Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Nématodes, Lutte biologique contre les'
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Benmoussa-Haichour, Dalila. "Relations termites-nématodes entomopathogènes : applications à la lutte biologique." Paris 12, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA120039.
Full textParaud, Carine. "Contrôle biologique des nématodes parasites de la chèvre par le champignon nématophage "Duddingtonia fagran" : influence sur la biodiversité." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT2265.
Full textThe very high prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in the goat flocks force to develop new schemes for the control of nematode infections. Amongst them, the distribution of Duddingtonia flagrans spores has yet proved its efficacy in reducing the number of developing larvae of different nematodes in sheep and cattle. In the first part of this work, its efficacy against the main goat nematode larvae was tested. For the gastro-intestinal species, the larval number reduction was higher than 80 % with a dose of 5105 spores/kg BW/day. On the contrary, it was unable to trap or to alter the infectivity of Muellerius capillaris first-stage larvae. All the tested doses of spores gave the same reductions in conditions of controlled administration. On the contrary, in farm conditions, a dose response was shown : the minimal dose to recommend appears to be 5105 spores/kg BW/day. The kinetic study showed that a daily distribution is necessary. When this spore distribution scheme was applied in a goat flock, we showed that the distribution of 106 spores/kg BW/day is necessary to obtain very small results. In the second part of the work, the impact of D. Flagrans on the biodiversity was assessed. We were unable to see any major effect of the spore presence on the degradation of faeces nor on the free-living soil nematode populations. The distribution of spores did not disturbed the nematode parasite populations. All these results indicate that D. Flagrans is a good candidate for biological control and may be useful in an integrated scheme of control of nematode parasites of goats
Smits, Nathalie. "Approche de la modélisation des effets du rayonnement solaire sur la persistance des spores quiescentes de l'hyphomycète entomopathogène Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown & Smith." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10299.
Full textOmarjee, Jeh-han. "Effets des peuplements de Burkholderia et de nématodes sur la croissance de la canne à sucre." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10295.
Full textSugarcane root parasitic nematodes cause severe yield loss in KwaZulu Natal and an alternative for toxic nematicides is urgently required. We investigated the possible use of Burkholderia, a common inhabitant of sugarcane roots. Burkholderia communities were characterised using molecular methods in different sites of known nematode fauna. A positive correlation was observed between B. Tropica and/or B. Unamae and a mild pathogenic nematode, Helicotylenchus dihystera. The diazotroph B. Tropica LM1-376. 8 not only reduced Meloidogyne galling but also improved plant growth under greenhouse conditions; nevertheless a field evaluation failed due to several biotic and abiotic factors. Stalk endophytic N2-fixing B. Tropica were also discovered, with a further ability to inhibit fungal and bacterial pathogens. A combination of these traits into one inoculum would provide a potential strategy to control sugarcane pests and promote plant growth
Noujeim, Abi Nader Elise. "Biodiversité et biogéographie des nématodes entomopathogènes au Liban : étude phylogénique et valorisation des potentiels en lutte biologique." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20013/document.
Full textEntomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are parasites of soil-dwelling insects that occur in natural and agricultural soils around the world. Thanks to their entomotoxicity, EPNs are good tools for biological control in agriculture almost everywhere in the world. They are ubiquitous, having been isolated from every inhabited continent (except Antartica) from a wide range of ecologically diverse soil habitats including cultivated fields, forests, grasslands, deserts, and even ocean beaches. Biogeographic assessments of EPNs in the Eastern Mediterranean basin have been conducted in several countries such as Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine and Egypt. Lebanon is among the few countries of the Middle East for which no survey of EPNs has been done. The scientific stake is thus to fill a gap in our knowledge of EPNs distribution in the Mediterranean basin. Survey of EPNs was conducted in this framework to cover the different vegetation levels defined in Lebanon. Soil samples were removed placed in contact with Galleria mellonella to isolate entomopathogenic nematode and their symbiotic bacteria. EPNs and their bacteria were then identified morphologically and molecularly. On the other hand, despite the different national surveys conducted on EPNs distribution around the world, habitat preferences remain inadequately known for entomopathogenic nematodes. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of their distribution and the various biotic and abiotic factors influencing their presence is also a second object of our work. Beside a technological approach related to the biological properties of the nematodes and their symbiotics: valorisation of the entomotoxicity in biological control will be part of the third shutter of the thesis. In this framework, the sensibility of cedar pests, Cephalcia tannourinensis against entomopathogenic nematodes is exploited in vitro; different EPNs species were tested to study their life cycle inside Cephalcia larvae
Fould, Sabine. "Détection dans le sol de Pasteuria penetrans, parasite obligatoire des nématodes phytoparasites du genre Meloidogyne et influence des facteurs telluriques abiotiques sur la distribution du complexe parasitaire." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10333.
Full textSawadogo, Abdoussalam. "Contribution à l'étude de la nématofaune et de la mycoflore antagoniste dans les cultures maraîchères du Burkina Faso." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20125.
