Journal articles: 'Neighborhood Problems'

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Conyersm, F. Garrett, Helene M. Langevin, Gary J. Badger, and Darshan H. Mehta. "Identifying Stress Landscapes in Boston Neighborhoods." Global Advances in Health and Medicine 7 (January 2018): 216495611880305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2164956118803058.

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Background Chronic stress plays a role in the development of health disparities. However, the relationship between neighborhood stressors and stress-related health problems and behaviors is unknown. In the city of Boston, Massachusetts, 3 neighborhoods, while within a 3 mile radius, have widely divergent life expectancies. This work aims to investigate and compare perceived neighborhood-level stressors, stress-related negative behaviors, and stress-related health problems in these neighborhoods. Methods Three hundred twenty-six participants were surveyed from the neighborhoods. Participants were asked to rate (1) 27 neighborhood stressors, (2) 16 stress-related negative behaviors, and (3) 13 stress-related health problems using a 1 to 5 Likert-type scale. Differences in responses between neighborhoods were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and χ2 tests. Results The highest neighborhood stressors overall were related to finance, unequal treatment, and unsafe bike/pedestrian access. The highest stress-related health problems were related to substance abuse and obesity, and the largest stress-related behaviors were related to poor diet, intolerance, and aggressive driving. There were significant differences across neighborhoods ( P < .05) for 18 of the 27 neighborhood stressors, 8 of the 10 stress-related health problems, and 12 of the 15 stress-related behaviors. Conclusions There is marked contrast in stress landscapes between the 3 neighborhoods in Boston despite their geographical proximity. This finding potentially serves as an explanation for the drastic differences in health outcomes, even though these neighborhoods are equidistant from academic medical centers. Strategies for improving the health of individuals should incorporate the unique stressors at the neighborhood level. Further research is needed to investigate how specifically neighborhood stressors influence the health of residents, thereby informing what policy interventions might be useful.

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Drazic, Milan. "Influence of a neighborhood shape on the efficiency of continuous variable neighborhood search." Yugoslav Journal of Operations Research 30, no. 1 (2020): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/yjor190115004d.

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The efficiency of a Variable neighborhood search metaheuristic for continuous global optimization problems greatly depends on geometric shape of neighborhood structures used by the algorithm. Among the neighborhoods defined by balls in ?p, 1 ?p ? ? metric, we tested the ?1, ?2, and ?? ball shape neighborhoods, for which there exist efficient algorithms for obtaining uniformly distributed points. On many challenging high-dimensional problems, our exhaustive testings showed that, popular and the easiest for implementation, ?? ball shape of neighborhoods performed the worst, and much better efficiency was obtained with ?1 and ?2.

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Singh, Gopal K., and Mary Kay Kenney. "Rising Prevalence and Neighborhood, Social, and Behavioral Determinants of Sleep Problems in US Children and Adolescents, 2003–2012." Sleep Disorders 2013 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/394320.

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We examined trends and neighborhood and sociobehavioral determinants of sleep problems in US children aged 6–17 between 2003 and 2012. The 2003, 2007, and 2011-2012 rounds of the National Survey of Children’s Health were used to estimate trends and differentials in sleep problems using logistic regression. Prevalence of sleep problems increased significantly over time. The proportion of children with <7 days/week of adequate sleep increased from 31.2% in 2003 to 41.9% in 2011-2012, whereas the prevalence of adequate sleep <5 days/week rose from 12.6% in 2003 to 13.6% in 2011-2012. Prevalence of sleep problems varied in relation to neighborhood socioeconomic and built-environmental characteristics (e.g., safety concerns, poor housing, garbage/litter, vandalism, sidewalks, and parks/playgrounds). Approximately 10% of children in neighborhoods with the most-favorable social environment had serious sleep problems, compared with 16.2% of children in neighborhoods with the least-favorable social environment. Children in neighborhoods with the fewest health-promoting amenities or the greatest social disadvantage had 37%–43% higher adjusted odds of serious sleep problems than children in the most-favorable neighborhoods. Higher levels of screen time, physical inactivity, and secondhand smoke exposure were associated with 20%–47% higher adjusted odds of sleep problems. Neighborhood conditions and behavioral factors are important determinants of sleep problems in children.

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Gilster, Megan E., Cristian L. Meier, and Jaime M. Booth. "Assessing the Role of Ethnic Enclaves and Neighborhood Conditions in Volunteering Among Latinos in Chicago." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 49, no. 3 (December 2, 2019): 479–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764019889188.

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Neighborhoods may be important for formal volunteering because they vary in the extent to which they have institutions that support participation and problems that motivate participation. According to social heterogeneity and ethnic community theories, we should expect that living in ethnic enclaves, neighborhoods where residents are predominantly of the same ethnic group, would promote formal volunteering. Latino ethnic enclaves may also have more institutions and problems. However, no studies have examined neighborhood effects on formal volunteering among U.S.- and foreign-born Latinos. We investigated neighborhood-level predictors of formal volunteering among Latinos, and Mexican descent residents more specifically, using secondary data from Chicago, a Latino immigrant destination. We tested the effects of ethnic enclaves, neighborhood organizational resources, and neighborhood needs on formal volunteering. We found that Latinos in Chicago were less likely to participate in formal volunteering in ethnic enclaves when controlling for enclaves’ greater neighborhood needs, which positively influenced formal volunteering.

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Leventhal, Tama, and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. "Children and Youth in Neighborhood Contexts." Current Directions in Psychological Science 12, no. 1 (February 2003): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.01216.

