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1
Smolinski, Remigiusz. "How Was the Fifth European Union Enlargement Actually Negotiated? A Comparative Analysis of Selected Traits." International Negotiation 13, no. 2 (2008): 247–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180608x320234.
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AbstractDespite the political and economic importance of the fifth European Union enlargement, not much research has been devoted to the negotiation process that led to this event. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of our survey conducted among politicians and diplomats representing the parties in the accession negotiations. The main objectives of this survey were to identify differences between the negotiating behavior and attitudes of participants and examine differences between the perceptions (self-perception vs. the perception of the negotiation partners) of the negotiating profiles. From the survey data, we gain valuable insights into the negotiation process, particularly into the parties' perceptions of selected traits, such as attitudes, interests, power, climate, team organization, communication, concern for protocol, flexibility, emotion, and time sensitivity, among negotiating profiles.
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Lilja, Jannie. "Domestic-Level Factors and Negotiation (In)Flexibility in the WTO." International Negotiation 17, no. 1 (2012): 115–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180612x630956.
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Abstract Some suggest that the fault lines of the WTO’s perceived failures actually lie in failures at the domestic level. This study examines the factors that can explain flexibility (and inflexibility) in multilateral trade negotiations within WTO member states. To shed light on the role of domestic factors in influencing WTO positions, we examine one member state in connection with a high-level meeting. India at the July 2008 Ministerial is selected primarily for methodological reasons. The empirical analysis provides preliminary support for the proposition that domestic policy-making structures marked by continuous information exchange and coordination are more likely to yield negotiation flexibility in multilateral talks. More specifically, the intense interaction that marks the relationships between actors involved in policy making on Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA) and services, where the Indian negotiation position was flexible overall, stands in contrast to what took place in the area of agriculture, where India took a manifestly inflexible stand. Competing explanations fail to fully account for the variation in these negotiating postures. A key insight from the analysis is that organized and regularized consultations, involving the same actors over time, are important. There is also a need for public outreach strategies in connection with high-level WTO meetings.
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Ogliastri, Enrique, and Gimmy Salcedo. "La cultura negociadora en el Perú: un estudio exploratorio." Cuadernos de difusión 13, no. 25 (December 30, 2008): 9–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46631/jefas.2008.v13n25.01.
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This is a qualitative study about how to conduct business in Peru. It is based on 47 semi-structured questionnaires on pointed negotiation experiences in which a Peruvian side was involved. The information was classified into 23 items about the customs, tactics, concepts, expectations, beliefs and values that occur in conflict and negotiation processes in Peru. Here was found a culture very similar to that widespread in Latin America: the dominance of haggling as a negotiating process, based on an unreasonable request at the beginning that is to be adjusted slowly. Cordial relations are preferred in an informal atmosphere; it is customary to not do much preparation for the negotiation and recourse to cunning and power more often than to objective technical criteria. In this culture emotions are expressed, and uncertainties have generated a great deal of flexibility in negotiations. The results must be validated by further analysis. This study is part of an extensive research on intercultural negotiation.
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Meerts, Paul. "Order through Negotiation." International Negotiation 11, no. 2 (2006): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180606778968353.
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AbstractThe negotiation process can be a tool that generates order in international relations between states and international organizations. Order and structure are needed in a globalizing world of interdependencies and growing cleavages. The importance of international regimes in channeling and protecting negotiation processes is discussed. Regimes and interstate bargaining can only be effective if the main actors successfully balance their interests and activities. To create this equilibrium, extra-regime negotiations are as much needed as intra-regime bargaining, since negotiation is as much about situations as it is about structures, flexibility plus strength.
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DRUCKMAN, DANIEL, and CHRISTOPHER MITCHELL. "Flexibility in Negotiation and Mediation." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 542, no. 1 (November 1995): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716295542001002.
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Schwamberger, Yannick, and Saïd Yami. "Negotiation and work flexibility in France." Journal of Organizational Change Management 13, no. 5 (October 2000): 493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09534810010377453.
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Mousa Al Janabi, Hazem Hamad. "Negotiating Tripartite Philosophy (Strategy–tactics–technique)." Tikrit Journal For Political Science 1, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/poltic.v1i1.93.
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Tripartite Negotiating philosophy: (strategy - tactics - technique)
At the beginning , the research consists of four sections as follows: The first axis titled: "what negotiation", and the second axis: "philosophy of negotiation," The third axis titled: "negotiation strategy".
Down to the fourth axis which included titled: "negotiating tactic", Sajama with the past and as a supplement came fifth axis titled: "negotiating technique", to be the bottom line in the form of a set of conclusions.
Negotiation consists of a base triple hierarchical strategy - tactics - technique.
The philosophy of negotiating interactive basis of rationality.
Negotiable three parties are the position and the case and the parties involved.
Is the process of negotiating strategic recruitment capacity and capabilities to achieve the desired goal of the crisis prematurely.
Negotiating tactic is the process of hiring capacity and capabilities to achieve the desired goal at the negotiating table.
•The technique is the process of negotiating employment capacity and capabilities to achieve the desired goal at the negotiating table to contain thesudden things check response and renewed flexibility.
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Pruitt, Dean. "Negotiation with Terrorists." International Negotiation 11, no. 2 (2006): 371–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180606778968290.
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AbstractNegotiation with non-ideological ethno-nationalist terrorists is more common and more successful than with other kinds of terrorists. Additional strategies for dealing with terrorists include combating, isolating, and mainstreaming. There are many arguments against negotiation with terrorists, but most of them do not apply to secret backchannel talks, which are usually the method of choice in first approaching these groups. The success of negotiation depends on the development of flexibility by both the terrorists and the authorities. These and other points are illustrated with case materials from the Northern Ireland peace process, and the analysis is extended, on a speculative basis, to negotiation with several Islamic terrorist groups.
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Thompson, Michael A., Patricia A. Hurley, Bryan Faller, Jean Longinette, Katie Richter, Teresa L. Stewart, and Nicholas Robert. "Challenges With Research Contract Negotiations in Community-Based Cancer Research." Journal of Oncology Practice 12, no. 6 (June 2016): e626-e632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jop.2016.010975.
