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1
Tabize Olivier, Mutendela, Freddy Munyololo Muganza, Leshweni Jeremia Shai, and Stanley Sechene Gololo. "Rutin Inhibits F, G, N and O gonorrhea strains, 2008 WHO N-gonorrhea Reference strains, in vitro." Interdisciplinary Research Journal and Archives 1 (December 16, 2020): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36966/irjar2020.13.
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Rutin was isolated from methanol extract of the aerial part of Asparagus suaveolens using precipitation method. South Africans use Asparagus suaveolens to treat gonorrhea infections. The obtained Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS) data and visiting the published data on the isolation of rutin confirmed the structure. The 2008 WHO Neisseria gonorrhea reference strains were used to evaluate microbial activity of rutin against the gonorrhea strains. Rutin found to be bacteriostatic against WHO 2008 Neisseria gonorrhoea F, G, N and O strains with the minimum inhibition concentration of 0.40, 0.65, 0.22 and 0.65 mg/ml, respectively. In addition, rutin fare better than the reference drugs and bactericidal against K, L, M, and P strains. These results support the traditional use of Asparagus suaveolens against gonorrhea infections by South African indigenous people. To our knowledge, this is the first study indicating the activity of rutin against N.gonorrhea strains. Résumé: La rutine a été isolée à partir d'un extrait au méthanol de la partie aérienne d'Asparagus suaveolens en utilisant la méthode de précipitation. Les SudAfricains utilisent Asparagus suaveolens pour traiter les infections gonorrhées. Les données obtenues par résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) et par chromatographie liquide-spectroscopie de masse (LCMS) et la consultation des données publiées sur l'isolement de la rutine ont confirmé la structure. Les souches de référence OMS de Neisseria gonorrhea de 2008 ont été utilisées pour évaluer l'activité microbienne de la rutine contre les souches de gonorrhée. La rutine s'est révélée bactériostatique contre les souches de Neisseria gonorrhea F, G, N et O de l'OMS 2008 avec une concentration minimale d'inhibition de 0,40, 0,65, 0,22 et 0,65 mg/ml, respectivement. De plus, la rutine se porte mieux que les médicaments de référence et bactéricide contre les souches K, L, M et P. Ces résultats soutiennent l'utilisation traditionnelle d'Asparagus suaveolens contre les infections gonorrhées par les populations autochtones sud-africaines. À notre connaissance, il s'agit de la première étude indiquant l'activité de la rutine contre les souches de N. gonorrhée.
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DE, Bitet. "Neisseria Gonorrheae: A Cause of Male Infertility." Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 6, no. 1 (2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000183.
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Background: Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection that is commonly related to male infertility. The infection affects sperm transport through the urinary tract and subsequent damage of the testicular tubes. The infection also impair sperm production as the infection is rarely asymptomatic and can be difficult to diagnose, it is possible that its contribution to male infertility is underestimated. Infection of the genitals results in a purulent (pus-like) discharge from the genitals which may be foul smelling, inflammation, redness, swelling, dysuria, and a burning sensation during urination. As with Chlamydia, it is possible to have a Gonorrhea infection without noticeable symptoms, and which can cause permanent scarring and blockage in the sperm production duct. Gonorrhoea is a bacterial infection and is treatable with antibiotics. Laboratory studies reveal that N. gonorrhoeae infection can impair motility, viability and spermatogenesis; increase anti-sperm antibodies are associated with a decrease in semen parameters as a result of the production of anti-sperm antibodies in the genital tract. Aim: The study aimed at reviewing the possible role of gonorrhoea in male infertility. Method: Research publications such as Pubmed, Scopus, Medline etc. Results: over 115 journals of international repute were obtained, out of which 50 were found to be closely relevant such as; the implication of N. gonorrheae in male infertility, complication of N. gonorrhea infection, N. gonorrhea e and male infertility and were reviewed. Conclusion: N. gonorrhoae was found implicative in male infertility and the need for comprehensive modern laboratory methods for the diagnosis of the infection and also to included routine laboratory tests.
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Suay-García, Beatriz, and María-Teresa Pérez-Gracia. "Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections." Pathogens 9, no. 8 (August 12, 2020): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9080647.
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Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease with a high morbidity burden. Despite having guidelines for its treatment, the incidence of the disease follows an increasing trend worldwide. This is mainly due to the appearance of antibiotic-resistant strains, inefficient diagnostic methods and poor sexual education. Without an effective vaccine available, the key priorities for the control of the disease include sexual education, contact notification, epidemiological surveillance, diagnosis and effective antibiotic treatment. This Special Issue focuses on some of these important issues such as the molecular mechanisms of the disease, diagnostic tests and different treatment strategies to combat gonorrhea.
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Burhannuddin, Burhannuddin. "IDENTIFIKASI DAN UJI SENSITIVITAS BAKTERI Neisseria gonorrhoeae TERHADAP ANTIBIOTIK SEFIKSIM PADA PEKERJA SEKS KOMERSIAL DI PUSKESMAS II DENPASAR SELATAN." Meditory : The Journal of Medical Laboratory 9, no. 1 (June 25, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33992/m.v9i1.1306.
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Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Gonorrhea infection varies greatly in the community, especially in sexually active women. Infection cases in women are often asymptomatic, that can causes complication can easily occur. The aims of this study are to identify and determine sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria against cefixime antibiotics. This study was using a descriptive method and used 30 samples. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolatd from the vaginal swab sample of Commercial Sex Workers at Puskesmas II Denpasar Selatan. The cultured bacteria on Thayer Martin media were then identified by gram staining, oxidase test, and catalase test. Neisseria gonorrhoeae sensitivity test against cefixime was performed by disc diffusion method. The results of identification showed that 6 (20 %) of 30 samples were Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria with cell characteristics in the form of diplococcus, gram-negative, oxidase and catalase positive. The results of the sensitivity test showed that all isolats of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were resistant to cefixime
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Setyowatie, Lita, Tantari SHW, and Inneke Yulian. "Susceptibility Pattern of Neisseria gonorrhoeae towards Cefixime and Ceftriaxone using Kirby-Bauer Method in Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital Malang." Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin 32, no. 2 (July 31, 2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/bikk.v32.2.2020.103-110.
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Background: Gonorrhea remains the second most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world with an increasing number of cases. Oral cefixime and IM ceftriaxone are still the mainstay therapy for gonorrhea in Indonesia. However, previous studies suggested possible resistance to ceftriaxone and cefixime, which are the first-line treatment of gonorrhea. To date, there are no data available regarding the susceptibility of these antibiotics for the treatment of gonorrhea in Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital (RSSA) Malang. Purpose: Determine susceptibility pattern of Neisseria gonorrhoeaetowards cefixime and ceftriaxone in RSSA Malang. Methods: The samples were patients of the Outpatient Clinic of Dermatology and Venereology Department with a symptom of discharge which contained Gram-negative diplococcus after Gram staining and had a positive culture of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Susceptibility testing for cefixime and ceftriaxone antibiotics were performed using the Kirby-Bauer method. The data are presented in percentages. Result: Antibiotic susceptibility test results showed that 80.77% of Neisseria gonorrhoeaeisolates were still susceptible to cefixime, and 80.77% of isolates were still susceptible to ceftriaxone. Conclusion: Cefixime and ceftriaxone are still effective as gonorrhea therapy in RSSA Malang.
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Nepal, Anand, Kapil Subedi, Jitendra Shah, and Manoj Koirala. "Clinical and Bacteriological Profile of Male Patients with Urethral Discharge at Western Regional Hospital, Nepal." Medical Journal of Pokhara Academy of Health Sciences 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjpahs.v2i2.28088.
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Background: Urethral discharge is a symptom of urethritis. Common organisms causing urethral discharge are Neisseria gonorrhea and Chlamydia trachomatis. Cephalosporines, Macrolides and Tetracycline groups of drugs are commonly used for the treatment.
Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, cross sectional, observational study. The patients were enrolled from the Sexually Transmitted Infections clinic and also from the hospital laboratory in between the period of one year. All the male cases with urethral discharge at STI clinic in between this period were included for clinical examination and laboratory testing. All urine and discharge specimens of urethral discharge patients as referred from other departments directly to the hospital laboratory for relevant tests were also included for the study.
Results: Neisseria gonorrhea was the most common agent of urethral discharge in male patients. Urethral discharge, dysuria and inguinal lymphadenopathy were common symptoms. All the Neisseria gonorrhea isolates were sensitive to Ceftriaxone and Imipenam.
Conclusion: Continuous monitoring with culture sensitivity testing of urethral discharge cases is required.