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Neighborhoods are increasingly studied as a context where children and youth develop; however, the extent of neighborhoods' impact remains debatable because it is difficult to disentangle this impact from that of the family context, in part because families have some choice as to where they live. Evidence from randomized experiments, studies using advanced statistical models, and longitudinal studies that control for family characteristics indicates that neighborhoods do matter. In nonexperimental studies, small to moderate associations were found, suggesting that children and adolescents living in high-income neighborhoods had higher cognitive ability and school achievement than those living in middle-income neighborhoods, and children and adolescents living in low-income neighborhoods had more mental and physical health problems than those living in middle-income neighborhoods. The home environment has been shown to be partly responsible for the link between neighborhood and children's development. For adolescents, neighborhood effects are partially accounted for by community social control. Experimental studies in which families were randomly assigned to move to low-poverty neighborhoods from housing projects found larger neighborhood effects than nonexperi-mental research, particularly for boys' outcomes. Additional issues reviewed are relevant neighborhood characteristics, theoretical models explaining the pathways underlying neighborhood effects, methods for research assessing neighborhood processes, and policy implications.

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Cathorall, M. L., H. Xin, R. Aronson, A. Peachey, D. L. Bibeau, M. Schulz, and G. Dave. "The Influence of Neighborhood Poverty on Blood Glucose Levels: Findings from the Community Initiative to Eliminate Stroke (CITIES) program." Health, Culture and Society 8, no. 2 (December 17, 2015): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/hcs.2015.184.

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Objectives: To examine the relationship between both individual and neighborhood level characteristics and non-fasting blood glucose levels.Study design: This study used a cross sectional design using data from the Community Initiative to Eliminate Stroke Program in NC (2004-2008). A total of 12,809 adults nested within 550 census block groups from two adjacent urban counties were included in the analysis.Methods: Participants completed a cardiovascular risk factor assessment with self-reported demographics, stroke-risk behaviors, and biometric measurements. Neighborhood level characteristics were based upon census data. Three multilevel models were constructed for data analysis.Results: Mean blood glucose level of this sample population was 103.61mg/dL. The unconditional model 1 suggested a variation in mean blood glucose levels among the neighborhoods (τ00 = 13.39; P < .001). Both models 2 and 3 suggested that the neighborhood composite deprivation index had a significant prediction on each neighborhood’s mean blood glucose level (¡01= .69; P < 0.001,¡01= .36; P = .004). Model 3 also suggested that across all the neighborhoods, on average, after controlling for individual level risk factors, deprivation remained a significant predictor of blood glucose levels.Conclusions: The findings provide evidence that neighborhood disadvantage is a significant predictor of neighborhood and individual level blood glucose levels. One approach to diabetes prevention could be for policymakers to address the problems associated with environmental determinants of health.

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Mao, Weiyu, Bei Wu, Iris Chi, Wei Yang, and XinQi Dong. "Neighborhood Cohesion, Acculturation, and Oral Health Problems Among Older Chinese American Immigrants." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2988.

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Abstract The influences of neighborhood characteristics remain understudied in relation to oral health, especially within the context of immigration. Acculturation exerts influences on the oral health of immigrants. This study investigated the relationship between neighborhood cohesion and oral health problems among older Chinese American immigrants and examined the moderating role of acculturation in such a relationship. The working sample included 3,157 older Chinese American immigrants aged 60 years or older from the baseline of the Population Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago. Stepwise logistic regression models with interaction terms were conducted. Individuals experiencing higher levels of neighborhood cohesion reported a lower likelihood of having oral health problems. The protective effect of neighborhood cohesion against having oral health problems was stronger when individuals resided in ethnic enclaves such as Chinatown. To promote optimal oral health, interventions need to account for individuals’ perceptions and levels of integration into their neighborhoods and communities.

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Zhang, Xu-Tao, Biao Xu, Wei Zhang, Jun Zhang, and Xin-fang Ji. "Dynamic Neighborhood-Based Particle Swarm Optimization for Multimodal Problems." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (December 19, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6675996.

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Various black-box optimization problems in real world can be classified as multimodal optimization problems. Neighborhood information plays an important role in improving the performance of an evolutionary algorithm when dealing with such problems. In view of this, we propose a particle swarm optimization algorithm based on dynamic neighborhood to solve the multimodal optimization problem. In this paper, a dynamic ε-neighborhood selection mechanism is first defined to balance the exploration and exploitation of the algorithm. Then, based on the information provided by the neighborhoods, four different particle position updating strategies are designed to further support the algorithm’s exploration and exploitation of the search space. Finally, the proposed algorithm is compared with 7 state-of-the-art multimodal algorithms on 8 benchmark instances. The experimental results reveal that the proposed algorithm is superior to the compared ones and is an effective method to tackle multimodal optimization problems.

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Huang, Haihuang, Liwei Jiang, Xue Yu, and Dongqing Xie. "Hypercube-Based Crowding Differential Evolution with Neighborhood Mutation for Multimodal Optimization." International Journal of Swarm Intelligence Research 9, no. 2 (April 2018): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsir.2018040102.

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In reality, multiple optimal solutions are often necessary to provide alternative options in different occasions. Thus, multimodal optimization is important as well as challenging to find multiple optimal solutions of a given objective function simultaneously. For solving multimodal optimization problems, various differential evolution (DE) algorithms with niching and neighborhood strategies have been developed. In this article, a hypercube-based crowding DE with neighborhood mutation is proposed for such problems as well. It is characterized by the use of hypercube-based neighborhoods instead of Euclidean-distance-based neighborhoods or other simpler neighborhoods. Moreover, a self-adaptive method is additionally adopted to control the radius vector of a hypercube so as to guarantee the neighborhood size always in a reasonable range. In this way, the algorithm will perform a more accurate search in the sub-regions with dense individuals, but perform a random search in the sub-regions with only sparse individuals. Experiments are conducted in comparison with an outstanding DE with neighborhood mutation, namely NCDE. The results show that the proposed algorithm is promising and computationally inexpensive.

