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1
Schiff, Amira. "Pre-negotiation and its Limits in Ethno-National Conflicts: A Systematic Analysis of Process and Outcomes in the Cyprus Negotiations." International Negotiation 13, no. 3 (2008): 387–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180608x365253.
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AbstractThe repeated failures of negotiation in ethno-national conflicts highlight the importance of studying the relationship between the pre-negotiation process and the results of the subsequent formal negotiations. This study examines various factors that contributed to a decision by adversaries to initiate official negotiations, and how these factors affected the prospects for a negotiated agreement. Furthermore, it suggests that certain elements in the pre-negotiation process portend the nature of the changes in the parties' political positions (tactical or strategic) and the parties' readiness to reach an agreement. An exploration is presented using a case study of the negotiations over the Cyprus conflict in 2004 which resulted in the ultimate rejection by the negotiating parties of the Annan Plan in late March of 2004. We examine the connection between the pre-negotiation process, from the end of 2003 until February 13, 2004, and the failure of the formal negotiations in March 2004. The analysis indicates that the deficient method and process of the pre-negotiations that took place regarding the Cyprus conflict determined the subsequent failure of the negotiations. The early detection of such factors in other negotiations over ethno-national conflicts may mitigate the causes that lead to failure, or perhaps assist in managing the process differently, so as to facilitate a more positive outcome.
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Lilja, Jannie. "Domestic-Level Factors and Negotiation (In)Flexibility in the WTO." International Negotiation 17, no. 1 (2012): 115–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180612x630956.
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Abstract Some suggest that the fault lines of the WTO’s perceived failures actually lie in failures at the domestic level. This study examines the factors that can explain flexibility (and inflexibility) in multilateral trade negotiations within WTO member states. To shed light on the role of domestic factors in influencing WTO positions, we examine one member state in connection with a high-level meeting. India at the July 2008 Ministerial is selected primarily for methodological reasons. The empirical analysis provides preliminary support for the proposition that domestic policy-making structures marked by continuous information exchange and coordination are more likely to yield negotiation flexibility in multilateral talks. More specifically, the intense interaction that marks the relationships between actors involved in policy making on Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA) and services, where the Indian negotiation position was flexible overall, stands in contrast to what took place in the area of agriculture, where India took a manifestly inflexible stand. Competing explanations fail to fully account for the variation in these negotiating postures. A key insight from the analysis is that organized and regularized consultations, involving the same actors over time, are important. There is also a need for public outreach strategies in connection with high-level WTO meetings.
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Lenz, Hartmut. "Achieving Effective International Cooperation: How Institutional Formalization Shapes Intergovernmental Negotiations." World Affairs 181, no. 2 (June 2018): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0043820018791644.
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This article explores how formalization of institutions and domestic constraints influence the outcomes of international cooperation and negotiation processes—particularly in a regional setting like the European Union (EU) or the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Examining different forms of institutional setup along the formal-informal continuum, this study evaluates their impact on the successes and failures of intergovernmental negotiation processes. While some scholars have been vocal about the importance of institutional setting on negotiation outcomes, there has not yet been any systematic analysis of the impact of institutional variations on the actual negotiation process. This project specifies under what conditions domestic actors constrain governments, and how these conditions depend on institutional structures. I analyze the impact of institutional variations, concentrating on negotiation failure and deadlock situations, to form a framework that can differentiate between various bargaining situations and to understand their impact on the possibility to facilitate successful negotiation outcomes. The central argument highlights the need for more nuanced connections between institutional design, domestic constraints, and the level of formalization to understand the likelihood of success or failure of intergovernmental negotiation processes.
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Golinkoff, Roberta Michnick. "‘I beg your pardon?’: the preverbal negotiation of failed messages." Journal of Child Language 13, no. 3 (October 1986): 455–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900006826.
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ABSTRACTThis longitudinal study of how preverbal infants communicate with their mothers utilized the situation in which the infant was seated in a highchair at lunchtime. This situation predisposed infants to use communication as a means, since they were often unable to achieve their goals without assistance. It was found that infants' communicative attempts were often unsuccessful; the present study focussed on how infants and mothers worked to establish the infants' intents after communication failures. In the preverbal negotiation of failed messages infants direct communicative behaviours to their mothers which their mothers fail to comprehend immediately, NEGOTIATIONS occur when mothers help infants make their intents clear. Negotiation episodes have four components: the infant's initial signal, the mother's comprehension failure, infant repairs and episode outcome. Changes in these components provide much information about how infants' communicative skills evolve during the transition to a linguistically based communication system. Negotiation episodes are contrasted with episodes called IMMEDIATE SUCCESSES in which the mother readily comprehends the intent behind the infant's signal, and MISSED ATTEMPTS in which the mother fails to pick up on the infant's signal. Taken together these three types of communicative episode reveal a degree of persistence and creativity on the part of the preverbal infant that is surprising in the light of prior research. Such episodes further reveal that the course of preverbal communication is NOT smooth.
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Ambad, Prashant M., and Makarand S. Kulkarni. "A warranty based bilateral multi-issue negotiation approach." Benchmarking: An International Journal 22, no. 7 (October 5, 2015): 1247–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-11-2013-0103.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a warranty-based bilateral automated multi-issue negotiation approach. Design/methodology/approach – A methodology for bilateral automated negotiation process is developed considering the targets such as warranty attractiveness, warranty cost, mean time between failures, spare parts cost to the end user over the useful life of the life. The negotiation methodology is explained using different cases of negotiation. The optimization for each negotiation step is carried out using genetic algorithm with elitism strategy. Findings – The result after optimization indicates that the desired target values are achieved and manufacturer obtained desired profit margin. Practical implications – Application of automated negotiation model is illustrated using a real life case of an automobile engine manufacturer. The proposed approach helps the manufacturer of any product to develop a methodology for carrying out the negotiation process. The approach also results into taking warranty-related decisions at the design stage. Originality/value – This paper contributes in proposing a generalized methodology for warranty-based negotiation in which the negotiation is carried out between the manufacturer and the customer.
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Bleyen, Kristel, Hans Vertommen, and Chantal Van Audenhove. "A Negotiation Approach to Systematic Treatment Selection: An Evaluation of its Impact on the Initial Phase of Psychotherapy." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 14, no. 1 (January 1998): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.14.1.14.
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Since psychotherapy failures and early dropouts represent a sizable percentage of the clients who start psychotherapy, it is clearly important to devise a methodologically sound and effective process of treatment selection. In this study, a negotiation approach to treatment selection is proposed and situated in the context of an integrative viewpoint on psychotherapy. The preferences of the client, the client's control of the situation of choice, and the compatibility of differing views of client and therapist constitute the typical characteristics of this negotiation approach. The first part of this study gives a careful description of the negotiation approach. The second part examines the influence of the negotiation approach on the dropout rate and on initial therapeutical contacts. Results indicate a significant effect of negotiation on dropout, suggesting that clients who perceive treatment selection as a negotiation process are more successful in their initial therapeutical contacts.