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Isa Adamu, Ibrahim, and Sulaiman Usman. "Mathematical Model for the Dynamics of Neisseria Gonorrhea Disease with Natural Immunity and Treatment Effects." Journal of Mathematics Research 10, no. 2 (March 29, 2018): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmr.v10n2p151.
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Neisseria gonorrhea infection; a sexually transmitted disease, is caused primarily by a type of germ; a bacteria called neisseria gonorrhea. The infection is a major public health challenge today due to the high incidence of infections accompanied by a dwindling number of treatment options especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. In this paper, we developed a mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of neisseria gonorrhea infection and studied the effect of natural immunity and treatment as the only available control interventions on the spread of the disease in a population. We computed the model disease-free equilibrium and analyzed its local and global stability in a well-defined positively invariant and attracting set Ω using the next-generation matrix plus linearization method and the comparison theorem respectively. The disease-free equilibrium was proved to be both locally and globally asymptotically stable if $R_0<1$ and unstable if $R_0>1$. We conducted sensitivity analysis of parameters in the basic reproduction number $R_0$ using the normalized forward sensitivity index method. Results of the analysis revealed that $R_0$ decreases with increase in treatment and natural immunity rates. The results of the numerical simulations carried out using MATLAB R2012B showed that there is increase in new infections due to increased contact with infected individuals in the susceptible population and that, with increased treatment rate and controlled death due to the disease in the population, neisseria gonorrhea infection would be wiped out within 300 days of the treatment intervention.
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Nadir qızı Kərimova, Sevinc. "Gonorrhea in women." NATURE AND SCIENCE 07, no. 02 (April 23, 2021): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2707-1146/07/16-18.
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Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection. It is caused by gonococci of the genus Neisseria. The literal translation of the disease means "semen flow". Hygienic rules must be followed. Treatment must be carried out correctly. Key words: gonorrhea, preqnancy, gonococcus
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Hamid, Hamid, Dirk Runtuboi, and Lucky V. Waworuntu. "Uji Sensitivitas Neisseria gonorrhoeae terhadap Beberapa Antibiotik Pada Wanita Penjaja Seks (WPS) di Lokalisasi Tanjung Elmo Kabupaten Jayapura." JURNAL BIOLOGI PAPUA 6, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31957/jbp.460.
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The purpose of this research is to study the sensitivity of quinolon antibiotic group against Neisseria gonorrhea. The bacteria which were found from endoservic vaginal from local sexual worker of Tanjung Elmo, Jayapura were isolated using neck duck sterile. This study was done on Health Laboratory of Jayapura from June to September 2013. The swab was planted on Thayer-Martin medium and incubated at 37 ºC for 2 x 24 hours. The grown colonies were sub-cultured to get the specific colonies. The bacterial identification is done by some rapid test including examination of grams, oxidation tests, biochemical tests andsensitivitytest. The result showed that there were six (6) specimen of 52 samples positively contained N. gonorrhea. The sensitivity test of quinolone group indicated that the levofloxacin, cefixime, ciprofoxacin, ofloxacin, azytromisin have the sensivity of 83.3%, 66.6%, 66.6%, 66.6% and 50% respectively.Key words: Neisseria gonorrhea, female commercial sex workers, antibiotics
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Queirós, Catarina Soares, and João Borges da Costa. "Gonorrhea: Antimicrobial Resistance and New Drugs." Journal of the Portuguese Society of Dermatology and Venereology 77, no. 3 (October 10, 2019): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29021/spdv.77.3.1089.
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The global burden of sexually transmitted infections remains high, with significant associated morbidity and mortality. Gonorrhea is the second most notified sexually transmitted infection in Europe, and its incidence has been increasing in the last years. Although traditionally considered a treatable infection, antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeaeincludes at present also macrolides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides and trimethoprim combinations, quinolones, and even cephalosporins. These high levels of gonococcal resistance to antimicrobials resulting in untreatable infections in the future may become one of the greatest challenges to the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections, which may be a significant major public health issue. Therefore, the development of novel antimicrobials and/or new dual antimicrobial therapy regimens is urgently needed. In this paper, evolution of antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is reviewed, along with new drugs currently under development for the treatment of this infection.
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Hook, Edward W., Lori Newman, George Drusano, Scott Evans, H. Hunter Handsfield, Ann E. Jerse, Fabian Y. S. Kong, Jeannette Y. Lee, Stephanie N. Taylor, and Carolyn Deal. "Development of New Antimicrobials for Urogenital Gonorrhea Therapy: Clinical Trial Design Considerations." Clinical Infectious Diseases 70, no. 7 (September 20, 2019): 1495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz899.
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Abstract Gonorrhea remains a major public health challenge, and current recommendations for gonorrhea treatment are threatened by evolving antimicrobial resistance and a diminished pipeline for new antibiotics. Evaluations of potential new treatments for gonorrhea currently make limited use of new understanding of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic contributors to effective therapy, the prevention of antimicrobial resistance, and newer designs for clinical trials. They are hampered by the requirement to utilize combination ceftriaxone/azithromycin therapy as the comparator regimen in noninferiority trials designed to seek an indication for gonorrhea therapy. Evolving gonococcal epidemiology and clinical trial design constraints hinder the enrollment of those populations at the greatest risk for gonorrhea (adolescents, women, and persons infected with antibiotic-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae). This article summarizes a recent meeting on the evaluation process for antimicrobials for urogenital gonorrhea treatment and encourages the consideration of new designs for the evaluation of gonorrhea therapy.
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Olivier, Mutendela Tabize, Freddy Munyololo Muganza, Leshweni Jeremia Shai, and Stanley Sechene Gololo. "In vitro Antigonorrhea Activity of the Aerial Part of Asparagus suaveolens n-Hexane Fraction and Palmitone as a Bioactive Compound." Natural Product Communications 11, no. 9 (September 2016): 1934578X1601100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1601100935.
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Asparagus suaveolens is a medicinal plant used in Lesotho and South Africa to treat epilepsy and gonorrhea. The current investigation identifies the compound responsible for the antiepileptic and antimicrobial properties as palmitone which showed antigonorrhea activities against WHO 2008 Neisseria gonorrhea F and O strains more than the standard used, gentamicin. These results support the traditional use of A. suaveolens for treatment of gonorrhea and epilepsy since palmitone is known as an anticonvulsant agent. This is the first study indicating the presence of palmitone in the Asparagus genus and demonstrates the in vitro antigonorrhea activity of palmitone.
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Jefferson, Amber, Amanda Smith, Pius S. Fasinu, and Dorothea K. Thompson. "Sexually Transmitted Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections—Update on Drug Treatment and Vaccine Development." Medicines 8, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicines8020011.
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Background: Sexually transmitted gonorrhea, caused by the Gram-negative diplococcus Neisseria gonorrhoeae, continues to be a serious global health challenge despite efforts to eradicate it. Multidrug resistance among clinical N. gonorrhoeae isolates has limited treatment options, and attempts to develop vaccines have not been successful. Methods: A search of published literature was conducted, and information extracted to provide an update on the status of therapeutics and vaccine development for gonorrheal infection. Results: Recommended pharmacological treatment for gonorrhea has changed multiple times due to increasing acquisition of resistance to existing antibiotics by N. gonorrhoeae. Only broad-spectrum cephalosporin-based combination therapies are currently recommended for treatment of uncomplicated urogenital and anorectal gonococcal infections. With the reported emergence of ceftriaxone resistance, successful strategies addressing the global burden of gonorrhea must include vaccination. Century-old efforts at developing an effective vaccine against gonorrhea, leading to only four clinical trials, have not yielded any successful vaccine. Conclusions: While it is important to continue to explore new drugs for the treatment of gonorrhea, the historical trend of resistance acquisition suggests that any long-term strategy should include vaccine development. Advanced technologies in proteomics and in silico approaches to vaccine target identification may provide templates for future success.
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Peace, Nakiwala, Ahabwe Elliot, Nseera Lawrence, Twiine Felix, and Richard Onyuthi Apecu. "Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Neisseria gonorrhea among the Symptomatic Patients attending Outpatient Department in Lyatonde District Hospital Southwestern Uganda." International Journal of Scientific Reports 5, no. 2 (January 25, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20190252.