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Allen, Ryan. "The Distribution and Evolution of Physical Neighborhood Problems during the Great Recession." City & Community 12, no. 3 (September 2013): 260–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12025.

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While the Great Recession had clear effects on economic growth, unemployment, and household wealth and earnings in the United States, it also likely affected the quality of neighborhoods. Situated in the literature on locational attainment and economic shocks, this research considers how a national economic crisis affects physical neighborhood problems and existing disparities between minority and white households in experiencing these problems (e.g., street disrepair, trash, abandoned buildings, window bars). Results indicate that neighborhood problems increased between 2005 and 2009 and large and persistent disparities existed between some minority groups and white non–Hispanics in experiencing these problems, even after controlling for potentially confounding factors. However, there is little support for the idea that disparities between minorities and white non–Hispanics in experiencing neighborhood problems increased during this time. These research findings suggest that large and pervasive shocks, such as an economic recession, can influence locational attainment by changing neighborhood quality in absolute terms but may not affect the relative hierarchy of place.

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Stein, Rachel E., and Candace Griffith. "Resident and Police Perceptions of the Neighborhood." Criminal Justice Policy Review 28, no. 2 (July 25, 2016): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403415570630.

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The successful implementation of community policing programs is dependent on police and residents understanding the needs of their communities. Differences between resident and police perceptions can affect the success of crime prevention strategies. Much neighborhood research highlights residents’ perceptions of their neighborhoods; the perceptions of police officers are often not taken into account. The current research examines police and resident perceptions of three high crime neighborhoods in a Midwestern city in the United States. Results indicate residents and police have different interpretations of the neighborhoods. Resident perceptions of neighborhood measures are relatively consistent across the three neighborhoods. Police perceptions of their relationship with residents and the close-knit structure of the community, however, are more positive in the primarily White neighborhood that has an active crime prevention program. The findings suggest that what the officers see in the neighborhood is driving perceptions, while actual problems might play a secondary role.

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Faudree, Ralph J., Ronald J. Gould, Michael S. Jacobson, and Richard H. Schelp. "Extremal problems involving neighborhood unions." Journal of Graph Theory 11, no. 4 (1987): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgt.3190110413.

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Walker, Laurie A., Devra Ince, Amanda Riphenburg-Reese, and Jesse Littman. "Predicting Resident Involvement in Neighborhood and Voluntary Groups in a Latino/Latina Neighborhood Undergoing Transit-Oriented Development and Gentrification." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 47, no. 6 (June 22, 2018): 1135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764018783093.

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Resident involvement in voluntary organizations within neighborhoods is often predicted by social factors, awareness of neighborhood problems, and past involvement in activism. Less is known about what predicts involvement in gentrifying neighborhoods with a concentration of generational Latino/Latina families. The mixed methods surveys of residents ( n = 195) and in-depth interviews of neighborhood association participants and leaders in the Menlo Park neighborhood of Tucson, Arizona ( n = 17), determined that residents were involved in the neighborhood association this year when they were also involved in other voluntary organizations in the last year and activism since moving into the neighborhood. Latino/Latina households were more involved in faith/religious and school-focused organizations. Caucasian households were more involved in the neighborhood farmer’s market, business or civic groups, arts, and other social change efforts. Therefore, planners and organizers may need to reach out to varying demographics via different organizations where they belong and participate.

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Petrovic, Mina. "Researching social aspects of urban neighborhood: Reflections of professionals in New Belgrade." Sociologija 50, no. 1 (2008): 55–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc0801055p.

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Firstly, the paper aims to present basic analytical concepts in researching social aspects of urban neighborhoods: community, social cohesion, social capital, as well as relationship between physical and social structures within the neighborhood. Secondly, the paper presents empirical research that explores if there is a process of differentiation in the perception of neighborhood among professionals living in the neighborhoods exposed to significant changes in social and urban structures. By employing a qualitative methodology, based on interviews with 40 professionals in two types of neighborhoods (one exposed to social filtration and the other to the process of gentrification), the study reveals that neighborhood as a community prevails in all localities, that the neighborhood as a commodity develops more distinctively in better quality neighborhoods while the perception of neighborhood as a negative context (social and physical) emerges in lower quality neighborhoods. The importance of network support and reciprocity appeared equally developed in both residential areas enhancing the sense of belonging to the neighborhood. The greatest difference was documented in respondents' safety perception primarily due to differences in neighborhoods' social context (crime, drug abuse and people from the margins in the lower quality area). Spatial characteristics influenced the perceived level of safety too (better equipment and security of buildings in the higher quality area). Social capital understood as potential resource that can be mobilized through intermediate institutions is generally low, without differences between the observed areas. It is visible in the tendency among all respondents to employ primarily the private sector in solving neighborhood problems instead of demanding institutional support, as well as in preferring the payment of services to participation in neighborhood activities.

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Taggart, Tamara, Andre L. Brown, and Trace Kershaw. "Neighborhood Contexts and Marijuana Use Among Urban Dwelling Emerging Adult Men." American Journal of Men's Health 12, no. 4 (February 1, 2018): 944–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988317753222.

