Academic literature on the topic 'Nekalé praktiky'

Svoboda pohybu zboží a postupující harmonizace vnitrostátního hmotného práva právem Evropské unie usnadňuje přeshraniční transakce. Rozvoji obchodu dále napomáhá elektronizace služeb a intenzivnější využívání internetu. Problémy, které v minulosti bylo možno řešit takřka výlučně nebo alespoň většinově na národní úrovni, nyní získávají mezinárodní charakter. Mnohdy to bude důsledek záměrného jednání podnikatele, vyloučena ale není ani nechtěná aktivace zahraničního práva či sudiště. V tuzemské odborné literatuře není věnována dostatečná pozornost mezinárodněprávním aspektům nekalé soutěže a nekalých obchodních praktik. Právě na ně je proto tento článek zaměřen. S ohledem na zřetelný vliv práva Evropské unie, které národní kolizní a procesní normy nahradilo vlastní unifikovanou unijní úpravou, je zkoumána unijní regulace této problematiky, a to ve světle judikatury Soudního dvora EU. Cílem je identifikovat rizika spojená s úpravou proti nekalosoutěžnímu jednání s přeshraničním dopadem a vymezit pravidla pro určení rozhodného práva a místa sudiště.

Santrauka. Šio straipsnio paskirtis – atnaujinti diskusiją dėl teorinės struktūros sandaros, kurią suda­ro ir analitiniai, ir normatyviniai elementai. Pagrindinis uždavinys – analitiškumo ir normatyviškumo komponentų kintančioje kritinės socialinės teorijos sandaroje identifikavimas ir metodologinių požiūrių į šių komponentų tarpusavio santykį šiuolaikinėse praktikos teorijose analizė. Siekiama atsakyti į klausimą, kodėl kritikos sąvoka šiuolaikinėse praktikos teorijose keičiama reflektyvumo sąvoka. Straipsnyje, remiantis kritinių teoretikų nuorodomis ir jas interpretuojant, analizuojamos „nekalto“ (Wittgensteino Filosofinių tyrinėjimų 308 fragmente aptariama prasme) terminologinio pakeitimo euristinės implikacijos šių dienų kritinėms socialinėms teorijoms, kurios skiriamos nuo ankstyvosios Frankfurto kritinės teorijos. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: kritika, reflektyvumas, kritinė teorija, kritinė socialinė teorija, praktikos teo­rija. Key words: critique, reflexivity, critical theory, critical social theory, practice theory. ABSTRACT ON THE QUESTION OF CRITICAL THEORY TODAY The task of this article is to renew the discussion about the theoretical structure which includes both analytical and normative elements. The main theoretical problem analyzed in the article is the identifi­cation of analytical and normative elements in the structure of critical social theory and the analysis of the relationship between these elements in contemporary practice theories. The article seeks to answer the ques­tion why the concept of critique in contemporary practice theories is changed by the concept of reflexivity. The article aims to emphasize the implications of this „innocent“ terminological change for contemporary critical social theories, distinguished from early Critical Theory of Frankfurt School.

Potensi UKM hingga sejauh ini, belum cukup tergarap dengan maksimal, sebaliknya banyak pelaku usaha UKM (pemilik) justru sering mengalami masalah internal sehingga sulit untuk berkembang dan bersaing baik antara sesama UKM maupun dengan dengan produsen besar. Hal ini berkaitan dengan masalah pengelolaan keuangan yang menjadi salah satu masalah yang sering ditemui di dalam UKM. Umumnya, pelaku kegiatan ini memulai usaha mereka dengan bermodal nekat tanpa dibekali dengan rencana pemodalan jangka panjang maupun kemampuan dan pengetahuan manajerial yang dibutuhkan dalam berwirausaha. Pelatihan ini bertujuan agar masyarakat atau pelaku UKM di Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi dapat mengoptimalkan usahanya serta dapat mengembangkan usahanya untk meningkatkan perekonomian masyarakat. Dengan adanya pelatihan ini masyarakat menjadi dapat mengeola keuangan usahanya, serta mampu bersaing dengan produsen yang lebih besar nantinya. Kegiatan ini dilakukan dengan model ceramah, diskusi, serta mempraktikkan secara langsung praktik penyusunan laporan keuangan. Kegiatan ini juga terbuka untuk sharing permasalahan yang dihadapi UKM di Kabupaten Kuansing, sehingga nantinya akan memperoleh solusi atas permasalahan yang terjadi. Adapun hasil yang diperoleh dari pelatihan ini adalah peningkatan pengetahuan dan kemampuan pelaku usaha dalam menyusun laporan keuangan sehingga dapat mengembangkan UKM masyarakat dan berujung pada peningkatan pereknomian dan kesejahteraan masyarakat.

