Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Nekyia'

Translation has been at the heart of Seamus Heaney's career. In his poem, "The Riverbank Field," from his latest collection, Human Chain, Heaney engages in metatranslation, "Ask me to translate what Loeb gives as / 'In a retired vale...a sequestered grove' / And I'll confound the Lethe in Moyola." Curiously, with a broad spectrum of classical works at his disposal, the poet chooses a particular moment in Virgil's Aeneid as an image for translation. What is it about this conversation between Aeneas and his dead father, Anchises, at the banks of the Lethe which makes it uniquely fitting for Heaney to explore translation? In order to fully understand Heaney's decision to translate this scene from Aeneid 6, it must be clear how Heaney perceives the classical tropes of katabasis (descent into the underworld) and nekyia (communion with the dead). Due to the particularly violent and destructive history of the 20th century from the World Wars to the Holocaust, contemporary poets tend to portray katabasis and nekyia in their works as tragic (See Falconer's Hell in Contemporary Literature). Heaney subverts this view of a tragic descent and communion with the dead in his poetry, instead opting for a journey through Hell which is more optimistic and efficacious. Heaney's rejection of the contemporary tragic katabasis and nekyia allows these classical tropes to become a metaphor for translation. I argue Heaney demonstrates how he views translation and the role of the translator through this metatranslational instance in "The Riverbank Field." For Heaney, not only can a poet descend to the underworld where spirits of the literary dead wait for translation into a new medium, but the translator actually can succeed in bringing an ancient author to a modern readership.

Begegnungen mit der Unterwelt stellen ein konstitutives Element antiker, vor allem epischer Poesie dar. Besonderer Popularität erfreute sich das Thema in der neronisch-flavischen Epik, die an die von Homer begründete und von Vergil weitergeführte Tradition anknüpfte, diese jedoch in innovativer Weise umgestaltete. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass die Nekyiai der kaiserzeitlichen Dichter, wiewohl in der Forschung oft negativ beurteilt, originelle Variationen des für das Genre zentralen Motivkomplexes darstellen und eine wichtige Etappe in der Geschichte des Topos bilden. Insbesondere wird mit Hilfe eines stärker die dynamische Wechselwirkung zwischen Prä- und Posttext berücksichtigenden sowie neben der diachronen auch die synchrone Ebene von Sinnkonstitution einbeziehenden Interpretationsansatzes die vielschichtige intertextuelle Dimension der neronisch-flavischen Unterweltsszenen erhellt, die sich durch den kontaminierenden Rekurs auf eine Reihe literarischer Vorlagen ergibt. Es wird dargelegt, dass die Jenseitsepisoden der nachaugusteischen Epiker eine wichtige poetologische Bedeutung haben, indem sie den bevorzugten Ort für die literarische Selbstpositionierung und -legitimierung des Verfassers bilden. Darüber hinaus wird der Einfluss der veränderten politischen, sozialen, ideologischen und ästhetischen Bedingungen im 1. Jahrhundert n. Chr. auf die Neukonzeption der Unterwelt im neronisch-flavischen Epos untersucht.
Encounters with the underworld are a constitutive element of ancient, especially epic poetry. The topic was particularly popular among Neronian and Flavian poets who closely engage the literary tradition established by Homer and further developed by Vergil, yet refashion it in an innovative way. In this thesis, I shall argue that the necyia scenes of the imperial poets, although often criticized by scholars, are original variations of the motif, which is of essential significance for the genre, and mark an important stage in the history of the theme. Using an interpretive approach which focuses more strongly on the dynamic interaction between hypo- and hypertext and also considers the synchronic level of creating meaning in addition to the diachronic one, I shall demonstrate in particular the complex intertextual dimension of the Neronian-Flavian underworld scenes, which is based on their combined reference to multiple literary models. In addition, I will show that the necyia episodes of the post-Augustan epicists have an important poetological meaning, providing a privileged venue for the author to position himself within the literary tradition and to legitimize his own work. Finally, I will examine the impact of the political, social, ideological, and aesthetic changes in the first century CE on the shift in representation of the underworld in Neronian-Flavian epic.

U okviru ove doktorske disertacije pažnja je sa jedne strane posvećena razradi NMR spektrometrijskih i veoma osetljivih hromatografskih (HPLC/DADi HPLC/TLS) metoda, a sa druge strane razradi jednostavnijih spektrofotometrijskih i voltametrijskih metoda za određivanje odabranih neonikotinoida. Kao posebno vredan doprinos, razrađena je metoda pripreme ekološki pogodne bizmut-film elektrode na staklastom ugljeniku i na planarnoj ugljeničnoj elektrodi. Efikasnost elektrode je upoređena sa elektrodom modifikovanom filmom od žive. Za ispitivanje površine radnih elektroda primenjena je i (SEM/EDS) metoda. Razrađene metode su testirane za određivanje neonikotinoida iz komercijalnih formulacija, kao i iz uzoraka krompira, kukuruza, paprike, meda i površinske vode.
The Ph. D. thesis is concerned with the development of NMR spectrometric and very sensitive chromatographic (HPLC/DAD and HPLC/TLS) methods, on the one  hand, and simpler spectrophotometric and voltammetric methods on the other, for the  determination of selected neonicotinoids. As an especially valuable contribution, a procedure has  been developed for the preparation of an environment-friendly bismuth film electrode on glassycarbon and planar carbon electrode. The achieved efficiency of such electrode was compared with that of mercury film electrode. Surface morphology of the working electrodes was studied by the SEM/EDS method. The developed methods have been tested for the determination of the neonicotinoids from their commercial formulations, as well as from samples of potato,  maize, pepper, honey, and surface water.

Neka je A neprazan skup  i ℒ = (L, ≤) proizvoljna mreža sa nulom i jedinicom. Svako preslikavanje µ: A → L zovemo rasplinuti podskup od A. U ovoj tezi proučavali smo rasplinute posete i relacije rasplinutog poretka. Uveli smo neke nove pojmove: rasplinuta uređena grupa, rasplinuti pozitivan konus, rasplinuti negativan konus, rasplinuta mrežno uređena grupa. Posmatrajući strukturu svih relacija slabog rasplinutog poretka koje su podskup klasične relacije poretka ≤ , došli smo do zaključka da ova struktura predstavlja kompletnu mrežu. Takođe, važan zadatak je bio da ispitamo egzistenciju rasplinute mrežno uređene podgrupe l –uređene grupe koja nije linearno uređena. Bitan rezultat je rasplinuta mrežno uređena podgrupa date mrežno uređene grupe G, koja je konstruisana pomoću mreže svih kompleksnih l –podgrupa od G.
Let A be a nonempty set, and let ℒ = (L, ≤) be a lattice with 0 and 1. The mapping: µ: A → L is called a fuzzy subset of A. In this work we investigated fuzzy posets and fuzzy ordering relations. We introduced some new notions: fuzzy ordered groups, fuzzy positive cone, fuzzy negative cone, fuzzy lattice ordered group. Considering a structure of all weak fuzzy orderings contained in the crisp order ≤, we concluded that this structure represents a complete lattice. Also, an important task was to investigate the existence of a fuzzy lattice ordered subgroup of an l–ordered group which is not linearly ordered. A main result is a fuzzy lattice ordered subgroup of a given lattice ordered group G, which is constructed by the lattice of all convex l-subgroups of G.