Full textSimard, Louis. "Distribution, abondance et écologie saisonnière des principaux insectes ravageurs du gazon sur les terrains de golf du Québec et évaluation du potentiel de contrôle des nématodes entomopathogènes indigènes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/24118/24118.pdf.
Full textTabarant, Perrine. "Effet d'apport de matières organiques sur le contrôle biologique des nématodes parasites du bananier en Guadeloupe." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01002831.
Full textRoy, Geneviève. "Développement d'un agent de lutte biologique contre Heterobasidion annosum." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ43109.pdf.
Full textChen, Xin. "Efficacité de Harmonia axyridis (coleoptera : coccinellidae) comme agent de lutte biologique contre Myzus persicae (homoptera : aphididae)." Avignon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AVIG0005.
Full textHaroutunian, Garabed. "La fumigation biologique comme alternative au bromure de méthyle pour le contrôle du nématode Méloïdogyne incognita dans la production de concombre dans les serres." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0025/document.
Full textRoot-knot nematodes remain one of the most serious problems faced by greenhouse farmers of Lebanon and the Middle East region. In the past, soil fumigation with methyl bromide has been considered as the best control measure against root-knot nematodes. However, in the light of the global phase out of methyl bromide, finding efficient and viable alternatives is an essential necessity.The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the two biofumigation crops Oil Radish (Raphanus sativus oleifera) and Arugula (Eruca vesicaria sativa) applied with and without plastic tarp, separately and in combination with Oxamyl in the management of the root-knot nematodes in greenhouse cucumber crops. Additionally, this study aimed at assessing the financial feasibility of the biofumigation technique with the two cops used and the final profitability of these green manure crops in terms of cost to benefit ratio as compared to methyl bromide.For this purpose, three field experiments were carried out in commercial greenhouses situated on the coastal zone of Lebanon.In both experiments A & B consistent results were recorded in terms of production of significantly higher yields and reduction of nematode population with the biofumigation crops used whether with or without plastic cover, as compared to untreated fallow.As to the results achieved by the biofumigation crops with respect to methyl bromide, in experiment A yield produced by methyl bromide was significantly higher than oil radish with plastic cover. However, no significant difference was found between reduction of nematode population resulting from methyl bromide and oil radish with plastic cover. Difference was significant between methyl bromide and oil radish without plastic cover in both yield and reduction of nematodes.In experiment B no significant difference was observed in neither yield nor reduction of nematode population between any of the two biofumigation crops used with plastic cover and methyl bromide. These differences were significantly in favor of methyl bromide only when oil radish was used without plastic cover.In experiment C where Vydate (Oxamyl) was incorporated at the rate of 1 liter per 1,000 m2 to all treatments, there was no significant difference in neither yield nor reduction of nematode population between any of the two biofumigation crops used with or without plastic cover.Cost-benefit analysis made on all treatments applied in the 3 experiments showed that in all cases, all treatments applied, whether chemical, non-chemical (with or without plastic cover) or in combination have produced higher net profits than methyl bromide, even when yield produced by methyl bromide was significantly higher.Use of plastic for covering oil radish has generally produced better results in terms of production of higher yields, better reduction of soil populations of root-knot nematodes and leading to reasonable increases of net profits.Based on these findings and in the light of global phase out of methyl bromide, it can be concluded that the use of oil radish and arugula as biofumigation crops with plastic cover can be considered as an alternative management tool for the root-knot nematode in greenhouse cucumber production under Lebanese conditions.
Kirk, Alan Alastair. "Utilisation de la lutte biologique en écologie appliquée : contrôle d'insectes et de mauvaises herbes dans des situations de déséquilibre." Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX30081.
Full textAlaphilippe, Aude. "Effets secondaires de l'utilisation d'un agent de lutte biologique : rôle des metabolites primaires de surfaces des feuilles dans l'interaction entre l'agent de lutte biologique et Cydia pomonella L." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGPT0039.
Full textPelat, Thibaut. "Obtention et ingénierie d'anticorps recombinants thérapeutiques et/ou prophylactiques dirigés contre les agents du risque biologique provoqué." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20093.
Full textRecombinant antibodies isolated from non-human primates represent very promising medical countermeasures against bioweapons. The advantages and methodological aspects of this approach have been described. An scFv, neutralizing the lethal toxin of Bacillus anthracis (2LF: KD= 1. 02 nM) and directed against the “lethal factor” subunit was isolated from a phage-displayed immune library, and characterised. Another scFv, 43RCA, neutralizing ricin, was obtained with the same methodology and tested (in particular: KD= 40 pM). This approach may also be used beyond bioweapons, as an scFv directed toward Aspergillus fumigatus was also isolated (MS130i-IIIC3: KD= 0,96 nM). On-line sequence analysis with IMGT tools allowed to show the high degree of similarity between these scFvs and their human counterparts. Antibody fragments were engineered, including an in vitro affinity maturation (KD initial = 3. 4 nM; KD final = 0. 18 nM). Utilizing IMGT standardisation and on-line tools, a “germline humanization” - utilizing FR derived from IgM, encountered by every Human, as opposed to IgG FR - was realized in order to ensure an optimal tolerance for one of our scFvs. A primatized IgG was tested in vivo and showed therapeutic and prophylactic capacities
Normand, Alexia Delannoy. "Recherche de gènes impliqués dans l'installation du strongle Haemonchus contortus par une approche transcriptomique." Thesis, Tours, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOUR4034/document.