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Butler, Michael J. "Negotiation and Mediation in the Hard(est) Cases." International Negotiation 24, no. 3 (August 6, 2019): 357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-24031189.
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Abstract In seeking a fuller understanding of the provision and effectiveness of negotiation and mediation, salient lessons can be gleaned from instances in which these processes seem unlikely to succeed or unlikely to be tried at all. Contributions to this special issue of International Negotiation purposefully avoid mining examples of success stories for correlates. The contributors have instead consciously identified and examined applications of negotiation and mediation in the hard(est) cases, with the objective of teasing out what shortcomings and even failures can tell us about the prospects of negotiation and mediation as practices of conflict management and resolution. Using the criteria discussed in this introductory article, this collection examines negotiation and mediation in international crises, intractable conflicts, civil wars, and other cases defined by complex contextual environments, actor configurations, and disputes – with the goal of revealing insights that can improve the effectiveness of negotiation and mediation in application.
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Matesan, Ioana Emy. "Failed Negotiations and the Dark Side of Ripeness: Insights from Egypt." International Negotiation 25, no. 3 (July 20, 2020): 463–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-25131249.
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Abstract This article revisits ripeness theory and examines whether conflicts with armed Islamist groups can also be ripe for negotiation. The article argues that armed Islamist organizations can be willing to negotiate and demobilize, but talks are particularly vulnerable to spoilers and public backlash. To examine these dynamics, the article investigates the case of al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya in Egypt. Relying on a variety of primary and secondary sources, including organizational documents and testimonies by the leaders, the analysis shows that the absence of ripeness can indeed explain some of the failures of negotiations. However, when the conflict was finally ripe, talks broke down because of elite divisions and public backlash. The case reveals that there is a dark side to ripeness: the conditions that lead to a mutually hurting stalemate can also lead to public outrage, elite divisions, and opposition to negotiations.
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WOLFE, ROBERT. "First Diagnose, Then Treat: What Ails the Doha Round?" World Trade Review 14, no. 1 (January 2015): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745614000342.
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AbstractThe commonplace tendency is to blame the difficulties of the Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations on the World Trade Organization (WTO) itself. In contrast, I suggest in the first section of this article that exogenous structural factors, especially changing commodity prices and trade flows, fatally undermined the Round. In the second section, I discount the significance of endogenous institutional factors such as the number of participants, the size of the agenda, or the Single Undertaking, although design failures, notably in the ‘modalities’ for negotiation, did hurt. But what hurt even more was the way the WTO, in common with most multilateral organizations, has not caught up with the shifting centre of gravity in global governance. The trading system is no longer a transatlantic bargain. The regulatory issues on the twenty-first century trade policy agenda will inevitably be negotiated in Geneva, but only after a new trans-Pacific accommodation recognizes China's central role.
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Pilch, Richard, and Adam Dolnik. "The Moscow Theater Hostage Crisis: The Perpetrators, their Tactics, and the Russian Response." International Negotiation 8, no. 3 (2003): 577–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1571806031310798.
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AbstractThe Moscow theater hostage crisis was a spectacular media event, which sparked a wide domestic and international debate concerning the appropriateness of the Russian response. This article attempts to reconstruct and assess the events that took place in terms of negotiability of the incident, and seeks to provide an analytical perspective on the possible alternatives that were available to the Russian authorities throughout the crisis. Part I provides a brief overview of the events that unfolded. This section of the article also places Chechen motivations behind the incident into perspective with regard to past Chechen operations and to their overall strategy. Part II focuses on the details of the attack itself, particularly the Russian response. Special attention is devoted to analyzing the successes and failures of both the negotiations and the tactical assault. The conclusion discusses the implications of the Moscow theater incident for the future, including its potential impact on the likelihood of success of crisis negotiation strategies and the future tactics of the Chechen rebels.
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Nago, Minette, and Symphorien Ongolo. "Inside Forest Diplomacy: A Case Study of the Congo Basin under Global Environmental Governance." Forests 12, no. 5 (April 24, 2021): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050525.
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The growing global interest in biodiversity conservation and the role of forestland sustainability in climate change mitigation has led to the emergence of a new specific field of global environmental governance that we called ‘forest diplomacy’. With the largest tropical forest area after the Amazon, Congo Basin countries (CBc) constitute a major negotiation bloc within global forest-related governance arenas. Despite this position, CBc seem embedded in a failure trap with respect to their participation in forest diplomacy arenas. This paper examines the major causes of the recurrent failures of CBc within forest diplomacy. A qualitative empirical approach (including key informant interviews, groups discussion, participant observation, and policy document review) was used. From a conceptual and theoretical perspective, this research combines global and political sociology approaches including environmentality and blame avoidance works. The main finding reveals that the recurrent failures of CBc in forest diplomacy are partly due to the lack of strategic and bureaucratic autonomy of CBc that strongly depend on financial, technical, and knowledge resources from Western cooperation agencies or consultancy firms. Our discussion highlights that this dependency is maintained by most of the key actor groups involved in forest diplomacy related to CBc, as they exploit these failures to serve their private interests while avoiding the blame of not reducing deforestation and biodiversity loss in the Congo Basin.
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Hashmi, M. Anaam, Fahad Al-Eatani, and Fareed Shaikh. "Is There A Need For A Free Trade Agreement Between The European Union And Gulf Cooperation Council?" International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2013): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i1.8361.
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The need for a free trade agreement between the European Union (EU) and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is analyzed in this research project. Trade flows between these two economic blocs are studied to understand the importance of trade for these respective blocs. Failure of the free trade agreement negotiation is attributed to the lack of economic focus and the EU demands to improve human rights in GCC member countries. Based on the secondary sources and data analyses, the primary interest of both economic blocs is to enhance geopolitical influence and not boasting bilateral trade. Despite recent failures, both sides are still committed to increased partnership in the future. It is concluded that an EU-GCC free trade area may be essential for increased cooperation in economic, as well as geopolitical, security, environmental, and cultural arenas.
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Zeller, Bruno, and Bill Cole. "Australian Trade Agreements – A Divergence between Trade Policy and Business Outcomes – Can They Deliver Trade-related Growth for Australia?" Global Journal of Comparative Law 3, no. 2 (September 26, 2014): 236–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211906x-00302004.