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Neighborhoods are key socio-environmental contexts for marijuana use during emerging adulthood. This study examined the relationships between neighborhood context, traditional masculine norms (status, toughness, and anti-femininity), and marijuana use among 119 majority African American emerging adult men in a small urban community. Poisson regression models were used to determine the associations between neighborhood problems, social cohesion, and marijuana use. Moderator effects were examined to determine if masculinities modified these associations. Neighborhood problems and social cohesion were positively associated with marijuana use. Men who had a lower endorsement of some traditional masculine norms had greater marijuana use compared to men with a higher endorsement of these norms. These findings have implications for intervention strategies and policies.

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Wickes, Rebecca, Lisa Broidy, and John R. Hipp. "Responding to Neighborhood Problems: Is the Division of Community Labor Gendered?" Crime & Delinquency 64, no. 9 (December 31, 2017): 1215–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128717750390.

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Social disorganization theory positions informal social control as central to neighborhood crime reduction. Although neighborhood ties, fear of crime, and perceived disorder influence the exercise of informal social control, there are significant sex differences for these drivers that might differentially influence men and women’s informal social control actions. Furthermore, these differences may be exaggerated under conditions that activate gendered divisions of labor. We use survey data from 4,000 residents in 148 neighborhoods and employ multilevel logistic regression to examine the relationship between sex and informal social control actions. We find that men are more likely to take action than women; however, our three-way interactions reveal family arrangements moderate the relationship between ties, fear of crime, disorder, and these actions.

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Turner, Michael G., Jennifer L. Hartman, and Donna M. Bishop. "The Effects of Prenatal Problems, Family Functioning, and Neighborhood Disadvantage in Predicting Life-Course-Persistent Offending." Criminal Justice and Behavior 34, no. 10 (October 2007): 1241–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854807304829.

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Research examining Moffitt's dual taxonomy theory of offending has generally supported the idea that neuropsychological deficits interact with disadvantaged familial environments to predict life-course-persistent offending. Most research, however, has neglected to investigate the power of this interaction across different neighborhood and racial contexts. Using data extracted from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Moffitt's biosocial hypothesis is tested across different neighborhood and racial contexts. The findings indicate that the biosocial interaction predicts life-course-persistent offending only among non-Whites in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Stated differently, macro-level structural factors appear to moderate the effects of individual and family risks. That poor non-Whites reside in neighborhoods that are ecologically distinct from those in which poor Whites reside exacerbates the criminogenic effects of individual-level deficits and family disadvantage.

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Polly, Drew. "Neighborhood survey." Teaching Children Mathematics 18, no. 6 (February 2012): 338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/teacchilmath.18.6.0338.

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Randall, Jeff, Cynthia Cupit Swenson, and Scott W. Henggeler. "Neighborhood Solutions for Neighborhood Problems: An Empirically Based Violence Prevention Collaboration." Health Education & Behavior 26, no. 6 (December 1999): 806–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019819902600605.

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Kündgen, André, and Michael Molloy. "Extremal problems for chromatic neighborhood sets." Journal of Graph Theory 40, no. 1 (March 28, 2002): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgt.10036.

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Parisi, G., and M. Ratiéville. "Neighborhood preferences in random matching problems." European Physical Journal B 22, no. 2 (July 2001): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00011144.

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Shaw, Daniel S., Stephanie L. Sitnick, Lauretta M. Brennan, Daniel E. Choe, Thomas J. Dishion, Melvin N. Wilson, and Frances Gardner. "The long-term effectiveness of the Family Check-Up on school-age conduct problems: Moderation by neighborhood deprivation." Development and Psychopathology 28, no. 4pt2 (December 9, 2015): 1471–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579415001212.

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AbstractSeveral studies suggest that neighborhood deprivation is a unique risk factor in child and adolescent development of problem behavior. We sought to examine whether previously established intervention effects of the Family Check-Up (FCU) on child conduct problems at age 7.5 would persist through age 9.5, and whether neighborhood deprivation would moderate these effects. In addition, we examined whether improvements in parent–child interaction during early childhood associated with the FCU would be related to later reductions in child aggression among families living in the highest risk neighborhoods. Using a multisite cohort of at-risk children identified on the basis of family, child, and socioeconomic risk and randomly assigned to the FCU, intervention effects were found to be moderated by neighborhood deprivation, such that they were only directly present for those living at moderate versus extreme levels of neighborhood deprivation. In addition, improvements in child aggression were evident for children living in extreme neighborhood deprivation when parents improved the quality of their parent–child interaction during the toddler period (i.e., moderated mediation). Implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the possibilities and possible limitations in prevention of early problem behavior for those children living in extreme and moderate levels of poverty.

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Xiong, Jian, Rui Wang, and Jiang Jiang. "Weapon Selection and Planning Problems Using MOEA/D with Distance-Based Divided Neighborhoods." Complexity 2019 (November 22, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7589760.

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Real-world multiobjective optimization problems are characterized by multiple types of decision variables. In this paper, we address weapon selection and planning problems (WSPPs), which include decision variables of weapon-type selection and weapon amount determination. Large solution space and discontinuous, nonconvex Pareto front increase the difficulty of problem solving. This paper solves the addressed problem by means of a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MOEA/D). Two mechanisms are designed for the complex combinatorial characteristic of WSPPs. The first is that the neighborhood of each individual is divided as selection and replacement neighborhoods. The second is that the neighborhood size is changing during the evolution by introducing a distance parameter to constrain the search scope of each subproblem. The proposed algorithm is termed as MOEA/D with distance-based divided neighborhoods (MOEA/D-DDNs) which can overcome possible drawbacks of original MOEA/D with weighted sum approach for complex combinatorial problems. Benchmark instances are generated to verify the proposed approach. Experimental results suggest the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

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Walton, Emily, and Mae Hardebeck. "MULTIETHNIC NEIGHBORHOODS ON THE GROUND." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 13, no. 2 (2016): 345–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x16000230.