Full textGastro-intestinal nematodes such as Haemonchus contortus have a major impact on health of small ruminants world-wide. The control of infections remains largely based on anthelminthic treatments, but spreading of resistance has reduced their efficiency. An attractive solution would be the development of anti-nematode vaccines. Genes expressed during the early parasitic stage of H. contortus constituted our main targets. We have developed an approach based on SSH (Suppressive Subtractive Hybridization) technique and generated 4 subtracted cDNA libraries of H. contortus enriched in cDNA specifically expressed during L4 stage (five days post infection). 400 clones were analyzed by dot-blotand 51 clones regrouped in 10 contigs. All contigs were validated by RT-PCR. Homologues of candidates possessing a signal peptide were searched in T. colubriformis and T. circumcincta to evaluate their polymorphism. Recombinant proteins of theses candidates were produced and purified in order to know if they have a good vaccine potential with cross protection against two major gastro-intestinal nematodes
Avis, Tyler. "Spécificité et génétique de Pseudozyma flocculosa, agent de lutte biologique contre le blanc." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ60760.pdf.
Full textSy, Abdoul Aziz. "Lutte biologique contre la pyriculariose du riz (Pyricularia oryzae Cav.) stratégie et applications /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37611000t.
Full textSy, Abdoul Aziz. "Lutte biologique contre la pyriculariose du riz (Pyricularia oryzae cav. ) : stratégie et applications." Toulouse, INPT, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPT025A.
Full textMasih, Emmanuel Isaac. "Lutte biologique contre Botrytis cinerea, agent de la pourriture grise de la vigne." Dijon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DIJOS049.
Full textGrey mould disease caused by Botrytis cinerea is one of the most important diseases of the grapevine. The intensive use of the chemical products to irradicate the grey mould disease resulted in environmental pollution, and appearence of the resistant varieties of the pathogen. This study of research showed the antagonism between the B. Cinerea and the bacteria and yeast, and the different isolates of the genus Pythium. The selected antagonistic microbes to Botrytis cinerea, were identified using morphological as well as genetical tools and the study of their mode of action was initiated. The enzymatic activities and the elicitation capability were also studied. These activities have a direct relationship with the trigerring of the natural defence mechanisms of the grapevine. In the following context, the use of the selected micorobes as biocontrol agents can be undertaken for the effective control of Botrytis cinerea
Gigon, Vincent. "Optimisation de la lutte biologique contre l'acarien Tetranychus urticae en culture de tomate." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSARA080/document.
Full textTo suppress pest populations to such levels that damage to thecrop is minimized, multiple biological control agents are oftenintroduced in greenhouses. However, negative interactionsamong them, such as intraguild predation, might appear thatcan decrease the effi ciency of the plant protection strategy.Furthermore, plant direct (physical or chemical) defenseshave a negative impact on the pests but might also have animpact on the natural enemies. Therefore, the question iswhether it is possible to limit the negative interactions amongbiological control agents and the infl uence of the crop on thebehavior and development of the natural enemies. To optimizebiological control of Tetranychus urticae, a very problematicpest in tomato greenhouses, the effi ciency of the predatorymite Phytoseiulus macropilis was tested on two cultivars withdifferent trichome densities and concentrations of secondarycompounds, in presence or absence of Macrolophus pygmaeus,a mirid often used to regulate whitefl y populations.During two years, under greenhouse conditions, P. macropiliswell-controlled the population of T. urticae. There was no evidenceof intraguild predation between the two predators, butin the presence of M. pygmaeus, P. macropilis tended to havea more clumped spatial distribution. However, in microcosms,M. pygmaeus fed on P. macropilis eggs. Moreover, P. macropilislaid signifi cantly more eggs on the tomato cultivar with thehighest density of non-glandular trichomes, but this resultwas only observed in microcosms. The different dynami
Bourarach, Khadija. "Lutte biologique contre les Noctuelles du Maroc : relations hôtes parasitoïdes et biologie de Trichogramma bourarachae Pintureau et Babault (Hym. Trichogrammatidae)." Paris 6, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA066424.
Full textGaudin, Elodie. "Le sainfoin déshydraté - un modèle de nutricament dans la lutte contre les nématodes parasites des petits ruminants." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017INPT0042.