   U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji opisane su sinteze novih kompleksa prelaznih metala sa piridoksiliden-  (PLAG), odnosno saliciliden-aminogvanidinom (SALAG). Dobijenikompleksi su okarakterisani elementalnom analizom, IR spektrima, konduktometrijskim i magnetnim merenjima, a većina i rendgenskomstrukturnom analizom. Osim toga, dobijene su i nove forme ovih Šifovih baza, i to u vidu monokristala, čime su omogućena ispitivanja njihovih  molekulskih i kristalnih struktura, kao i uporedna analiza sa koordinovanim ligandima.    Sa PLAG je sintetisano 7 novi  kompleksa Cu(II), a pored toga po prvi put suizolovani mono i bis(ligand) kompleksi Fe(III) i Co(III), mono(ligand) kompleksi  V(V), kao  i jedan kompleks Zn(II) u kojem ovaj potencijalno tridentatni  ONN  ligand,  umonoprotonovanoj formi,  ima ulogu kontra-jona. Sa stanovišta geometrije zajedničko za izolovane komplekse Cu(II) i V(V) je da imaju kvadratno-piramidalnu strukturu, sa izuzetkom jednog kvadratno-planarnog kompleksa Cu(II), dok je u kompleksima Fe(III) i Co(III) nađeno očekivano oktaedarsko okruženje centralnogjona. Pored ovih, sintetisano je i pet novih kompleksa sa SALAG, od kojih su dvakompleksa Cu(II) i kompleks V(V) okarakterisani rendgenskom strukturnomanalizom, dok je mikrokristalnim bis(ligand) kompleksima Co(III) i Ni(III) na osnovufizičko-hemijskih karakteristika predložena odgovarajuća struktura.   Zajedničko za obe opisane Šifove baze je da se koordinuju na  ONN  tridentatni način, i to preko atoma kiseonika deprotonovane fenolne grupe i atoma azota azometinske i imino grupe AG fragmeta. Posebno je naglašeno da su  saPLAG izolovana dva dimerna kompleksa Cu(II) u kojima je po prvi put nađena tetradentatna koordinacija ovog  liganda, u koju je dodatno uključen atom kiseonika hidroksimetil-grupe PL-ostatka. Za razliku od SALAG, koji je u izolovanim kompleksima koordinovan isključivo kao monoanjon, nastao deprotonacijom fenolneOH-grupe, za PLAG je osim ove, potvđena koordinacija u neutralnoj, zwitter-jonskoj, ali i dvostruko deprotonovanoj formi. Zwitter-jonska forma liganda nastaje migracijom atoma vodonika sa fenolnog hidroksila na piridinski atom azota PL-ostatka, dok deprotonacijom piridinskog ili hidrazinskog atoma azota, odnosno oba pomenuta atoma nastaju monoanjon i dianjon helatnog liganda, respektivno.   Na kraju, urađena su  i ispitivanja antimikrobne aktivnosti odabranih jedinjenjaprema predstavnicima grampozitivnih i gramnegativnih bakterija, kao i dve kulturekvasca. Tom prilikom nije utvrđena nikakva inhibitorna aktivnost   prema primenjenimbakterijskim sojevima, dok su u slučaju kvasaca izvesno mikrobicidno dejstvo pokazali samo kompleksi Cu(II).
This PhD thesis describes the syntheses of some new transition metal complexes with  pyridoxilidene-  (PLAG) and salicylideneaminoguanidine (SALAG). Obtained  complexes are characterized by   elemental analysis, IR  spectroscopy,  conductometric and magnetic measurements. Besides, the structural analysis of majority of the obtained complexes was performed. Some new forms of these Schiff  bases are synthesized in form of single crystals, which made their X-ray analysis as well as comparison with coordinated forms possible.With PLAG, 7 new Cu(II) complexes were obtained and for the first time mono and bis(ligand) complexes of Fe(III) and Co(III) as well  mono(ligand)  complexes  of V(V) were isolated. Furthermore,  the structure of Zn(II) complex in which PLAG in its monocationic form has a role of counter ion is presented. With the exception of one Cu(II) complex, all reported Cu(II) and V(V) complexes have a square-pyramidal geometry, whilst  Fe(III)  and Co(III)  are situated in octahedral surroundings. Also, five new complexes of Cu(II), Co(III), Ni(II) and V(V) with SALAG were synthesized. In both  Cu(II) complexes and V(V) complex the expected coordination mode and geometry were confirmed by X-ray analysis, while octahedral structure of bis(ligand) complexes with Co(III) and Ni(II) was proposed based on results of physico-chemical  characterization.Both PLAG and SALAG coordinate the metal ion in tridentate  ONN  manner, through the oxygen atom of deprotonated phenolic group and nitrogen atoms  of azomethine and imino groups of AG moiety. It is also emphasized that in two dimeric Cu(II) complexes with PLAG tetradentate coordination mode was found, in which the oxygen atom of hydroxymethyl group of PL residue was additionally involved. Unlike SALAG, which is coordinated as monoanion in all of the examined complexes, PLAG can have one of three degrees of deprotonation. Zwitter-ion of PLAG is formed by migration of H-atom from phenolic oxygen to pyridine nitrogen, while the deprotonation of pyridine or/and hydrazine nitrogen, makes it mono-and dianion, respectively.Also, microbiological tests on the selected compounds were preformed. Namely, antimicrobial activity of these compounds against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as some yeast cultures was examined and none of the samples showed antimicrobial activity against bacteria, whilst only Cu(II) complexes showed certain inhibitory effect against yeasts.

Doktorska disertacija je posvećena rešavanju Košijevog problema odabranih klasa frakcionih diferencijalnih jednačina u okviru Kolomboovih prostora uopštenih funkcija. U prvom delu disertacije razmatrane su nehomogene evolucione jednačine sa prostorno frakcionim diferencijalnim operatorima reda 0 < α < 2 i koeficijentima koji zavise od x i t. Ova klasa jednačina je aproksimativno rešavana, tako što je umesto početne jednačine razmatrana aproksimativna jednačina data preko regularizovanih frakcionih izvoda, odnosno, njihovih regularizovanih množitelja. Za rešavanje smo koristili dobro poznate uopštene uniformno neprekidne polugrupe operatora. U drugom delu disertacije aproksimativno su rešavane nehomogene frakcione evolucione jednačine sa Kaputovimfrakcionim izvodom reda 0 < α < 2, linearnim, zatvorenim i gusto definisanimoperatorom na prostoru Soboljeva celobrojnog reda i koeficijentima koji zaviseod x. Odgovarajuća aproksimativna jednačina sadrži uopšteni operator asociran sa polaznim operatorom, dok su rešenja dobijena primenom, za tu svrhu                   u disertaciji konstruisanih, uopštenih uniformno neprekidnih operatora rešenja.U oba slučaja ispitivani su uslovi koji obezbeduju egzistenciju i jedinstvenostrešenja Košijevog problema na odgovarajućem Kolomboovom prostoru.
Colombeau spaces of generalized functions. In the firs part, we studied inhomogeneous evolution equations with space fractional differential operators of order 0 < α < 2 and variable coefficients depending on x and t. This class of equations is solved  approximately, in such a way that instead of the originate equation we considered the corresponding approximate equation given by regularized fractional derivatives, i.e. their  regularized multipliers. In the solving procedure we used a well-known generalized uniformly continuous semigroups of operators. In the second part, we solved approximately inhomogeneous fractional evolution equations with Caputo fractional derivative of order 0 < α < 2, linear, closed and densely defined operator in Sobolev space of integer order and variable coefficients depending on x. The corresponding approximate equation   is a given by the generalized operator associated to the originate  operator, while the solutions are obtained by using generalized uniformly continuous solution operators, introduced and developed for that purpose. In both cases, we provided the conditions that ensure the existence and uniqueness solutions of the Cauchy problem in some Colombeau spaces.