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The recently negotiated Japan Australia Economic Partnership Agreement (jaepa) is the latest in a series of trade agreements that seek to create a trading environment for Australian firms delivering outcomes similar to those anticipated under the wto multilateral model. However, the gains to business and the economy from this approach to trade policy have been particular to specific economic sectors and have generally not resulted in significant broad based economic benefits. In particular, the negotiation of trade agreements by Australia has been characterised by the reduction of trade-in-goods barriers (tariffs etc) which have assisted some agricultural and resource activities and compromised value adding, high employment sectors of the economy such as manufacturing. In contrast, Australian trading partners have increasingly sought concessions relating to Foreign Direct Investment (fdi), allowing their businesses to vertically integrate productive activity. The apparent disconnection between Australian trade policy outcomes and the requirements of business and the broader economy stem from failures at both the fundamental level of policy creation and the negotiation and implementation of the agreements. This paper argues that Australian trade policy needs to develop a new, more flexible and responsive model of trade negotiation in order to better serve the economy and its businesses.
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Shamardin, Viktor V. "US interaction with the TPSEP countries within the trade policy of the George W. Bush administration." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: History. International Relations 21, no. 2 (June 23, 2021): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2021-21-2-225-230.
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The article is devoted to the study of the formation of the US foreign trade course in the Asia-Pacific region. Special attention is paid to the factors in bilateral relations with the TPSEP countries, which had a key influence on the decision of the George W. Bush administration to join the partnership. The author comes to the conclusion that failures in the implementation of the multilateral format of regional trade liberalization contributed to the fact that the United States entered the negotiation process on the TPSEP.
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Walch, Colin. "Rethinking Ripeness Theory: Explaining Progress and Failure in Civil War Negotiations in the Philippines and Colombia." International Negotiation 21, no. 1 (December 15, 2016): 75–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-12341325.
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How can ripeness theory be extended to explain when and why parties remain at the negotiating table until an agreement is reached? Existing ripeness theory is crucial in understanding when conflicting parties consider negotiation as preferable to continued fighting. However, factors which may explain why parties stay at the negotiation table after the start of the negotiation process – that is, how the ripe moment is sustained until an agreement has been reached – are not well elaborated. This study seeks to extend ripeness theory and argues that organizationally fragmented rebel groups are less flexible to make concessions and unlikely to stay at the negotiation table until an agreement is reached, especially when there is a lack of cohesion between the military and political branches. This argument is explored through a structured focused comparison of the peace negotiations in Colombia and in the Philippines with communist rebel groups.
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Grayson, Hannah. "Room to Manoeuvre: Moving Beyond the Grotesque in Tierno Monénembo's Convivial Space." Irish Journal of French Studies 20, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 98–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.7173/164913320830841728.
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This article engages with Achille Mbembe's notion of the grotesque in two novels by Guinean author Tierno Monénembo: Les Crapauds-brousse (Paris: Seuil, 1979) and Les Écailles du ciel (Paris: Seuil, 1986). The article argues that Monénembo's aesthetics of mutedness and instability constitute a double dismantling of the dictator's staged power in these fictional worlds through reducing the presence of the dictator figure and accentuating the evidence of his failures. By drawing our attention to subtlety and insecurity, these novels demonstrate the limitations and failures of a grotesque stylistics of power. At the heart of these limitations is Mbembe's notion of 'mutual zombification', which here is contested by the negotiation of convivial space by those who are ruled. The texts' restraint of the dictator figures signals the inevitability of their decline, caught as they are in continuities of colonial rule that are bound to fail. Instability and decay, alongside silence and absence, constitute an alternative aesthetics that help to reveal the complexities of postcolonial space.
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Bruno, Francesco. "Drawing upon a Comparative Case Study of Iraq and Afghanistan Critically Assess the Success and Failures in the Negotiation Process to Get Personnel and/or Humanitarian Aid to Populations in Need." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 8, no. 2 (June 11, 2018): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v8i2.13270.
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This paper critically assesses and compares the successes and failures of Non-Governmental Organizations(NGOs) in negotiating access to humanitarian spaces in two case studies, namely Afghanistan and Iraq. The case studies have been selected due to the nature of the two wars, namely the link to the “War on Terror” declared by President George W. Bush in 2001. As a consequence, the selected cases highlight highly politicized and insecure environments for the NGOs to work in. In terms of successes, the NGOs became more flexible in their organizational structure while solving cases on a day-to-day basis negotiating access with local as well as international actors. However, the nature of the conflicts completely shuttered any opportunity to uphold the principles of impartiality, neutrality and independence. In terms of failures, the case studies point out one of the main and most recurrent dilemmas for the NGOs, namely the lack of legitimacy and independency. As a consequence, many international NGOs engaged in remote projects using local personnel in insecure and dangerous areas lacking tools for monitoring the progresses and successes.
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Chen, An-Che. "Human Error Analysis to Customer Communication for Realtor Service Quality and The Implications to Personnel Training." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 6, no. 12 (December 31, 2018): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol6.iss12.1257.
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The quality of customer service, especially in realtor service, is centered at customer contact and communication. Because of the inherent diversity in customer demands and the consequent service procedures, the analysis of the service errors or failures in customer communication from the human factors perspective may provide an effective alternative toward the quality improvement in customer services beside the SERVQUAL-based approaches. This study investigates the pattern of communication errors occurred in realtor service operations and the associated latent failures for the implications to personnel training for quality services. Customers with realtor service experiences were interviewed to provide detailed description regarding the communication error(s) encountered while dealt with realtors in the past. Among all types of communication errors in realtor services, it is found that the active errors on providing insufficient or incorrect information regarding the target real estates and the communication errors involved in the price negotiation processes are prominent. The analysis of latent failures further reveals the importance on process transparency and the role of the information systems. For modern C2C service settings like realtors, it is recommended that a double customer framework with the emphasis of support information system should be considered for communication error analysis. Implications and suggestions to personnel training for quality improvement in realtor customer service, in terms of system knowledge and process management, are discussed in details.
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THOMSON, ROBERT, RENÉ TORENVLIED, and JAVIER ARREGUI. "The Paradox of Compliance: Infringements and Delays in Transposing European Union Directives." British Journal of Political Science 37, no. 4 (September 18, 2007): 685–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123407000373.
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What impact does the negotiation stage prior to the adoption of international agreements have on the subsequent implementation stage? We address this question by examining the linkages between decision making on European Union directives and any subsequent infringements and delays in national transposition. We formulate a preference-based explanation of failures to comply, which focuses on states' incentives to deviate and the amount of discretion granted to states. This is compared with state-based explanations that focus on country-specific characteristics. Infringements are more likely when states disagree with the content of directives and the directives provide them with little discretion. Granting discretion to member states, however, tends to lead to longer delays in transposition. We find no evidence of country-specific effects.
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Bazzanella, Carla. "The Complex Process of Mis/Understanding Spatial Deixis in Face-To-Face Interaction." Pragmática Sociocultural / Sociocultural Pragmatics 7, no. 1 (July 26, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soprag-2019-0004.