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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Neisseria gonorrhea is one of the neglected diseases of public health importance causing symptomatic, suppurative discharge in males and being asymptomatic in females. This cross-sectional study was aimed at determining the prevalence and susceptibility pattern of <em>Neisseria gonorrhea</em> to the commonly used antibiotics among symptomatic patients attending outpatient department in Lyatonde district hospital.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Urethral and endocervical swabs were collected by the attending medical laboratory technologists. The presence of gonorrhea was confirmed by culture, Gram staining and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial sensitivity test was performed using the disc diffusion method and the result was interpreted using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards guidelines. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Overall prevalence of <em>N. gonorrhea</em> was 4.9% with high prevalence rates of 7.7% among the young age group of 15-25 years. Low level of antimicrobial susceptibility to cefuroxime (50%) followed by erythromycin and gentamycin both at 25% was observed. An alarming resistance to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin at 100% followed by penicillin 75% was exhibited by the colonies.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The high resistant rate to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin obviates their use as the first line of syndromic treatment of gonorrhea in Southwestern Uganda. The use of laboratory culture for diagnosis and management of N. gonorrhea, especially with cefuroxime therapy is highly recommended.</p>
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Barbee, Lindley A., Olusegun O. Soge, Jennifer Morgan, Angela Leclair, Tamara Bass, Brian J. Werth, James P. Hughes, and Matthew R. Golden. "Gentamicin Alone Is Inadequate to Eradicate Neisseria Gonorrhoeae From the Pharynx." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 8 (November 29, 2019): 1877–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1109.
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Abstract Background Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines recommend 240 mg gentamicin plus 2 g azithromycin for the treatment of gonorrhea in cephalosporin-allergic patients. The efficacy of gentamicin alone in the treatment of pharyngeal gonorrhea is uncertain. Methods Between September 2018 and March 2019, we enrolled men who have sex with men with nucleic acid amplification test–diagnosed pharyngeal gonorrhea in a single-arm, unblinded clinical trial. Men received a single 360-mg intramuscular dose of gentamicin and underwent test of cure by culture 4–7 days later. The study measured creatinine at enrollment and test of cure, serum gentamicin concentration postdose to establish peak concentration (Cmax), and standard antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) by agar dilution. The trial was designed to establish a point estimate for gentamicin’s efficacy for pharyngeal gonorrhea. We planned to enroll 50 evaluable participants; assuming gentamicin was 80% efficacious, the trial would establish a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 66%–90%. We planned interim analyses at n = 10 and n = 25. Results The study was stopped early due to poor efficacy. Of 13 enrolled men, 10 were evaluable, and only 2 (20% [95% CI, 2.5%–55.6%]) were cured. Efficacy was not associated with gentamicin Cmax or MIC. No participants experienced renal insufficiency. The mean creatinine percentage change was +5.2% (range, −6.7% to 21.3%). Six (46%) participants experienced headache, all deemed unrelated to treatment. Conclusions Gentamicin alone failed to eradicate Neisseria gonorrhoeae from the pharynx. Clinicians should use caution when treating gonorrhea with the CDC’s current alternative regimen (gentamicin 240 mg plus azithromycin 2 g) given increases in azithromycin resistance and gentamicin’s poor efficacy at the pharynx. Clinical Trials Registration NCT03632109.
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Waseem, Hafsa, Afnan Naeem, Sakhawat Ali, Sharjeel Sarfraz, Javaid Usman, and Mehreen Gilani. "MULTIPLEX POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) FOR THE DETECTION OF NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE AND THE QUINOLONE RESISTANCE GENE IN PAKISTAN." PAFMJ 71, no. 3 (June 29, 2021): 866–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v71i3.4692.
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Objective: To detect Neisseria gonorrhoeae from the urine of male patients reporting with active urethral discharge using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). And the simultaneous detection of the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) on the Neisseria gonorrhoeae gene using multiplex polymerase chain reaction.
Study Design: Cross sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Microbiology department, Army Medical College Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Mar to Dec 2018.
Methodology: Male patients with active urethral discharge with no past history of antibiotic use for urethral discharge were included in study and patients without active urethral discharge and history of antibiotic use for urethral discharge were excluded. Urine of patients of active urethral discharge was collected and multiplex polymerase chain reaction was done by using two forward primers along with common reverse primer.
Results: In this study 24 (40%) of patients who presented with active urethral discharge were positive for gonorrhea. However Quinolone Resistance Determining Region is detected in 17 (70.83%) of cases and only 7 (29.17%) were sensitive to ciprofloxacin.
Conclusion: The multiplex polymerase chain reaction is very efficient and effective method for the simultaneous detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and status of isolate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. And in Pakistan ciprofloxacin cannot be used as first line drug for the treatment of gonorrhea.
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Leduc, Isabelle, Kristie L. Connolly, Afrin Begum, Knashka Underwood, Stephen Darnell, William M. Shafer, Jacqueline T. Balthazar, et al. "The serogroup B meningococcal outer membrane vesicle-based vaccine 4CMenB induces cross-species protection against Neisseria gonorrhoeae." PLOS Pathogens 16, no. 12 (December 8, 2020): e1008602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008602.
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There is a pressing need for a gonorrhea vaccine due to the high disease burden associated with gonococcal infections globally and the rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng). Current gonorrhea vaccine research is in the stages of antigen discovery and the identification of protective immune responses, and no vaccine has been tested in clinical trials in over 30 years. Recently, however, it was reported in a retrospective case-control study that vaccination of humans with a serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccine (MeNZB) was associated with reduced rates of gonorrhea. Here we directly tested the hypothesis that Nm OMVs induce cross-protection against gonorrhea in a well-characterized female mouse model of Ng genital tract infection. We found that immunization with the licensed Nm OMV-based vaccine 4CMenB (Bexsero) significantly accelerated clearance and reduced the Ng bacterial burden compared to administration of alum or PBS. Serum IgG and vaginal IgA and IgG that cross-reacted with Ng OMVs were induced by 4CMenB vaccination by either the subcutaneous or intraperitoneal routes. Antibodies from vaccinated mice recognized several Ng surface proteins, including PilQ, BamA, MtrE, NHBA (known to be recognized by humans), PorB, and Opa. Immune sera from both mice and humans recognized Ng PilQ and several proteins of similar apparent molecular weight, but MtrE was only recognized by mouse serum. Pooled sera from 4CMenB-immunized mice showed a 4-fold increase in serum bactericidal50 titers against the challenge strain; in contrast, no significant difference in bactericidal activity was detected when sera from 4CMenB-immunized and unimmunized subjects were compared. Our findings directly support epidemiological evidence that Nm OMVs confer cross-species protection against gonorrhea, and implicate several Ng surface antigens as potentially protective targets. Additionally, this study further defines the usefulness of murine infection model as a relevant experimental system for gonorrhea vaccine development.
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Hirk, Sonja, Sarah Lepuschitz, Adriana Cabal Rosel, Steliana Huhulescu, Marion Blaschitz, Anna Stöger, Silke Stadlbauer, et al. "Draft Genome Sequences of Interpatient and Intrapatient Epidemiologically Linked Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates." Genome Announcements 6, no. 16 (April 19, 2018): e00319-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/genomea.00319-18.
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ABSTRACT Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of gonorrhea and was identified by the World Health Organization as an urgent public health threat due to emerging antibiotic resistance. Here, we report 13 draft genome sequences of N. gonorrhoeae isolates derived from two epidemiologically linked cases from Austria.
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Van Dijck, Christophe, Jolein G. E. Laumen, Sheeba S. Manoharan-Basil, and Chris Kenyon. "Commensal Neisseria Are Shared between Sexual Partners: Implications for Gonococcal and Meningococcal Antimicrobial Resistance." Pathogens 9, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030228.
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Antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic Neisseria parallels reduced antimicrobial susceptibility in commensal Neisseria in certain populations, like men who have sex with men (MSM). Although this reduced susceptibility can be a consequence of frequent antimicrobial exposure at the individual level, we hypothesized that commensal Neisseria are transmitted between sexual partners. We used data from a 2014 microbiome study in which saliva and tongue swabs were taken from 21 couples (42 individuals). Samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We compared intimate partners with unrelated individuals and found that the oral Neisseria communities of intimate partners were more similar than those of unrelated individuals (average Morisita–Horn dissimilarity index for saliva samples: 0.54 versus 0.71, respectively (p = 0.005); and for tongue swabs: 0.42 versus 0.63, respectively (p = 0.006)). This similarity presumably results from transmission of oral Neisseria through intimate kissing. This finding suggests that intensive gonorrhea screening in MSM may, via increased antimicrobial exposure, promote, rather than prevent, the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria. Non-antibiotic strategies such as vaccines and oral antiseptics could prove more sustainable options to reduce gonococcal prevalence.
