Academic literature on the topic 'Neo-classical school'

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Journal articles on the topic "Neo-classical school"

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Lomia, Ekaterine. "Political Realism in International Relations: Classical Realism, Neo-realism, and Neo-Classical Realism." International Journal of Social, Political and Economic Research 7, no. 3 (2020): 591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/ijospervol7iss3pp591-600.

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Realism, also known as political realism, is one of the most dominant theories of international relations. The school of thought in realism was established in the post-World War II era; however, it is widely associated with the ancient Greek studies, particularly, in the works of Thucydides who allows a more sophisticated analysis of the conception of power and its place in the anarchic international system. Unlike idealism and liberalism, which underline the idea of cooperation in international relations, realism stresses a competitive and confrontational side of human nature and argues that in global politics there is no space for morality. Thus, states show constant readiness to obtain power and achieve their political ends. The article aims at studying the basic approach, the theory of realism is based on. The study has been prepared as a result of examining articles and books written by dominant realist scholars who have influential opinions in the field.
 
 
 
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Awang Abd Rahman, Amilah. "BETWEEN THE CLASSICAL MU'TAZILITES AND NEO-MU'TAZILITES: AN ANALYSIS OF HARUN NASUTION’S MODERN ISLAMIC THOUGHT IN INDONESIA." Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) 5, no. 1 (2020): 336–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss1pp336-355.

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Lately, the classical schools of Islamic theology are generally associated with various modern movements such as Neo-Kharijites and Neo-Mu'tazilites especially in terms of their negative influence. This paper aims at critically analyzing the way in which modern Muslim scholars claim the legacy of the classical Mu‘tazilite school. It specifically offers a critical overview of the spirit and contents of both early Islamic movements. It is attempted to draw a more objective picture of the classical Mu‘tazilite school, based on their primary sources. The Indonesian Harun Nasution is taken as an example of a Neo-Mu‘tazilite scholar. This paper argues that the original Mu’tazilite spirit is not accurately represented by Harun Nasution. The Mu‘tazilite was the first theological school who tried to defend and preserve the original teachings of Islam in the face of the many challenges of their time. Today, the Mu‘tazilite school is often misrepresented by portraying it as a purely rationalistic school and liberal thought. It is the view of the author that the misrepresentation of the Mu‘tazilite school as being a radical school of thought that propagated liberal society solely guided by reason, will bring bad consequence to the understanding and development of Muslim society in general. It can be either giving opportunity to the rise of liberal society with the claim of past root of the history of Muslims as occurred in Nasution’s case or rejecting reason from being important source of knowledge acknowledged by Islam.
 
 Keywords: Harun Nasution, Indonesia, Mu‘tazilite, Neo-Mu‘tazilite, rationalism.
 
 Cite as: Abd Rahman, A. A. (2020). Between the classical Mu'tazilites and Neo-Mu'tazilites: An analysis of Harun Nasution’s modern Islamic thought in Indonesia. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(1), 336-355. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss1pp336-355
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Dr., Adesina Osho, Keme H. Lafegha Dr., and Odunayo Akintokunbo Dr. "CHRONICLE OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT AND PATTERN OF MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS: THE THEME FRAMEWORK." International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics 10, no. 2 (2023): 10–19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7985475.