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AbstractIn general, understanding requires cognitive and linguistic skills, encompasses cultural, social, contextual and individual aspects, and is characterised by gradualness and dynamicity.In this study, the intertwined set of relevant components involved in the complex process of understanding space deixis will be analysed in the specific context of face-to-face interaction. In everyday conversation, this process is unavoidably mutual and may include misunderstanding (which often opens up a way to understanding), repairs, reformulations and negotiation cycles, all of which eventually lead to understanding and mutual comprehension or to communication failure. Many scholars have already pointed out several elements that influence interactants’ understanding in a positive or negative way: on the one hand, shared physical context, cotext, common ground, shared knowledge and avoidance devices; on the other, ambiguity, speakers’ failures, and interactants’ asymmetric features with regard to language and culture. The interactional context, the cotext and the use of multimodal resources (resorted to as co-speech or to substitute language) play a significant role in the dynamic process of understanding spatial deixis, often helping to overcome the difficulties related to peripheral cases of spatial deictics and other causes of misunderstandings, which can either work as a starting point for understanding or lead to communication failure.
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Gherra, Sandrine, and Frédéric Lassalle. "The role of power conceptions when choosing a host city." Journal of Management Development 34, no. 4 (April 13, 2015): 440–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmd-09-2013-0117.
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Purpose – International sport competitions continue to attract a high number of spectators and the potential political, community building and financial payoffs are such that the competition to become a host city is often fierce. France has several attractive cities with all of the resources required to host these events, but they have repeatedly failed (Summer Olympic Games 2008 and 2012, Winter Olympic Games 2018, etc.). Most of the studies that have explored these failures have done so from a resource-based view. But when a city has all the required resources, what other factors may have been decisive? Could a misfit in the conception of power during the negotiation process explain it? The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – We looked at the specific failure of Marseille to host the 2007 America’s Cup and focused particularly on the conceptions of power held, respectively by Marseille representatives and the committee in charge of choosing the host city. In line with French qualitative methods we performed a single case study based on discourse analysis (23 interviews with the involved parties and 22 outside experts) to analyze the sources of power that Marseille and America’s Cup Management (ACM) had. Findings – The authors found that Marseille and ACM had different sources of power. According to Weber’s categories, Marseille had an “Organization” source of power: “it’s is a structure and an organization that implies specific rules” and ACM had a “Property” source of power: “it’s a commercial structure that has ownership rights to this very special event.” Analysis of the interviews reveals that points of disagreement reflected differing conceptions of power, which suggests new perspectives for future research in the context of failed negotiations in sports. Originality/value – Analyzing failure from another angle that the classical resource-based view: having the right resources is no longer enough; cities have to have the winning strategy.
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Bassan, Sharon. "Fair Trade as an Instrument for the Regulation of Risks in the Cross-Border Surrogacy Market." European Journal of Risk Regulation 7, no. 4 (December 2016): 750–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00010175.
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AbstractCross-border surrogacy transactions [CBST] entail several risks for the participants and the resulting child and, consequentially, for their states. In the absence of clear standards or coherent legal rules, the global industry depends on private contracts, the result of negotiations between parties from different countries with unequal bargaining power, which distributes risks and benefits unfairly. In this article I suggest a Fair Trade model as an instrument for the regulation of these transactions.The Fair Trade model addresses market failures and the externalization of risks. The basic principles of Fair Trade include trading process according to proper standards of quality and ethics based on a certification mechanism, a minimum price to producers, direct purchasing, transparent rules and fair distribution. In addition to quality and ethics, Fair Trade is a developmental tool, ensuring more of the economic benefits to producers in the global south.Applying these elements on the cross-border surrogacy market can be fruitful for the regulation of risks entailed in CBST. Certification of surrogacy services can ensure proper medical standards and fundamental rights, and decrease health risks; direct purchasing through democratically elected surrogates’ co-operatives could improve the surrogates’ power of negotiation and decrease contractual risks; a minimum price could guarantee a greater income to surrogates, and social premium could be used to fund communal projects and help surrogates to improve their social position. Finally, transparency can address administrative risks and ensure that children’s rights are not violated.
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Boyron, Sophie. "Mediation in French administrative courts: what lessons for administrative justice?" Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 71, no. 3 (November 5, 2020): 457–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.53386/nilq.v71i3.541.
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In 2016, the French Parliament introduced a new chapter on mediation in the Code of Administrative Justice. To succeed, this reform needs to reverse repeated failures in this field. In view of the significant challenge of embedding administrative mediation in the French administrative justice system, the reform and its implementation were informed by empirical findings arising from a mediation pilot set up by the administrative court of Grenoble in Spring 2013. An empirical study of the pilot and of the experience of rolling out administrative mediation in France forms the core of this article and the context in which to revisit foundational questions about mediation and administrative justice. I argue that mediation is not illsuited to administrative law disputes, but that to be integrated in a system of administrative justice, mediation requires the negotiation of a dedicated environment triggering in turn the emergence of a pluralist administrative justice system.
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Dwivedi, Rajendra Kumar, and Rakesh Kumar. "An Energy and Fault Aware Mechanism of Wireless Sensor Networks Using Multiple Mobile Agents." International Journal of Distributed Systems and Technologies 11, no. 3 (July 2020): 22–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdst.2020070102.
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Wireless sensor networks find several applications in hard-to-reach areas. As sensors have limited battery power, many energy aware protocols based on negotiation, clustering, and agents have been developed to increase lifetime of the network. This article finds limitation with some multi-agent-based protocols as they place the sink node at the centre of the monitoring region which is quite difficult in hard-to-reach areas. Therefore, a multi-agent-based energy and fault-aware protocol for hard-to-reach territories (MAHT) is proposed which uses technique of impact factor to identify the high power capability of the central node and dynamic itinerary planning to make the protocol fault tolerant. Its agent migration technique results in improvement ofn energy efficiency, task completion time and network lifetime. MAHT is simulated using Castalia simulator and the impact of payload size, network size, node failures, etc., on various performance metrics is analysed. The proposed protocol found outperforming over the existing ones.
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Oosterveer, Peter. "Sustainable Food Governance by Governments and Markets." European Journal of Risk Regulation 6, no. 4 (December 2015): 525–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00005080.
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The environmental consequences of the increasing global seafood production and consumption are substantial and drive a search for providing more adequate governance responses. In recent years, market-based approaches to sustainable seafood governance have gained considerable traction. Born in part out of perceived failures of state-based regulations, a range of civil society-led governance approaches have emerged. Private seafood governance arrangements interact with public seafood regulations and this may lead to competition, collaboration or hybridity. This interaction should however not be assessed in general but more closely related to the different stages in the regulatory cycle: agenda setting/negotiation, implementation and monitoring/enforcement. Collaboration between public and private global seafood governance arrangements occurs primarily in the first phase of the regulatory cycle but gets much less prominent in later phases where competition or even separation prevails. Harmonization between public and private sustainable seafood governance arrangements in the near future is therefore unlikely.