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Purpose: Community-based research programs face many barriers to participation in clinical trials. Although the majority of people with cancer are diagnosed and treated in the community setting, only roughly 3% are enrolled onto clinical trials. Research contract and budget negotiations have been consistently identified as time consuming and a barrier to participation in clinical trials. ASCO’s Community Research Forum conducted a survey about specific challenges of research contract and budget negotiation processes in community-based research settings. The goal was to ultimately identify potential solutions to these barriers. Methods: A survey was distributed to 780 community-based physician investigators and research staff. The survey included questions to provide insight into contract and budget negotiation processes and perceptions about related barriers. Results: A total of 77% of the 150 respondents acknowledged barriers in the process. Respondents most frequently identified budget-related issues (n = 133), inefficiencies in the process (n = 80), or legal review and negotiation issues (n = 70). Of the respondents, 44.1% indicated that contract research organizations made the contract negotiations process harder for their research program, and only 5% believed contract research organizations made the process easier. The contract negotiations process is perceived to be impeded by sponsors through underestimation of costs, lack of flexibility with the contract language, and excessive delays. Conclusion: Improving clinical trial activation processes and reducing inefficiencies would be beneficial to all interested stakeholders, including patients who may ultimately stand to benefit from participation in clinical trials. The following key recommendations were made: standardization of contracts and negotiation processes to promulgate transparency and efficiencies, improve sponsor processes to minimize burden on sites, create and promote use of contract templates and best practices, and provide education and consultation.
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Lolu, Irina, Aurelian Stanescu, Mihnea Moisescu, and Ioan Stefan Sacala. "Distributed Task Allocation in Multi-Robot Systems Using Argumentation-Based Negotiation." Advanced Materials Research 463-464 (February 2012): 1238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.463-464.1238.
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The continuous growing of application’s complexity and increased interest in automated negotiation brought recently researcher’s attention to persuasive negotiation (PN) and argumentation-based negotiation (ABN). The Market-based approach has gained popularity in the last decade due to its flexibility, speed and robustness. Contract Net protocol inspired algorithms have been proved suitable for allocating weakly coupled tasks in robot teams, but there are still some challenges when addressing complex application in uncertain environments. In this context the purpose of the paper is to present a method to allocate tasks in multi-robot systems through the use of augmentation- based negotiation.
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Bahaudin, Imam, Anik Juwariyah, and Setyo Yanuartuti. "Negosiasi Performativitas Pedagogis Pembelajaran Musik Generasi Z." Virtuoso: Jurnal Pengkajian dan Penciptaan Musik 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/vt.v4n1.p1-10.
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Abstract: This study identifies and explores the negotiations that occur as pedagogical performativity in learning music in the digital era for Generation Z. This study also looks at the performativity of conventional to modern music learning. Furthermore, it can be known and clarified the position of music learning and its flexibility in learning modern music for generation Z. This type of research is qualitative with a case study approach. Data were obtained with questionnaires in qualitative research, and interviews, which were taken from April 2020 to January 2021. The data sources were 100 music teachers in Surabaya and Sidoarjo, East Java. The research point of view uses the concept of children's musical aspects popularized by Schu-Fang Lin and Helena Gaunt (2016) about the pedagogy of 21st Century music learning. The results show that performativity and pedagogical negotiation in Generation Z music learning begins with awareness and learning innovations carried out by teachers. The teacher realizes that the entry of technology has a significant role in the learning process of music. Negotiation of performativity and pedagogy ultimately leads to a multidimensional learning model that has a reciprocal effect on students. Multidimensional learning highlights the advantages of embracing technology for music learning for Generation Z without obscuring the traditional and other essential aspects of music and conventional learning. The use of technology and the negotiations that occur in it raises multidimensional learning, which aims to include aspects of the face-to-face classroom learning experience with technology-based learning experiences to become an attraction for Generation Z in music learning.Keywords: negotiating, performativity, pedagogy, music learning, Generation Z
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Eriksson, Jacob. "Coercion and third-party mediation of identity-based conflict." Review of International Studies 45, no. 3 (January 29, 2019): 387–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210518000566.
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AbstractThis article analyses third-party mediation of identity-based conflicts, which are notoriously difficult to resolve. It seeks to reconcile the contradiction in the mediation literature between the need for less coercive strategies to ensure ownership of a peace agreement and the need for more coercive strategies to reach a final agreement. Through an analysis of mediation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the article makes four contributions to existing literature. First, the article develops a theoretical ‘best fit’ model that proposes a u-shaped relationship between intensity of mediator coercion and transition through phases of negotiation. Second, it challenges the prevailing notion that pre-negotiation does not involve coercion. Third, it suggests that epistemological and ontological understandings of a conflict and the role of a mediator by both the mediator and the parties mean that mediators enjoy limited capacity to effectively shift from high- to low-coercive strategies. Multi-party mediation can provide the flexibility needed to execute the coercion u-curve effectively. Fourth, it challenges existing understandings of the US-mediated negotiations during the Annapolis process, 2007–08.
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Zakaria, Mohamad. "Knowledge management and global climate change regime negotiations." Foresight 17, no. 1 (March 9, 2015): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/fs-11-2013-0066.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the important factors that negotiators and policy-makers need to take into account while putting their strategies to negotiate global climate change regimes. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is based on qualitative research using the deductive approach. Integrating the theoretical and empirical material in the analysis is used to enhance the readers’ value and interest in the paper. Findings – Without deep understanding of why some international negotiations related to climate change have previously failed, it is difficult to successfully negotiate them in the future. Flexibility and openness during negotiations and to consider the views and concerns of all global actors in finding optimum solutions and cooperation are among the many essential factors that bring the world leaders into a compromise agreement and a global climate change regime. Knowledge management including taking into account the discussed factors may help the negotiators and public to be more prepared to understand the obstacles that may complicate negotiating the international climate change regimes. Research limitations/implications – This paper is not intended for those who have years of experience in climate change negotiations nor for those seeking deep theoretical knowledge about this topic. Practical implications – This paper has practical implications as it combines the theories of international relations with practical evidences from previous Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Social implications – This paper is an essential read to students and young scientists, as well as to young policy-makers within the environmental politics. Originality/value – The paper deals with a very important and current issue and little has been published on the process of preparation for negotiating climate change negotiation. It covers some critical issues and determining factors in such negotiations.
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Lukito, Yulia Nurliani, and Rumishatul Ulya. "NEGOTIATED URBAN SPACE AT MANGGARAI STATION JAKARTA: THE APPROPRIATION OF SPACE BY BAJAJ DRIVERS." DIMENSI (Journal of Architecture and Built Environment) 45, no. 1 (July 31, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/dimensi.45.1.9-18.