Full textGastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) represent a major threat for grazing ruminants. The traditional mode of control of these parasites mainly relied on the use of synthetic anthelmintics (AHs). However, the repeated use of these molecules has led to resistance against all AH drugs in worm populations of small ruminants. Alternative solutions are needed. Among those, the use of plants that contain plant secondary metabolites, such as condensed tannins (CTs), has been studied for the last 20 years. These CT-containing resources, such as sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) have AH properties and beneficial effects on health and also interesting nutritional values; hence they correspond to the definition of nutraceuticals. Recently, an organization has developed to produce dehydrated pellets of sainfoin. The advantages of such pellets are 1/ to grow sainfoin in the best agronomic conditions; 2/ to better standardize the product; 3/ to evaluate the pellet before use and to facilitate exportation. The general aim of this thesis was to optimize the use of sainfoin pellets in farm conditions. Our first objective was to characterize the CT content and AH properties of sainfoin pellets. For industrial purposes, simple, low cost and repeatable methods to evaluate the CT content and the AH activity are requested in order to rapidly qualify the pellets. The CT content was evaluated by biochemical measurements of total phenols and tannins (Folin-Ciocalteu). This was completed by the measure of the complexation of tannins with proteins (Radial Diffusion) and by development of prediction calibrations using near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS). The AH evaluation was performed on samples before and after dehydration, using the Larval Exsheathment Inhibition Assay. Calculations of correlations between the different methods showed significant links between the quantity of CT and the AH activity, and the possible use of NIRS to measure the CT content and the AH activity of pellets and forages. The second objective aimed at defining the optimal conditions to use sainfoin pellets on farm, to improve the AH activity. We aimed at analyzing, in experimental conditions, 1) how the combination of 2 factors, namely the CT concentration in feed and the length of distribution, influence the AH efficacy of sainfoin pellets on intestinal and abomasal L3 larvae or adult worms; 2) whether or not the combined use of sainfoin with a chemical AH (oral ivermectine) is beneficial. Results showed that a minimum CT content in sainfoin and a minimum length of distribution of 15 days are mandatory to alter the adult worm and L3 larvae biology of nematodes, particularly the Trichostrongylus colubriformis fertility and the number of Haemonchus contortus. Moreover, the combined use of AH and sainfoin consumption should be avoided because of negative interactions. The last axis aimed at studying the behavior of sheep and goats in relation to sainfoin pellets and their ability to change the feeding behavior according to their parasitic status (self-medication ability). The objective was to verify the following hypotheses: due to their lower resistance against parasites and their higher propensity to eat CTs, goats will eat more sainfoin than sheep, parasitized animals will prefer sainfoin and this preference will increase overtime. The results showed that two of our hypothesis were verified in a cafeteria study: 1) goats preferred sainfoin while sheep preferred alfalfa and 2) the sainfoin consumption increased overtime for infected animals, without being higher than nonparasitized ones. However, nor goat, nor parasitized animals, showed a higher motivation in the operant-conditioning trial to feed on CT rich resources. All the present results showed the interest to exploit sainfoin pellets in farms, as one alternative to AHs molecules in order to limit the development of resistances to these drugs in GIN populations
Tirilly, Yves. "L'hyperparasitisme du Hansfordia pulvinata envers le Fulvia fulva et les perspectives de lutte intégrée contre la cladosporiose de la tomate." Brest, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BRES2036.
Full textDemeule, Elizabeth. "Effet répressif de Bacillus subtilis et de Bacillus pumilus envers Rhizoctonia solani sur tomate et concombre de serre." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66758.
Full textLeroy, Valentin. "Décontamination des grains de blé et d'orge par traitements aux ultrasons." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27917.
Full textRondeau, Sabrina. "Lutte biologique contre le parasite apicole Varroa destructor à l'aide de l'acarien prédateur Stratiolaelaps scimitus." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36553.
Full textEn se nourrissant de l’hémolymphe et des corps gras de l’abeille domestique (Apis mellifera L.) et en lui transmettant de nombreux virus, l’acarien parasite Varroa destructor (Acari : varroidae) constitue la principale cause de mortalité des colonies d’abeilles. Les traitements chimiques présentement utilisés pour lutter contre le varroa comportent plusieurs désavantages, tels que le développement de résistance de l’acarien aux acaricides de synthèse et une toxicité variable pour l’abeille. Via l’utilisation d’ennemis naturels du parasite, la lutte biologique pourrait représenter une avenue durable et sécuritaire pour la santé des colonies. L’objectif principal de cette étude était de tester l’efficacité de l’acarien prédateur Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari : Lealapidae) comme moyen de lutte biologique contre le varroa. Une étude du comportement alimentaire du prédateur a d’abord été réalisée afin d’évaluer le risque de prédation du couvain d’abeille (oeufs, larves et pupes) par S. scimitus, ainsi que son potentiel de prédation envers les varroas phorétiques (se trouvant sur le corps des abeilles adultes). Des essais in vivo ont ensuite permis d’évaluer l’efficacité de deux doses d’introduction du prédateur (6 250 ou 12 500 acariens/colonie) à contrôler les populations de varroa dans les colonies d’abeilles en septembre (en comparaison avec l’acaricide biologique Thymovar®) et en novembre (en comparaison avec l’acide oxalique). Bien que S. scimitus soit capable de s’alimenter sur tous les stades de développement de l’abeille en laboratoire, nos résultats suggèrent que le prédateur ne représente pas une menace pour le couvain lorsqu’il est introduit dans la colonie. Par contre, nos résultats démontrent que le prédateur n’est pas en mesure de contrôler les populations de varroas dans les colonies d’abeilles sous les conditions testées, c’est-à-dire lorsqu’il est introduit à l’automne selon la dose actuellement recommandée par certains distributeurs. Cette inefficacité est probablement liée à l’incapacité du prédateur à s’attaquer aux varroas phorétiques.