Turniri su najviše istraživana klasa orijentisanih grafova. U tezi su prezentovana dva tipa rezultata. Prvi se odnosi na tzv. neizbežne podgrafove. Obuhvata Hamiltonove bajpase, podgrafove C(n, i) i alternativne Hamiltonove konture. Drugi se bavi problemima frekvencija skorova u običnim, bipartitnim i 3-partitnim turnirima.
Tournaments are the most investigated class of oriented graphs. Two type of results are presented in the thesis. First one is related to so called unavoidable subgraphs. It discusses Hamiltonian bypasses, subgraphs C(n, i) and antidirected Hamiltonian cycles. The second deals with problems of score frequencies in ordinary, bipartite and 3-partite tournaments.

Doktorska disertacija je posvećena primeni teorije polugrupa operatora na rešavanje dve klase Cauchy-jevih početnih problema. U prvom delu smoispitivali parabolične stohastičke parcijalne diferencijalne jednačine (SPDJ-ne), odredjene sa dva tipa operatora: linearnim zatvorenim operatorom kojigeneriše C₀−polugrupu i linearnim ograničenim operatorom kombinovanimsa Wick-ovim proizvodom. Svi stohastički procesi su dati Wiener-Itô-ovomhaos ekspanzijom. Dokazali smo postojanje i jedinstvenost rešenja ove klaseSPDJ-na. Posebno, posmatrali smo i stacionarni slučaj kada je izvod povremenu jednak nuli. U drugom delu smo konstruisali kompleksne stepeneC-sektorijalnih operatora na sekvencijalno kompletnim lokalno konveksnimprostorima. Kompleksne stepene operatora smo posmatrali kao integralnegeneratore uniformno ograničenih analitičkih C-regularizovanih rezolventnihfamilija, i upotrebili dobijene rezultate na izučavanje nepotpunih Cauchy-jevih problema viš3eg ili necelog reda.
The doctoral dissertation is devoted to applications of the theoryof semigroups of operators on two classes of Cauchy problems. In the firstpart, we studied parabolic stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs),driven by two types of operators: one linear closed operator generating aC₀−semigroup and one linear bounded operator with Wick-type multipli-cation. All stochastic processes are considered in the setting of Wiener-Itôchaos expansions. We proved existence and uniqueness of solutions for thisclass of SPDEs. In particular, we also treated the stationary case when thetime-derivative is equal to zero. In the second part, we constructed com-plex powers of C−sectorial operators in the setting of sequentially completelocally convex spaces. We considered these complex powers as the integralgenerators of equicontinuous analytic C−regularized resolvent families, andincorporated the obtained results in the study of incomplete higher or frac-tional order Cauchy problems.