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Goytia, Maira, Symone T. Thompson, Skylar V. L. Jordan, and Kacey A. King. "Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Human Commensal Neisseria Species." Antibiotics 10, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10050538.
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Pathogenic Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea. N. gonorrhoeae has evolved high levels of antimicrobial resistance (AR) leading to therapeutic failures even in dual-therapy treatment with azithromycin and ceftriaxone. AR mechanisms can be acquired by genetic transfer from closely related species, such as naturally competent commensal Neisseria species. At present, little is known about the antimicrobial resistance profiles of commensal Neisseria. Here, we characterized the phenotypic resistance profile of four commensal Neisseria species (N. lactamica, N. cinerea, N. mucosa, and N. elongata) against 10 commonly used antibiotics, and compared their profiles to 4 N. gonorrhoeae strains, using disk diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration assays. Overall, we observed that 3 of the 4 commensals were more resistant to several antibiotics than pathogenic N. gonorrhoeae strains. Next, we compared publicly available protein sequences of known AR genes, including penicillin-binding-protein 2 (PBP2) from commensals and N. gonorrhoeae strains. We found mutations in PBP2 known to confer resistance in N. gonorrhoeae also present in commensal Neisseria sequences. Our results suggest that commensal Neisseria have unexplored antibiotic resistance gene pools that may be exchanged with pathogenic N. gonorrhoeae, possibly impairing drug development and clinical treatment.
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Hook, E. W., G. B. Pinson, C. J. Blalock, and R. B. Johnson. "Dose-ranging study of CP-99,219 (trovafloxacin) for treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40, no. 7 (July 1996): 1720–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.40.7.1720.
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Thirty-nine patients with uncomplicated gonorrhea were randomized to receive single, oral 50-, 100-, or 200-mg doses of trovafloxacin (CP-99,219), a new quinolone antibiotic. All 31 evaluable patients were cured of infection. Trovafloxacin was well tolerated. The trovafloxacin MICs at which 50 and 90% of 36 Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates are inhibited were 0.002 and 0.004 mg/liter, respectively (MIC range, < 0.0005 to 0.008 mg/liter). These preliminary studies suggest that trovafloxacin is effective for the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea at single oral doses as low as 50 mg.
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Chung, Gyung Tae, Jeong Sik Yoo, Hee Bok Oh, Yeong Seon Lee, Sun Ho Cha, Sang Jun Kim, and Cheon Kwon Yoo. "Complete Genome Sequence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae NCCP11945." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 17 (June 27, 2008): 6035–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00566-08.
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ABSTRACT Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an obligate human pathogen that is the etiological agent of gonorrhea. We explored variations in the genes of a multidrug-resistant N. gonorrhoeae isolate from a Korean patient in an effort to understand the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and importance of horizontal gene transfer within this important, naturally competent organism. Here, we report the complete annotated genome sequence of N. gonorrhoeae strain NCCP11945.
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Pettus, Kevin, Samera Sharpe, and John R. Papp. "In VitroAssessment of Dual Drug Combinations To Inhibit Growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59, no. 4 (January 26, 2015): 2443–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.04127-14.
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ABSTRACTThe development of resistance to first-line antimicrobial therapies has led to recommendations for combination therapies for the treatment of gonorrhea infection. Recent studies have shown the success of combination therapies in treating patients, but few have reported on thein vitroactivities of these drug combinations. Anin vitroassessment of azithromycin in combination with gentamicin demonstrated inhibition of growth and suggests that clinical trials may be warranted to assess the utility of this combination in treating gonorrhea infections.
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Sehgal, Virender N., and G. Srivastava. "Gonorrhea and the Story of Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae." International Journal of Dermatology 26, no. 4 (May 1987): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1987.tb00901.x.
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Roochvarg, L. B., J. C. Lovchik, and C. M. Brown. "The pearynmx-whether to screen for Neisseria gonorrhea." Journal of Adolescent Health Care 11, no. 3 (May 1990): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-0070(90)90403-o.
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Workneh, Meklit, Mohammed Lamorde, Francis Kakooza, Olive Mbabazi, Rodney Mugasha, Richard Walwema, Yukari Manabe, and Patrick Musinguzi. "High-Level Neisseria gonorrhea Resistance Detected in a Newly Implemented Surveillance Program in Kampala, Uganda." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx163.091.
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Abstract Background Neisseria gonorrhea resistance is a growing problem in Uganda with recent data showing increasing ciprofloxacin resistance up to 100% in this population. The WHO Enhanced Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (EGASP) was initiated in Uganda in September 2016 to monitor resistance trends. Methods Urethral swabs were collected from men presenting with urethral discharge to the five sentinel clinic sites from September 2016 to March 2017. Samples were transported to a reference laboratory site. Presumptive identification of N. gonorrhea was based on growth of typical appearing colonies on Thayer–Martin in 5% CO2, a positive oxidase test, and observation of Gram-negative, oxidase-positive diplococci in stained smears. Results 116 samples were received to the reference laboratory site of which 70 (60.3%) had positive growth for Neisseria gonorrhea. Mean age was 28.5 (range 17–60). Fifty-one participants (44%) reported at least one prior episode of gonorrhea and 42 (36%) reported antibiotic use within the previous 60 days. Of those with completed Etest (bioMerieux, Marcy-lÕEtoile, France) resistance profiles, 66 (96%) were ciprofloxacin-resistant or intermediate. One isolate was ceftriaxone-resistant by E-test but susceptible by disk diffusion. Conclusion Early results from implementation of a gonorrhea surveillance program in Uganda suggest high levels of resistance to ciprofloxacin (90%) by Etest and penicillin (93%) and tetracyclines (100%) by disk diffusion. Prior studies of gonococcal resistance in Uganda have noted increasing levels of resistance, particularly to ciprofloxacin which until 2010 was the recommended first-line empiric therapy for gonococcal infection in Uganda. Of note, discrepancies were occasionally noted between disk diffusion and Etest results, which requires further investigation. Ongoing surveillance efforts will be crucial to shape clinical guidelines and national policy. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Fitriany, Nasyifa Nurul, Raden Ganang Ibnusantosa, Titik Respati, Deis Hikmawati, and Tony S. Djajakusumah. "Pengetahuan tentang Dampak Infeksi Gonore pada Pasien Pria dengan Gonore." Jurnal Integrasi Kesehatan & Sains 1, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/jiks.v1i1.4198.
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Gonore merupakan infeksi menular seksual yang disebabkan oleh Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Salah satu karakteristik yang memengaruhi seseorang terkena gonore antara lain pengetahuan mengenai infeksi gonore. Gonore memiliki komplikasi seperti epididimitis, orkitis, prostatitis, cowperitis, bahkan infertilitas. Di samping itu, gonore dapat meningkatkan angka kejadian HIV. Tujuan penelitian ini mengetahui karakteristik dan tingkat pengetahuan dampak infeksi gonore pada pasien pria dengan gonore berdasar atas karakteristik usia dan jenis pasangan di salah satu Klinik IMS di Kota Bandung periode Maret–Mei 2018. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif cross sectional. Subjek penelitian berjumlah 60 orang dengan pengambilan sampel secara consecutive sampling. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dan wawancara. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan kejadian gonore terbanyak pada rentang usia 25–49 tahun (67%), wiraswasta (92%), belum menikah (77%), dan memiliki pasangan pria (53%). Responden memiliki pengetahuan baik mengenai dampak infeksi gonore sebanyak (54%). Bila dilihat berdasar atas karakteristik usia, responden yang memiliki pengetahuan baik adalah responden pada rentang usia 25–49 tahun (74%), sedangkan karakteristik berdasar atas jenis pasangan, responden berpengetahuan baik yaitu yang memiliki pasangan pria (52%). Simpulan penelitian ini bahwa pengetahuan mengenai dampak infeksi gonore pada pasien pria dengan gonore tergolong baik.KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE IMPACT OF GONORRHEA INFECTION IN GONORRHEA MALE PATIENTSGonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. One of the characteristics that affect people is knowledge of affected by gonorrhea. Complications of gonorrhea are epididymitis, orchitis, prostatitis, cowperitis, and even infertility. Also, gonorrhea could increase the number of HIV incidence. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics and level of knowledge of male patients with gonorrhea based on the characteristics of age and gender of sexual partner at Klinik IMS in Kota Bandung period March–May 2018. This study used the descriptive cross-sectional method. There were 60 participants in this study, chosen using consecutive sampling technique. The data collected from questionnaires and interviews. In this study, the highest incidence found in 25 to 49 years old (67%), enterpreneur (92%), single (77%), and male partner (53%). Respondents had good knowledge about gonorrhea infection (54%). According to the results of this study, respondents who had good knowledge about the impact of gonorrhea infection were 25 to 49 years (74%), while according to gender sexual partner, well-informed respondents were men who had a male sexual partner (52%). The conclusion of this study is the patient’s knowledge about the impact of gonorrhea were good.