Creativity is vital to radical innovation for the generation of new and disruptive ideas. Managers, practitioners and teachers are increasingly integrating design thinking approach to stimulate creativity and innovation. Design thinking implies empathy as an innovation mind-set to understand the latent needs of users observed in real settings. However, it has been suggested that radical innovations do not come from a user-centred approach such as design thinking and that design thinking is often based on anecdotes than data and that its value is difficult to prove. The aims of this paper is to propose an approach to enhance design thinking in educational setting in order to promote radical innovation mindset. Drawing on the benefits of prospective ergonomics, digital mock-up and virtual environment to promote ideation and empathy, the proposed approach takes as a starting point the imagination of future needs using prospective scenarios approach, instead of users’ latent and unmet needs, for the development of artefacts and services that would change social practices. The paper a) discusses why and how this combined approach would foster students’ radical innovations skills by not just satisfying actual users’ needs but by imagining and anticipating new needs and b) propose a method to evaluate the effectiveness and the efficacy of design thinking enhancement. Santrauka Kūrybiškumas – iš esmės svarbus radikalioms inovacijoms, generuojant naujas ir griaunančias idėjas. Vadovai, praktikuojantys specialistai ir dėstytojai vis labiau integruoja dizaineriškos mąstysenos metodą, siekdami sužadinti kūrybiškumą ir inovacijas. Dizaineriška mąstysena reiškia empatiją kaip inovacija grindžiamą požiūrį, kuriuo siekiama suprasti slaptus vartotojų, stebėtų realiomis aplinkybėmis, poreikius. Vis dėlto buvo teigiama, kad radikalios inovacijos nekyla iš požiūrio, sutelkto į vartotojus, tokio kaip dizaineriška mąstysena, ir kad tokia mąstysena dažnai grindžiama pavieniais atvejais, o ne duomenimis bei tuo, kad jos vertę sunku įrodyti. Šio straipsnio tikslai – pateikti požiūrį, kuris padidintų dizaineriškos mąstysenos vertę lavinimo aplinkoje, siekiant palaikyti radikaliomis inovacijomis grindžiamą mąstymo būdą. Atsižvelgiant į ateities ergonomikos nešamą naudą, skaitmeninį modelį ir virtualią aplinką, skirtą idėjizavimui ir empatizavimui paskatinti, siūlomas požiūris yra it pradinis taškas, įsivaizduojant ateities poreikius, pasitelkiant ateities scenarijų atvejus, o ne slaptus ir nepatenkintus vartotojų poreikius, siekiant žmogaus darbo produktų ir paslaugų, kurios pakeistų socialines praktikas, plėtros. Straipsnyje svarstoma, kodėl ir kaip šis mišrus požiūris paskatintų studentų radikalių inovacijų įgūdžius, ne tik patenkinant tikruosius vartotojų poreikius, bet įsivaizduojant ir numatant naujus, taip pat pateikiamas metodas, skirtas dizaineriškos mąstysenos tobulinimo veiksmingumui įvertinti.