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<strong>Abstract:</strong> This paper chronicle management philosophy and pattern of management analysis from the classical school of thought through the neo-classical school up to the contemporary management scholars. The methodology involved identifying the central theme of each of the identified school and philosophy, analyzing the content of the proposition and its relevance to modern management practices. Each central theme was considered a proposition. The view of scholars for and against the proposition was critically analyzed. The paper concluded that all the theories of management philosopher from F.W Taylor, Max Weber to modern day integrative management theory are still very relevant and sustainable. <strong>Keywords:</strong> management philosophy, classical school of thought, neo-classical school, contemporary management scholars. <strong>Title:</strong> CHRONICLE OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT AND PATTERN OF MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS: THE THEME FRAMEWORK <strong>Author:</strong> Dr. Adesina Osho, Dr. Keme H. Lafegha, Dr. Odunayo Akintokunbo <strong>International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics</strong> <strong>ISSN 2394-7322</strong> <strong>Vol. 10, Issue 2, May 2023 - August 2023</strong> <strong>Page No: 10-19</strong> <strong>Novelty Journals</strong> <strong>Website: www.noveltyjournals.com</strong> <strong>Published Date: 30-</strong><strong>May-2023</strong> <strong>DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7985475</strong> <strong>Paper Download Link (Source)</strong> <strong>https://www.noveltyjournals.com/upload/paper/CHRONICLE%20OF%20MANAGEMENT%20THOUGHT-30052023-3.pdf</strong>
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French, Steven. "Re‐thinking the foundations of the strategic business process." Journal of Management Development 28, no. 1 (2009): 51–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02621710910923863.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a coherent model of several schools of strategic ideas while utilising and building on the models extant in the literature, but also considering a change of epistemological and systemic paradigms.Design/methodology/approachAn extensive review of the literature was undertaken.FindingsThe result of the analysis of the literature is that a seven‐school model is postulated. The seven schools being grouped within three categories. The first category is labelled the Classical Schools and includes the Design School, the Planning School and the Positioning School. The second category is labelled the Neo‐classical Schools and includes the Contingency School and the Resource School. The third category is labelled the Post‐Classical Schools and includes the Learning School and the Emergence School.Practical implicationsThe concept of strategic emergence, a characteristic of a complex self‐adapting system, is developed.Originality/valueVery little work, especially in strategy has been done outside the Modernist paradigm. This paper explores the possibility of incorporating open system ideas into a strategic methodology.
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Fadliansyah, Fauzi. "Efektivitas Media Neo Snake and Ladder Game Terhadap Kemampuan Komunikasi Matematis Siswa." EduBasic Journal: Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar 1, no. 1 (2019): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ebj.v1i1.26219.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Neo Snake and Ladder Game media in increasing students' mathematical communication skills. The population in this study were fourth grade students of Sukaratu 4 Elementary School, Majasari District, Pandeglang Regency in the Academic Year of 2019/2020. The reseracher used simple random sampling. The data collection used tests of mathematical communication skills, observation, and documentation. The results showed that (1) the classical completeness test of students' mathematical communication skills reached a minimum limit of 68, (2) mathematical communication skills of Neo Snake and Ladder Game media had reached classical completeness of 75% and (3) the increase in average of mathematical communication skills using media Neo Snake and Ladder Games were better than the average mathematical communication skills of students without using Neo Snake and Ladder Games media. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that Neo Snake and Ladder Games media are effective in improving students' mathematical communication skills.
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Olbrich, Michael, Tobias Quill, and David J. Rapp. "Business Valuation Inspired by the Austrian School." Journal of Business Valuation and Economic Loss Analysis 10, no. 1 (2015): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbvela-2014-0001.

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AbstractThe significant failure rates observed in mergers and acquisitions (M&amp;A) indicate structural deficiencies in business transactions. This paper identifies serious weaknesses in common valuation methods that play a key role in poor transaction practice. Common valuation methods are in particular discounted cash flow (DCF) methods. DCF methods are usually based on neo-classical theories that assume the existence of a perfect and complete capital market. As will be demonstrated, the underlying theoretical patchwork is contradictory and lacks utility. Therefore, utilizing DCF methods to value a business and deduce economic decisions from such a valuation is decision-making built on sand. Following a normative-deductive methodology, this paper seeks an alternative theoretical concept to build a business valuation theory on solid ground. Such an alternative is found in the Austrian School of thought. The resulting valuation concept, subjective business valuation theory, is based on the theory of marginal utility proposed by Gossen, which was rediscovered and refined by the scholars of the early Austrian School. Contrary to highly restrictive neo-classical valuation, subjective business valuation approaches reality and is therefore well-suited for practical implementation.
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Alloush, Ibrahim. "A Historical Sketch of Profit Theories in Mainstream Economics." International Business Research 9, no. 4 (2016): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v9n4p148.

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&lt;p&gt;In this paper, the main contributions to the development of profit theories are delineated in a chronological order to provide a quick reference guide for the concept of profit and its origins. Relevant theories are cited in reference to their authors and the school of thought they are affiliated with. Profit is traced through its Classical and Marginalist origins into its mainstream form in the literature of the Neo-classical school. As will be seen, the book is still not closed on a concept which may still afford further theoretical refinement.&lt;/p&gt;
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Amir, Ahmad Nabil, and Tasnim Abdul Rahman. "HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE MU‘TAZILITE THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL OF THOUGHT." Jurnal SAMBAS (Studi Agama, Masyarakat, Budaya, Adat, Sejarah): Journal of Religious, Community, Culture, Costume, History Studies) 7, no. 2 (2025): 94–105. https://doi.org/10.37567/sambas.v7i2.3274.