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Markó, Ferenc David. "“We Are Not a Failed State, We Make the Best Passports”: South Sudan and Biometric Modernity." African Studies Review 59, no. 2 (August 30, 2016): 113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2016.39.
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Abstract:In January 2012, six months after the declaration of independence, South Sudan introduced a state-of-the-art biometric identity management system to handle its citizenship and passport databases. Scholars have shown that despite the remarkable failures of biometric schemes, states maintain their belief in high-modernist technologies. This article argues that South Sudan introduced biometrics to convey an image of a “non-failed” state to the international community, while effectively doubling the bureaucracy to keep all important decisions about inclusion and exclusion in the hands of the military elites. This duplication of the office reveals a great deal about the fundamental nature of the South Sudanese state. Citizens of any state tend to imagine the nation through their relations to bureaucracy, and identity documents act as a new kind of evidence of a successful negotiation between them and state agents. This situation creates a constant state of citizenship limbo for the South Sudanese.
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Spector, Bertram. "Resiliency in Negotiation: Bouncing Back from Impasse." International Negotiation 11, no. 2 (2006): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180606778968317.
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AbstractDeadlocked international negotiations risk prolonged uncertainty and, worse, the possible onset of hostilities. While the negotiation research literature is replete with strategies and tactics that seek positive sum outcomes, there is a paucity of reliable advice for negotiators faced with stalemate on what they can do to avert failure and get back on the negotiation track. This study suggests that international negotiations can learn from the field of developmental psychology about the concept and practice of resiliency. Resiliency is the human capacity to face, overcome and be strengthened by experiences of extreme adversity. It is a basic and powerful human competency that negotiators, faced with impasse, need to master to avert failure and achieve successful negotiation outcomes. If people have the capacity to bounce back from adversity in their personal lives, negotiators in their professional lives should be able to mobilize this capacity to bounce back from impasses, as well. Several propositions based on research findings are examined.
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Ahnlid, Anders. "Improving the Effectiveness of Multilateral Trade Negotiations: A Practitioner’s Perspective on the 2008 WTO Ministerial Meeting." International Negotiation 17, no. 1 (2012): 65–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180612x630938.
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Abstract The informal WTO ministerial meeting in July 2008 brought the long stalled Doha Round to the verge of a breakthrough. The reason for its final failure was substantive and not related to the negotiating procedures, which previously had contributed to meager results and failures in the round. The meeting was conducted using procedures that ensured a considerable amount of trustworthiness, transparency and legitimacy, which in turn contributed to effectiveness in the process. Thus, the meeting solved many, albeit not all, outstanding issues on the path towards agreement on so-called modalities for agriculture and industrial products, which in turn would have been necessary for a final successful conclusion of the Round. The 2008 July negotiations demonstrated that complex large-scale multilateral negotiations can be handled procedurally in an acceptable and successful way. The article advances a neglected interpretation of the July meeting, and provides lessons for both future WTO negotiations and multilateral negotiations in other policy areas.
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Ngô, Tín Minh, and Thảo Thị Thu Trần. "Provisions on establishing rights to scent trademark of the US and European Union law - Experience for Vietnam." Science & Technology Development Journal - Economics - Law and Management 5, no. 2 (April 18, 2021): 1392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjelm.v5i2.742.
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Based on the perspective of analyzing the provisions of the laws of the United States and the laws of the European Union, as well as the practice of protecting non-traditional trademarks in the United States and the European Union, in particular intellectual property rights to the Scent trademark, proposals are made for Vietnam in the process of completing legal provisions, processes, methods of assessment and establishing the rights of Scent trademark rights to meet the global trend and domestic law requirements under the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership's commitments. Accordingly, in the negotiation rounds of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (the precursor of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership), the parties participating in the negotiation often disagree on the scope of protection of intellectual property rights, and non-traditional trademarks, sound trademarks, scent trademarks in particular. This is also one of the important reasons for the failure of negotiations and the withdrawal from the US Agreement. Besides, in the future, intellectual property rights and trademark rights, non-traditional trademarks in particular, will continue to be important negotiating topics that determine the success of the new generation of the free trade agreement. Therefore, the early improvement of the legal system in the establishment and protection of the rights to this object contributes to helping Vietnam be more active in negotiation.
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Lieberfeld, Daniel. "Secrecy and "Two-Level Games" in the Oslo Accord: What the Primary Sources Tell Us." International Negotiation 13, no. 1 (2008): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138234008x298002.
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AbstractThe publication of memoirs by most of the central participants in negotiations leading to the 1993 Israeli-PLO Oslo accord presents an opportunity to reassess their motives for entering the negotiation process and their reasons for electing to keep the talks secret. Among other insights, the first-hand accounts provide empirical evidence of "two-level games" during the negotiations. The article highlights the utility of Robert Putnam's concepts in understanding the negotiations in Oslo and to the failure to implement final-status talks as envisioned in the accord.
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Osiewicz, Przemysław. "The Cyprus Talks 2015–2017: Their Course, the Outcome, and Consequences for the European Union." Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej, no. 14 (December 31, 2020): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/rie.2020.14.9.
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The main aim of the article is to present political consequences of the failure of the Cyprus talks 2015–2017 for the European Union. Although its institutions and representatives were engaged in the negotiation process there, the issue seems to be more complex when it comes to defining what their role was. One can find the answer to such a question analysing the course and the final outcome of the negotiation process in Cyprus.
The main research question are as follows: What was the course of bicommunal negotiations? What brought the negotiations to a halt in 2017? How did the European Union engage in the process? What are political consequences of the talks failure for the European Union? The selected method is sources analysis and the technique is qualitative content analysis. On this basis one can study, for example, selected speeches, declarations as well as official documents. As regards the main sources, these are selected EU and UN documents, monographs, and academic articles.
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Piluso, Nicolas, and Gabriel Colletis. "A Keynesian reformulation of the WS-PS model: Keynesian unemployment and Classical unemployment." Economia Politica 38, no. 2 (March 16, 2021): 447–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40888-021-00222-y.
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AbstractThe orthodox theory of wage negotiations considers that the trade union monopoly causes a rigidity of real wages which is, itself, the cause of unemployment. The model of this negotiation ("Nash bargaining") only considers situations where negotiations between union and firm succeed. In this article, we attempt to read the WS-PS model from a Keynesian point of view. Our model reflects the fact that successful negotiation is only one case among other situations, including failure where the union expresses a claim that is not necessarily satisfied. Although, in situations close to full employment, there is a bargaining mechanism by which unions and firms reach an agreement, this is not the case in times of massive unemployment. In the latter situation, employment is unilaterally determined by firms, on the basis of previous demand.