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This paper aims to investigate the negotiation between the “formal” and the “informal” urban space in Jakarta through the examination of use of space of marginalized transportation of bajaj – a three-wheeled public transportation. Bajaj drivers continuously and creatively create their use of space and territory as the result of the limitation of space. Creativity in using space emerges as a way to get available space and this activity results in the appropriation of urban space. The basis of such appropriation is how to survive in urban space and such condition is characterized by negotiation, flexibility and adaptability. In high-density Jakarta city, it is necessary for bajaj drivers – who have only limited possibility in using strategic urban space – to use both the formal and the informal to sustain the city at large. An analysis of how bajaj drivers negotiated urban spaces around Manggarai Station reveals the appropriation of urban space that relies on temporality, tactics and negotiation of rules of access among users. In this paper, we analyze how urban informality as an ‘organizing logic’ results in a specific mode of the production of space. The analysis of negotiations of space around Manggarai Station is intended to contribute to an understanding of how informal and negotiated spaces, which shape everyday life in the city, are inseparable parts of formal and designed spaces in the city of Jakarta.
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Pruitt, Dean. "Back-channel Communication in the Settlement of Conflict." International Negotiation 13, no. 1 (2008): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138234008x297922.
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AbstractSecret back-channel communication is often employed in severe conflict to explore the feasibility of front-channel negotiation. It can also be used as an adjunct to front-channel negotiation when talks become deadlocked or as a substitute for front-channel negotiation. Its value lies partly in the flexibility and future orientation it brings to talks. In the prenegotiation phase, it also provides political cover, is cost-effective, does not require formal recognition of the adversary, and allows communication with adversaries who do not meet preconditions for negotiation such as a cease-fire. Intermediaries and intermediary chains are sometimes used in back-channel communication. Heavy reliance on back-channel communication can produce flimsy agreements that are too narrowly based or fail to deal with major issues. But this problem can be avoided if enough time is spent assembling a broad central coalition.
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Pfeiffer, Stefani. "̒Still Arguing Over Cost̓: Bargaining, Etiquette and the Modern Patient in Republican Beijing." Asian Medicine 1, no. 2 (July 16, 2005): 355–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157342105777996601.
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In this article I have endeavoured to show how conflicting notions of consumer etiquette and patient behaviour played out during negotiations between social workers and patients at Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMC) in the 1930s. Organisational technologies such as quantification, record keeping, statistics, standardisation and systematisation were essential aspects of the American-style scientific medicine that PUMC aimed to introduce to China in the Republican period. Chinese patients brought assumptions of their own to the American hospital, however. Wealthy women in particular insistently bargained over the price of treatment, thereby adopting a selective approach to hospital therapies. In response, hospital social workers, who were allowed considerable flexibility about the manner of negotiating prices, adapted payment customs to satisfy this class of patients. At the same time, social workers wielded their control over resources with an eye toward disciplining patients in various ways. They investigated patients' financial circumstances, gathering evidence in order to compel more truthful self-disclosure, or a posture of deference toward scientific and institutional authority. In Republican Beijing a 'modem' Chinese patient role thus evolved through a process of mutual, if asymmetrical, negotiation. Themes that become visible in the process of negotiating payment are suggestive of ways PUMC, as a model of administrative modernity and scientific organisation, was both linked to—and diverged from—consumer practices and concepts of distributive justice rooted in a distant society.
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Khoukhi, Amar, and Adlene Moualek. "Multiagent Architecture Combined with a Multicontract Protocol for FMS Control." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 5, no. 4 (July 20, 2001): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2001.p0201.
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This paper describes a new Multiagent architecture for control of flexible manufacturing. In this architecture, agents coordinate their actions following a new negotiation protocol used for scheduling and rescheduling of tasks. The proposed protocol, MultiContract-Net, is an innovation of Contract-Net protocol enabling several tasks to be negotiated concurrently in real time with optimal results. Thus, the multicontract-Net protocol enables both dynamic task allocation and optimization of opportunities provided by manufacturing flexibility by handling knowledge uncertainty characterizing the negotiation process. This paper stresses the efficiency of distributed implementation.
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Kempin Reuter, Tina. "Simulating Peace Negotiations." Simulation & Gaming 47, no. 6 (September 24, 2016): 818–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046878116667814.
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Background. This article reflects on the use of a simulation of peace talks between Israeli and Palestinians in an upper-level undergraduate course at a liberal arts university in the United States. The university was commissioned to test an externally developed proposal and implementation plan for peace negotiations between Israeli and Palestinians (the “IMPLEMENTATION PLAN”). Aim. (1) To contribute to student’s academic learning and understanding of the conflict; (2) to find strengths and weaknesses of the model. Method. Analysis of data collected using a convergent parallel mixed method approach involving surveys, exit interviews, and guided reflection papers. Results. Student Learning Outcomes. The data supports a deeper understanding of the nature of the conflict as well as the complexity of peace negotiations. Students reported a higher level of engagement with the subject matter as a result of the simulation. The model encouraged innovative thinking and new solutions, which might be of interest in real life application. Challenges to student learning were mainly related to (1) student identification with their roles and (2) a need to compromise and finding quick answers. Model. The simulation demonstrated the strengths of the IMPLEMENTATION PLAN, namely to the focused, structured negotiation process with narrowly defined “tracks.” Challenges include the structure of the simulation, the question of applicability of the model to a real life situation, as well as the long-term implementation strategy of negotiation outcomes. Conclusion. The simulation of the IMPLEMENTATION PLAN greatly benefited student learning and led to thought-provoking outcomes concerning negotiations. However, the findings suggest the need for flexibility and modification of the model.
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Hu, Maomao, Fu Xiao, and Shengwei Wang. "Neighborhood-level coordination and negotiation techniques for managing demand-side flexibility in residential microgrids." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 135 (January 2021): 110248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110248.
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Garrett, James L. "The Beagle Channel: Confrontation and Negotiation in the Southern Cone." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 27, no. 3 (1985): 81–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165601.