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Belda Junior, Walter, Paulo Eduardo Neves Ferreira Velho, Luiz Jorge Fagundes, and Marcelo Arnone. "Evaluation of the in vitro activity of six antimicrobial agents against Neisseria gonorrhoeae." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 49, no. 1 (February 2007): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652007000100010.
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Use of antimicrobials for the treatment of gonorrhea started in 1930 with the utilization of sulfonamides. With the years other drugs were used for its treatment such as penicillin, tetracycline, spectinomycin, and others. Although highly specific in the beginning, these drugs, with time did not show anymore the expected therapeutic results because of aspects of chromosomal and plasmid-mediated resistance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains to six drugs used for its treatment (penicillin, tetracycline, cefoxitin, thiamphenicol, spectinomycin and ofloxacin) by the determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations of these drugs. We concluded that drugs, such as cefoxitin, thiamphenicol and spectinomycin still are excellent pharmacological agents for the treatment of gonorrhea. Penicillin, although still efficient, needs more attention regarding its use, as well as ofloxacin, because of the emergence of resistant strains. Tetracycline and its derivatives should be strongly contraindicated for the treatment of gonorrhea.
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Workneh, Meklit, Matthew M. Hamill, Francis Kakooza, Emmanuel Mande, Jessica Wagner, Olive Mbabazi, Rodney Mugasha, et al. "Antimicrobial Resistance of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae in a Newly Implemented Surveillance Program in Uganda: Surveillance Report." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): e17009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17009.
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Background Neisseria gonorrhoeae (commonly known as gonorrhea) has developed resistance to all first-line therapy in Southeast Asia. East Africa has historically had absent or rudimentary gonorrhea surveillance programs and, while the existence of antimicrobial-resistant gonorrhea is recognized, the extent of its resistance is largely unknown. In 2016, the World Health Organization’s Enhanced Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (EGASP) was initiated in Uganda to monitor resistance trends. Objective This study characterizes gonorrhea and antibiotic resistance in a large surveillance program of men with urethral discharge syndrome from Kampala, Uganda. Methods Men attending sentinel clinics with urethritis provided demographic information, behavior data, and a urethral swab in line with the World Health Organization’s EGASP protocols for culture, identification, and antibiotic-sensitivity testing using 2 methods—disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer test) and Etest (BioMérieux Inc). A subset of samples underwent detailed antimicrobial resistance testing. Results Of 639 samples collected from September 2016 to February 2018, 400 (62.6%) were culture-positive though 414 (64.8%) had microscopic evidence of gonorrhea. The mean age of the men from whom the samples were collected was 26.9 (SD 9.6) years and 7.2% (46/639) reported having HIV. There was high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and penicillin (greater than 90%) by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion and 2.1% (4/188) had reduced azithromycin sensitivity by Etest. Of the early isolates that underwent detailed characterization, 60.3% (70/116) were culture-positive, 94% (66/69) isolates were either ciprofloxacin-resistant or ciprofloxacin-intermediate by Etest, 96% (65/68) were azithromycin-sensitive, and 96% (66/69) were gentamicin-sensitive. Resistance profiles were comparable between methods except for ceftriaxone (disk diffusion: 68/69, 99%; Etest: 67/69, 97%) and for gentamicin (disk diffusion: 2/8, 25%; Etest: 66/69, 96%) sensitivity. Conclusions This is the first report from a systematic gonorrhea surveillance program in Uganda. Findings demonstrated resistance or increased minimum inhibitory concentration to all key antigonococcal antibiotics. There was evidence of poor antibiotic stewardship, near-universal resistance to several antibiotics, and emerging resistance to others. Individuals in the population sampled were at exceptionally high risk of STI and HIV infection requiring intervention. Ongoing surveillance efforts to develop interventions to curtail antimicrobial-resistant gonorrhea are needed.
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Hook, E. W., W. M. McCormack, D. Martin, R. B. Jones, K. Bean, and A. N. Maroli. "Comparison of single-dose oral grepafloxacin with cefixime for treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea in men. The STD Study Group." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 41, no. 8 (August 1997): 1843–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.41.8.1843.
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In a randomized open study, 351 male patients with uncomplicated gonorrhea were given single oral doses of grepafloxacin (400 mg) or cefixime (400 mg). In the 299 microbiologically evaluable patients, urethral infections were cured in 99% (147 of 149) of those receiving grepafloxacin and 97% (145 of 150) of those given cefixime. Eradication rates for both regimens were 100% in the 16% (47 of 299) of participants who were infected with penicillin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae and 97% in the 21% (62 of 299) of participants infected with tetracycline-resistant strains. Grepafloxacin is a well-tolerated alternative to cefixime for treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea in males.
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Cehovin, Ana, Odile B. Harrison, Steven B. Lewis, Philip N. Ward, Caroline Ngetsa, Susan M. Graham, Eduard J. Sanders, Martin C. J. Maiden, and Christoph M. Tang. "Identification of Novel Neisseria gonorrhoeae Lineages Harboring Resistance Plasmids in Coastal Kenya." Journal of Infectious Diseases 218, no. 5 (April 26, 2018): 801–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy240.
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AbstractBackgroundAfrica has the highest incidence of gonorrhea in the world. However, little is known about gonococcal populations in this continent or mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance (AMR).MethodsWhole-genome sequence data were analyzed from 103 Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from 73 patients, mainly men who have sex with men, from coastal Kenya. We annotated loci, defined the core genome, defined mechanisms of AMR, and performed phylogenetic analysis. For patients with multiple episodes of gonorrhea, we determined whether infections occurred with related strains.ResultsWe identified 3 clusters of isolates that are phylogenetically distinct from isolates found elsewhere. Plasmids were virtually ubiquitous: pTetM and pblaTEM were found in 97%, and 55% of isolates, respectively. This was associated with high doxycycline use for undiagnosed sexually transmitted infections. Twenty-three percent of multiple episodes of gonorrhea in the same individual were caused by a related strain, suggesting inadequate treatment or reinfection.ConclusionsThe prevalence of plasmid-mediated AMR in Kenyan gonococci contrasts with that in wealthy countries, where AMR is largely chromosomally mediated. Antimicrobials have a profound effect on the maintenance of lineages harboring plasmids. Doxycycline can select for tetracycline and penicillin resistance, through plasmid cooperation. Understanding the mechanisms of AMR in high-risk groups is required to inform treatment strategies.
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Wilkinson, Laura A., Michael T. Carter, Bethany A. Wattengel, Alan J. Lesse, John A. Sellick, and Kari A. Mergenhagen. "Societal factors contributing to infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a veteran population." International Journal of STD & AIDS 32, no. 9 (May 5, 2021): 845–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462421999276.
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Background: Veterans have a higher incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) compared to the general population. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association of societal factors on the risk of chlamydia or gonorrhea. Methods: This retrospective cohort study evaluated data from Veteran Health Administration. Patients tested for chlamydia or gonorrhea between January 2009 and January 2019 were included. Descriptive statistics and regression were used to evaluate societal factors. Results: A total of 1,232,173 tests for chlamydia or gonorrhea were performed. There were 51,987 (4.2%) positive cases with 74.18% for chlamydia and 24.96% for gonorrhea. In 13.6% of veterans with reported military sexual trauma, there was no difference in risk of positivity ( p = 0.39). Veterans with a history of combat had lower odds of testing positive (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.91–0.97). Tests in veterans who were married had a 24% less chance of positivity (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.74–0.79) compared to tests in divorced veterans. Positive number of cases increased each year. Conclusion: Sexually transmitted infections are a growing concern. Gender, age, ethnicity, marital status, and race are societal identifiers which influence likelihood of STI acquisition.
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Chow, Eric P. F., Sepehr N. Tabrizi, Samuel Phillips, David Lee, Catriona S. Bradshaw, Marcus Y. Chen, and Christopher K. Fairley. "Neisseria gonorrhoeae Bacterial DNA Load in the Pharynges and Saliva of Men Who Have Sex with Men." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 54, no. 10 (July 13, 2016): 2485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01186-16.