Kao što je poznato, RS-2-(4-hlor-o-toliloksi)propionska kiselina (MCPP), (4-hlor-2-metilfenoksi)sirćetna kiselina (MCPA) i 3,6-dihlorpiridin-2-karboksilna kiselina  (klopiralid) su herbicidi sa veoma širokim spektrom dejstva, a pored toga su rastvorljivi u vodi, teško biorazgradljivi i prema literaturnim podacima su, nažalost, veoma često prisutni herbicidi u pijaćoj vodi. Proces heterogene fotokatalize uz primenu TiO₂i UV zračenja se pokazao kao veoma pogodan način za njihovo uklanjanje iz vode. Međutim, zbog velikog energetskog procepa od 3,2 eV (anataze-oblik), odnosno, 3,0 eV (rutil-oblik), veoma mali udeo bliskih UV zraka iz sunčeve svetlosti (oko 3−4%) biva iskorišćen u toku fotokatalitičkog procesa, što ukazuje na to da je TiO₂ praktično neaktivan u prisustvu sunčeve svetlosti. Na osnovu literaturnih podataka je zapaženo da postoji mogućnost fotorazgradnje pojedinih supstrata u prisustvu TiO₂ primenom vidljive svetlosti. Na primeru MCPP je ispitana aktivnost TiO₂ Degussa P25 kao fotokatalizatora u prisustvu vidljive svetlosti. Na osnovu refleksionih spektara je utvrđeno da MCPP adsorbovan na TiO₂ Degussa P25 apsorbuje vidljivi deo spektra (λ ≥400 nm). Nastali prelazni kompleks je potvrđen FTIR merenjima. Efikasnost TiO2Degussa P25 primenom vidljive svetlosti je upoređena sa sunčevim i UV zračenjem, kao i direktnom fotolizom u prisustvu pomenutih izvora zračenja. Brzina fotokatalitičke razgradnje MCPP primenom vidljive svetlosti iznosi 0,86 μmol dm⁻³min⁻¹, što je oko 4 puta brže u poređenju sa direktnom fotolizom. Nadalje je ustanovljena optimalna masena koncentracija katalizatora od oko 8 mg cm⁻³, koja je znatno viša u poređenju sa primenom UV zračenja. Razlog je najverovatnije različit mehanizam fotorazgradnje koji se odvija primenom vidljivog i UV zračenja. Naime, prisustvo 2-metil-2-propanola (poznatog hvatača ^•OH-radikala) praktično ne utiče na brzinu fotokatalitičke razgradnje MCPP p rimenom vidljive svetlosti, što ukazuje da se mehanizam razgradnje MCPP primenom  vidljive svetlosti ne odvija posredstvom ^•OH-radikala, za razliku od onog uz primenu UV zračenja.S obzirom da se katalizator TiO₂ Degussa P25 uz primenu vidljive svetlosti nije pokazao kao naročito efikasan kada je u pitanju razgradnja sva tri herbicida i imajući u vidu da se u poslednje vreme iz razloga praktične primene sve više pribegava procesu dopovanja TiO₂ različitim tipovima metala (alkalnih, zemnoalkalnih, prelaznih i dr.) i nemetala (halogenida, halkogenida i dr.), u okviru ove doktorske disertacije je ispitana aktivnost N-TiO₂ (sintetisanih mokrim i suvim putem) i TiO₂ (rutil) dopovanog sa različitim količinama Fe³⁺-jona (0,13−1,48 at.%) pri razgradnji herbicida MCPP i MCPA primenom vidljive svetlosti. Pored toga je ispitana efikasnost TiO₂ (anataze) takođe dopovanog sa različitim količinama Fe³⁺-jona (0,71−1,80 at.%) na primeru MCPP. Poredeći N-TiO₂ (sintetisan mokrim putem) i N-TiO₂ (sintetisani suvim putem), primećeno je da je u drugom slučaju efikasnost katalizatora veća oko 2 puta. Isto tako je zapažena u slučaju MCPP nešto veća fotokatalitička aktivnost N-TiO₂ (sintetisani suvim putem) u poređenju sa TiO₂ (anataze). Kada je u pitanju MCPA aktivnost sva tri katalizatora je veoma slična. Pored toga je zapažena veća efikasnost N-TiO₂ (sintetisan mokrim putem) u poređenju sa TiO₂ Degussa P25 (oko 1,5 puta) i oko 5 puta u odnosu na direktnu fotolizu, dok su N-TiO₂ (sintetisani suvim putem) oko 3 puta efikasniji u poređenju sa TiO₂ Degussa P25 i oko 10 puta u  poređenju sa direktnom fotolizom. Brzina solarne razgradnje je preko 100 puta manja nego primenom vidljivog i UV zračenja, što je posledica različitih intenziteta pomenutih izvora ozračivanja i različitih uslova pri kojima je vršena razgradnja.  Ustanovljena je optimalna masena koncentracija N-TiO₂ (sintetisan mokrim putem) od 4 mg cm⁻³.Prilikom razgradnje MCPP i MCPA je nađeno da je brzina veća kada se kao katalizator  koristi TiO₂ (rutil) u poređenju sa Fe-TiO₂ i da sa povećanjem količine Fe³⁺-jona fotokatalitička aktivnost uglavnom opada. Kada je kao fotokatalizator korišćen TiO₂  (anataze) dopovan različitim količinama Fe³⁺-jona (od 0,71 do 1,80 at.%), razgradnja MCPP je u svim slučajevima znatno sporija u odnosu na TiO₂ (anataze).S obzirom da su prema literaturnim podacima kinetika i mehanizam fotokatalitičke razgradnje klopiralida nepoznati, ispitana je njegova stabilnost pri različitim eksperimentalnim uslovima. Tokom ispitivanja uticaja pH kako u prisustvu, tako i u odsustvu dnevne svetlosti u intervalu pH od 1,0−9,0, nađeno je da ni u jednom slučaju ne dolazi do razgradnje supstrata u periodu od sedam meseci koliko je proces praćen. Takođe je ispitana kinetika fotokatalitičke razgradnje klopiralida primenom UV i vidljivog zračenja u prisustvu TiO₂ Degussa P25, kao i direktna fotoliza primenom oba izvora zračenja. Nađeno je da je brzina fotokatalitičke razgradnje primenom UV zračenja veća oko 5 puta u odnosu na direktnu fotolizu. Za praćenje toka fotokatalitičke razgradnje klopiralida je izabrana pH-vrednost od 3,2. Nadalje je zapaženo da se u ispitivanom opsegu početnih koncentracija supstrata (0,5–3,0 mmol dm⁻³) kinetika fotokatalitičke razgradnje klopiralida može opisati pseudo-prvim redom. Pri ispitivanju uticaja masene koncentracije katalizatora (0,5–8 mg cm⁻³) na brzinu razgradnje klopiralida, ustanovljena je optimalna masena koncentracija primenjenog fotokatalizatora od oko 4 mg cm⁻³. Izračunata ukupna  prividna energija aktivacije iznosi 7,74 kJ mol⁻¹. Pored toga, prisustvo kiseonika ubrzava reakciju 2 puta, dok dodatak elektron-akceptora kao što su (NH₄)₂S₂O₈, H₂O₂ i KBrO₃ pokazuje značajan i različit efekat na kinetiku fotokatalitičke razgradnje klopiralida. Pri ispitivanju uticaja etanola, kao hvatača slobodnih radikala, nađeno je da se heterogena fotokataliza odvija uglavnom preko ^•OH-radikala.Na osnovu LC–MS/MS (ESI+) merenja ustanovljeno je prisustvo nekoliko intermedijera: 3,6-dihlor-piridin-2-ol, 3,6-dihlor hidroksipiridin-2-karboksilna kiselina i 3,3',6,6'-tetrahlor-2,4'-bipiridin-2'-karboksilna kiselina. Na osnovu identifikovanih intermedijera, kao i kinetičkih rezultata, predložen je mogućput mehanizma fotokatalitičke razgradnje klopiralida.Prilikom ispitivanja uticaja strukture molekula na brzinu razgradnje, konstatovano je da u slučaju klopiralida praktično ne dolazi do fotokatalitičke razgradnje u prisustvu TiO₂ (anataze) i N-TiO₂ (sintetisani suvim putem) uz primenu vidljive svetlosti, kao i u slučaju TiO₂ Degussa P25. Pored toga, primenom TiO₂ (rutil) i Fe-TiO₂ kao fotokatalizatora, sa povećanjem količine Fe³⁺-jona od 0,13 do 1,27 at.% raste brzina razgradnje klopiralida, ukazujući da strukturne osobine supstrata utiču na brzinu njihove razgradnje.
It is well known that RS-2-(4-chloro-o-tolyloxy)propionic acid (MCPP), (4-chloro-2- methyl-phenoxy)acetic acid (MCPA) and 3,6-dichloropyridine-2-carboxylic  acid (clopyralid) are herbicides of wide activity spectrum. They are soluble in water, hardly biodegradable and, unfortunately, often present in drinking water.Heterogeneous photocatalysis by application of TiO₂ and UV radiation proved to be very suitable for their removal from water. However, due toits large energy gap, i.e. 3.2  eV (anatase-form) and 3.0 eV (rutile-form), a very small fraction of sunlight in the near UV range (about 3–4%) is used during photocatalytic process, which is an indication of TiO₂ inactivity in the presence of this light source. Some literature data report on the possibility of photodegradation of certain substrates by visible light in the presence of TiO₂. MCPP served as substrate for testing TiO₂ Degussa P25  photocatalytic activity in the presence of visible light. On the basis of reflection spectra it was established that MCPP adsorbed on TiO₂ Degussa P25 was absorbing visible spectrum radiation (λ ≥400 nm). The existence of thus formed  charge-transfer complex was confirmed with FTIR analysis. The efficiency of  TiO₂ Degussa P25 with application of visible light was compared to sunlight and UV radiation, as well to directphotolysis in the presence of these light sources. The rate of MCPP photocatalytic degradation by means of visible light is 0.86 μmol dm⁻³ min⁻¹, which is about 4 times faster than direct photolysis. In addition, the optimal  catalyst concentration of about 8 mg cm⁻³, much higher than using UV radiation, was established. The reason is, probably, a different mechanism of  hotodegradation  in the presence of visible and UV irradiation. Namely, the presence of 2-methyl-2-propanol (well-known ^•OH radical scavenger) has practicallyno effect on the rate of  MCPP photocatalytic degradation using visible light, which points that this degradation mechanism does not involve ^•OH radicals, in contrast to that established  for UV radiation.Since the catalyst TiO₂ Degussa P25 with application of visible light was not very efficient in degradation of all three herbicidesand in view that nowadays is very  popular doping process of TiO₂ with different types of metals (alkali, alkaline-earth, transition, etc.) and non-metals (halogen, chalcogen, etc.), in the scope of this Ph.D.  thesis activities of N-TiO₂ (synthesized by wet and dry procedure) and TiO₂ (rutile) doped with various amounts of Fe³⁺ (0.13–1.48 at.%) in degradation processes of  herbicides MCPP and MCPA using visible light were studied. In addition, the efficiency of TiO₂ (anatase) doped with various amounts of Fe³⁺ (0.71–1.80 at.%) was also tested for MCPP degradation. When comparing N-TiO₂ (synthesized by wet procedure) and N-TiO₂ (dry procedure), it was observed that in the latter case the catalyst efficiency was about two times higher. In this case for MCPP was also observed somewhat higher photocatalytic activity of N-TiO₂ (synthesized by dry procedure) in comparison with TiO₂. When activities of all three catalysts towards MCPA are compared, the results are very alike. In addition, higher efficiency of N-TiO₂  (wet procedure) comparing to TiO₂ Degussa P25 (about 1.5 times) and about 5 times in comparison to direct photolysis were recorded, while N-TiO₂ (dry procedure) was about 3 times more efficient than TiO₂ Degussa P25 and about 10 times in comparison with direct photolysis. The rate of solar degradation is about 100 times lower than by application of UV and visible radiation, as a consequence of various intensities of the mentioned light sources and different conditions of photodegradation. An optimal concentration of N-TiO₂ (wet procedure) of 4 mg cm⁻³ was established.During degradation of MCPP and MCPA it was observed that the rate is higher if TiO₂ (rutile) was applied comparing to Fe-TiO₂ and with increasing amount of Fe³⁺ photocatalytic activity mostly decreases. When TiO₂ (anatase) doped with various amounts of Fe³⁺ (0.71 to 1.80 at.%) was applied for MCPP degradation, the process was much slower than with undoped catalyst.Since we have not found relevant literature data on kinetics and mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of clopyralid, its stability in different experimental conditions was tested. In investigating of influences of pH (1.0–9.0) both in presence and in absence of daylight, in no cases decomposition was observed during seven months experiments. Also, the kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of clopyralid using UV and visible irradiation in the presence of TiO₂ Degussa P25 and in direct photolysis by application of both irradiation sources was studied. It was found that the  rate of photocatalytic decomposition using UV radiation was 5 times higher comparing to direct photolysis. For clopyralid photocatalytic monitoring a pH value of  3.2 was chosen. In addition, in the investigated concentration range (0.5–3.0 mmol  dm⁻³) the photocatalytic degradation kinetics of clopyralid in the first stage of the reaction follows approximately a pseudo-first kinetic order. In investigation of influence of catalyst concentration (0.5–8 mg cm⁻³) on the rate of clopyralid degradation the highest reaction rate was observed at 4 mg cm⁻³ of catalyst concentration The apparent activation energy of the reaction being 7.74 kJ mol⁻¹. The absence of molecular oxygen resulted in a significant decrease (about 2 times) in the rate of clopyralid photodegradation. The effect of the presence of (NH₄)₂S₂O₈, H₂O₂ and KBrO₃, acting as electron acceptors along with molecular oxygen affects clopyralid photocatalytic degradation considerably and indifferent ways. By studying the effect of ethanol as a hydroxyl radical scavenger it was shown that the heterogeneous catalysis takes place mainly via ^•OH radicals.LC−MS/MS (ESI+) monitoring of the process showed that several pyridine-containing intermediates are formed: 3,6-dichloropyridin-2-ol, 3,6-dichloro hydroxypyridine-2-carboxylic acid and 3,3',6,6'-tetrachloro-2,4'-bipyridine-2-carboxylic acid. Based on the identified intermediates and overall kinetic results, a probable photocatalytic degradation mechanism was proposed. Finally, in the case of clopyralid it was established that practically no degradation occurs in the presence of TiO₂ (anatase) and N-TiO₂ (dry procedure) with visible light  and also with TiO₂ Degussa P25. Besides of that, by using TiO₂ (rutile) and Fe-TiO₂ as photocatalysts it was noted that increasing the concentration of Fe³⁺ from 0.13 to 1.27 at.% comes to increasing photodegradation rate of clopyralid. Results indicate that differences in molecular structure of chosen compound, influence obtained photocatalytic activity to a great extent.