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At the Vatican, on 2 May 1985, representatives of Chile and Argentina signed a treaty to end the Beagle Channel dispute, the last major territorial conflict between the two nations. The treaty was a tribute to the professionalism of the negotiators of both countries as well as of the Vatican mediators, and it represented a major foreign policy triumph for President Raúl Alfonsín, head of Argentina's democratically-elected civilian government. Alfonsin's position on key issues, such as sovereignty over the islands within the channel, contrasted sharply with those of his military predecessors. According to Vatican officials, it was Alfonsin's flexibility that laid the groundwork for resolution of the issue (New York Times, 1984a). Chilean willingness to accede to fundamental Argentine demands was also crucial to resolution.
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Dueggeli, Albert, Maria Kassis, and Wassilis Kassis. "Navigation and Negotiation towards School Success at Upper Secondary School: The Interplay of Structural and Procedural Risk and Protective Factors for Resilience Pathways." Education Sciences 11, no. 8 (August 2, 2021): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci11080395.
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Young male migrants, in particular, are at higher risk of not completing upper secondary education and do not have the same opportunities to put their educational resources to use in existing educational contexts. This work examines how socially and structurally disadvantaged male adolescents (migration biography and low SES) can be supported in attaining educational success at the upper secondary level by applying the resilience concept of navigation and negotiation. Within the framework of grounded theory and by a qualitative coding paradigm, we applied an exploratory heuristical approach in order to understand school success under a micro-sociological passage. Data were collected in German-speaking Switzerland as part of the programme’s evaluation, which show, firstly, that inter-individual processes of navigation and negotiation differ depending on the specific people involved and their objectives. Secondly, different forms of development of navigation and negotiation are seen within a single individual, and thirdly, the importance of institutional flexibility becomes apparent when adolescents experience successful processes of navigation or negotiation. The findings are discussed in the context of questions of justice and to their classification within the context of educational and psychological aspects for promoting resilience and on the basis of their overall significance for education policy.
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Orcioni, Simone, and Massimo Conti. "EV Smart Charging with Advance Reservation Extension to the OCPP Standard." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 24, 2020): 3263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123263.
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An accurate management of the interactions among end user, electric vehicle, and charging station during recharge is fundamental for the diffusion of electric mobility. The paper proposes an extension of the Open Charge Point Protocol standard with the aim of including the user in the charging optimization process. The user negotiates with the central station a recharge reservation giving his/her preference and flexibility. The charging station management system provides different solutions based on user’s flexibility. This negotiation allows the optimization of the power grid management considering the user requests and constraints. The complete architecture has been designed, implemented on a web server and on a smartphone app, and tested. Results are reported in this work.
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Gu, Shichao, Haifei Zhu, Hui Li, Yisheng Guan, and Hong Zhang. "Optimal Collision-Free Grip Planning for Biped Climbing Robots in Complex Truss Environment." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): 2533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122533.
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Biped climbing robots (BiCRs) can overcome obstacles and perform transition easily thanks to their superior flexibility. However, to move in a complex truss environment, grips from the original point to the destination, as a sequence of anchor points along the route, are indispensable. In this paper, a grip planning method is presented for BiCRs generating optimal collision-free grip sequences, as a continuation of our previous work on global path planning. A mathematic model is firstly built up for computing the operational regions for negotiating obstacle members. Then a grip optimization model is proposed to determine the grips within each operational region for transition or for obstacle negotiation. This model ensures the total number of required climbing steps is minimized and the transition grips are with good manipulability. Lastly, the entire grip sequence satisfying the robot kinematic constraint is generated by a gait interpreter. Simulations are conducted with our self-developed biped climbing robot (Climbot), to verify the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed methodology.
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Ermyas Admasu Wolde and Abiot Desta Habte. "Trilateral Talks on the Filling and Annual Operation of the GERD: Competing Demands and the Need for Revisiting the Status quo towards a Negotiated Settlement." PanAfrican Journal of Governance and Development (PJGD) 1, no. 2 (August 30, 2020): 4–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46404/panjogov.v1i2.2341.
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The Nile River Basin, with ten riparian countries, lacks any agreed-upon basin-wide legal framework. Attempts at effective management and utilization of water resources inclusive of all countries along the basin have not been possible due to lack of consensus on the legal basis of already exiting colonial-era agreements that allocate an absolute share of the Nile water to Egypt and Sudan by excluding most of the upper riparians. The review has specifically focused on the trilateral negotiation processes between Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt since November 2019 on the filling and annual operation of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, which Ethiopia has been constructing since 2011. It has made a thorough review of a series of events and processes through which the negotiation has passed to conduct a critical analysis of facts, and has suggested reflections on the way forward. It considers the need for political will and flexibility of the negotiating parties to reconcile existing contradictory positions. To this end, pursuing a revisionist approach to take the dynamic socio-economic realities and development needs of co-basin countries is commendable. This further requires renegotiating long existed colonial-era agreements and formulating a basin-wide legal framework in line with existing international standards. Focusing on technical and expertise level of discussions and outcomes would minimize over politicization and specifically would help to address the negative impacts of Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and optimize positive externalities. Peace is a necessity than any other option among the co-basin countries and the only avenue towards sustainable resolution of disputes. Negotiating in good faith and in a ‘give and take’ modality needs to be a second to none alternative to the parties. The international community may also need to play a neutral and genuine role to assist the parties to settle their differences amicably and reach a final negotiated settlement.
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Ermyas Admasu Wolde and Abiot Desta Habte. "Trilateral Talks on the Filling and Annual Operation of the GERD: Competing Demands and the Need for Revisiting the Status quo towards a Negotiated Settlement." PanAfrican Journal of Governance and Development (PJGD) 1, no. 2 (August 30, 2020): 4–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46404/panjogov.v1i2.2381.
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The Nile River Basin, with eleven riparian countries, lacks any agreed-upon basin-wide legal framework. Attempts at effective management and utilization of water resources inclusive of all countries along the basin have not been possible due to lack of consensus on the legal basis of already exiting colonial-era agreements that allocate an absolute share of the Nile water to Egypt and Sudan by excluding most of the upper riparians. The review has specifically focused on the trilateral negotiation processes between Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt since November 2019 on the filling and annual operation of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, which Ethiopia has been constructing since 2011. It has made a thorough review of a series of events and processes through which the negotiation has passed to conduct a critical analysis of facts, and has suggested reflections on the way forward. It considers the need for political will and flexibility of the negotiating parties to reconcile existing contradictory positions. To this end, pursuing a revisionist approach to take the dynamic socio-economic realities and development needs of co-basin countries is commendable. This further requires renegotiating long existed colonial-era agreements and formulating a basin-wide legal framework in line with existing international standards. Focusing on technical and expertise level of discussions and outcomes would minimize over politicization and specifically would help to address the negative impacts of Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and optimize positive externalities. Peace is a necessity than any other option among the co-basin countries and the only avenue towards sustainable resolution of disputes. Negotiating in good faith and in a ‘give and take’ modality needs to be a second to none alternative to the parties. The international community may also need to play a neutral and genuine role to assist the parties to settle their differences amicably and reach a final negotiated settlement.