By feeding on the hemolymph and fat bodies of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) and transmitting many viruses, the parasitic mite Varroa destructor (Acari: varroidae) is considered as the main cause of honey bee colony losses. The use of chemicals in varroa control shows many disadvantages, such as the development of mite resistance to synthetic acaricides and a variable toxicity for bees. Through the use of natural enemies, the biological control of varroa mites could represent a sustainable and safe avenue for colony health. The main objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of the predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari: Lealapidae) as a means of biological control against varroa mites. A study of the predator’s feeding behaviour was first performed to evaluate the risk of predation of bee brood (eggs, larvae and pupae) by S. scimitus, as well as its predation potential upon phoretic varroa mites (varroa parasitizing adult bees). In vivo trials were then carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of two predator introduction rates (6,250 or 12,500 mites / colony) to control varroa populations in honey bee colonies in September (compared to the organic acaricide Thymovar®) and in November (compared to oxalic acid). Although S. scimitus is able to feed on all bee developmental stages in the laboratory, our results suggest that the predator does not pose a threat to the bee brood when introduced into the colony. On the other hand, our results demonstrate that the predator is not able to control varroa populations in bee colonies under the tested conditions, that is, when it is introduced in fall according to the rate currently recommended by some biocontrol suppliers. This ineffectiveness is probably related to the inability of the predator to attack phoretic varroa mites.
Desgranges, Catherine. "Contribution à la lutte contre la pyrale du maïs : optimisation d'un procédé de production par fermentation en milieu solide, d'un champignon entomopathogène, Beauveria bassiana." Compiègne, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991COMPD428.
Full textGravel, Valérie. "Lutte contre Pythium ultimum chez la tomate de serre : une approche microbienne." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24523/24523.pdf.
Full textDianzinga, Niry Tiana. "Diversité des communautés d’arthropodes et efficacité de la lutte biologique contre les insectes ravageurs." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0006.
Full textUnderstanding of driving forces that affect diversity in herbivorous insect communities figures prominently in ecological research, and is necessary for integrated pest management, because some herbivorous insect can become crop pests. Natural enemies and environmental variables are among factors that structure herbivorous insect communities. While natural enemies regulate herbivorous insects, environmental variables affect their diversity and their spatial distribution. The main goal of this thesis was to understand effects of landscape features on diversity of herbivorous thrips communities along elevational gradients in Reunion, and to investigate effects of natural enemy diversity in biological control of pest thrips. In first study, thrips were sampled along replicated elevational gradients, and at each sampling site, landscape features and abiotic variables were estimated within buffers surrounding the site. Study has shown that the greatest diversity of thrips in Reunion is concentrated at lower elevation, although habitats situated in these localities are highly degraded. Thrips diversity was not affected by fragmentation but landscape heterogeneity and habitat amount interacted to affect positively thrips diversity.In second study, we manipulated communities composed of two pest thrips Thrips parvispinus and Frankliniella occidentalis, and two predatory mites Amblyseius swirskii and Proprioseiopis mexicanus. These communities were in cages and were established in greenhouse. Study has shown that both predators are better than one in thrips regulation. That confirms the necessity to maintain biodiversity at the upper trophic level for herbivore control. Moreover, this study revealed that despite intraguild predation, predators would have coexisted because of competition-colonization trade-off
Bouchard-Rochette, Mathieu, and Mathieu Bouchard-Rochette. "Bacillus pumilus et Bacillus subtilis pour lutter contre la pourriture grise chez la tomate et le concombre de serre." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38128.