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Neisseria gonorrhoeaecan be cultured in the saliva of individuals with pharyngeal gonorrhea. The aim of this study was to quantify the gonococcal bacterial DNA loads in the pharynges and saliva among men who have sex with men (MSM) with untreated pharyngeal gonorrhea. Untreated MSM who tested positive for pharyngeal gonorrhea by culture and returned for antibiotic treatment within 14 days at the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre between October 2014 and March 2015 were eligible for this study. The gonococcal bacterial DNA load was measured using real-time quantitative PCR. The median gonococcal bacterial DNA loads in the pharynges and saliva were calculated and compared to culture positivity using the Mann-Whitney U test. A total of 33 men were included in this study. The median gonococcal bacterial DNA load did not differ between the pharynges in men who were culture positive (2.5 × 105copies/swab) and culture negative (2.9 × 104copies/swab) (P= 0.166) and the saliva (culture positive, 2.2 × 105copies/ml; culture negative, 2.7 × 105copies/ml) (P= 0.499). The bacterial DNA load in the pharynges (P= 0.695) and saliva (P= 0.969) did not differ between who men returned for treatment within 7 days and those who returned 8 to 14 days later. Substantial gonococcal bacterial DNA loads were detected in both saliva and pharynges among MSM with pharyngeal gonorrhea. These findings suggest that gonorrhea can be transmitted via sexual practices involving exposure to saliva, such as oroanal practices (rimming) and saliva use as a lubricant for anal sex.
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Akhtar, Rahat, Nadia Taj, Sumera Mehnaz, Aamir Furqan, Mehnaz Khakwani, and Hajira Masood. "SUBFERTILE WOMEN;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 04 (April 6, 2017): 507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.04.1453.
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Objectives: To determine the frequency of factors leading to tubal blockagein subfertile women evaluated by laparoscopy. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Period:Six months from 1 February 2015 to 31 July 2015. Setting: Department of Obstetrics &Gynaecology of Nishter Hospital Multan. Methods: Two hundred and eighty (280) marriedprimary subfertile females presenting with primary and secondary subfertility of age more than20 and less than 40 years were included. Laparoscopy was done in every patient. Data wasanalyzed by SPSS 19. Descriptive statistics was used to calculate mean+SD for continuousvariables. Frequencies and percentages was calculated for qualitative variables. P value < 0.05was consider significant. Results: Mean age of the patients was 30.52±5.72 years. Out of 280patients, 175 (62.5%) were Nulliparous, 77 (27.5%) were of parity status 1 and 28 (10%) wereof parity status 2. Intraoperative findings of laparoscopy revealed tubal blockage in 51 (18.2%)women. The most common cause of tubal blockage was Neisseria Gonorrhea diagnosed in 17(33.4%) patients, Pelvic Inflammatory disease was diagnosed in 14 (27.4%) patients, ChlamydiaTrachomatis in 17 (21.6%) patients and Endometriosis in 9 (17.6%) patients. Conclusion: Theincidence of tubal blockage in sub fertile women is 18.2%. Neisseria Gonorrhea infection, PelvicInflammatory disease, Chlamydia trachomatis infection and endometriosis are common factorsresponsible for tubal blockage.
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Feinberg, B. "Gonorrhea in little girls." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 7, no. 1 (September 2, 2020): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd7183-85.
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Since then, as vulvo-vaginitis in young girls began to manifest itself both epidemic and endemic, special attention has been paid to this disease. The first was Pott (1883), who pointed out that this disease is based on infection with tripe poison, vaccinated by mothers or close relatives; later and other authors: Widmark, Csri, Frnkel, and in recent times Prochownik, Pott, Dusch and Spaeth found diplococcus in the genital area of such girls, very similar to Neisser's gonococcus.
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Putra, Teri Ade, Raja Ayu Mahessya, Pradani Ayu Widya Purnama, and Reza Suriadinata. "Design of Expert System for Diagnosis of Gonorrhea Disease by using Web-Based Naïve Bayes Method." Journal of Computer Networks, Architecture and High Performance Computing 3, no. 2 (August 27, 2021): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47709/cnahpc.v3i2.1026.
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Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhea that infects the lining of the bladder, cervix, rectum, throat, and the whites of the eyes. This disease is spread through the bloodstream to other parts of the body, especially the skin and joints and is generally transmitted through sexual contact. Gonorrhea not only affects adult men and women, but babies and even newborns can get gonorrhea from their mothers. An expert system is a system that seeks to adopt human knowledge into computers, so that computers can solve problems like an expert. With this expert system, the public can obtain information or can solve the problems they face which can only be obtained with the help of experts in their fields. This study explains how the expert system diagnoses Gonorrhea using the Naïve Bayes method. By using the Naïve Bayes method, it can predict future probability values based on previous experiences experienced by people with gonorrhea, Document classification can be personalized, tailored to the needs of each person. By using this expert system application, it can provide information and make it easier for the public to be more familiar with Gonorrhea and can handle problems based on the expertise of doctors who are experts in their fields. This expert system can provide solutions and prevention of gonorrhea disease with the diagnosis process carried out efficiently and save time in helping the community in the prevention that occurs. This web-based expert system application is built with the PHP programming language and MySQL data storage.
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He, Yingxia, Song Zhang, Yingmiao Zhang, Bicong Wu, Ying Xue, Chenglin Ye, Qiao Li, et al. "Distinct Patterns of Host Adherence by Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolated from Experimental Gonorrhea." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2021 (May 13, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7865405.
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae, gonococci, or GC), the etiologic agent of gonorrhea, is a human-obligate bacterial pathogen. The GC surface contains pili that mediate the adherence to host cells. Studies have shown that GC pili, coded by pilin genes, undergo remarkable changes during human experimental gonorrhea, possibly generated by DNA phase variation during infection. The question that arises is whether the changes in pilins can alter the adherence capacity of N. gonorrhoeae to host cells. In this study, six variants initially isolated from male volunteers infected with one single clone of GC were examined for their adherence patterns with human Chang conjunctiva cells. In this study, we showed that the variants showed distinct adherence patterns to this cell line under light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, two reisolates showed higher adherence capacities than that of the input strain. The results provide an additional example as to how the pilus variation may play a role in the pathogenesis of N. gonorrhoeae.
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Krivosheev, N. P. "To the Neisser's gonococcus staining technique." Kazan medical journal 18, no. 2 (September 23, 2021): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj79871.
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Soon after the appearance of the first message of Neisser about gonococcus as the causative agent of gonorrhea, a number of authors (Krause, Jlirschberg, cklund, Gama Pinto, Sternberg, Lustgarten, Hague r, Frnkel, etc.) opposed this doctrine with complete denial virulence and specificity of this microorganism).
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Bissessor, M., D. M. Whiley, D. M. Lee, A. F. Snow, C. K. Fairley, J. Peel, C. S. Bradshaw, J. S. Hocking, M. M. Lahra, and M. Y. Chen. "Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates from Tonsils and Posterior Oropharynx." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 53, no. 11 (August 19, 2015): 3624–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01647-15.
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We examined the factors influencing gonorrhea detection at the pharynx. One hundred men infected withNeisseria gonorrhoeaewere swabbed from the tonsils and posterior oropharynx.N. gonorrhoeaewas reisolated from the tonsils and posterior oropharynx in 62% and 52%, respectively (P= 0.041). Culture positivity was greater with higher gonococcal DNA loads at the tonsils (P= 0.001) and oropharynx (P< 0.001).N. gonorrhoeaecan be cultured from the tonsils and posterior oropharynx with greater isolation rates where gonococcal loads are higher.
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KRAUS, STEPHEN J., GLADYS H. REYNOLDS, and ROBERT T. ROLFS. "Therapy of Uncomplicated Gonorrhea Due to Antibiotic-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 15, no. 4 (October 1988): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007435-198810000-00010.
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Lo, Janice Y. C., K. M. Ho, Anna O. C. Leung, Felisa S. T. Tiu, Grand K. L. Tsang, Angus C. T. Lo, and John W. Tapsall. "Ceftibuten Resistance and Treatment Failure of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, no. 10 (July 28, 2008): 3564–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00198-08.