Reactions of 3,5-dimethylpyrazole-1-carboxamidinium nitrate (dpca∙HNO3) and 4-acetyl-3-amino-5-methylpyrazole (aamp) with transition metals under different reaction conditions are presented. The template reaction of aamp with triethyl orthoformate (teof) in the presence of metal ion is described. Besides, condensation of aamp with thiosemicarbazide (tsc) and the coordination of its product to copper(II) ion is also described. Twelve new complex compounds are synthesized and fully characterized. The characterization of two other, already known complexes is significantly enriched. The influence of HSAB interactions between the metal ions and ligators on the structures of obtained compounds is studied. The influence of the reaction conditions on the composition, structure and quality of crystals obtained in the reactions is investigated. Compounds are characterized by structural analysis, elemental analysis, molar conductivity data, infrared spectrometry and thermal analysis. Some selected complexes are characterized by UV-Vis spectra, magnetic measurements and biological activity tests, too.
Reactions of 3,5-dimethylpyrazole-1-carboxamidinium nitrate (dpca∙HNO3) and 4-acetyl-3-amino-5-methylpyrazole (aamp) with transition metals under different reaction conditions are presented. The template reaction of aamp with triethyl orthoformate (teof) in the presence of metal ion is described. Besides, condensation of aamp with thiosemicarbazide (tsc) and the coordination of its product to copper(II) ion is also described. Twelve new complex compounds are synthesized and fully characterized. The characterization of two other, already known complexes is significantly enriched. The influence of HSAB interactions between the metal ions and ligators on the structures of obtained compounds is studied. The influence of the reaction conditions on the composition, structure and quality of crystals obtained in the reactions is investigated. Compounds are characterized by structural analysis, elemental analysis, molar conductivity data, infrared spectrometry and thermal analysis. Some selected complexes are characterized by UV-Vis spectra, magnetic measurements and biological activity tests, too

Opisane su sinteze, fizičko-hemijske i strukturne karakteristike kompleksa Cu(II), Co(II), Co(III), Ni(II), Fe(III), Cr(III) Zn(II) i Cd(II) sa PLSC, PLTSC i PLITSC. Dobijene su dve nove protonovane forme liganda PLSC, kao i od ranije poznati neutralna forma PLSC i protonovana forma PLTSC ali u vidu monokristala pogodnih za rentgeno-strukturnu analizu i 37 kompleksa, od čega je 12 okarakterisano rentgeno-strukturnom analizom. U zavisnosti od pH sva tri liganda se mogu koordinovati kao neutralni, mono-, odnosno, dianjoni sa uobičajenim ONO, ONS i ONN setom donorskih atoma, respektivno, pri čemu neutralna i monoanjonska forma liganada postoji u obliku zwitter-jona. U slučaju PLTSC a na primerima dva dimerna kompleksa bakra nađen je i ređi tetradentatni ONSO način koordinacije, tj. učešće i atoma kiseonika hidroksimetil grupe kao mostovnog atoma. Sva tri liganda sa Cu(II), nezavisno od stehiometrije Cu:ligand, daju mono(ligand) komplekse kvadratno-planarne, kvadratno-piramidalne ili oktaedarske strukture, a sa kobaltom mono- i bis(ligand) oktaedarske komplekse. Dobijenim mono(ligand) kompleksima Zn(II) sa sva tri liganda je pripisana najmanje tetra-, odnosno pentakoordinacija, dok je mešovitim PLSC(PLTSC)/NCS i bis(ligand) kompleksima Cr(III), i mono(ligand) kompleksu Fe(III) sa PLTSC pripisuje oktaedarska struktura. Ni(II) sa PLTSC i PLITSC daje mono- i dinuklearne komplekse, dok Cd(II) sa istim ligandima gradi mono(ligand) komplekse. Sva jedinjenja su okarakterisana parcijalnom mikroanalizom, IR-spektrima i konduktometrijskim merenjima, a odabrani kompleksi rentgeno-strukturnom, termogravimetrijskom i toksikološkom analizom.
The work describes the syntheses, physico-chemical, structural and antibacterial characteristics of Cu(II), Co(II), Co(III), Zn(II), Ni(II), Fe(III), Cr(III) and Cd(II) complexes with semi-, thiosemi- and S-methylisothiosemicarbazones. The result of the syntheses was 2 new ligand forms and 37 complexes, of which 12 were characterized by X-ray structural analysis. Depending of the pH, all three ligands can be coordinated either as neutral, monoanion, or dianion, using ONO, ONS and ONN set of donor atoms, respectively, whereby the neutral and monoanionic forms of the ligands exist in the form of zwitter-ions. All three ligands form with Cu(II), irrespective of the stoichiometry Cu:ligand, give mono- and dinuclear complexes of square-planar, square-pyramidal and/or octahedral configuration and with cobalt mono- and bis(ligand) octahedral complexes. The obtained mono(ligand) complexes of Zn (II) with all three of ligands is attributed to the at least tetra-, or pentacoordination, while the mono- and bis(ligand) complexes of Cr(III) with PLSC and PLTSC, and mono (ligand)complex of Fe(III) with PLTSC attributable to octahedral structure. Ni(II) with PLTSC and PLITSC forms mono- and binuclear complexes, and Cd(II) with the same ligands forms mono(ligand) complexes. All the compounds were characterized by partial microanalysis, IR spectra and conductometric measurements, while some selected complexes were examined by X-ray structural, thermogravimetric and toxicological analysis.