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Wesner, Bradley S., and Ashly Bender Smith. "Salary Negotiation: A Role-Play Exercise to Prepare for Salary Negotiation." Management Teaching Review 4, no. 1 (August 22, 2018): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2379298118795885.
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Although most employers report room for negotiation in their job offers to recent graduates, fewer than half of recent graduates report attempting to negotiate. Considering that every raise employees receive throughout their career will be a percentage of their salary at the time, failure of new employees to maximize starting salary through negotiation is a serious omission. Developing business students’ negotiation skills should be an objective incorporated into business curricula allowing students to succeed in their job offer negotiations. The role-play exercise herein is designed to provide business students a foundation in basic negotiation through a scenario that boosts student interest and engagement and allow quick applicability in their professional lives. The exercise is designed for use in courses that focus on negotiation, management, or business communication, but it is adaptable for nearly any upper level business course.
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Lehrs, Lior. "The Road Not Taken: The Amirav-Husayni Peace Initiative of 1987." Middle East Journal 74, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 72–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/74.1.14.
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In the summer of 1987, Israeli citizens Moshe Amirav and David Ish Shalom initiated a secret unofficial negotiation channel with Palestinian leaders Faysal al-Husayni and Sari Nusseibeh, with the approval of the Palestine Liberation Organization leadership and the acknowledgment of senior members of Israel's ruling Likud party. But the attempt to turn the Amirav-Husayni initiative into official negotiations failed. This article analyzes the negotiations, examines the actors involved and the agreement, and discusses the historical importance of the initiative and the reasons for its failure.
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Singh, J. P. "Introduction: Emerging Powers and the wto." International Negotiation 21, no. 2 (June 2, 2016): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-12341330.
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International trade has become increasingly important to emerging market economies. Concurrently, increasing trade liberalization through the multilateral Doha Round, launched in November 2001, from the World Trade Organization (wto) has been a failure. The essays in this issue evaluate the role of Brazil, China, and India at thewtoexamining in particular their domestic and coalitional constraints, the fairness and justice claims underlying their interests, and the types of identity politics that inform their negotiation positions. These three facets do not make multilateral negotiations easy but they do offer possibilities for future negotiations. Multilateral trade negotiations may not decline but the current era of ‘managed multilateralism’ has become complex balancing great and emerging powers interests.
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Albin, Cecilia, and Ariel Young. "Setting the Table for Success – or Failure? Agenda Management in the WTO." International Negotiation 17, no. 1 (2012): 37–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180612x630929.
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Abstract How does the agenda management process influence the effectiveness of multilateral trade talks in the World Trade Organization (WTO)? How can the all-important agenda be shaped so as to enhance the prospects of an agreement being reached? How the agenda is managed directly affects the negotiation process which follows and the eventual outcome. Yet researchers have paid little attention to the particular dynamics and challenges of agenda management in large-scale multilateral negotiations, and actual practice points to several weaknesses. This article proposes that the complexity of the agenda in multilateral talks needs to be managed and reduced in procedurally just ways if a successful outcome (agreement) is to result. It develops an analytical framework of agenda management in multilateral negotiations and conducts a structured focused comparison to explain the differences in outcomes of two rounds of WTO negotiations: the failure of the 2003 Cancún Ministerial Conference and the success of the 2004 Geneva negotiations in reaching an agreement. The findings support the proposition that a successful outcome depends in part on reducing agenda complexity and that this needs to be achieved in procedurally acceptable (if not just) ways.
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Holzinger, Katharina. "Negotiations in Public-Policy Making: Exogenous Barriers to Successful Dispute Resolution." Journal of Public Policy 21, no. 1 (January 2001): 71–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x01001040.
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The number of public policy conflicts has increased sharply in most western democracies, especially in the fields of planning, regional development, and environmental policy. Attempts have been made to find a way out through new forms of negotiation-based conflict resolution. Alternative Dispute Resolution raises high expectations as to its potential for reaching consensual solutions, to be achieved through extended participation, transparency, and procedural justice. However, success or failure of negotiations do not depend only on the procedure, but also on factors exogenous to it. The first section addresses the question: which exogenous factors affect the opportunities for an agreement in public policy negotiations and how do they exert their influence? Spatial representation of bargaining is used as an analytical framework. The second section shows how outside options, exogenous restrictions, and political directives for the negotiators affected the negotiation space and the final outcome in a case of environmental mediation in Germany.
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Black, Jack, and Beth Fielding-Lloyd. "Re-establishing the ‘outsiders’: English press coverage of the 2015 FIFA Women’s World Cup." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 54, no. 3 (May 18, 2017): 282–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690217706192.
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In 2015, the England Women’s national football team finished third at the Women’s World Cup in Canada. Alongside the establishment of the Women’s Super League in 2011, the success of the women’s team posed a striking contrast to the recent failures of the England men’s team and in doing so presented a timely opportunity to examine the negotiation of hegemonic discourses on gender, sport and football. Drawing upon an ‘established-outsider’ approach, this article examines how, in newspaper coverage of the England women’s team, gendered constructions revealed processes of alteration, assimilation and resistance. Rather than suggesting that ‘established’ discourses assume a normative connection between masculinity and football, the findings reveal how gendered ‘boundaries’ were both challenged and protected in newspaper coverage. Despite their success, the discursive positioning of the women’s team as ‘outsiders’, served to (re)establish men’s football as superior, culturally salient and ‘better’ than the women’s team/game. Accordingly, we contend that attempts to build and, in many instances, rediscover the history of women’s football can be used to challenge established cultural representations that draw exclusively from the history of the men’s game. In such instances, the 2015 Women’s World Cup provides a historical moment from which the women’s game can be relocated in a context of popular culture.
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Vittoria, Gabriele, Antonio Fascì, Matteo Ferrario, and Giovanni Giuliani. "PP126 MEA In Italy: Correlation Between Time To Payment By Result And Time To Off Treatment Curve." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, S1 (2017): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317002811.