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AbstractAs our nation and our neighborhoods increasingly diversify, we should understand how to sustain integrated communities that are equally beneficial for all residents. Though our policies encourage diversity as a theoretical social good, we actually know little about what happens on the ground in multiethnic neighborhoods. We conduct a comparative case study of the only two Boston neighborhoods to have maintained at least 10% representation of four racial and ethnic groups over the past two decades. Using survey data and ethnographic field observations, we examine residents’ experiences in these two consistently multiethnic, yet very different, neighborhoods. We find that neighborhood socioeconomic and racial inequality and disadvantage matter for residents’ access to neighborhood resources and constraints, and their perceptions of sense of community. Notably, in the highly unequal South End, Whites and homeowners have greater access to amenities and have higher perceptions of sense of community in comparison to racial and ethnic minorities and renters. Socioeconomic disadvantage matters in Fields Corner, as evidenced by lower overall perceptions of sense of community and greater exposure to safety concerns among all groups in this neighborhood compared to residents of the South End. In the end, we argue that having multiple groups simply sharing neighborhood space over a stable period is not enough to overcome the social problems associated with residential segregation and isolation. In order to support equitable neighborhood integration amid the changing face of diversity, we should take cues from “diverse by direction” neighborhood models that include active organization and coalition building among dissimilar racial and ethnic groups.

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York Cornwell, Erin, and Matthew Hall. "Neighborhood Problems across the Rural-Urban Continuum: Geographic Trends and Racial and Ethnic Disparities." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 672, no. 1 (June 23, 2017): 238–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716217713171.

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Neighborhood problems such as abandoned buildings, broken windows, and crime are often seen as urban problems. However, the recent housing crisis, shifting demographics, and deepening inequality may have increased neighborhood problems outside of cities. This article describes trends in neighborhood quality across the rural-urban continuum and considers how these trends differ by race/ethnicity. We use data from the 1985 to 2013 American Housing Survey to examine neighborhood problems surrounding a sample of 125,049 housing units in central cities, suburbs, exurbs, and rural areas. We find that rates of neighborhood problems are consistently highest in cities, but they have been steadily increasing in nonmetropolitan areas. We also find that disparities in exposure to neighborhood problems among racial and ethnic groups are not limited to cities: blacks and Latinos living outside of metropolitan areas are increasingly and disproportionately exposed to neighborhood problems. Further research should examine both the causes and consequences of neighborhood problems across the rural-urban continuum.

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Mericle, Amy A., Lee A. Kaskutas, Doug L. Polcin, and Katherine J. Karriker-Jaffe. "Independent and Interactive Effects of Neighborhood Disadvantage and Social Network Characteristics on Problem Drinking After Treatment." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 37, no. 1 (January 2018): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2018.37.1.1.

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Socioecological approaches to public health problems like addiction emphasize the importance of person-environment interactions. Neighborhood and social network characteristics may influence the likelihood of relapse among individuals in recovery, but these factors have been understudied, particularly with respect to conceptualizing social network characteristics as moderators of neighborhood disadvantage. Drawing from a larger prospective study of individuals recruited from outpatient treatment (N = 451) and interviewed 1, 3, 5, and 7 years later, the aim of this study was to examine the independent and interactive effects of neighborhood and social network characteristics on continued problem drinking after treatment. Models using generalized estimating equations controlling for demographic and other risk factors found the number of heavy drinkers in one's network increases risk of relapse, with the effects being significantly stronger among those living in disadvantaged neighborhoods than among those in non-disadvantaged neighborhoods. No independent effects were found for neighborhood disadvantage or for the number of network members supporting reduced drinking. Future research is needed to examine potential protective factors in neighborhoods which may offset socioeconomic disadvantage as well as to investigate the functions that network members serve in helping to improve long-term treatment outcomes.

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Brown, Barbara B., and Carol M. Werner. "The Residents’ Benefits and Concerns Before and After a New Rail Stop." Environment and Behavior 43, no. 6 (December 17, 2010): 789–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916510392030.

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Transit-oriented developments are touted as providing a variety of social benefits, but personal benefits to residents are underresearched. The authors surveyed 51 residents before and after a new light rail stop was constructed in their revitalizing Salt Lake City neighborhood. Residents anticipated and then later experienced increased housing and neighborhood economic values, enhanced sense of community, and improved neighborhood reputation. Residents experienced greater than anticipated pedestrian and child safety after rail service started. Compared with resident perceptions of walkable neighborhoods elsewhere, the Salt Lake residents perceived their neighborhood to be denser, and offering less land-use diversity and more crime safety problems. Perceived walkability increased, with residents reporting greater land-use diversity and neighborhood satisfaction after rail stop completion. However, residents said more stores, parks and trails, and trees would improve walkability. These results show the personal benefits residents desire to make transit-oriented living a satisfying residential alternative.

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Burt, S. Alexandra, D. Angus Clark, Amber L. Pearson, Kelly L. Klump, and Jenae M. Neiderhiser. "Do neighborhood social processes moderate the etiology of youth conduct problems?" Psychological Medicine 50, no. 9 (July 1, 2019): 1519–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719001521.