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The paper examines the historical development of Mu'tazilite theological school of thought which arises from speculative method and influences of Greek thought that sparked the discursive tradition of early Islamic intellectual history. This was essentially brought forth by the textualist and rationalist school and their classical debate that had formative influence in the rational school developed by the Mu'tazilites in the early centuries. The paper studies the history and development of Mu'tazilite theology and their conceptual and doctrinal impact on modern neo-Mu'tazilite works. The study is based on classical works that provide underlying textual and interpretive history of Mu'tazilism. It uses qualitative method based on documentary survey and content analysis. Data were collected from related primary and secondary sources and analyzed using descriptive, normative, historical and theological approaches in order to make accurate findings. The finding shows that the Mu'tazilites ideology was historically developed to counter the alleged philosophical influence of deviant sects of the heretics, Magians, Manichaeism, atheism, naturalists and materialists by refuting their philosophical premises. This contributes to the formative development of kalam or speculative theology thanks to the flowering of Mu'tazilite theology and their rational expression that helps to foster higher ethical and religious norms and theological ideas and its consequential influences on contemporary contexts that espouses neo-Mu'tazilite outlook calling for the return of reason and their enlightened movement.
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Mareeva, Elena, and Anna Vorobyova. "Cultural memory and paradigms in the study of the past: philosophy, history, cultural studies." SHS Web of Conferences 72 (2019): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20197203016.

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The study deals with the fundamental differences in understanding the past in the philosophy of history, in classical historical science, as well as in memory studies. The authors represent the features of the formation of a non-classical methodological paradigm in the interpretation of history by A. Warburg, in the German “historical school”, in the neo-Kantians of the Baden school and in the Annals school. The non-classical methodology in the study of the past is presented in the reversion from conscious personal choice to the mechanisms of the unconscious rallying of the collective in the concepts of cultural memory by M. Halbwachs and J. Assmann. The peculiarity of “mentality”, “identity” and “cultural memory” as concepts of modern non-classical discourse is revealed. It is concluded that the construction of mythological images of the past is a novation of the era of “managed democracy”, which carries elements of authoritarianism. The past, as demonstrated by memory studies, has once again become a myth that the media make good use of.
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Mian Ahmad Naeem Salik. "Conceptualising Role of the State in Light of Classical Economic Thought." Strategic Studies 38, no. 1 (2018): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.038.01.00166.

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This paper attempts to analyse and describe the role played by a state in promoting economic growth by contrasting two classical schools of political economy, the Keynesian school of thought and Neo-liberalism. The British economist, John Maynard Keynes proposed optimising market practices under a technocratic system of governance. In recent decades, this influential approach has exposed its vulnerabilities to the revival of neo-liberal laissez-faire arguments. In the age of globalisation, the integration of economies around the world has put new demands on the modern state at the very same time, in many ways, which have reduced their capacities to deal with those demands. The state today is squeezed, on the one side, by the forces of global economy and, on the other side, by the political demands for devolution of power. There is an important role for the state to play in the economic development, whether it is through intervention or deregulation, the ultimate choice lies with the society regarding which of the two forms to follow. In some dramatic role reversals, the yesteryear champions of laissez-faire (the US and UK) are moving towards protectionism, whereas, the earlier advocates (China and Russia) of closed economies are today arguing the case of free and fair international trade and globalisation per se. This is no coincidence as, ironically, both the school of thoughts have a lot in common in that they complement each other in many ways in terms of intellectual ideology.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Neo-classical school"

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Shotter, Magdalena. "The influence of Marshallian neo-classical economics on management accounting in South Africa /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08112006-160141.

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Thesis (D. Comm.(Financial management sciences))-University of Pretoria, 2005.<br>Summary in English. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-130). Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.
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Schenker, Melissa J. (Melissa Joan). "Convergence of neo-classical and stakeholder models of the firm? a case study of buy out attempts at United Airlines." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13370.

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Ahmadi, Bahram. "L'enseignement universitaire de la peinture en Iran : problèmes et influences." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10077.