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INTRODUCTION:Payment by result agreements have been quite widely used in Italy to provide access for high costs oncologic drugs and minimize uncertainties of real life benefits (1). The aim of this analysis was to overview the Roche experience in terms of Payment by Result (Pbr) in oncology and investigate the relation between timing for the evaluation of treatment failures and observed Time to Off Treatment (TTOT) from Phase III clinical trials (2).METHODS:A retrospective analysis of the Roche payment by results schemes in place in Italy was conducted. For each drug included in the analysis it was collected: (i) the negotiated timing to assess the treatment failure for payment by result, (ii) the median time to off treatment curve observed in clinical trials for the experimental drug, (iii) the median time to off treatment observed in clinical trials for the control arm. The mean ratios between timing to assess the treatment failure for payment by result and the time to off treatment observed for the experimental drug or the median time to off treatment observed in the control arm were calculated to identify potential correlations. High level of correlation was expected if ratio was close to 1 (±.2).RESULTS:Roche products or different indications of the same product were identified as candidates for the analysis from 2008 to 2016. The timing for the evaluation of treatment failures for Pbr varies between 2 and 9 months, depending on the type of tumor and line of therapy. The mean Time to Payment By Result (TTPbr) / Control arm Time To Off Treatment (cTTOT) ratio was 1.16 (±.37) while the mean Time to Payment By Result (TTPbr) / Experimental arm Time To Off Treatment (eTTOT) ratio was .71 (±.13). Data analysis according to different time periods shows that the mean TTPbr/cTTOT and TTPbr/eTTOT for drugs negotiated from 2008 to 2015 were respectively 1.07 and 1.39 whereas for drugs negotiated in 2016 were respectively and .63 and 1.CONCLUSIONS:Good level of correlation between TTPbr and cTTOT was found. This finding is in line with the methodology used by Italian Medicines Agency so far, leveraging the cTTOT as the most appropriate proxy to assess any incremental effect of a new drug compared to the previous Standard of Care. The analysis over time of TTPbr shows that in the first years of payment by result negotiation TTPbr is more correlated to the cTTOT whereas in the last years is moving closer to the experimental one.
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Hohlmeier, Michaela, and Christian Fahrholz. "The Impact of Brexit on Financial Markets—Taking Stock." International Journal of Financial Studies 6, no. 3 (July 16, 2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs6030065.
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The UK’s withdrawal from the EU will have far-reaching consequences on the European economy. However, the ultimate consequences of Brexit, especially for financial markets, depend on the final agreement, which is still under negotiation. Currently, regulated financial services can be provided across borders under simplified conditions. Without a special agreement, these EU passports cease to apply for business activities between both jurisdictions after Brexit. The EU third-country regimes for non-EEA companies are too few and too unsecure for intensive relations in trade and services. Knowing that London is the leading global financial center, an adequate agreement needs to be found, to ensure affordable and sufficient financial services for business, investors, and consumers. Unfortunately, it appears almost impossible to find solutions for the often contrary interests and various thematic areas in the remaining negotiating period—a no deal scenario becomes more likely. As a result, market participants have started to adapt structures and processes accordingly, by relocating certain functions to the EU27. Nevertheless, it is up to the negotiators to reach an agreement, which achieves the best possible outcome for all affected parties taking into account the opportunity costs of a failure in present Brexit negotiations.
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Aps, Robert, Laurence T. Kell, Hans Lassen, and Innar Liiv. "Negotiation framework for Baltic fisheries management: striking the balance of interest." ICES Journal of Marine Science 64, no. 4 (January 29, 2007): 858–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsl038.
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Abstract Aps, R., Kell, L.T., Lassen, H., and Liiv, I. 2007. Negotiation framework for Baltic fisheries management: striking the balance of interest. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 858–861. We explore the issue of balancing stakeholder interests in the translation of science-based advice into agreed management measures. We also analyse the outcome of negotiations within the International Baltic Sea Fishery Commission (IBSFC) for setting the total allowable catch (TAC) for Baltic herring, sprat, cod, and salmon between 1977 and 2004. Given the political and economic pressure inherent in fishery management, IBSFC Contracting Parties, as maximizers of economic value, often set the TAC by unit stock in excess of what was considered sustainable. TACs set in excess of sustainable levels of exploitation (decision-overfishing) reflect the relative importance that negotiating parties attribute to the interests of multiple groups participating in the fishing industry. Such decision-overfishing can be seen as management failure to secure public interest in the long-term health of fish populations. The potential political and social causes of overfishing have to be addressed and removed before measures can be implemented that might reach the goal of sustainable development.
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Blavoukos, Spyros, and Dimitris Bourantonis. "Issue Salience and Controversy: Any Effect on Chair’s Autonomy in Multilateral Negotiations?" International Negotiation 20, no. 2 (April 27, 2015): 199–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-12341305.
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High issue salience and controversy negatively affect the probability of success of multilateral negotiations. In such a context, Chairpersons acquire an important role in agenda management and brokerage among the bargaining partners. If they perform these functions neutrally and impartially, Chairs increase their effectiveness and emerge as key determinants of negotiation success. However, Chairs as agents often seek some degree of autonomy to pursue their own interests. We expect high issue salience and controversy to create a non-conducive environment for Chairs to follow their own agenda, due to greater principals’ sensitivity, thus leading any such autonomy-seeking attempt to failure. We discuss four case studies of negotiations taken from theunsetting, in which Chairs sought autonomy in a highly polarized and controversial bargaining environment. Whereas in the first two cases, the Chairs’ attempts ended in failure confirming our basic hypothesis, in the latter two cases the Chairs were successful.
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Schiff, Amira. "On Success and Failure: Readiness Theory and the Aceh and Sri Lanka Peace Processes." International Negotiation 19, no. 1 (March 13, 2014): 89–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-12341271.
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AbstractThis study presents a comparative analysis of two case studies in which attempts were made to resolve intractable ethno-national conflicts: the peace process undertaken in Aceh between the Government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement, which led to the signing of the Helsinki Memorandum of Understanding (mou) ending the conflict in Aceh; and the process conducted in the Sri Lanka conflict from 2001 through 2004 between the Government of Sri Lanka and the Tamil Tigers, which failed to yield an agreement. The two peace processes will be examined using readiness theory, which focuses on the factors influencing the decision to enter into negotiations. This article also attempts to extend the hypotheses of readiness theory to explore the process of concession-making during the negotiations that took place in the two case studies. The findings indicate that the theory does contribute to understanding the dynamics of the pre-negotiation in both case studies and that applying its hypotheses may contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of the process of reaching an agreement in the Aceh process and of the factors leading to the failure of the negotiations in the Sri Lanka conflict. The analysis also gives rise to some questions that challenge readiness theory and its hypotheses – empirically and methodologically.
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Lempereur, Alain Pekar. "Leading Successful Negotiations on Behalf of Europe: An Analysis of the European Commission High-Ranking Officials’ Practices." European Review 17, no. 3-4 (October 2009): 541–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798709000945.
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Permanent dialogue, steered by continual negotiation, was the driving force behind the construction of Post-War Europe. In this context, the countries of the European Union have extended the mandate of the European Commission (EC) to negotiate an increasing number of topics, giving the EC’s high-ranking officials a pre-eminent role of agents in the process. It is, then, urgent and useful to investigate these negotiators’ practices, to list a number of recurrent features, and to compare them with current negotiation theories. In 2004, at the request of the EC, 15 in-depth interviews were conducted with high-ranking EC officials, from different directorates, in charge of top-level negotiations. An interview guide was drawn up to address the five following points:•the success factors in negotiation,•the reasons for failure,•the management of people, relationships, cultural aspects, the mandate, and the stakeholders’ map,•the management of substantive issues and their solutions, including the use of justification criteria,•the management of the process, agenda, multilateral mechanisms, and communication.Following the interviews, a report was submitted to the EC’s General Administration Directorate. The report highlights a number of features that may favour the success of European negotiators. In what follows, some keys to success are linked to three dimensions of negotiation: process, people, and problem.