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AbstractBackgroundPrior work has robustly suggested that social processes in the neighborhood (i.e. informal social control, social cohesion, norms) influence child conduct problems (CP) and related outcomes, but has yet to consider how these community-level influences interact with individual-level genetic risk for CP. The current study sought to do just this, evaluating neighborhood-level social processes as etiologic moderators of child CP for the first time.MethodsWe made use of two nested samples of child and adolescent twins within the Michigan State University Twin Registry (MSUTR): 5649 families who participated in in the Michigan Twins Project (MTP) and 1013 families who participated in the Twin Study of Behavioral and Emotional Development (TBED-C). The neighborhood social processes of informal social control, social cohesion, and norms were assessed using neighborhood sampling techniques, in which residents of each twin family's neighborhood reported on the social processes in their neighborhood. Standard biometric GxE analyses evaluated the extent to which they moderated the etiology of CP.ResultsThe ‘no moderation’ model provided the best fit to the data in nearly all cases, arguing against neighborhood social processes as etiologic moderators of youth CP.ConclusionsThe neighborhood social processes evaluated here do not appear to exert their effects on child CP via etiologic moderation. The documented links between neighborhood social processes and child CP are thus likely to reflect a different etiologic process. Possibilities include environmental main effects of neighborhood social processes on child CP, or genotype-environment correlations.

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Agarwal, Archita, Venkatesan T. Chakaravarthy, Anamitra R. Choudhury, Sambudha Roy, and Yogish Sabharwal. "Set Cover Problems with Small Neighborhood Covers." Theory of Computing Systems 62, no. 8 (January 18, 2018): 1763–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00224-017-9842-1.

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Euteneuer, Frank, Paul J. Mills, Meredith A. Pung, Winfried Rief, and Joel E. Dimsdale. "Neighborhood problems and nocturnal blood pressure dipping." Health Psychology 33, no. 11 (2014): 1366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000004.

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Skogan, Wesley G., and Arthur J. Lurigio. "The Correlates of Community Antidrug Activism." Crime & Delinquency 38, no. 4 (October 1992): 510–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128792038004007.

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This article examines the distribution of drug problems across neighborhoods and the nature and extent of organized community responses to them. It tests contradictory hypotheses about the effect that neighborhood drug problems should have on communities, and it reexamines past research on the social and economic correlates of community activism. The results challenge the conventional wisdom, and suggest that in the 1990s, antidrug activism has taken new forms.

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Oropesa, R. S. "Neighborhood Associations, Political Repertoires and Neighborhood Exits." Sociological Perspectives 32, no. 4 (December 1989): 435–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389131.

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The ways in which residents can respond to neighborhood problems are well understood. Residents can act politically, move or stay put and remain inactive. Less understood are the temporal and empirical relationships between these different strategies. Social scientists and policy makers currently believe, with little empirical evidence, that the decision to move from the community is a function of one's political experiences and involvement in institutions that resolve conflicts. Using survey data collected in Seattle, Washington during the late 1970s, the empirical results are initially more consistent with this view for residential mobility than thoughts about moving. Subsequent analysis reveals that the results for residential mobility are questionable as well. Mobility is also related to perceptions about specific sets of issues in the community, including neighborhood decline and service delivery.

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Shaw, Daniel S., Stephanie L. Sitnick, Julia Reuben, Thomas J. Dishion, and Melvin N. Wilson. "Transactional effects among maternal depression, neighborhood deprivation, and child conduct problems from early childhood through adolescence: A tale of two low-income samples." Development and Psychopathology 28, no. 3 (July 18, 2016): 819–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457941600033x.

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AbstractThe current study sought to advance our understanding of transactional processes among maternal depression, neighborhood deprivation, and child conduct problems (CP) using two samples of low-income families assessed repeatedly from early childhood to early adolescence. After accounting for initial levels of negative parenting, independent and reciprocal effects between maternal depressive symptoms and child CP were evident across both samples, beginning in early childhood and continuing through middle childhood and adolescence. In addition, neighborhood effects were consistently found in both samples after children reached age 5, with earlier neighborhood effects on child CP and maternal depression found in the one exclusively urban sample of families with male children. The results confirm prior research on the independent contribution of maternal depression and child CP to the maintenance of both problem behaviors. The findings also have implications for designing preventative and clinical interventions to address child CP for families living in high-risk neighborhoods.

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Erromdhani, Ridha, Bassem Jarboui, Mansour Eddaly, Abdelwaheb Rebai, and Nenad Mladenovic. "Variable neighborhood formulation search approach for the multi-item capacitated lot-sizing problem with time windows and setup times." Yugoslav Journal of Operations Research 27, no. 3 (2017): 301–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/yjor160417017e.

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In this paper we suggest a new variant of Variable neighborhood search designed for solving Mixed integer programming problems. We call it Variable neighborhood formulation search (VNFS), since both neighborhoods and formulations are changed during the search. VNS deals with integer variables, while an available (commercial) solver is responsible for continues variables and the objective function value. We address the multi-item capacitated lotsizing problem with production time windows and setup times, under the non-customer specific case. This problem is known to be NP-hard and can be formulated as a mixed 0-1 program. Neighborhoods are induced from the Hamming distance in 0-1 variables, while the objective function values in the corresponding neighborhoods are evaluated using different mathematical programming formulations of the problem. The computational experiments show that our approach is more effective and efficient when compared with the existing methods from the literature.

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Settels, Jason. "Compound Disadvantage between Economic Declines at the City and Neighborhood Levels for Older Americans’ Depressive Symptoms." City & Community 20, no. 3 (January 17, 2021): 260–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535684120980992.

