573.

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The European Company Directive anchored board-level employee representation in European law for the first time. Rules negotiated between management and worker representatives became the primary source for formulating and designing such representation as an institution of European industrial relations. However, I show that negotiated rules on board-level representation provide limited institutional leverage for European workers. I examine the fragmented and incomplete legal framework applicable, the diverse forms and patterns of negotiated rules and their potential and limitations for supportin

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17

Van Keppel, Margaret. "Birth Parents and Negotiated Adoption Agreements." Adoption & Fostering 15, no. 4 (1991): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030857599101500414.

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18

Hannah-Moffat, Kelly, Paula Maurutto, and Sarah Turnbull. "Negotiated Risk: Actuarial Illusions and Discretion in Probation." Canadian journal of law and society 24, no. 3 (2009): 391–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0829320100010097.

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RésuméUne « peine juste » est de plus en plus structurée selon le cadre de la probabilité actuarielle. Les technologies du risque actuariel sont souvent considérées comme des procédés ayant, en grande partie, supplanté la prise de décision discrétionnaire de la part des intervenants par des modèles décisionnaires structurés et quantitatifs. Certains savants soutiennent que la transition vers des pénalités basées sur le risque a mené à la «déqualification», à la «scientificité» et à «l'érosion de la discrétion professionnelle», voire même à l'élimination du pouvoir discrétionnaire professionnel

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19

Rauxloh, Regina E. "Negotiated History: The Historical Record in International Criminal Law and Plea Bargaining." International Criminal Law Review 10, no. 5 (2010): 739–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181210x527091.

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20

Crouch, Melissa A. "Law and Religion in Indonesia: The Constitutional Court and the Blasphemy Law." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 7 (2011): 1–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2194607800000582.

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AbstractA growing number of religious minorities have been prosecuted for the criminal offence of ‘insulting a religion’, specifically Islam, in Indonesia. Both local and international human rights organisations have condemned the perceived misuse of what is widely referred to in Indonesia as the ‘Blasphemy Law’. This article will analyse the application for judicial review of the Blasphemy Law, which was submitted to the Indonesian Constitutional Court in 2009. It will critique the various submissions made to the court and analyse the historic decision of the judiciary, which upheld the valid

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21

Horigan, Damien P. "Facilitating Korean Reconciliation through Constitutional Law." International Studies Review 10, no. 2 (2009): 53–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-01002003.

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This article looks at the so-called Korean Problem or Korean Question from a fresh perspective. Instead of advocating a quick yet costly reunification of Korea along German lines or any specific type of federation, confederation, or commonwealth, a new approach to both Korean reconciliation and possible reunification based on negotiated constitutional change, the symbolic power of constitutions, and the Habermasian concept of constitutional patriotism is proposed. Specifically, the example of the Northern Ireland peace process is presented as an alternative legal model that can be creatively a

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22

POLETTI, ARLO, DIRK DE BIÈVRE, and J. TYSON CHATAGNIER. "Cooperation in the Shadow of WTO Law: Why Litigate When You Can Negotiate." World Trade Review 14, S1 (2015): S33—S58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000166.

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AbstractIn the current multilateral trade regime, members often negotiate under the shadow of WTO law. This article develops a formal explanation of the way in which the credible threat to resort to and the actual use of WTO litigation can influence multilateral trade negotiations. We contend that the ability to impose costs on a defendant by way of litigation increases the complainant's bargaining power, opening a bargaining window and ultimately increasing the chances for cooperation in multilateral trade negotiations. On the other hand, the complainant's preference for loss-mitigation over

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23

Baker, D. "From Batons to Negotiated Management: The Transformation of Policing Industrial Disputes in Australia." Policing 1, no. 4 (2007): 390–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/pam053.

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24

Striegnitz, Meinfried. "Conflicts over coastal protection in a National Park: Mediation and negotiated law making." Land Use Policy 23, no. 1 (2006): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2004.08.006.

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25

Williams, Juliet A. "THE DELEGATION DILEMMA: NEGOTIATED RULEMAKING IN PERSPECTIVE." Review of Policy Research 17, no. 1 (2000): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2000.tb00911.x.