U disertaciji su opisane sinteze i fizičko-hemijske karakterizacije 32 kompleksa kobalta(III), nikla(II) i bakra(II) sa ligandima S-metilizotiosemikarbazonom 2-acetilpiridina (HL¹), bis(S-metilizotiosemikarbazonom) 2,6-diacetilpiridina (H₂L²), tiosemikarbazonom-S-metilizotiosemikarbazonom 2,6-diacetilpiridina (HL³), 1-adamantoilhidrazonom 2-acetilpiridina (HL⁴) i 1-adamantoilhidrazonom di(2-piridil)-ketona (HL⁵).Kako ligandi HL³, HL⁴ i HL⁵ do sada nisu bili sintetisani, dobijeni rezultati ujedno predstavljaju i prve iz njihove koordinacione hemije. Iako je sa S-metilizotiosemikarbazonom 2-acetilpiridina poznato nekoliko kompleksa, do sada nijedan od njih nije strukturno okarakterisan, tako da su rezultati prikazani u ovoj disertaciji dali jasnu sliku o načinima koordinacije HL¹. Takođe, kako je sa H₂L² poznat vrlo malo broj kompleksa, dobijeni rezultati su dali značajan doprinos razumevanju koordinacione hemije ovog liganda.Gotovo svi sintetisani kompleksi (njih 27 od 32) su strukturno okarakterisani metodom rendgenske kristalografije. Odabrana jedinjenja su ispitana metodama termičke analize, a utvrđena je njihova antimikrobna i citotoksična aktivnost. 
This thesis describes syntheses and physico-chemical characterizations of 32 complexes of cobalt(III), nickel(II) and copper(II), with ligands 2-acetylpyridine S-methylisothiosemicarbazone (HL¹), 2,6-dicetylpyridine bis(S-methylisothiosemicarbazone) (H₂L²), thiosemicarbazone-S-methylisothiosemicarbazone 2,6-dicetylpyridine (HL³), 2-acetylpyridine 1-adamantoylhydrazone (HL⁴), and di(2-pyridil)-ketone 1-adamantoylhydrazone (HL⁵).Since the ligands HL³, HL⁴, and HL⁵ were not synthetized hitherto, the obtained results are the first regarding their coordination chemistry as well. Even though there are several complexes reported with 2-acetylpyridine S-methylisothiosemicarbazone as a ligand, none of them was structurally characterized. Therefore, here presented results gave clear insight into coordination modes of the HL¹. Moreover, since there is limited number of complexes with H₂L² reported hitherto, the obtained results gave significant contribution to understanding of its coordination chemistry.Almost each synthetized complex (27 out of 32) was structurally characterized by means of single crystal X-ray crystallography. The selected compounds were characterized by thermal analysis, and their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity were determined.

För att skydda kulturhistoriskt värdefulla byggnader från rivning används PBL 9 kap. 34 § 2 om byggnaden är placerad inom detaljplan eller områdesbestämmelser. Förarbeten till paragrafen är tydliga med att vad som definieras som kulturhistoriskt ska avgöras med hänsyn till lokala överväganden. När en ansökan om rivningslov inkommer till kommunen ska den prövas mot PBL 9 kap. 34 § 2. För att kunna neka rivning ska byggnaden uppfylla rekvisitet kulturhistoriskt värdefull. Det kulturhistoriskt värdefulla kan vara byggnaden i sig eller den helhetsmiljö byggnaden är en del utav. För att styrka det kulturhistoriska värdet används utlåtanden från muséer, kulturinventeringar, privata företag med bebyggelseantikvarisk kompetens och kommunens egna planer. Kommunernas kulturhistoriska planer och program är inte alltid uppdaterade, vilket ställer högre krav på kunskapen om kulturhistoriskt värdefulla byggnader hos kommunernas tjänstepersoner. Studien tyder på att det finns en varierande kunskapsnivå bland tjänstepersonerna som deltagit i enkätundersökningen, i vissa fall förekommer feltolkningar av lagen. Det går inte att härleda kunskapsnivån till varken utbildning eller erfarenhet inom yrket. När tjänstepersonerna brister i kunskapen försvårar det kommunernas förutsättningar att följa lagens intentioner. För bedömning av en byggnads kulturhistoriska värde är bebyggelseantikvarisk kompetens till stor hjälp. Kommunerna bör uppdatera och utöka inventeringen av kulturhistoriskt värdefulla byggnader för att kunna göra kvalificerade avvägningar när det gäller att neka eller bevilja rivningslov. Studien visar på brister när det gäller kommunens information till fastighetsägare om fastighetsägarens rättighet till ersättning vid nekat rivningslov. Det är dessutom ovanligt att kommunerna budgeterar för denna ersättning. Det är svårt att avgöra varför kommunerna brister i informationen till fastighetsägarna och om bristen av budget leder till sämre information. Faktum kvarstår dock, kommunen är skyldig att ersätta fastighetsägaren om skadan av det nekade rivningslovet uppfyller kvalifikationsgränsen betydande skada i förhållande till värdet på berörd del av fastigheten. Lagstiftningen är tydlig, men kunskapen behöver spridas bland Sveriges kommuner för att i större utsträckning möjliggöra bevarandet av kulturhistorsikt värdefulla byggnader.
To protect culturally valuable buildings from demolition Planning and Building Act chapter 9 section 34 p. 2 is used if the building is located within the detailed development plan or area regulations. Preparatory work on the section is clear that what is defined as cultural history must be decided regarding local considerations. When an application for demolition permit is submitted to the municipality, it must be tested against Planning and Building Act chapter 9 section 34 p. 2. To deny demolition, the building must meet the cultural heritage prerequisite. The cultural-historical value may be the building itself or the overall environment the building is part of. To prove the cultural-historical value, statements from museums, cultural inventories, private companies with building antiquarian competence and the municipality's own plans are used. The municipalities' cultural history plans and programs are not always updated, which places higher demand on the knowledge of culturally valuable buildings in the municipal's officials. The study indicates that there is a varying level of knowledge among the officials who participated in the survey, in some cases there are misinterpretations of the law. It is not possible to deduce the level of knowledge neither to education nor experience in the profession. When the officials knowledge is not sufficient municipalities make desitions in conflict with the intentions of the law. The competence of conservation officers is of good help for the building committee in assessing the cultural historical value of a buildning. Municipalities should update and expand the inventory of culturally valuable buildings to be able to make qualified assesments when it comes to denying or granting demolition permits. This study shows deficiencies in the municipality's information to property owners about their rights to compensation in the event of a denied demolition permit. Furthermore, it is unusual for municipalities to budget for this compensation. It is difficult to determine why the municipality's lack in information to property owners and whether the lack of budget leads to deficient information. However, the fact remains, the municipality is obliged to compensate the property owner if the damage of the refused demolition permit meets the qualification, significant damage in relation to the value of the affected part of the property. The legislation is clear, but the knowledge needs to be spread among Sweden's municipalities in order to enable the preservation of culturally valuable buildings.