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La peinture « classique » persane a perdu ses caractéristiques en se rapprochant de la peinture occidentale; puis à l'époque Qajar, avec le changement culturel et social, une nouvelle peinture est née tandis que, simultanément, une évolution apparaissait dans son enseignement. Ainsi l'art de la peinture se divise en « art mineur » et « art majeur », dont l'enseignement suit, pour chacun d'eux, un chemin différent. La peinture « réaliste », comme manifestation de l'art majeur, s'est installée à l'école de Ṣanīʿ-al-Molk puis à l'école Dār al-Fonūn pour arriver enfin à l'école de Kamāl-al-Molk qui est devenue la Faculté des Beaux-Arts en 1940. Dans ce contexte les étudiants apprenaient le « style » de Kamal-al-Molk et celui de certains mouvements occidentaux, mais d'une manière incomplète. A la même période, la miniature, c'est- à- dire « l'art mineur », était encouragée afin de représenter la splendeur ancienne. Dans ce processus l’«Administration Culture et Art » a été attentive à la « miniature » en tant que peinture « traditionnelle », ce qui lui a permis d'être enseignée à l’École Secondaire des Beaux-Arts, issue de l'Ecole des artisanats anciens. Dans les années 1330 Š./1950, cette administration a fondé la Faculté des Arts Décoratifs et les Biennales de Téhéran. Par la suite, la peinture s'est orientée avec plus d'intensité vers l'art « Moderne » occidental et en même temps vers l'art et les effets visuels traditionnels d'Iran. A cette époque où s'opérait aussi la modification du système de l’enseignement de la Faculté des Beaux-Arts, les peintres d'Iran étaient divisés en deux groupes: les partisans des styles occidentaux et les néo-traditionalistes. Ces derniers, pour obtenir l’identité, utilisaient les éléments traditionnels tout en suivant les « méthodes » de l'art moderne. En face, les partisans des styles occidentaux avaient commencé par des œuvres figuratives de style expressionniste et étaient arrivés à l'art abstrait. Ils s'étaient libérés eux-mêmes de la contrainte des traditions et des signes de l'identité iranienne. Parallèlement, les miniaturistes en tant que peintres « traditionnels », pour continuer à exister, utilisaient exclusivement les paramètres de l'art réaliste. En revanche, les diplômés de l'Université, artistes « modernes », utilisaient les éléments de l'art de la miniature quand ils voulaient exprimer l'identité<br>The classical Persian painting lost some of its characteristics by opening up to the occidental painting. In the Qajar era, thanks to the cultural and social changes, a new painting was born with its new teaching methods. Thus the art of painting got divided into “minor art” and “major art”, each of them being taught in a different way. The realistic painting as a manifestation of the “major” art was first practiced in Ṣanīʿ-al-Molk art school, then in Dār al-Fonūn school and finally in Kamāl-al-Molk art school which in 1940, became the Faculty of Fine Arts. The students were studying both Kamāl-al-Molk style and some European styles, but incompletely. At the same time, the miniature, that is to say the “minor art”, was encouraged so that it represented the splendour of ancient times. In this process the Office of culture and art paid special attention to “miniature” as traditional painting. That is the reason why it has been taught in Secondary School of Fine Arts, descended from “Ancient Crafts School”. From 1330s to 1950s, this administration has established the Faculty of Decorative Arts and the Biennale of Tehran. Subsequently, the painting has turned more intensely towards modern occidental art, using at the same time the visual effects of traditional Iranian artistic creation. At that time when the educational system at the Faculty of Fine Arts was going through changes, the painters of Iran got divided into two groups: supporters of occidental painting and neo-traditionalists. The latter, in order to find their own identity, use some traditional elements applying, at the same time the methods of modern art. The supporters of the occidental styles started with figurative painting of the expressionist style and ended up in abstract art. They freed themselves from the constraints of the traditions and symbols of Iranian identity. On the other hand, in order to continue to exist as so called “traditional painters”, the miniaturists use only the parameters of realistic art. However, when the university graduates, the modern painters wanted to express their cultural identity, they used the elements of the art of miniature
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Books on the topic "Neo-classical school"

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Ahmad, Syed. Capital in economic theory: Neo-classical, Cambridge, and chaos. Elgar, 1991.

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1941-, Arestis Philip, and Skouras Thanos 1943-, eds. Post Keynesian economic theory: A challenge to neo-classical economics. Wheatsheaf Books, 1985.

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Yadgarov, Yakov. History of economic thought. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1059100.