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26

Dalton, Deborah S. "The Negotiated Rulemaking Process-Creating a New Legitimacy in Regulation." Review of European Community and International Environmental Law 2, no. 4 (1993): 354–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9388.1993.tb00137.x.

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27

Growitsch, Christian, and Thomas Wein. "Negotiated Third Party Access—An Industrial Organisation Perspective." European Journal of Law and Economics 20, no. 2 (2005): 165–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10657-005-1735-0.

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28

Hage, Ghassan. "Inside and Outside the Law." Social Analysis 62, no. 3 (2018): 88–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/sa.2018.620305.

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In this article I begin by noting a certain jouissance in Beiruti urban culture that co-exists with an ongoing history of intercommunal conflict and the failure of centralized planning. I then examine the irreverent celebration of this ‘outside-the-law’ culture by a group of middle-class immigrants who have returned to Beirut to enjoy its free spaces. I argue that these outside-the-law spaces are characterized by a particular form of sociality that I define as ‘negotiated being’. It is a dyadic and horizontal relation typified by a permanent state of relating and being attuned to the other wit

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29

Pelesh, Mark L. "Regulations under the Higher Education Amendments of 1992: A Case Study in Negotiated Rulemaking." Law and Contemporary Problems 57, no. 4 (1994): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1192060.

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30

Sitnik, Piotr. "A quest for consistency in the law of commercial agency. Loss of the right to remuneration in Polish and European law." Studia Iuridica 71 (November 20, 2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5831.

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In a recent judgment in ERGO Poist’ovňa, a.s. v Alžbeta Barlíková, the Court of Justice of the European Union attempted to clarify the ambit of Article 11 of Council Directive of 18 December 1986 on the coordination of the laws of the Member States relating to self-employed commercial agents, that is the circumstances where a commercial agent’s right to remuneration may be extinguished should a negotiated transaction not be executed between the principal and the client. Notably, the Court held that in the event of even partial non-execution of a negotiated contract between the principal and th

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31

Doucet, Joseph, and Stephen Littlechild. "Negotiated settlements: The development of legal and economic thinking." Utilities Policy 14, no. 4 (2006): 266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2006.09.001.

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32

Vickery, E. J. "THE NEGOTIATED PRICE OF CERTAINTY—RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN NATIVE TITLE AGREEMENTS AFFECTING THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY." APPEA Journal 44, no. 1 (2004): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj03039.

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Development of Native Title agreements for Petroleum continues in parallel with the release of Court decisions on the law of Native Title. Negotiated agreements for three bidding rounds in the South Australian region of the Cooper Basin are now concluded, with exploration underway there and some new commercial production.These agreements were negotiated under the Commonwealth Native Title Act’s ‘Right to Negotiate’. Agreed resolutions are virtually demanded by the competing tensions within the legislative machinery. The need for conjunctivity of title from the exploration to the development st

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33

Visano, Livy. "Crime as a negotiated commodity: The police use of informers." Journal of Human Justice 2, no. 1 (1990): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02637533.

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34

Bressers, Hans, Theo de Bruijn, Kris Lulofs, and Laurence J. O'Toole. "Negotiation-based Policy Instruments and Performance: Dutch Covenants and Environmental Policy Outcomes." Journal of Public Policy 31, no. 2 (2011): 187–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x11000079.

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AbstractNumerous governments have adopted innovative policy instruments to deal with important environmental policy challenges and negotiated instruments offer the potential to improve performance beyond what regulation alone can accomplish. Dutch covenants, which represent negotiated agreements with sectors of industry as targets of behavioral change, provide useful evidence of the determinants of success. For improving environmental performance, certain features of the policy setting explain much of the variance in ambitions and outcomes: attitudes of decision makers in the affected business

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35

Doucet, Joseph, and Stephen Littlechild. "Negotiated settlements and the National Energy Board in Canada." Energy Policy 37, no. 11 (2009): 4633–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.06.018.

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36

Krunke, Helle. "From Maastricht to Edinburgh: the Danish solution." European Constitutional Law Review 1, no. 3 (2005): 339–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019605003391.