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American cities and neighborhoods vary in their residents’ typical levels of mental health. Despite scholarship emphasizing that we cannot thoroughly understand city and neighborhood problems without investigating how they are intertwined, limited research examines how city and neighborhood effects interact as they impact health. I investigate these interactions through a study of the effects of the Great Recession of 2007–2009. Using Waves 1 (2005–2006) and 2 (2010–2011) of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project survey ( N = 1,341) and in accordance with the compound disadvantage model, I find through fixed-effects linear regression models that city- and neighborhood-level economic declines combine multiplicatively as they impact older Americans’ depressive symptoms. I furthermore find that this effect is only partly based on personal socioeconomic changes, suggesting contextual channels of effect. My results show that we cannot fully understand the effects of city-level changes without also considering neighborhood-level changes.

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Kokx, Anita, and Ronald van Kempen. "A Fact is a Fact, but Perception is Reality: Stakeholders' Perceptions and Urban Policies in the Process of Urban Restructuring." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 28, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 335–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c0932.

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Distressed urban areas suffer, by definition, from a number of serious problems. It is often assumed that all relevant stakeholders agree about the character of these problems and the right policy solutions. Reality, however, is more complex. In this paper we investigate how local stakeholders and residents in a Dutch post-WWII neighborhood perceive urban problems and solutions. The findings show the very opposite perceptions about reality and about effective solutions in distressed neighborhoods held by local managers and residents. The main conclusion is that a power-driven narrative of problematic post-WWII neighborhoods within a neoliberal strategic urban agenda has led to a power-driven urban governance arrangement to the exclusion of residents.

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Elgindi, M. B. M., and R. W. Langer. "On the numerical solution of perturbed bifurcation problems." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 18, no. 3 (1995): 561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s0161171295000718.

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Some numerical schemes, based upon Newton's and chord methods, for the computations of the perturbed bifurcation points as well as the solution curves through them, are presented. The initial guesses for Newton's and chord methods are obtained using the local analysis techniques and proved to fall into the neighborhoods of contraction for these methods. In applications the perturbation parameter represents a physical quantity and it is desirable to use it to parameterize the solution curves near the perturbed bifurcation point. In this regard, it is shown that, for certain classes of the perturbed bifurcation problems, Newton's and chord methods can be used to follow the solution curves in a neighborhood of the perturbed bifurcation point while the perturbation parameter is kept fixed.

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Krause, Neal. "Neighborhood Deterioration and Social Isolation in Later Life." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 36, no. 1 (January 1993): 9–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ubr2-jw3w-ljel-j1y5.

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The purpose of this study is to test a conceptual model that attempts to show how selected neighborhood characteristics are related to social isolation in later life. This model specifies that older adults with low levels of educational attainment are more likely to experience financial problems and that elderly people who are confronted by financial difficulties are more likely to reside in dilapidated neighborhoods. The model further predicts that deteriorated neighborhoods in turn tend to promote distrust of others and older adults who are more distrustful of others tend to be more socially isolated. Based on data provided by a nationwide survey of elderly people, subsequent analyses revealed strong support for the theoretical sequence described above.

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Bouhmala, Noureddine. "A Variable Neighborhood Walksat-Based Algorithm for MAX-SAT Problems." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/798323.

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The simplicity of the maximum satisfiability problem (MAX-SAT) combined with its applicability in many areas of artificial intelligence and computing science made it one of the fundamental optimization problems. This NP-complete problem refers to the task of finding a variable assignment that satisfies the maximum number of clauses (or the sum of weights of satisfied clauses) in a Boolean formula. The Walksat algorithm is considered to be the main skeleton underlying almost all local search algorithms for MAX-SAT. Most local search algorithms including Walksat rely on the 1-flip neighborhood structure. This paper introduces a variable neighborhood walksat-based algorithm. The neighborhood structure can be combined easily using any local search algorithm. Its effectiveness is compared with existing algorithms using 1-flip neighborhood structure and solvers such as CCLS and Optimax from the eighth MAX-SAT evaluation.

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Hum, Tarry. "Asian Immigrant Settlements in New York City: Defining “Communities of Interest”." AAPI Nexus Journal: Policy, Practice, and Community 2, no. 2 (2004): 20–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36650/nexus2.2_20-48_hum.

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Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial group and transform New York City into a majority ‘minority’ city. The decennial census allows for the political redistricting in accordance with the goal of the fourteenth amendment. The Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund (AALDEF) launch a survey-based study to document New York City’s historic and emergent Asian neighborhoods. AALDEF aims to learn of the Asian immigrant populations whose interests are typically not represented in the political or policy discourses. The survey discusses the survey findings for four neighborhoods with the most concentration of Asians. Their goal was to draw a district boundary that kept Asians in a neighborhood whole to create opportunities in electing a politician who will represent their interests. The article discusses neighborhood boundaries and its subjectivity influenced by various social factors including such as gender and race. The quality of the neighborhoods and its problems, and how being Asian affects that situation.

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AMARO DE LIMA, ALEXANDRA, Mitriane Gomes de Souza, Anne Kellen Batista Martins, and Igor Felipe Oliveira Bezerra. "ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT SITUATION OF IRREGULAR DWELLINGS IN THE BLACK LAND NEIGHBORHOOD OF MANACAPURU-AM: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss11.1866.