Full textCette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche destiné à évaluer le potentiel d’utilisation en horticulture des bactéries Bacillus pumilus souche PTB180 et Bacillus subtilis souche PTB185. Elle avait pour objectifs (1) d’évaluer in vitro l’activité antagoniste contre Botrytis cinerea des souches PTB180 et PTB185, (2) d’estimer leur capacité à survivre sur la phyllosphère de la tomate et du concombre et 3) d’évaluer leur effet sur le développement de la pourriture grise (B. cinerea) sur des plants de tomate et de concombre cultivés en serre. L'activité antagoniste de PTB180 et PTB185 a été évaluée en boîtes de Pétri sur géloses, sur tissus foliaires de tomate et de concombre et sur fruits de tomate. Les deux souches ont inhibé très fortement la croissance mycélienne et la germination des spores de B. cinerea sur géloses. Sur feuilles de tomate et sur disques foliaires de concombre, PTB185 et le mélange (1:1) des deux souches ont réduit significativement (p ≤ 0,01) la croissance mycélienne de B. cinerea comparativement aux témoins. PTB180 a réprimé significativement la croissance mycélienne de B. cinerea sur les fruits de tomate. Afin d'estimer la survie de PTB180 et PTB185 sur la phyllosphère, des plants de tomate et de concombre ont été pulvérisés jusqu'à ruissellement avec une suspension (1×107 unités formatrices de colonies [UFC]/mL) de PTB180, PTB185 ou d'un mélange (1:1) des deux souches. Les populations de chaque souche ont ensuite été suivies au cours du temps sur les feuilles. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les souches survivent au moins 21 jours sur les plants de tomate et de concombre avec un taux de survie variant de 43% à 100%. De plus, pratiquement aucune variation dans les proportions de chaque souche n'a été observée au fil du temps lorsque PTB180 et PTB185 étaient appliquées en mélange. Enfin, l’application foliaire de PTB180, PTB185 et du mélange (1:1) des deux souches a permis une réduction significative de l’incidence et de la sévérité de la pourriture grise chez des plants de tomate et de concombre inoculés avec B. cinerea et cultivés en serre. Les souches PTB180 et PTB185 ont montré au cours de cette étude une forte activité antagoniste envers B. cinerea, la capacité de survivre sur la phyllosphère de plants de tomate et de concombre et de réprimer le développement de la pourriture grise chez ces derniers. Ces souches pourraient éventuellement être utilisées comme agents de lutte biologique contre la pourriture grise du concombre et de la tomate de serre.
Barbar, Aline. "Caractérisation de la farnésyl diphosphate synthase et de la géranylgéranyl diphosphate synthase chez les Lépidoptères: cibles potentielles pour la lutte bio-rationnelle contre les ravageurs." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30307/30307.pdf.
Full textThe present thesis focuses on the characterization of two lepidopteran prenyltransferases, namely farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS), for which there are two paralogs, FPPS-1 and FPPS2, and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS). The main goal of this research was to identify features that are unique to the lepidopteran enzymes so as to assess their suitability as targets for bio-rational pest control. In this study, we clarified the implication of each FPPS paralog in juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis, based on the evaluation of their tissue distribution and kinetic properties. Transcriptional quantification and immunodetection analyses confirmed the ubiquitous expression of FPPS-1 and its high titres in Malpighian tubules, while FPPS-2 expression was confined to the corpora allata (CA). Kinetic analysis of an N-terminally truncated form of FPPS-2 revealed certain unique features to the Lepidoptera. However, a similarly truncated form of FPPS-1 was inactive in vitro. Altogether, these results suggest that FPPS-2 is the lepidopteran FPPS paralog involved in JH biosynthesis in the CA at all stages of development, while preliminary transcriptional analysis suggests that FPPS-1 could play a role in protein prenylation. Characterization of a lepidopteran GGPPS indicated that it belongs to the type III group of GGPPSs, as do the human and bovine GGPPSs. Kinetic analysis of this GGPPS and its molecular modeling pointed to alternative binding modes for its allylic substrate and product, both of which can induce enzyme inhibition. Substrate inhibition appears unique to the lepidopteran GGPPS, possibly due to structural differences that were revealed by homology modeling. Globally, the findings reported herein highlight the unique features of these enzymes in the Lepidoptera and suggest the possibility of using them as targets for the development of insecticidal inhibitors that could block JH biosynthesis and protein prenylation, thereby disrupting development, metamorphosis and reproduction in lepidopteran pests.
Babi, Adnan. "Bioécologie de Trichogramma Cacoeciae Marchal et T. Daumalae Dugats et Voegele (Hym. Trichogrammatidae) : utilisation en lutte biologique contre Lobesia Botrana Den. et Schief. (Lef. Tortricidae)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30032.
Full textTachapattaworakul, Thunwadee. "Optimisation de la culture et de la traçabilité de la culture de Trichoderma atroviride destiné à la lutte biologique." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20076.
Full textBouchet, Françoise. "Action des micro-ondes sur l'oeuf de Toxocara canis (Werner, 1782) (Nematoda - Ascarididae) : application au traitement des boues de stations d'épuration." Tours, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985TOUR3802.
Full textFerry, Antonin. "Écologie chimique appliquée à la lutte contre Delia radicum, la mouche du chou." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S131.