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ABSTRACT Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections have been empirically treated in Hong Kong with a single oral 400-mg dose of ceftibuten since 1997. Following anecdotal reports of the treatment failure of gonorrhea with oral extended-spectrum cephalosporins, the current study was undertaken to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and molecular characteristics of isolates of N. gonorrhoeae among patients with putative treatment failure in a sexually transmitted disease clinic setting. Between October 2006 and August 2007, 44 isolates of N. gonorrhoeae were studied from patients identified clinically to have treatment failure with empirical ceftibuten. The ceftibuten MICs for three strains were found to have been 8 mg/liter. These strains were determined by N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing to belong to sequence type 835 (ST835) or the closely related ST2469. The testing of an additional eight archived ST835 strains revealed similarly elevated ceftibuten MICs. The penA gene sequences of these 11 isolates all had the mosaic pattern previously described as pattern X. Of note is that the ceftriaxone susceptibility results of these strains all fell within the susceptible range. It is concluded that ceftibuten resistance may contribute to the empirical treatment failure of gonorrhea caused by strains harboring the mosaic penA gene, which confers reduced susceptibility to oral extended-spectrum cephalosporins. Screening for such resistance in the routine clinical laboratory may be undertaken by the disk diffusion test. The continued monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and molecular characteristics of N. gonorrhoeae isolates is important to ensure that control and prevention strategies remain effective.
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Humbert, Maria Victoria, and Myron Christodoulides. "Atypical, Yet Not Infrequent, Infections with Neisseria Species." Pathogens 9, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9010010.
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Neisseria species are extremely well-adapted to their mammalian hosts and they display unique phenotypes that account for their ability to thrive within niche-specific conditions. The closely related species N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis are the only two species of the genus recognized as strict human pathogens, causing the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea and meningitis and sepsis, respectively. Gonococci colonize the mucosal epithelium of the male urethra and female endo/ectocervix, whereas meningococci colonize the mucosal epithelium of the human nasopharynx. The pathophysiological host responses to gonococcal and meningococcal infection are distinct. However, medical evidence dating back to the early 1900s demonstrates that these two species can cross-colonize anatomical niches, with patients often presenting with clinically-indistinguishable infections. The remaining Neisseria species are not commonly associated with disease and are considered as commensals within the normal microbiota of the human and animal nasopharynx. Nonetheless, clinical case reports suggest that they can behave as opportunistic pathogens. In this review, we describe the diversity of the genus Neisseria in the clinical context and raise the attention of microbiologists and clinicians for more cautious approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of the many pathologies these species may cause.
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Jabeen, Kauser, Summiya Nizamuddin, Seema Irfan, Erum Khan, Faisal Malik, and Afia Zafar. "Increasing Trend of Resistance to Penicillin, Tetracycline, and Fluoroquinolone Resistance inNeisseria gonorrhoeaefrom Pakistan (1992–2009)." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/960501.
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Emergence and spread of drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae is global concern. We evaluated trends of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae over years 1992–2009 in Pakistan. Resistance rates were compared between years (2007–2009) and (1992–2006). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed and interpreted according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria using the disk diffusion methodology against penicillin, ceftriaxone, tetracycline and ofloxacin. Additional antibiotics tested in 100 strains isolated during 2007–2009, included cefotaxime, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, cefipime, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, cefixime, cefpodoxime, spectinomycin and azithromycin. Neisseria gonorrhoeae ATCC 49226 was used as control. Chi-square for trend analysis was conducted to assess resistance trend over the study period. During study period significant increase in combined resistance to penicillin, tetracycline and ofloxacin was observed (Pvalue ). Resistance rates during the two study period also increased significantly (Pvalue ). Ceftriaxone resistance was not observed. None of the isolates were found to be resistant or with intermediate sensitivity to additional antibiotics. Our findings suggest that penicillin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline should not be used in the empirical treatment of gonorrhea in Pakistan. Ceftriaxone and cefixime should be the first line therapy; however periodic MICs should be determined to identify emergence of strains with reduced susceptibility.
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Jeong, Jieun, Jae-Seok Kim, Junghyeon Lee, Yu Ri Seo, Eugene C. Yi, and Kristine M. Kim. "Neisseria gonorrhoeae Multivalent Maxibody with a Broad Spectrum of Strain Specificity and Sensitivity for Gonorrhea Diagnosis." Biomolecules 11, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11030484.
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Gonorrhea is one of the most common, but still hidden and insidious, sexually transmitted diseases caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococci). However, the diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhea are hampered by antigenic variability among gonococci, the lack of acquired immunity, and antimicrobial resistance. Further, strains resistant to cephalosporins, including ceftriaxone, the last line of defense, represent a growing threat, which prompted us to develop gonococci-specific diagnostic antibodies with broad-spectrum binding to gonococci strains to generate gonorrhea-detecting reagents. This study reports the identification of gonococci antibodies via bio-panning on gonococci cells using scFv-phage libraries. Reformatting the lead scFv-phage Clones 1 and 4 to a multivalent scFv1-Fc-scFv4 maxibody increased the sensitivity by up to 20-fold compared to the single scFv-Fc (maxibody) alone. Moreover, the multivalent maxibody showed broader cross-reactivity with clinical isolates and the ceftriaxone antibiotic-resistant World Health Organization (WHO) reference strain L. In contrast, the selected antibodies in the scFv-phage, maxibody, and multivalent maxibody did not bind to N. sicca, N. meningitides, and N. lactamica, suggesting the clinical and pharmaceutical diagnostic value of these selected antibodies for gonorrheal infections. The present study illustrates the advantages and potential application of multivalent maxibodies to develop rapid and sensitive diagnostic reagents for infectious diseases and cancer.
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Schwebke, J. R., W. Whittington, R. J. Rice, H. H. Handsfield, J. Hale, and K. K. Holmes. "Trends in susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to ceftriaxone from 1985 through 1991." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 39, no. 4 (April 1995): 917–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.39.4.917.
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The antimicrobial susceptibilities of 16,441 gonococcal isolates from Seattle-King County were determined for ceftriaxone, cefoxitin, penicillin G, and tetracycline. From 1985 to 1989, ceftriaxone, in combination with doxycycline, was increasingly used for treatment of gonorrhea, and by 1989, it was used as therapy for > 80% of cases in Seattle-King County. MICs of ceftriaxone correlated significantly (P < 0.001) with those of the other beta-lactam antibodies included in this study. Geometric mean MICs of penicillin G for isolates that did not produce beta-lactamase increased from 1985 to 1991. The geometric mean MICs of cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, and tetracycline began to decline in 1987 but increased in 1990 and 1991. The percentage of strains with decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone (MIC, 0.06 to 0.25 microgram/ml) rose from 0.3% in 1985 to 5.3% in 1987 but subsequently declined steadily to 2.6% in 1991, despite increased use of ceftriaxone as routine therapy for gonorrhea. Changes in patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility may be related not only to antimicrobial selection pressures but also to less well understood population shifts among Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains within a community.
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Dong, Huan, Hoa Thi Nguyen, Minh Binh Xuan Nguyen, Trung Vu Nguyen, Folasade May, Giang Minh Le, and Jeffrey Klausner. "The Impact of Recent Antibiotic Usage on Oropharyngeal Neisseria spp. in MSM of Hanoi, Vietnam." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx163.099.
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Abstract Background Neisseria gonorrhea (NG) has a long history of gaining resistance to nearly all antimicrobials used for treatment since the 1930s, which makes susceptibility to last-line cephalosporins of dire importance. Horizontal gene transmission is highly prevalent among the Neisseria genus, with genetic fragments from common commensal Neisseria having been found in resistant NG strains. Globally, NG disproportionately affects men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) and nearly all ceftriaxone-resistant cases have been reported from pharyngeal samples. Our study aims to assess the impact of antibiotic usage on the antimicrobial susceptibility of oropharyngeal Neisseria spp. Methods MSM from Hanoi, Vietnam, were surveyed regarding antibiotic usage. Pharyngeal swabs were collected and cultured on chocolate and modified-Thayer–Martin agar. Neisseria spp. were subcultured, identified using MALDI-TOF, and antimicrobial susceptibility determined by E-test using NG CLSI MIC breakpoints to ciprofloxacin (CIP), cefixime (CFM), ceftriaxone (CRO), and cefpodoxime (CPD). Results The 225 MSM surveyed were young (mean age 23.9 years, std 4.4). In the past 6 months: 41.6% participants used any antibiotics, among whom 62.4% did not have a prescription; 6.6% used CFM (16.4% more were unsure), among whom 55.6% did not have a prescription; and 4.5% received CRO. From 72 swabs, 102 Neisseria isolates were obtained; N. flavescens (n = 59), N. perflava (n = 14), N. macacae (n = 8), N. sublfava (n = 7), N. gonorrhoeae (n = 5), N. mucosa (n = 3), N. meningitides (n = 3), N. cinerea (n = 2), and N. lactamica (n = 1). 