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The present work aimed to perform an analysis of the current situation of irregular dwellings in the black earth neighborhood of Manacapuru-AM using geotechnologies. The methodology consists in identifying the irregular occupations of the neighborhood, and demonstrating the problems encountered as well as the possible solutions. The information obtained was used to generate the diagnostic maps to analyze the characteristics of irregular dwellings and if they have water and sewage network, waste collection, junk dump and drainage network, because it is a simple technique, it is possible to be used in other neighborhoods of Manacapuru, being extremely important in helping public policy planning and environmental monitoring.

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Zhu, Shiyao, Dezhi Li, Haibo Feng, Tiantian Gu, and Jiawei Zhu. "AHP-TOPSIS-Based Evaluation of the Relative Performance of Multiple Neighborhood Renewal Projects: A Case Study in Nanjing, China." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (August 21, 2019): 4545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174545.

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With the rapid development of urbanization worldwide, there is a large volume of neighborhoods that need to be renewed with various problems such as poor building performance, few public facilities, congested road traffic, unequal living standards, disappearing community culture, and deprived environments. Performance evaluations are considered to be useful tools for ensuring the outcomes of sustainable renewal. Although many research works have assessed the performances of urban renewal projects, evaluations, especially for neighborhood renewal projects, are often overlooked. Besides, it is also hard to find a general standard that is suitable for evaluating the performance of any neighborhood renewal project with a lack of related regulations or codes. Thus, this paper intends to build a framework to assess the relative performances of multiple neighborhood renewal projects through a hybrid AHP-TOPSIS method. A case study in Nanjing, China, is used to show how this framework could be applied to decision-making in order to pursue sustainable neighborhood renewal. The results are expected to provide references for sustainable renewal in each neighborhood. Suggestions related to the findings are proposed to further improve the performances of neighborhood renewal projects, such as establishing a multiple principle–agent framework, providing a sustainable funding system from both the public and private sector, and implementing multiprogram management measures.

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Cusenza, Simone. "Organizing to reduce neighborhood alcohol problems: a frontline account." Contemporary Drug Problems 25, no. 1 (March 1998): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145099802500105.

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A brief account is given of community organization to control alcohol problems in the Parkdale neighborhood of Toronto. Appended are two products of this work: the contents of a booklet produced to help residents deal with problem bars and the text of a Toronto City Council resolution on neighborhood rights in liquor license applications.

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C. Ziegler, J. "No more problems in Coltheart's neighborhood: resolving neighborhood conflicts in the lexical decision task." Cognition 68, no. 2 (August 1998): B53—B62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(98)00047-x.

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KOJIMA, Aya, and Hisashi KUBOTA. "Characteristics of Neighborhood Traffic Problems Regarding Public Participation." INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING REVIEW 26 (2009): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalip.26.197.

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Estellon, Bertrand, Frédéric Gardi, and Karim Nouioua. "Large neighborhood improvements for solving car sequencing problems." RAIRO - Operations Research 40, no. 4 (October 2006): 355–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ro:2007003.

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Zou, Juan, Yuping Zhang, Shengxiang Yang, Yuan Liu, and Jinhua Zheng. "Adaptive neighborhood selection for many-objective optimization problems." Applied Soft Computing 64 (March 2018): 186–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2017.11.041.

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Fu, Zhang-Hua, and Jin-Kao Hao. "Swap-vertex based neighborhood for Steiner tree problems." Mathematical Programming Computation 9, no. 2 (December 28, 2016): 297–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12532-016-0116-8.

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Reid, Neil. "Craft breweries, adaptive reuse, and neighborhood revitalization." Urban Development Issues 57, no. 1 (June 25, 2018): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/udi-2018-0013.

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Abstract In recent decades, the number of craft breweries in the United States has increased dramatically, increasing from around a thousand in 1996 to over six thousand today. In order to minimize start-up and initial operating costs, many craft breweries have located in older buildings in economically distressed neighborhoods. Craft breweries are particularly adept at engaging in adaptive reuse, with the result that they occupy buildings that were previously once churches, cinemas, fire stations, etc. This investment by craft breweries, in conjunction with investment by other businesses (as well as the public sector), has resulted in the revitalization of many of these neighborhoods. Neighborhoods that were once full of abandoned buildings and suffered from social problems such as high crime rates have become destinations for residents and tourists alike. At the same time, however, there is a dark side to this neighborhood revitalization as rising real estate values has forced many established, often low-income, residents to leave these neighborhoods. In this paper, I examine the growth of the craft brewing in the United States and the preference of many craft breweries for inexpensive building space in economically distressed neighborhoods.

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Höfelmann, Doroteia Aparecida, Ana V. Diez Roux, José Leopoldo Ferreira Antunes, and Marco Aurélio Peres. "Association of perceived neighborhood problems and census tract income with poor self-rated health in adults: a multilevel approach." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 31, suppl 1 (November 2015): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00210913.

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Abstract Neighborhood problems constitute sources of chronic stress that may increase the risk of poor self-rated health. The associations of census tract level income and perceived neighborhood problems with self-rated health were examined in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil (1,720 adults). Odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of poor self-rated health were estimated through multilevel models. Residents in census tracts in the lower and intermediate tertiles of income reported poorer health than those in the highest tertile. OR of reporting poorer health was 2.44 (95%CI: 2.35- 2.54) in the higher tertile of social disorder (adjusting for mental health). The chances of reporting the poorer health with neighborhood problems ranged from 1.07 (95%CI: 1.03-1.11) to 2.02 (95%CI: 1.95-2.10) for the higher tertile of social disorder (physical health) and physical problem (health-related variables). Perceived neighborhood problems were independently associated with poor health. The perception of a neighborhood among its residents should be considered by health policymakers.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Neighborhood Problems'

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