Full textDelia radicum, the cabbage root-fly, is the principal pest of cabbage crops in Brittany, France. Using odours in Brassicaceae crops to manipulate both the fly and the behaviour of its predators/parasitoids is the aim of this PhD thesis. This work revealed the existence of a major volatile signal driving Brassicaceae-D. Radicum-control agent interactions. Using this compound allowed to attract several bio control agents and to deter the fly. However, initial agronomical studies indicated that using this odour can have adverse effects on the predatory efficiency of the bio control agents. Another experiment unravelled the role of odours in complex interactions that drive species community structure. Results obtained highlight the need to have a fine knowledge of ecosystem functioning to succeed in this approach
Ali-Haimoud, Djamel-Eddine. "Contribution à l'étude de la lutte biologique contre Drechslera teres (Sacc. ) Shoem. , parasite de l'orge." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT007A.
Full textBardon, Céline. "Choix d'une souche de trichogrammes (hyménoptera : trichogrammatidae) pour lutter contre Plutella xylostella L. (lepidoptera : plutellidae)." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30276.
Full textBouchard-Rochette, Mathieu. "Bacillus pumilus et Bacillus subtilis pour lutter contre la pourriture grise chez la tomate et le concombre de serre." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38128.
Full textMousques, Adeline. "Mise en évidence d'une nouvelle substance antifongique produite par une souche de Pseudomonas cepacia isolée du sol : action sur Botrytis Cinerea." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR20446.
Full textPensec, Flora. "Les triterpénoïdes chez la vigne : quantifications, voies de biosynthèse et intérêt pour la lutte contre des bioagresseurs." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MULH8854/document.
Full textVitis vinifera is susceptible to many pathogens. These past few years, treatment policies led to the withdrawal of many pesticides. Renee, no chemical treatments are available to treat some grapevine diseases such as the grapevine trunk diseases caused by fungi complexes and the grapevine fanleaf degeneration, a viral disease transmitted from grapevine to grapevine by vector nematodes. Grapevine is known for the production of secondary metabolites as a response to pathogen infections. In this work, we focused on phytoanticipins such as triterpenoids, that are found as preformed compounds and that confer a basal resistance level to plants. First, a chemical analysis was made on the triterpenoid composition of some grapevine cultivars and organs. This study revealed that the triterpenoid composition is specific to the V. vinifera cultivar and the organ. In a genomic approach, 9 candidate genes involved in the triterpene biosynthesis were identified and their expression was studied in different organs, varieties and biotic or abiotic stress conditions. This explorative study shows correlations between gene expression and differential triterpene production at the leaf surface of the different varieties. In the last part of this study, the use of glycosylated triterpenes, also called saponins, as a substitution solution to withdrawed treattnents against major grapevine diseases was tested. Therefore, the efficiency of saponins extracted from gypsophila and quillaja was tested against fungi associated to grapevine trunk diseases and some nematodes vector of the grapevine fanleaf degeneration. These tests evidenced that the fungi were able to avoid saponins toxicity, whereas such treatment was efficient to kill nematodes. In order to evaluate the effect of the treatment on the environment, the efficient doses were tested and bad no significant impact on some bioindicators
Hoffman, Gérard. "Contribution à l'étude des phanérogames parasites du Burkina Faso et du Mali : quelques aspects de leur écologie, biologie et techniques de lutte." Aix-Marseille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX30083.
Full textBraham, Mohamed. "Analyse structurelle et fonctionnelle de la biocoenose de la mineuse des agrumes, phyllocnistis citrella (Lep. , gracillariidae) en Tunisie. Application à la lutte biologique contre le ravageur." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30030.
Full textThe aim of this work is the best knowledge of the biology and ecology of the Citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) with the emphasis of its biological control. The population dynamic of the insect was studied on 5 different species and varieties of Citrus in 1996,1997 and 1998. The screening of the Tunisian cultivars of Citrus was undertaken including the percentage of infested leaves, the abundance of eggs, larva and nymphs and shows that all species and varieties were attacked. The location of pre-imaginal stages on the upper and under side of leaves was specified. The parameters a and b from Taylor Power model and Iwao's Patchiness line regression formula were calculated for two cultivars : Citrus sinensis cv Thomson and C. Grandis. The sequential sampling plan was used to determine the number of samples to take for the latest cultivar
Agbessi, Sonya. "Caractérisation moléculaire et pouvoir antagoniste de souches de S. mélanosporofaciens, agents potentiels de lutte biologique contre des agents phytopathogènes." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2002.
Find full textMunsch, Patricia. "Lutte biologique contre la tache bactérienne du champignon de Paris au moyen de bactériophages : Spécificité et efficacité du bactériophage TO.1." Pau, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PAUU3008.
Full textArous, Safia. "Etude du régulon sigma-54 et de son implication dans la sensibilité aux bactériocines de sous-classe IIa chez Listeria monocytogenes." Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT2254.