“Reduced susceptibility” status for any Neisseria spp. was 35.3, 10, 8, and 30% to CIP, CFM, CRO, and CPD, respectively; 61.8% were “resistant” to CIP. MSM who took any antibiotics in the past 6 months were almost twice as likely to have Neisseria spp. with reduced susceptibility to cephalosporins (CFM, CRO, or CPD), RR 1.8 (95% CI 1.1–3.2; P = 0.026) compared with non-antibiotic users. Conclusion Many MSM in Hanoi used antibiotics recently, often without a prescription. Antibiotic use was associated with antimicrobial “reduced susceptibility” of commensal Neisseria spp. to cephalosporins, possibly potentiating resistance acquisition by NG. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Anderson, Mark T., Luke Byerly, Michael A. Apicella, and H. Steven Seifert. "Seminal Plasma Promotes Neisseria gonorrhoeae Aggregation and Biofilm Formation." Journal of Bacteriology 198, no. 16 (June 6, 2016): 2228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00165-16.
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ABSTRACTNeisseria gonorrhoeaecauses the human-specific disease gonorrhea and is transmitted from person to person primarily via sexual contact. During transmission,N. gonorrhoeaeis often exposed to seminal fluid and must adapt to this change in environment. Previous work demonstrated that seminal fluid facilitatesN. gonorrhoeaemotility and alters epithelial cell interactions. In this study, exposure to seminal fluid was found to decrease surface adherence of gonococci in a manner that was independent of Opa adhesin proteins or type IV pilus retraction. Semen was also shown to cause dispersal of bacteria that had previously established surface adherence. Although surface adherence decreased, interbacterial interactions were increased by seminal plasma both in long-term static culture and on a cell-to-cell basis over shorter time periods. The result of increased bacterium-bacterium interactions resulted in the formation of microcolonies, an important step in theN. gonorrhoeaeinfectious process. Seminal fluid also facilitated increased bacterial aggregation in the form of shear-resistant three-dimensional biofilms. These results emphasize the importance of the gonococcal response to the influx of seminal fluid within the genital niche. Further characterization of theN. gonorrhoeaeresponse to semen will advance our understanding of the mechanisms behind the establishment of infection in naive hosts and the process of transmission.IMPORTANCEN. gonorrhoeaeis the causative agent of the globally prevalent sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea. An understudied aspect of this human-adapted pathogen is the change in bacterial physiology that occurs during sexual transmission.N. gonorrhoeaeencounters semen when transmitted from host to host, and it is known that, whenN. gonorrhoeaeis exposed to seminal fluid, alterations in bacterial motility and type IV pilus arrangement occur. This work extends our previous observations on this modulation of gonococcal physiology by seminal fluid and demonstrates that seminal plasma decreases surface adherence, promotes interbacterial interactions, and enhances biofilm formation.
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Barbee, Lindley A., Olusegun O. Soge, Negusse Ocbamichael, Angela LeClair, and Matthew R. Golden. "Single-Arm Open-Label Clinical Trial of Two Grams of Aztreonam for the Treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 65, no. 1 (October 19, 2020): e01739-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01739-20.
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ABSTRACTThe threat of ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae necessitates new gonorrhea treatment regimens. Repurposing older antibiotics not routinely used for N. gonorrhoeae may expeditiously identify new therapies. Ideally, all recommended therapies should eradicate gonorrhea at the pharynx. Between April and September 2019, we enrolled men in an open-label, one-arm clinical trial of single-dose intramuscular aztreonam (2 g). Enrollment criterion included (i) nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)-positive pharyngeal gonorrhea for ≤14 days or (ii) Gram stain-positive gonococcal urethritis plus report of performing oral sex in ≤2 months. At enrollment, we collected cultures from NAAT-positive or screening sites, and men returned 3 to 8 days following treatment for a test of cure (TOC) by culture. The per-protocol analysis required men to be culture positive at enrollment and to return for TOC. We calculated efficacy as the number of subjects with negative culture at TOC divided by the number culture positive at enrollment by anatomic site. Thirty-two men enrolled in the study; 21 were pharyngeal NAAT positive, and 11 had gonococcal urethritis. The per-protocol analysis included 17 men, 6 with pharyngeal, 9 with urethral, and 4 with rectal gonococcal infections. Aztreonam cured 2 of 6 pharyngeal infections (33%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.3% to 78%) and 3 of 4 rectal infections (75%; 95% CI, 19% to 99%). All 11 men with urethritis were cured (100%; 95% CI, 66% to 100%). The aztreonam MIC90 was 0.5 μg/ml (range, 0.06 to 2.0 μg/ml). All treatment failures occurred at a MIC of ≥0.25 μg/ml. Single-dose aztreonam is not a reliable treatment for gonorrhea at the pharynx but may be useful for men with gonococcal urethritis and beta-lactam allergy. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT03867734.)
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Zhou, Xiyou, Xi Gao, Peter M. Broglie, Chahnaz Kebaier, James E. Anderson, Natalie Thom, Michael A. Apicella, Gregory D. Sempowski, and Joseph A. Duncan. "Hexa-Acylated Lipid A Is Required for Host Inflammatory Response to Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Experimental Gonorrhea." Infection and Immunity 82, no. 1 (October 14, 2013): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00890-13.
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ABSTRACTNeisseria gonorrhoeaecauses gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection characterized by inflammation of the cervix or urethra. However, a significant subset of patients withN. gonorrhoeaeremain asymptomatic, without evidence of localized inflammation. Inflammatory responses toN. gonorrhoeaeare generated by host innate immune recognition ofN. gonorrhoeaeby several innate immune signaling pathways, including lipooligosaccharide (LOS) and other pathogen-derived molecules through activation of innate immune signaling systems, including toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the interleukin-1β (IL-1β) processing complex known as the inflammasome. The lipooligosaccharide ofN. gonorrhoeaehas a hexa-acylated lipid A.N. gonorrhoeaestrains that carry an inactivatedmsbB(also known aslpxL1) gene produce a penta-acylated lipid A and exhibit reduced biofilm formation, survival in epithelial cells, and induction of epithelial cell inflammatory signaling. We now show thatmsbB-deficientN. gonorrhoeaeinduces less inflammatory signaling in human monocytic cell lines and murine macrophages than the parent organism. The penta-acylated LOS exhibits reduced toll-like receptor 4 signaling but does not affectN. gonorrhoeae-mediated activation of the inflammasome. We demonstrate thatN. gonorrhoeaemsbBis dispensable for initiating and maintaining infection in a murine model of gonorrhea. Interestingly, infection withmsbB-deficientN. gonorrhoeaeis associated with less localized inflammation. Combined, these data suggest that TLR4-mediated recognition ofN. gonorrhoeaeLOS plays an important role in the pathogenesis of symptomatic gonorrhea infection and that alterations in lipid A biosynthesis may play a role in determining symptomatic and asymptomatic infections.
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Cwikel, Julie G., Tal Lazer, Fernanda Press, and Simcha Lazer. "Sexually transmissible infections among female sex workers: an international review with an emphasis on hard-to-access populations." Sexual Health 5, no. 1 (2008): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07024.
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Background: Women who work commercially in sex work (female sex workers [FSW]) are considered a high-risk group for sexually transmissible infections (STI), yet the level of reported pathogens varies in studies around the world. This study reviewed STI rates reported in 42 studies of FSW around the world published between 1995 and 2006 and analysed the trends and types of populations surveyed, emphasising difficult to access FSW populations. Methods:Studies were retrieved by PUBMED and other search engines and were included if two or more pathogens were studied and valid laboratory methods were reported. Results: The five most commonly assessed pathogens were Neisseria gonorrhea (prevalence 0.5–41.3), Chlamydia trachomatis (0.61–46.2), Treponema pallidum (syphilis; 1.5–60.5), HIV (0–76.6), and Trichomonas vaginalis (trichmoniasis; 0.11–51.0). Neisseria gonorrhea and C. trachomatis were the most commonly tested pathogens and high prevalence levels were found in diverse areas of the world. HIV was highly prevalent mostly in African countries. Although human papillomavirus infection was surveyed in few studies, prevalence rates were very high and its aetiological role in cervical cancer warrant its inclusion in future FSW monitoring. Hard-to-access FSW groups tended to have higher rates of STI. Conclusions: The five most commonly detected pathogens correspond to those that are highly prevalent in the general population, however there is an urgent need to develop rapid testing diagnostics for all five pathogens to increase prevention and treatment, especially in outreach programs to the most vulnerable groups among FSW.