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The Danish ‘no’ after Maastricht. Key role of negotiations between political parties towards ‘national compromise’ with main ‘no’-party. Exceptions to be negotiated at Edinburgh. The Edinburgh Agreement as closing off alternative developments or options for Denmark. The legal status debated, but most probably of international agreement. Intensified parliamentary scrutiny as result. Particular circumstances made acceptance in a second referendum possible.

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37

Muñoz, Rodolphe. "The ‘TBT Agreement’: A Perfect Tool to Monitor Regulatory Activities Worldwide." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 4 (2001): 273–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000004109.

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The Technical Barriers to Trade (hereinafter TBT) Agreement was negotiated at the Tokyo Round (1973–1979). However, at that time the GATT rules comprised no legally binding mechanism to force Member States to respect their obligations. Indeed, Member States remained free to defer the dispute settlement system. Consequently, for a very long time the TBT Agreement remained a dead letter.

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38

Toft, Monica Duffy. "Ending Civil Wars: A Case for Rebel Victory?" International Security 34, no. 4 (2010): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec.2010.34.4.7.

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Since 1990, negotiated settlements have become the preferred means for settling civil wars. Historically, however, these types of settlements have proven largely ineffective: civil wars ended by negotiated settlement are more likely to recur than those ending in victory by one side or the other. A theoretical and statistical analysis of how civil wars end reveals that the type of ending influences the prospects for longer-term outcomes. An examination of all civil war endings since 1940 finds that rebel victories are more likely to secure the peace than are negotiated settlements. A statistica

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39

Henry, Alistair. "Situating community safety: Emergent professional identities in communities of practice." Criminology & Criminal Justice 12, no. 4 (2012): 413–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895811435993.

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Community safety has often been studied from an institutional perspective as an important adaptation to late modernity, or from a practice perspective as a set of professional activities that are of especial interest because they are developed across institutional boundaries, through partnerships. This article will introduce Wenger’s communities of practice perspective in order to demonstrate how both of these strands of research need to be understood together. Drawing upon an empirical study of the development and working of community safety partnerships in Scotland it will explore the ways i

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40

Lascu, Liviu-Alexandru. "THE PLEA AGREEMENT – A NEW WAY OF NEGOTIATED JUSTICE IN THE EUROPEAN JUDICIARIES." Agora International Journal of Juridical Sciences 13, no. 2 (2020): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/aijjs.v13i2.3802.

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The aim of this article is to emphasize the main features of the Plea Agreement procedure in the European traditional systems, common law and civil law, as well as the features of this concept as it has been implemented into the proceedings of some European countries and, accordingly, to analyse the reasons for which, the expertise of these already implemented procedures might be a pathway to solve many shortcomings of the national jurisdictions.

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41

Poulsen, Lauge, and Michael Waibel. "Boilerplate in International Economic Law." AJIL Unbound 115 (2021): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2021.33.

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Boilerplate treaty provisions are identical or nearly identical terms that reflect settled legal language in treaties with different states parties. They are often taken from model treaties or templates and reflect non-negotiated “default rules” or rules that emerged in international practice, rather than individually tailored provisions adapted to the circumstances of the specific contracting parties. Although widespread in international economic law, boilerplate provisions have not been subject to much scrutiny, unlike their distant cousins in contract law. This essay highlights drivers and

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42

Stigson, Peter, Erik Dotzauer, and Jinyue Yan. "Negotiated Agreements as a vehicle for Policy Learning." International Journal of Global Warming 2, no. 2 (2010): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgw.2010.033716.

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43

Wynn-Evans, C. "Note. Implication and omission in collectively negotiated contracts. Ali v Christian Salvesen Food Services Limited." Industrial Law Journal 26, no. 2 (1997): 166–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilj/26.2.166.

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44

Kokott, Juliane, and Christoph Sobotta. "The Contribution of the Case Law of the cjeu to the Judicial Enforcement of EU Environmental Law in the UK." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 16, no. 2 (2019): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760104-01602002.