This master thesis "Specifics of Marketing Communication Targeted on Seniors and Unfair Practices Against Them" aims to familiarize the reader with the ways and coercive methods by which traders force seniors to buy overpriced goods or services during the selling events or doorstep sales. Another aim is to identify the reasons that lead elderly to attend sales events, or use the services of door-to-door seller. Next, I will try to make recommendations to public authorities and elderly how to prevent unfair trade practices. The thesis also deals with legal regulations, the demographic situation and development, and manipulation.

Prace pojednava o vlastnim kapitalu jako majetkove podstate podniku a to se zretelem na ruzne formy podnikani a z toho pplynouci pozadavky na slozeni VK. Majetkova podstata podniku, ktery reprezentuje VK byla ohrozena koncem 80. a zacatkem 90. let, kdy se rozbehla kuponova privatizace a dochazelo k nekalym praktikam v spolecnostech ve vztahu k majetku. Prace analyzuje nejvetsi pripady ceskeho tunelovani let 80 a 90..

In my graduation thesis I established a goal to discover most frequent unfair practises, which can come across a czech consumer. To accomplish this goal I've choosed following process. At first I made an enquiry between Organisations for consumer's protection and I visited frequently one of them. Also I get together all literary and virtual sources. Afterthan I made a part of Unfair practises in use, based on the informations from my enquiry and my visitation of Prague's office. In this part I tried to mention as many cosumer's problems as possible. Than I wanted to present possibilities of consumer's defence. Ther are two possibilities. The first is coming from civil law and it is included in the part of Judicature. The second possibility is from statutory law which is mentioned in the part of Activity of supervisor authority. When working on these practical parts I realised many possibilities how to make better the consumer's situation in Czech republic. These proposals I got into the final part of my work. At the end there was no more then to do theoretical or general part. This one was made on the basis of allready existing publications and articles. The real end was the introduction, where I highlighted my goal and I tried to mention problems included in my final thesis.

Diploma thesis reviews the position of the European Union to regulate the business-to-business relations in the retail supply chain and sums up the view of parliamentary political parties in the Czech Republic on the regulation of unfair trading practices in the business-to-business relations. The first chapter defines the behavior of firms in the market structures of perfect and imperfect competition, and specifies the microeconomic effects of economic policy. The second chapter describes the development of retail sector, forms of unfair trading practices, and approaches to solving the problem of unfair trade practices in the Czech Republic and in the European Union. The third chapter presents opinions of political parties in the Czech Republic to regulate the unfair trading practices in the retail supply chain.

The main aim of my thesis is to identify various forms of consumer deception. These include misleading and aggressive practices that consumers encounter in everyday life and which often exceed limits of acceptability regulated by legislation. The thesis emphasises primarily advertising which strongly affects consumer decision-making for buying. Legal means of protection against deception are included in the thesis as well. The deception of consumers in German, Austrian and Spanish legislation is the topic of the final chapter. The thesis is supplemented with practical examples and judicial practice.

The aim of my thesis is to focus on issues of ethics in real estate operations and search optimal criteria for ethics in the real estate business. I mention ethical codes and their application and rationale at work of real estate agencies and professional associations. Furthermore I explore the real estate market in the Czech Republic in terms of ethics and I mention characteristics of ethically solid agencies, however I will also devote most common unfair practices within the real estate business and the current problems of the real estate market, which do not contribute to an ethical environment in business. Using the survey I examine thinking about ethics in the real estate business from two perspectives, namely from the perspective of the client, whether former, current or potential, and from the perspective of real estate agencies and brokers.

Thema of this master’s thesis is analysis of legislation influences on advertisement. Beside generally advertisement adjustment is master’s thesis oriented firstly on regulation advertisement of food supplements. On the concrete example are displayed analysis of suppose deficiencies. This master’s thesis also solves problem with advertisement production and legislation verification on marketing department in firm VALOSUN a.s.