Doktorska disertacija izučava primenu fazi operacija, prvenstveno agregacionih operatora na funkcije rastojanja i metrike. Originalan doprinos teze je u konstrukciji novih funkcija rastojanja i metrika primenom agregacionih operatora na neke polazne funkcije rastojanja i metrike. Za neke tipove agregacionih operatora i polaznih funkcija rastojanja i metrika su ispitane osobine ovako konstruisanih funkcija rastojanja i metrika. Za neke od njih su ispitane performanse pri primeni u segmentaciji slike „Fuzzy c-means“ algoritmom.
This thesis studies application of fuzzy operations, especially aggregation operators, on distance functions and metrics. The contribution of the thesis is construction of new distance functions and metrics by application of aggregation operators on some basic distance functions and metrics. For some types of aggregation operators and basic distance functions and metrics, properties of distance functions and metrics constructed in this way are analyzed. For some of them, performances in application in Fuzzy c-means algorithm are analyzed.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka socialsekreterares erfarenheter av att neka ekonomiskt bistånd. Tre frågeställningar formulerades: Hur påverkas socialsekreterare känslomässigt av att neka ekonomiskt bistånd? Hur upplever socialsekreterarna att klienterna reagerar i samband med ett avslag? Finns det andra faktorer som påverkar socialsekreterarnas erfarenheter av att ge avslag? Fem intervjuer genomfördes med socialsekreterare på fyra olika kommuner i Skåne. Resultatet visade att ett avslagsbeslut inte påverkade socialsekreteraren negativt i någon större utsträckning. Även om majoriteten av informanterna uttryckte att det ibland kunde kännas jobbigt att ge ett avslag fanns det coping- strategier och arbetssätt som underlättade i arbetet med avslag. En känsla av sammanhang (KASAM) kunde identifieras som en underlättande faktor. Klienterna kunde ibland bli arga och inte förstå beslutet men de kunde också bli mer motiverade. Faktorer som ramlag, kollegor och yrkeskunskap spelade stor i arbetet. Att ha en tydligt distans till klienten, tilltro till klientens förmåga att förändra sin situation och att det är individen som har ansvar för sin situation underlättade i arbetet med avslag. Ett avslag kan således betyda mer än bara ett ”nej, du har inte rätt till bistånd.”
The aim of this study was to look into social workers experiences on rejecting financial assistance. Three questions were to be answered: In what way are the social workers emotionally affected by rejecting financial assistance? How do the social workers experience the clients reactions when getting a rejection on financial assistance? Are there any other factors affecting the social workers experiences on rejecting financial assistance? Five interviews were conducted with social workers from five different municipalities in Skåne, Sweden. The result showed that rejecting financial assistance did not affect the social workers negatively in a significant manor. Even though the majority of the informants sometimes expressed some level of awkwardness while rejecting finical assistance, there were coping strategies and methods that favored the rejection process. Clients could sometimes become angry, not understanding why the application was rejected but they could also become more motivated. Factors like framework, colleagues and knowledge of the profession played a big part in the daily work. A sense of coherence was also found to be a stress relieving factor. The rejection process was made easier by having a clear emotional distance to the client, a faith in the clients own abilities to change hir situation and also knowing that it is the individual that has full responsibility of hir situation. A rejection can therefore be viewed as something more than just ”no, you’re not entitled the right to receive financial assistance.”

Predmet istraživanja doktorske disertacije je faktorizacija polinoma dve promenljive sa celobrojnim koeficijentima pomoću njima pridruženih Newton-ovih poligona. Formalizacija potrebnog i dovoljnog uslova za postojanje netrivijalne faktorizacije polinoma dve promenljive sa celobrojnim koeficijentima omogućava konstrukciju efektivnog algoritma za faktorizaciju. Konačno, dobijeni teorijski rezultati su primenjeni na dekodiranje jedne klase Reed – Solomon kodova, miksa dve kodne reči.
The research subject of the thesis is factorization of bivariate polynomials with integer coefficients via associated Newton polygons. Formalization of the necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a non – trivial factorization of an arbitrary bivariate polynomial with integer coefficients obtains theoretical basis for construction of an effective factorization algorithm. Finally, these theoretical results are applied in decoding special class of Reed – Solomon codewords, mixture of two codewords.

Inför ämnesvalet av det här arbetet upptäcktes att det var få av de stora bankerna i Sverige som beviljade förvärvslån till ägarlägenhetsfastigheter. Nämnda fenomen blev huvudfokus för uppsatsen, och arbetet fick syftet att utreda vilka juridiska och ekonomiska skäl som kunde föreligga. Vid fortsatt kontakt med banker har olika svar erhållits av olika medarbetare, vilket ökade intresset för vad som egentligen var anledningen till den misslyckade kreditmarknaden av ägarlägenhetsfastigheter än mer. För att erhålla ett underlag av vad som skulle kunna tänkas vara ett problem för aktörerna genomfördes intervjuer med banker och markexploatörer, och utöver det upprättades egenformulerade frågor.  Efter att ha utrett de tänkbara juridiska och ekonomiska problemen på området har det kommits fram till att det egentligen inte föreligger några hinder för bankerna att erbjuda förvärvslån till ägarlägenhetsfastigheter. Det har istället kunnat konstateras att det föreligger en stor okunskap hos bankernas medarbetare och att bristen på kundkrets är den främsta ekonomiska orsaken till att kreditinstituten inte har en tydligare policy angående förvärvslån till ägarlägenhetsfastigheter. Det har också fastslagits att det råder en viss osäkerhet kring samfällighetsföreningarna och hur dessa ska upprättas. Lagen ger inget tydligt svar på hur en samfällighetsförenings ska bildas om ingen delägare är intresserad av bildandet. För att öka möjligheten för förvärvslån till Ägarlägenheter har slusatsen dragits att det krävs mer kunskap hos bankmedarbetare samt en enhetlig standard för kreditvärdering på området.