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The enforcement of EU environmental law is of particular relevance because EU law provides most of the framework of environmental law in the Member States, including the UK. Supervision by the EU Commission ensures a certain general standard of compliance, especially as regards transposition of directives and conformity of transposing legislation. The practice of domestic courts is an essential complement to Commission action. In this respect the Luxembourg jurisprudence has in particular strengthened the judicial powers of UK courts and provided some protection against excessive costs of judi

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45

Puig, Sergio. "Debiasing International Economic Law." European Journal of International Law 30, no. 4 (2019): 1339–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chaa001.

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Abstract A flourishing number of bodies evaluate the conduct of government officials against broad standards, decide complex questions of scientific probity and calculate the present value of past decisions. The effects of implicit biases (systematic patterns of deviation from rationality in judgment) impact the assessment of these issues, which are central to international economic law. Such effects are well understood by psychologists and increasingly confirmed by experiments involving legal actors, including judges. In this article, I provide three concrete examples of implicit biases affec

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46

Roeben, Volker. "The Equitable Distribution of Marine Resources by Agreement of States—The Case of the South China Sea." Chinese Journal of Global Governance 1, no. 1 (2015): 36–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23525207-00000004.

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The socially just distribution of maritime spaces and their resources among States is a key concern of the 1982 un Convention on the Law of the Sea. This concern underlies the general apportionment of those spaces to coastal States as well as the concrete delimitation of any overlapping claims. The Convention prescribes that such delimitation be equitable. Much attention so far has been given to the judicial performance of such maritime boundary delimitation. This paper focuses on the alternative of delimitation by negotiated agreement of States. It conceives of delimitation as institutionaliz

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47

Torre, Jacopo Della. "Negotiated Criminal Justice and EU Directives on Procedural Rights." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 27, no. 2 (2019): 155–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-02702004.

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The aim of this study is to discuss the topic of plea negotiations in criminal procedures from a European perspective. The first part of the paper weighs up the advantages and disadvantages of the recent massive spread of negotiated justice in Europe and discusses the best way to reduce the risks involved with this phenomenon. The second part sets out to illustrate how the first EU Directives, adopted under Article 82 tfeu, have contributed to fairer legal institutions based on negotiations and agreements. The final part of the paper casts a glance at the future, and considers whether it would

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48

Rickard, Stephanie J., and Teri L. Caraway. "International Negotiations in the Shadow of National Elections." International Organization 68, no. 3 (2014): 701–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818314000058.

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AbstractThis study examines the role elections play in negotiations between states and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Although loans made by the IMF often require countries to introduce painful austerity measures that provoke a backlash from angry citizens, some governments are able to negotiate more favorable terms than others. Original data on the substantive content of IMF loans show that governments leverage imminent elections to obtain more lenient loan terms. Conditions that require labor market reforms in exchange for IMF financing are relatively less stringent in loans negotiat

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Denza, Eileen, and Lauge N. Skovgaard Poulsen. "THE EURO–ARAB INVESTMENT TREATY THAT NEARLY WAS." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 69, no. 2 (2020): 267–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589320000068.

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AbstractThis article documents how members of the European Economic Community and members of the Arab League negotiated a draft ‘mega-regional’ investment protection treaty from 1976 to the late 1980s—the first of its kind. The negotiations produced a full draft treaty and came tantalisingly close to completion but ultimately ran into the political sands. Had it been concluded, the Convention would have been the most significant investment protection treaty ever negotiated at the time, and one of the most significant to this day. Negotiations were conducted within the cloak of diplomatic confi

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50

Bell, Christine. "Peace Agreements: Their Nature and Legal Status." American Journal of International Law 100, no. 2 (2006): 373–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000016705.

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The last fifteen years have seen a proliferation of peace agreements. Some 50 percent of civil wars have terminated in peace agreements since 1990, more than in the previous two centuries combined, when only one in five resulted in negotiated settlement. Numerically, these settlements amount to over three hundred peace agreements in some forty jurisdictions. International standards have even begun to regulate peace agreements. United Nations guidelines, guidelines and recommendations of the secretary-general, and Security Council resolutions have all normatively addressed peace agreements: bot

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