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O’Connell, Sarah, Glenn Reynders, Federico Seri, Raymond Sterling, and Marcus M. Keane. "A standardised flexibility assessment methodology for demand response." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 38, no. 1 (August 5, 2019): 20–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-01-2019-0011.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to standardised four-step flexibility assessment methodology for evaluating the available electrical load reduction or increase a building can provide in response to a signal from an aggregator or grid operator. Design/methodology/approach The four steps in the methodology consist of Step 1: systems, loads, storage and generation identification; Step 2: flexibility characterisation; Step 3: scenario modelling; and Step 4: key performance indicator (KPI) label. Findings A detailed case study for one building, validated through on-site experiments, verified the feasibility and accuracy of the approach. Research limitations/implications The results were benchmarked against available demonstration studies but could benefit from the future development of standardised benchmarks. Practical implications The ease of implementation enables building operators to quickly and cost effectively evaluate the flexibility of their building. By clearly defining the flexibility range, the KPI label enables contract negotiation between stakeholders for demand side services. It may also be applicable as a smart readiness indicator. Social implications The novel KPI label has the capability to operationalise the concept of building flexibility to a wider spectrum of society, enabling smart grid demand response roll-out to residential and small commercial customers. Originality/value This paper fulfils an identified need for an early stage flexibility assessment which explicitly includes source selection that can be implemented in an offline manner without the need for extensive real-time data acquisition, ICT platforms or additional metre and sensor installations.
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Faia, Ricardo, Tiago Pinto, Fernando Lezama, Zita Vale, and Juan Manuel Corchado. "Optimisation for Coalitions Formation Considering the Fairness in Flexibility Market Participation." E3S Web of Conferences 239 (2021): 00016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123900016.
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This paper proposes a coalitional game-theoretical model for consumers’ flexibility coalition formation, supported by an optimization model based on differential evolution. Traditionally, the participation in conventional electricity markets used to be limited to large producers and consumers. The final end-users contract their energy supply with retailers, since due to the smaller quantity available for trading, they cannot participate in electricity market transactions. Nowadays, the growing concept of local electricity market brings many advantages to the end-users. The flexibility negotiation considering local areas is an important procedure for network operators and it is incorporating a local electricity market opportunity. A coalition formation model to facilitate small players participation in the flexibility market proposed by the network operator is addressed in this work. The inclusion of Shapley value in the proposed model enables finding the best coalition structures considering the fairness of the coalitions in addition to the potential income achieved by the consumers when selling their flexibility. An optimization model based on differential evolution is also proposed as the way to find the optimal coalition structures based on the multi-criteria specifications.
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PAMUK, ŞEVKET. "The evolution of financial institutions in the Ottoman Empire, 1600–1914." Financial History Review 11, no. 1 (April 2004): 7–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565004000022.
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For most of its 600-year existence, the economic institutions and policies of the Ottoman Empire were shaped to a large degree by the priorities and interests of a central bureaucracy. The influence of landowners, merchants and moneychangers remained limited. The central bureaucracy managed to contain the many challenges it faced with pragmatism, flexibility and negotiation. This study examines long-term changes in Ottoman fiscal, monetary and financial institutions from this perspective of pragmatism, flexibility and adaptiveness. Ottoman institutions of private and public finance retained their Islamic lineage until the end of the seventeenth century. European financial institutions began to grow in influence during the eighteenth century. With the onset of the Ottoman reform movement and greater economic interaction with Europe during the nineteenth century, institutional change accelerated. Ultimately, however, Ottoman pragmatism and flexibility remained selective and was utilised for the defence of a traditional order led by the central bureaucracy. Many of the key institutions of the traditional order such as state ownership of land, urban guilds and restrictions on private capital accumulation remained intact until the nineteenth century.
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Humphreys, Lee. "Social Topography in a Wireless Era: The Negotiation of Public and Private Space." Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 35, no. 4 (October 2005): 367–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/aqv5-jmm4-2wlk-6b3f.
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Talking on the phone is usually a private activity, but it becomes a public activity when using a cellphone in certain spaces. Unlike a traditional payphone in public, cellphones do not have privacy booths. Therefore, the ways in which people respond to cellphone calls in public spaces provide markers for social topographical space. In this study I explore how cellphone users negotiate privacy when using cellphones in public space and how those within the proximity of the caller negotiate space in response to these callers. Based on a year-long study involving observation fieldwork and in-depth interviews, I discuss the flexibility with which people constantly negotiate their private and public sense of self when using and responding to cellphones in public spaces.
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Celec, Robert, and Dietfried Globocnik. "Benchmarking Firm-level Resources, Capabilities, and Postures Driving Export Performance of SMEs." Naše gospodarstvo/Our economy 63, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ngoe-2017-0005.
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AbstractThis paper aimed to identify success factors of export performance for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Drawing on the resource-based view, the dynamic capability view, and international entrepreneurship theory, we extracted relevant assets, capabilities, and postures at the firm level. An extended benchmarking method was applied to empirically test the proposed success factors with a cross-sectional sample of 99 Slovenian SMEs. The results highlight the crucial role of management competence, financial and human resources, market orientation, negotiation flexibility, and a proactive and risk-taking posture to achieve superior export performance.
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Skjærseth, Jon Birger, Olav Schram Stokke, and Jørgen Wettestad. "Soft Law, Hard Law, and Effective Implementation of International Environmental Norms." Global Environmental Politics 6, no. 3 (August 2006): 104–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep.2006.6.3.104.