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Kozłowski, Tomasz. "Między szantażem i polityką. Internowanie Lecha Wałęsy." Wolność i Solidarność 9 (2016): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25434942ws.16.002.13104.
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Blackmail or politics? The internment of Lech Walesa The paper considers political aspects of the internment of Lech Wałęsa during the martial law in Poland. It focuses on the negotiations between the authorities and the leader of Solidarity. Wałęsa was urged (and later blackmailed) to support the operation of rebuilding Solidarity into so-called neo-Solidarity. According to the plan of the Ministry of Interior, key positions in neo-Solidarity should by offered to the collaborators of the Security Service and activists ready for far-reaching compromise. The paper focuses on the course and dynamics of negotiations with Wałęsa by numerous authorities emissaries: Stanisław Ciosek, Paweł Chocholak and colonel Władysław Iwaniec. This article describes the negotiation strategy of both sides and shows why the attitude of Walesa was an important factor in the failure of the political plans of the Communist Party leadership.
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Kozłowski, Tomasz. "Między szantażem i polityką. Internowanie Lecha Wałęsy." Wolność i Solidarność 9 (2016): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25434942ws.16.002.13104.
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Blackmail or politics? The internment of Lech Walesa The paper considers political aspects of the internment of Lech Wałęsa during the martial law in Poland. It focuses on the negotiations between the authorities and the leader of Solidarity. Wałęsa was urged (and later blackmailed) to support the operation of rebuilding Solidarity into so-called neo-Solidarity. According to the plan of the Ministry of Interior, key positions in neo-Solidarity should by offered to the collaborators of the Security Service and activists ready for far-reaching compromise. The paper focuses on the course and dynamics of negotiations with Wałęsa by numerous authorities emissaries: Stanisław Ciosek, Paweł Chocholak and colonel Władysław Iwaniec. This article describes the negotiation strategy of both sides and shows why the attitude of Walesa was an important factor in the failure of the political plans of the Communist Party leadership.
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Smith-Merry, Jennifer, Merrilyn Walton, Judith Healy, and Coletta Hobbs. "Responses by hospital complaints managers to recommendations for systemic reforms by health complaints commissions." Australian Health Review 41, no. 5 (2017): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah16138.
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Objective This paper explores how hospital complaints managers react to recommendations for systemic quality reforms by health complaints commissions in response to complaints by patients in Queensland and New South Wales. Methods Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with complaints managers in 17 hospitals. Interview transcripts were then thematically analysed and data on responses to health complaint commissions was organised in relation to Valerie Braithwaite’s typology of motivational postures. Results Respondents supported involvement by an independent authority where patients had serious complaints about the services they received in hospital, but wanted more negotiation with commissions on service improvement recommendations. Conclusions Hospital complaints managers mostly responded as virtuous or rational actors to the symbolic power of complaints commissions. This may be context dependent because Australian health commissions operate within a pro-reform context as a result of recent publicity around health system failures. What is known about the topic? Little is known about regulatory relationships between complaints commissions and hospitals. There has been no Australian research considering how complaints managers respond to commission recommendations for quality improvements and reforms to hospital services. What does the paper add? The paper uses a novel theoretical framework based on regulatory theory to understand and describe the reactions of complaints managers to commission recommendations. What are the implications for practitioners? Commissions should seek commentary from complaints managers through open dialogue before making final recommendations. This will ease the progress of reforms and make recommendations more acceptable and ‘genuine’ in the specific context of the hospital.
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Damodaran, A. "Ecosystemic Multifunctionality of Developing Country Agriculture." Foreign Trade Review 38, no. 1-2 (April 2003): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515030102.
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In the wake of the failure of the Cancun Summit, the paper argues for a new approach to negotiations in the agricultural sector by developing countries. The paper emphasises that piecemeal efforts to address agricultural issues facing developing countries need to be given up in favour of concepts that are more structural and give a greater profile to the special and distinctive characteristic of the agrarian economies in the developing world. The paper advances the notion of ecosystemic multifunctionality to argue for special and differential position for the agriculture sector in developing countries like India. It is argued that this concept would be beneficial to developing countries in their quest for world agricultural markets that are sensitive to livelihood and food security issues. The post-Cancun phase of negotiations could go a long way, in case a negotiation stance based on the concept of ecosystemic multifunctionality takes root.
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Di Fabio, Annamaria, and Mirko Duradoni. "Humor Styles as New Resources in a Primary Preventive Perspective: Reducing Resistance to Change for Negotiation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (April 5, 2020): 2485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072485.
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Reducing resistance to change is fundamental to dealing with the rapid and continuous changes of the 21st century labor market. Personality traits have been widely studied in relation to resistance to change. However, personality is not completely suitable for primary prevention intervention, since it does not change over time. Instead, humor styles appear to be a promising preventive resource to facilitate the negotiation process by enabling individuals to cope with the current work environment. Using a sample of 149 university students, this study analyzed the relationship between personality traits, such as extraversion and emotionality, humor styles, and resistance to change. The mediation analysis highlighted that both affiliative and self-enhancing humor styles could promote integrative negotiations within organizations in relation to change, due to their negative relationships with resistance to change. Thus, implementing dedicated interventions to increase the usage of affiliative and self-enhancing humor styles could help in lowering the failure risk in negotiation processes, supporting changes.
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Ali, Omran Omer. "The Diplomacy of Empathy in International Relations." Journal of University of Human Development 4, no. 3 (August 30, 2018): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v4n3y2018.pp79-92.
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This study attempts to answer the following question: to what extent the diplomacy of empathy and emotional dynamics has an impact on the negotiations on Iran's nuclear programme? It discusses that the failure or success of the policy of empathy, which means understanding the needs and interest of the other party, play an important role in increasing or decreasing the likelihood of reaching a diplomatic solution. It also argues that the complex emotional dynamics between the negotiating parties, particularly the United States and Iran, have contributed to the domination of the mistrust and hostile attitudes during the negotiations. This research was concluded that pursuing policy of isolation and sanctions is not likely to achieve the desired goals. Whereas, pursuing the policy of empathy has an important influence in international relations, especially in transforming conflicts and hostility to more cooperation and peace. It was also concluded that emotional beliefs such as hostility, fear, good and evil, trust, dignity, identity, etc., directly affect the behavior and policies of the negotiating parties, whether towards more conflict, hostility or more communication and cooperation.