Full textSubclass IIa bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria, are peptides active against Listeria. The s54 transcriptional factor is involved in the sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes to these peptides. Three s54 associated activators were identified in L. Monocytogenes genome, ManR, LacR and CotR. The s54 factor and ManR regulated the EIItMan synthesis, a mannose PTS permease, which is crucial in sensitivity to IIa bacteriocins. EIItMan is composed of a cytoplasmic subunit, IIABtMan, and a membrane complex IICtMan-IIDtMan. Its membrane localization led our group to suggest that it could be a receptor to antibacterial peptides. The role of s54 and EIItMan in sensitivity to IIa bacteriocins was investigated through two approaches. First, we realised a global analysis of genes regulated by s54, by the comparison of the transcriptome and proteome profiles of a s54 mutant and the wild type EGDe strain. In our conditions study, mptACD, encoding EIItMan, is the only operon shown to be directly regulated by s54. The s54 mutation has a main influence on sugars metabolism, may be due to the repression of mptACD. Second, we study the implication of EIItMan in sensitivity mechanism to IIa bacteriocins. The analysis by RT-PCR of the mptACD expression suggested a link between its level expression and the level of sensitivity of L. Monocytogenes mutants. Besides, the heterologous expression of mptACD in an insensitive species, Lactococcus lactis, led to sensitize the strains to IIa bacteriocins. We also show that only the mptC expression (encoding IICtMan) is necessary to induce sensitivity in L. Lactis. Thus, the membrane subunit, IICtMan is crucial for the sensitivity and could be the particular target of IIa bacteriocins
Frey, Pascal. "Lutte biologique contre le fletrissement bacterien des solanacees a l'aide de mutants hrp#- de pseudomonas solanacearum." Paris 11, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA112337.
Full textBompard, Laure. "Etude théorique des conséquences démographiques et évolutives des processus s'exprimant à faible densité dans les systèmes hote-parasitoide." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077085.
Full textIn low-density populations, genetic diversity is decreased and mate-finding is increasingly difficult, two phenomena that may induce extinctions if the demography is simple. During my thesis, I used mathematical modeling to investigate the impact of such phenomena on parasitoids in which population dynamics are more complex (due to the close interaction between the parasitoid and its host. The study of the fate of small parasitoid populations is particularly justified in the context of biological control, in which parasitoids are widely used and often introduced in low densities. This manuscript is built on scientific papers and organized into three parts: i) a literature synthesis; ii) the theoretical impact of mate-finding Allee effect on the demography of parasitoids and iii) the theoretical impact of Complementary Sex Determination (CSD), which induces a genetic load specific to the Hymenoptera, on the demography of parasitoids on the evolution of mate-choice to avoid the deleterious consequences of this burden at the individual level. I conclude that considering the presence of an interspecific interaction, such as the host-parasitoid interaction, is crucial to predict the consequences of Allee effects and genetic load. We show that parasitoid survival can be very sensitive to mate-finding Allee effects, depending on the host dynamics. We also show that contrary to what has been described in non parasitoid populations, CSD does not induce an extinction vortex in parasitoids, but on the contrary limits their extinction risk. This highly innovative result provides a new look at the demographic and evolutionary consequences of genetic load in interacting populations
Gubanti, Paul. "Contribution à l'étude de l'efficacité de la coccinelle aphidiphage Coccinella septempunctata L (Col. Coccinellidae) en culture céréalière sous climat méditerranéen." Aix-Marseille 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX3A001.
Full textKahia, Mouna. "Lutte biologique contre deux pucerons ravageurs en serre (Aphis gossypii et Aulacorthum solani) par l'utilisation des microorganismes du sol." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35001.
Full textThe foxglove aphid Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) and the melon aphid Aphis gossypii (Glover) are among the most harmful aphids for greenhouse crops. Microbial biological control may be an effective method against these insects. The combination of different microbial agents can increase their efficiency. This work evaluates the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana ANT-03, Bacillus pumilus PTB180 and B. subtilis PTB185, used individually or in combination, to control A. gossypii and A. solani on cucumber and tomato, respectively. In the laboratory, ten L2 larvae of each aphid were placed in Petri dishes containing a tomato leaf or a cucumber leaf disc fixed in the agar plate. These larvae were sprayed with 1 mL of suspensions prepared according to the treatment (Control, B. pumilus, B. subtilis, B. bassiana, B. pumilus+ B. subtilis, B. bassiana+ B. pumilus, B bassiana+B. subtilis, B. bassiana+ B. pumilus+ B. subtilis). The same treatments used in the laboratory were applied in the greenhouse, but adult aphids were used. Laboratory and greenhouse test results revealed that by causing A. solani mortality and by affecting A. gossypii reproduction, both bacteria (B. pumilus PTB180 and B. subtilis PTB185) were able to demonstrate aphicide effect equivalent to that of the commercial product (Bioceres) containing the fungus. When used as a mixture, no additive effect between the three microorganisms studied was observed. Spore survival tests of the two bacteria and the fungus conducted in a greenhouse have shown that they retain a high level of population 106CF U/g fresh leaves up to nine days after the application when used alone or as a mixture. Thus, on plants, the two bacilli do not exhibit antifungal effect against B. bassiana ANT-03.
puceron de la digitale, puceron tacheté de la pomme de terre, puceron du melon, puceron du cotonnier