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The article compares the interplay between soft law institutions and those based on hard law in international efforts to protect the North Sea, reduce transboundary air pollution, and discipline fisheries subsidies. Our cases confirm that ambitious norms are more easily achieved in soft law institutions than in legally binding ones, but not primarily because they bypass domestic ratification or fail to raise concerns for compliance costs. More important is the greater flexibility offered by soft law instruments with respect to participation and sectoral emphasis. Second, ambitious soft law regimes put political pressure on laggards in negotiations over binding rules, but this effect is contingent on factors such as political saliency and reasonably consensual risk and option assessment. Third, hard-law instruments are subject to more thorough negotiation and preparation which, unless substantive targets have been watered down, makes behavioral change and problem solving more likely. Finally, although most of the evidence presented here confirms the implementation edge conventionally ascribed to hard law institutions, the structures for intrusive verification and review that provide part of the explanation can also be created within soft law institutions.
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Dermineur, Elise M. "Rethinking Debt: The Evolution of Private Credit Markets in Preindustrial France." Social Science History 42, no. 2 (2018): 317–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2018.5.
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This article focuses on traditional private credit markets in eighteenth-century France through the examination of notarized loan deeds and to a lesser extent civil court records. It examines in particular how credit markets functioned and how they developed in the eighteenth century. It argues that traditional credit markets featured norms of solidarity, cooperation, and fairness, and allowed considerable flexibility and input from both creditors and debtors. But in the middle of the eighteenth century, this market experienced several major changes. Not only did the volume of exchange and the number of notarized credit contracts dramatically increase, engendering a standardization of contracts and a greater resort to external institutions, but a new group of investors modified the traditional norms and practices of exchange. This article concludes that the private credit market shifted from an institution in which input, negotiation, and flexibility prevailed to a more rigid institution in which rules and rigor applied.
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Gibbins, Michael, Susan McCracken, and Steven E. Salterio. "The auditor’s strategy selection for negotiation with management: Flexibility of initial accounting position and nature of the relationship." Accounting, Organizations and Society 35, no. 6 (August 2010): 579–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2010.01.001.
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Sugiyama, Ayumi, Vourchteang Sea, and Toshiharu Sugawara. "Emergence of divisional cooperation with negotiation and re-learning and evaluation of flexibility in continuous cooperative patrol problem." Knowledge and Information Systems 60, no. 3 (December 11, 2018): 1587–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10115-018-1285-8.
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Rhoden, Lyn. "Relations between Marital Processes and Outcomes in the Marriages of Nontraditional and Traditional Women." Psychological Reports 92, no. 3 (June 2003): 915–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.92.3.915.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the importance of the marital processes of cohesion, flexibility, and communication to marital quality and marital stability in the marriages of nontraditional and traditional women. Selected longitudinal data from the 1992 Marital Stability Over the Life Span Data Set were used. A subsample of 74 married women who were defined as nontraditional and a comparison group of 274 traditional women were selected according to their occupational status and gender-role orientation. Comparisons indicated that some marital processes, including higher emotional bonding, spousal interaction, negotiation, and positive communication patterns, were significantly related to marital outcomes for nontraditional women.
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Wahedi, N. "Peculiarities of Communicative Approach in Foreign Language Teaching." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 2 (February 15, 2020): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/51/35.
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This paper looks briefly at the preconditions that gradually formed communicative language teaching (CLT) as a response to the growing demand and needs of non-native learners of English in many different contexts of learning, then draws a parallel between existing conventional methods of language teaching and novel insights presented by CLT. The constituent parts of Communicative competence are introduced. The negotiation of meaning is considered as the most essential function of the target language that learners are capable to master which allows them to maintain flexibility in a deliberate speech despite the gaps in their language proficiency. Besides, the article discusses the current limitations of CLT bound to several factors such as the lack of language proficiency, rigid curricula, and teachers’ misconceptions of CLT.
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Clark, Gracia. "Negotiating Asante family survival in Kumasi, Ghana." Africa 69, no. 1 (January 1999): 66–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161077.
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Extreme flexibility in the residential and financial arrangements attached to marriage and matrilineal kinship have remained a consistent characteristic of Asante throughout this century. The constant renegotiation processes that constitute and renew family relations have kept them remarkably strong through a series of radical changes in the enacted content and boundaries of those relations, linked with dramatic fluctuations in the economic and political environment of Ghana. The degree of personal agency sustaining this Asante social framework has challenged and stretched a succession of theoretical models, since this negotiability extends to the principles and limits of negotiation itself. The continuing vitality of Asante matriliny actually requires a high degree of individual autonomy, including the economic autonomy that anchors the negotiating position of each social adult. Recent life history work among Kumasi women traders shows that the elastic framework of family relations can absorb considerable change in the expectations and the balance of power between spouses or between parents and children as long as the pace remains slow enough and individual self-reliance stable enough to preserve the continuity of the renegotiation process. The economic crisis of the final decade of the century has threatened the basis of social reproduction by reducing the opportunities for financial independence. Without basic autonomous subsistence young men and women can no longer function effectively as Asante adults.
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MacDermott, Therese. "Older Workers and Requests for Flexibility: A Weak Right in the Face of Entrenched Age Discrimination." Federal Law Review 44, no. 3 (September 2016): 451–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x1604400305.
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In 2013, the right to request flexible work arrangements was extended to include employees who are 55 years or older, with a refusal by an employer of such a request in theory available only on the basis of ‘reasonable business grounds.’ This expansion of the right to request is one of a number of different strategies implemented with a view to enhancing the workforce participation of older Australians. This paper examines the scope of the right to request and how it operates with respect to older workers as part of the National Employment Standards in the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). The paper also examines the gender dimension in the making of requests and in the utilisation of flexible work practices. Since the ‘right’ exists as merely the subject for negotiation at a workplace level, rather than an enforceable claim, this paper contends that it is unable to overcome persistent and prevalent age discrimination in employment. The paper argues that a review process and independent oversight are required in order to bring about the attitudinal change necessary if the right to request flexible work arrangements is to operate as a viable means of providing constructive opportunities for older workers to maintain their workforce participation.
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Blackler, Frank. "Post(-)Modern Organizations: Understanding how Cscw Affects Organizations." Journal of Information Technology 9, no. 2 (June 1994): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026839629400900204.