Diploma thesis evaluates the effectiveness of legal instruments to prevent the use of aggressive commercial practices. Thesis is divided into two main chapters, the first is the protection against aggressive commercial practices in business to consumer market and the second part is dedicated to the protection against aggressive practices in the business to business market. Each section compares the European protection of aggressive commercial practices (and also through European legislation implemented in Czech law) with the protection of those practices in U.S. law. The first part of thesis deals with the protection of consumers against aggressive commercial practices. In European law it mainly regulated by Directive on unfair commercial practices. The Directive is implemented in Czech Republic in mainly in Consumer Protection Code and in the Advertising Code. Private protection against aggressive commercial practices is embodied in provision of unfair competition of the Commercial Code. Protection of personality, privacy and personal data is another form of protection against aggressive practices. In U.S. law, public consumer protection is represented by Federal Trade Commission. In private law, consumers seek redress in court through actions for torts. In relations between competitors is the protection against aggressive commercial practices regulated by unfair competition and by antirust law. Antitrust law in European Union is represented by 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty. Unfair Competition Law in the U.S. in the B2B market is the part of business torts. Antitrust law is represented by Federal Trade Commission and the Ministry of Justice. The last part of Diploma Thesis is concerned with aggressive commercial practices that very often are accompanying the offers in time-sharing field and with children aggressive commercials, as a example of aggressive commercial practices in practice.

This thesis deals with consumer misleading in the field of food labeling. The goal of the thesis was to determine specific products that may mislead consumers by their location and label in particular hypermarkets in Prague and Frýdek-Místek. Analysis of the potential misleading of the consumers has three parts -- examining of an obligatory information on the product package, checking of the location of the products in the shops, and the questionnaire. One part of the thesis deals with law (acts, judgements and other regulations) in the field of food labeling and misleading the consumer.

Denna kandidatuppsats undersöker vilka upp­fattningar sjuksköterskor och homo­sexuella män har kring reglerna för blodgivning, med inriktning på att homosexuella män i praktiken inte får donera blod. Studien har genomförts med kvalitativ intervju som metod. Resultatet framhäver att mina informanter klassificerat blod och människor olika, där både utländskt blod och svenskt blod rangordnas efter potentiell risk för smitta. Sjuksköterskorna och de homosexuella männen hanterar även reglerna olika, där sjuksköterskorna lägger ett större fokus på att skydda de som ska få blodet. Samtidigt anser de i likhet med de homosexuella männen att reglerna är diskriminerande och bygger på fördomar om att homosexuella män skulle bete sig mer riskfyllt än andra i samband med smitta. Egentligen går det inte med säkerhet att veta om någon är ärlig när de besvarar hälsodeklarationen som ska hjälpa blodcentralen att sålla bort olämpliga donatorer. Bloddonation från homosexuella män går att se från olika håll och är därför ett komplext ämne utan ett lätt svar, då tekniken inte kan upptäcka smitta omedelbart från smittillfället. Däremot framhäver mina informanter att alla bör bli bedömda efter individuellt beteende istället för kollektivt. Exempelvis bör homosexuella män i monogama förhållanden få donera blod.
This Bachelor Thesis investigates the perceptions nurses and homosexual men, respectively, have concerning the rules for blood donation, focusing on the fact that homosexual men in practice aren't able to donate blood. The study was conducted using qualitative interviews. The results emphasise that my informants classify blood and people differently, where both foreign and Swedish blood are rated on potential risk of infection. Nurses and homosexual men also handle the various rules differently, the nurses placing greater focus on protecting receivers of blood. At the same time nurses, like the homosexual men, find the rules discriminatory and based on the prejudice that homosexual men have a riskier lifestyle than others relating to infection. In reality, there can be no certainty in knowing if someone is honest when answering the health declaration which is meant to help the blood bank weed out unsuitable donors. The issue of blood donation by homosexual men can be approached from different angles and is therefore a complex topic without an easy solution, especially since current testing cannot detect the HIV virus immediately after transmission. In contrast, my informants emphasise that everyone should be judged on individual behaviour instead of collectively; for example, homosexual men in monogamous relationships should also be able to donate blood.