Olu phando luza kuphendla ubugcisa bokusetyenziswa kwezicengo ekutshintsheni izimvo, iinkolo nokuziphatha kwabantu. Kuza kugxilwa kakhulu kwiinjongo noxinzelelo lwazo kuba zingunozala wezicengo. Kuza kugocwagocwa ‘Amaza’ kaQangule kwakunye no ‘UDike noCikizwa’ kaMmango. Apha kwezi ncwadi kuza kuhlutywa ukuba ulwimi olucengayo luyasetyenziswa ngabantu abantetho isisiXhosa, nokuba imingangatho eyinqobo (values), inkcubeko, nengqeqesho (socialization) zidlala indima enkulu kulwimi olucengayo. Isahluko sokuqala salo msebenzi siza kunika amagqabantshintshi ngolu phando. Esi sahluko siqulathe: Intshayelelo; Iingxaki zophando; Iinjongo zophando; Ukubaluleka kolu phando; Okusele kubhaliwe ngezicengo; Ingcaciso magama. Isahluko sesibini siqulathe iingcingane zolwimi olucengayo, abasunguli bazo, nemisebenzi yabo. Isahluko sesithathu siqwalasele ukusetyenziswa kwezicengo kwiincwadi ezichongiweyo. Isahluko sesine sijonge ubugcisa bokusetyenziswa kolwimi olucengayo kwizihlobo nakwiintsapho. Kwalapha, kujongwe nokusetyenziswa kolwimi oluchubekileyo ngamadoda nabafazi, igunya, umyalezo ocalanye kwakunye nokunikezela. Isahluko sesihlanu nesisesokugqibela – sishwankathela iziphumo zophando kukwanikwa neengcebiso.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, DInstituto de Artes, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Artes Visuais, 2015.
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Esta tese investiga outra maneira de preparar os intérpretes da dança contemporânea para atuar quando em cena. Para isto, são propostos três recursos poéticos, um derivado do uso do toque, o Toque Poético, e os outros dois derivados do estudo de imagens, as Células Corporais e os Rabiscos, aplicados a dois processos de composição. Acreditando no hibridismo natural das artes da cena, esses recursos mesclam paradigmas e conceitos de áreas como a própria Dança, Artes Visuais, Teatro e Fisioterapia, para se chegar ao corpo como lugar de produção de sentidos reverberantes em cena. A hipótese é a de que, apesar de existirem propostas, técnicas e ferramentas para uma (des)construção dos padrões corporais estabelecidos no dançarino, considera-se que o Toque Poético e os Rabiscos, usados em conjunto com as imagens manipuladas das Células Corporais, podem ser capazes de contribuir para os recursos já existentes, no sentido de atingir uma ação cênica otimizada para a dança contemporânea. Para propor outra forma de processo composicional, entre tantas possíveis, optou-se por fazer uma pesquisa qualitativa, de campo, caracterizada como uma pesquisa participante. Assim, nesta tese se reflete sobre o atual estado da dança cênica ocidental, que vem se questionando ontologicamente. Percebe-se que várias tendências da agoralidade, como o hibridismo, ou a hibridez, exigiram que a arte contemporânea, e a dança, por conseguinte, se atualizassem, se abrindo para as diferentes realidades possíveis de cada participante da equipe de criação de espetáculos. Confirma-se tal tendência pelo estudo histórico-conceitual dos agentes que contribuíram para que a dança cênica ocidental se mantivesse híbrida, desde a sua criação, com o balé clássico, passando pela dança moderna, até chegar à dança contemporânea. A partir desse contexto, descrevem-se as Células Corporais, o Toque Poético e os Rabiscos, refletindo-se sobre a realidade (((index)))terna dos corpos poéticos, as teorias e práticas que ajudaram a definir essa realidade e esses recursos, tais como a Terapia Craniossacral Biodinâmica, o Fletcher Pilates®, a improvisação, o Contato-Improvisação, o Continuum e o estudo das imagens na dança. Desse modo, na pesquisa participante as rotinas do NEKA poéticas corporais e da Quasar Companhia de Dança, ambos sediados em Goiânia, Goiás, foram vivenciadas por quase 34 meses. Nesse tempo, o autor desta tese teve a oportunidade de atuar como diretor-intérprete-criador do espetáculo MADAM, do NEKA, e como fisioterapeuta e colaborador na pesquisa da poética de Por 7 Vezes, da Quasar. Por meio da análise de situações experimentadas e discutidas pela equipe participante, foram feitas anotações em um diário de bordo, filmadas e fotografadas algumas vivências, criado um blog e uma conta no Facebook para a partilha das ideias/imagens em estudo, realizadas entrevistas não padronizadas e aplicados questionários estruturados, respeitando um esquema elaborado com o rigor necessário às pesquisas acadêmicas. Ao final, verificou-se que a hipótese levantada mostrou-se afirmativa: os recursos poéticos Toque Poético, Rabiscos e Células Corporais demonstraram poder ser factíveis nos processos composicionais para a dança contemporânea.
This thesis investigates another way to prepare the contemporary dancers to act while performing. For this purpose, three different poetic resources that will help the contemporary dancers while performing are proposed - one is derived from the use of touch, the so called Poetic Touch, and the other two are derived from the study of imagery, nominated Body Cells and Sketches. These resources were applied to two contemporary dance compositional processes. Believing that the compositional processes on the performing arts are hybrid in nature, those resources intertwine paradigms and concepts from complex fields of study, such as Dance, Visual Arts, Theatre and Physiotherapy. The idea is that the Body Cells, the Sketches and the Poetic Touch will turn the dancer's body into a place where resonating senses are produced. The hypothesis is that despite the fact that there are other proposals, techniques and methods to (de)construct the patterns held and deeply established at the dancer's body, we believe that the Poetic Touch and the Sketches, used in consonance with the Body Cells, might contribute to the existing resources, so that the contemporary dancer can reach beyond, towards an optimal poetic action. To propose yet another way to behave on the compositional process, we use the qualitative field research method, and the participant observation. Therefore, we reflect about the actual state of the western scenic dance, that has being questioning itself ontologically. It seems that many tendencies of the contemporary world such as the hybridization, or hybridism, demanded that the contemporary art, and thus, dance, updated themselves, opening up to the possible varied realities of each participant of the creation team. This tendency is also confirmed by the study of the concepts and history of the agents that kept hybridism alive on the western scenic dance, since its beginning, with the creation of classical ballet, passing through modern and contemporary dance. From this point onwards we describe the Body Cells, the Poetic Touch, and the Sketches, concentrating on the (((index)))ternal poetics, the theories and practices that helped define this poetics and those resources, such as Biodynamical Craniossacral Therapy, Fletcher Pilates®, improvisation, Contact-Improvisation, Continuum and the use of imagery. Thus, on the participant observation the routines of NEKA poéticas corporais, and of Quasar Companhia de Dança, both situated in Goiânia, Goiás, were experienced for almost 34 months. On this period of time the author of this thesis had the opportunity to act as a director-interpreter-creator of the contemporary dance piece MADAM, by NEKA, and as a physiotherapist and collaborator of the research of the poetics of Por 7 Vezes, by Quasar. Through the analyses of the situations experimented, and discussed by the participant team, notes and photography were taken, short videos, a blog and a Facebook account were created for the sharing of ideas/images in study, interviews were taken and questionnaires were applied, always attending to the necessary rigor of the academic research. At the end, it was verified that the hypothesis in study was affirmative: the poetic resources Poetic Touch, Sketches and Body Cells demonstrated to be feasible on the compositional processes of the contemporary dance.

Regeringen beslutade den 21 december 2015 att införa tillfälliga ID-kontroller vid landets gränser. Detta på grund av att den dåvarande flyktingkrisen enligt regeringen innebar en allvarlig fara för allmän ordning och säkerhet. Denna uppsats analyserar den proposition, riksdagsdebatt samt följdmotioner som låg till grund för lagen genom en idealtypsanalys. En hel del kritik uppkom i samband med lagen, dels på grund av bristfällig beredning, dels på grund av dess påverkan på asylrätten. Studien undersöker hur riksdagspartierna förhåller sig till asylrätten i relation till den motsättning som kan urskiljas mellan nationell suveränitet och deklarationer om mänskliga rättigheter. Resultatet visar att de flesta riksdagspartier anser att asylrätten principiellt är viktig men att nationens intressen kommer i första hand. Centerpartiet och Vänsterpartiet värnar istället i första hand asylrätten, vilken de ser som en absolut rätt.