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The paper reviews the ways organizations are thought to be changing as a result of Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). While claims which exaggerate the impact of technological changes should not be taken seriously, within the context of current developments in world capitalism CSCW assumes particular importance raising cultural and organizational problems at least as much as economic and technological ones. The flexibility, variety and disorder associated with ‘post-modern’ organizations (i.e. organizations characteristic of the epoch after modernism) necessitate the adoption of ‘postmodern’ approaches to understanding (i.e. approaches to the theory of knowledge developed in linguistics and philosophy) which emphasise the significance of communication, interpretation, improvization, negotiation and learning processes. The suggestion is that, for the impact of CSCW to be understood, conventional theories of organization should be replaced by theories of collective activity.
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Macaulay, Richard, and Erika Turkstra. "PP148 Your Money Or Your Life? Are Price Negotiations Health Technology Assessment Best Practice?" International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, S1 (2018): 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462318002787.
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Introduction:Many countries use Health Technology Assessment (HTA) organizations to evaluate the clinical and economic impact of new therapeutic interventions. In some markets, HTA outcomes directly link to reimbursement decision-making based on the manufacturer's submitted price (e.g. NICE and SMC [UK]). In others, the HTA outcome leads to price negotiations with manufacturers by a separate body (e.g. HAS/CEPS [France] and G-BA/GKV [Germany]). This research compares major examples of each approach to inform a discussion on whether such price negotiations align with HTA best practice.Methods:Publically-available technology assessment outcomes for G-BA/GKV, NICE and SMC (01/01/2011-31/12/2015) were extracted and compared.Results:Of 112 G-BA benefit assessments, 45 percent offered no additional benefit with automatic reference pricing; 55 percent offered additional benefit, qualifying for price negotiations; 77 percent had prices negotiated, 14 percent had price fixed by court, and eight percent withdrew from market. Of 156 NICE Single Technology Appraisals, 51 percent were recommended, 17 percent restricted, 20 percent not recommended, and 12 percent non-submissions. Of 497 SMC appraisals, 35 percent were accepted, 28 percent restricted, 17 percent not recommended and 19 percent non-submissions. Forty-eight percent and 24 percent of NICE and SMC positive appraisals were associated with a Patient Access Scheme (PAS), with 86 percent and 88 percent being simple discounts schemes, respectively.Conclusions:Making reimbursement decisions for new medicines based on a clear set of criteria may be the most objectively fair and transparent method of HTA; however, as the NICE and SMC examples show, although strong downward price pressure is exerted (high frequency of PASs), this may come at the cost of many therapies (~33 percent) being denied access. By contrast, the flexibility enabled by a distinct price negotiation phase may enable more therapies access, as shown by the G-BA/GKV example (<10% medicines withdrawn). Nevertheless, the relative effectiveness of the downward price pressures, a key determinant of HTA process effectiveness, cannot be compared due to the confidential nature of UK PAS discounts.
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Bhattacharya, Sourabh, and Shantanu Shankar Bagchi. "Evaluating Manufacturer's Wholesale Price Policy Under Order Postponement With Buyback Option." International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences 10, no. 2 (April 2019): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsds.2019040103.
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In this article, a decentralized newsvendor model is analyzed in the presence of demand uncertainty, where the retailer wishes to postpone his ordering decision by few days until the most accurate demand information is available. The impact of such order postponement on the equilibrium profits of both manufacturer and retailer with and without a buyback contract is subsequently examined to obtain a range of wholesale prices within which the marginal profits for both manufacturer and retailer which are non-negative. Furthermore, it is observed that the possibility of implementing order postponement is higher when it is done in the presence of a buyback contract as it increases the marginal profits for both manufacturer and the retailer and expands the feasible region of wholesale price, which leads to a provision of higher flexibility for negotiation between the manufacturer and the retailer.
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BODANESE, ELIANE L., and LAURIE G. CUTHBERT. "APPLYING INTELLIGENT SOFTWARE AGENTS IN A DISTRIBUTED CHANNEL ALLOCATION SCHEME FOR CELLULAR NETWORKS." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 16, no. 08 (December 2002): 1021–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001402002131.
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As the demand for mobile services has increased, the need for an efficient allocation of channels is essential to ensure good performance, given the limited spectrum available. Techniques for increasing flexibility in radio resource acquisition are needed to handle the heterogeneity of services and bit rates to be supported in the forthcoming generations of mobile communications. To improve the performance and efficiency of the channel allocation, we propose the use of a particular agent architecture that allows base stations to be more flexible and intelligent, including planning to attempt to balance the load in advance of reactive requests. The simulation results prove that the use of intelligent agents controlling the allocation of channels is feasible and the agent negotiation is an important feature of the system in order to improve perceived quality of service and to improve the load balancing of the traffic.
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Nemdili, Amel Kahina, and Djamila Hamdadou. "Modeling of an active multi-agent environment for the design of a multi-criteria group decision support system." Multiagent and Grid Systems 17, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 83–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/mgs-210344.
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In the present study, the research problem concerns business intelligence, more precisely collaborative decision-making. The authors propose a complete modeling of a multi-agent active environment for the design of a multicriteria group decision support system dedicated to the spatial problem of localization in territory planning. The proposed model is called ActiveGDSS (Active Group Decision Support System) which uses a coupling between a geographic information system and a multi agents system and is endowed by a new negotiation protocol based on the concession allowing reaching to a consensus which satisfies the territorial actors. The main purpose is to integrate the principle of contextual activation in the modeling of the system which makes the environment an active entity. The main advantages of contextual activation are efficiency gain in terms of execution, better flexibility and reuse of agent behaviors.
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khan, Asif, Ahmad Arafa Abd Elrhim, Nishan-E.-Hyder Soomro, and Muhammad Abid Hussain Shah Jillani. "China Perspective in Reforming of the World Trade Organization." Journal of Politics and Law 14, no. 2 (January 30, 2021): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v14n2p104.
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In recent years, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the multilateral trading system, has faced many difficulties and challenges due to the great vows of anti-globalisation and trade protectionism. The appellate body, as a significant portion of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSU) of the WTO, has been suffering from an unprecedented crisis of suspension because the United States continues to prevent the appointment of vacant members. Now to save the World Trade Organization from an unprecedented crisis of survival reform has become a consensus. However, each member has a different opinion concerning the basic principle and specific contents of WTO reforms. In general, it is proposed to increase the flexibility of the negotiation mechanism and break the deadlock in multilateral negotiations caused by "consensus" and advocate the system in terms of substantive rules. It is proposed to establish new trade regulations, strengthen trade fairness, and eliminate investment Obstacles; in terms of disciplinary constraints, it advocates better use of the WTO's review and supervision functions and strengthens the constraints on members' compliance with transparency and notification obligations. In dispute settlement, it proposes to amend the relevant agreements as soon as possible To break the deadlock in the selection of judges of the Appellate Body and ensure the regular operation of the World Trade Organization. China clarifies its primary position and fundamental concerns, based on the existing paper, and introducing specific reform programs to participate more effectively in the WTO reform process. Qualitative research methodology has been applied to the following article.
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Bhattacharjee, Sudip, Kimberly K. Moreno, and Jonathan S. Pyzoha. "The Influence of Perspective Taking Encouraged by the Audit Committee on Auditor and Client Judgments during Accounting Disputes." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 39, no. 3 (April 1, 2020): 29–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-18-094.
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SUMMARY We examine the influence of an audit committee (AC) that encourages auditors (partners and managers) and clients (CFOs and controllers) to consider an accounting dispute from the other party's perspective. Experiment 1 suggests this approach leads to a higher likelihood of agreement and greater concessionary behavior than an AC that does not encourage perspective taking. Perspective taking also impacts the negotiators in different ways. Auditors' solution sets (concessions less reservation price) shift closer to the client's desired adjustment, while clients' solution sets get wider, suggesting greater flexibility. When the AC subsequently provides a resolution recommendation to all negotiators, the AC's initial approach carries over and impacts the negotiators' subsequent behavior. We support these findings in Experiment 2, which was designed to rule out a potential confound and to use a different perspective taking manipulation. This paper extends negotiation research and has implications for practitioners, regulators, and those charged with governance. Data Availability: Available upon request from the authors.
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Levi, P., M. Schanz, and V. Avrutin. "Modeling and analysis of a simple manufacturing-oriented multi-agent system." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 5, no. 1 (2000): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1026022600000376.
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Due to the autonomy of individual agents and the use of the concept of distributed planning, multi-agent systems (MAS) represent a promising approach to achieve fault-tolerant self-organizing manufacturing systems. In this article, a basic component of a manufacturing-oriented MAS is presented. The negotiation strategies are formulated in such a way that they, on the one hand, guarantee considerable flexibility of the basic component itself, and, on the other hand, enable the construction of more complex systems built up from several components. On the basis of this single component, it is shown that the dynamics of such systems without appropriate control mechanisms can be chaotic. Such behaviour is, however, unwanted in practice and must therefore be stabilized or avoided. In order to develop appropriate tools for this task, the dynamic behaviour of the system is investigated using concepts and methods of synergetics and the theory of nonlinear dynamical systems.
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Vielle, Pascale, and Jean-Michel Bonvin. "Putting security at the heart of the European social pact – proposals to make flexicurity more balanced." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 14, no. 3 (January 1, 2008): 419–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890801400306.
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The concept of flexicurity opens up new avenues for rethinking our approach to social integration and security for Europe's citizens. In the current European debate, however, flexicurity is out of balance on two levels: it leans too far towards flexibility at the expense of security, and it is too focused on the labour market (and increasing employment rates) at the expense of other aspects of quality of life. This article suggests ways to rebalance flexicurity, giving more substance to ‘security’. In particular it proposes that, in addition to the mutualisation typically found in conventional social security strategies, services of general interest and time and space policies should also be developed. It recommends the negotiation of a new social pact in which all partners (not just the social partners) should have their say. The conclusion highlights the particular role of the EU in promoting harmonising measures and establishing new instruments for security and different ways of approaching public funding and investment.
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Duff, Megan, and Priscilla Wohlstetter. "Negotiating Intergovernmental Relations Under ESSA." Educational Researcher 48, no. 5 (June 5, 2019): 296–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0013189x19854365.
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The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) has generated considerable buzz in education circles and the general media. But how much has really changed, and what does this mean for states as they begin the process of implementing a new federal education law? In this article, we apply principal-agent theory to explore intergovernmental relations under ESSA, focusing specifically on the relationship between the federal government (the principal) and state governments (the agents). First, we review power dynamics under No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and ESSA, exploring implications of changes in the substance of both laws for the principal-agent problem. Next, using political discourse analysis, we show how shifts in the content of Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) and its implementation by the current administration influenced the federal review process of state plans for the sixteen states that submitted plans under the early deadline. We find the federal government was most likely to provide feedback around Title I, Part A, Section 4 pertaining to accountability and school improvement. Ultimately, however, states that ignored or defied federal feedback were successful given both the limits ESSA places on U.S. Department of Education authority and the current administration’s reliance on negotiation over sanction. Thus far, this approach has ensured states are realizing the maximum flexibility available through the law, as all state plans were approved, regardless of whether states heeded federal feedback and complied with the law.
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Matthews, J. Sharif. "When am I ever going to use this in the real world? Cognitive flexibility and urban adolescents’ negotiation of the value of mathematics." Journal of Educational Psychology 110, no. 5 (July 2018): 726–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/edu0000242.
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Moura, Ana Clara Mourão, and Christian Rezende Freitas. "Scalability in the Application of Geodesign in Brazil: Expanding the Use of the Brazilian Geodesign Platform to Metropolitan Regions in Transformative-Learning Planning." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 8, 2021): 6508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126508.
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The Brazilian Geodesign platform was proposed based on extensive experience in Geodesign workshops, aiming to adapt the method to the country’s cultural specificities, with a commitment to support the construction of opinions in planning, in the process of transformative-learning planning. To test the scalability of the method, a study was developed in 13 metropolitan regions of the country, with the involvement of universities, distributed from north to south, in different biomes and urbanization conditions. The same method was proposed for everyone, starting from the same collection of 40 thematic maps to support discussions about alternative futures in land use. Participants used the GISColab platform and went through the same stages of analysis, proposition, and negotiation of ideas. As a result, there was an improvement in the projects developed between the first and the last day of work, with the expansion of compliance with the goals of sustainable development (SDG) and areas for carbon credit. It was possible to observe that, although they used the same framework proposed, each group adapted the method to their local reality, proving the scalability of the process and the necessary flexibility for employment in different realities, ensuring a defensible and reproducible criterion. As recommendations, it would be interesting to apply the same study of multiple simultaneous cases in another country, to analyze the scalability and flexibility to local changes, as it happened in the experiment. This would be entirely possible, as the platform is based on worldwide OGC standards (Open Geospatial Consortium) and would have full interoperability in use.