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The textbook presents the course of history of economic doctrines in accordance with the General plan of previous editions. Discusses the economic doctrine of the era of pre-market economy (including the economic thought of the Ancient world and middle Ages), mercantilism, classical political economy, socio-economic reform projects of economic romanticism, utopian socialism, German historical school, marginalism. To the era of regulated market relations are covered in the textbook socio-institutional direction, the theory of market with imperfect competition, Keynesian Economics, neoliberalism, the concept of the neoclassical synthesis, neo-institutionalism, the phenomenon of the Russian school of economic thought. Special attention is given to synthesis as the basis of modern theories of value.&#x0D; Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.&#x0D; For students enrolled in the specialty 38.03.01 "Economics", graduate students, researchers and anyone interested in the history of world and domestic economic thought.
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Hoover, Kevin D. The new classical macroeconomics: A scepticalinquiry. Basil Blackwell, 1990.

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Privalov, Nikolay. The philosophy of the economy. Moral Economics. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1946203.

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The textbook systematically combines topical issues of methodological and philosophical foundations of economics, taking into account the achievements of classical political economy, the German historical school, institutionalism and non-economic disciplines (history, political science, sociology, cybernetics, biology, psychology, law, etc.). The main methodological principles of interdisciplinary communication are consistency, focus on achieving social balance and morality. The instruments of scientific research are adapted to the cultural traditions of Russia by taking into account the institutional factors affecting the economy. Russian Russian cosmism The concept of philosophy of economy presented in the textbook (philosophy of the third way, or moral and religious neo-institutionalism) is in line with the tradition of Russian existentialism (Russian cosmism). The traditions of the university textbook are complemented by elements of monographic research, in particular, on the creation of a new model of man — the "traditional man" (homo traditium). The paper attempts to return to the roots of classical economic theories — the works of ancient Greek authors, A. Smith, A. Marshall and others, who combined their scientific methodological principles with morality and other non-traditional disciplines for modern economic theory, for example biology. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for students studying economics and anyone interested in the problems of the modern economy and Russia's place in world geopolitics.
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Hoover, Kevin D. The new classical macroeconomics: A sceptical inquiry. B. Blackwell, 1988.

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Hoover, Kevin D. The new classical macroeconomics: A sceptical inquiry. B. Blackwell, 1991.

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Hoover, Kevin D. The new classical macroeconomics: A sceptical inquiry. Basil Blackwell, 1988.

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A neo-classical theory of distribution and wealth. Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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Buhl, Hans Ulrich. A Neo-Classical Theory of Distribution and Wealth. Springer Verlag, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Neo-classical school"

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Hein, Eckhard. "Monetary Analysis in Classical Economics: Banking School and Neo-Ricardian Monetary Theory of Distribution." In Money, Distribution Conflict and Capital Accumulation. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230595606_4.

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Meikle, Scott. "Neo-Classical Interpretation." In Aristotle’s Economic Thought. Oxford University PressOxford, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198150022.003.0007.

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Abstract Adam Smith makes three references to Aristotle in The Wealth of Nations, none of which concerns the economic writings, Nicomachean Ethics, 5. 5 and Politics, 1. 8–10. The references deal with political or historical points, and they seem to have been drawn from Smith’s reading of Pufendorf and Montesquieu rather than from a study of Aristotle himself. Ricardo, in the Principles, makes no reference to Aristotle at all. The first examination of Aristotle’s inquiries subsequent to the rise of economics was Marx’s, offered originally in the Contribution and then eight years later in Capital itself.1 Marx did not claim that Aristotle was an economist, or that he was the father of any school of economics, even Marx’s own, but understandably his endorsement of most of Aristotle’s conclusions was construed as a claim of Aristotelian paternity on behalf of his own theory.2 Marx had inaugurated a contest, and in time subsequent orthodoxies in economics sought to establish Aristotelian paternity too.
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Gardner, Daniel K. "5. The reorientation of the Confucian tradition after 1000 ce : The teachings of Neo-Confucianism." In Confucianism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780195398915.003.0005.

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‘The reorientation of the Confucian tradition after 1000 ce’ discusses the “school” of Confucianism referred to as Neo-Confucianism, which came to dominate Chinese intellectual and political life from the eleventh century and that guided the Chinese imperial government and the foundation of the civil service examination systems until the early twentieth century. Neo-Confucianism upholds the values and ethics of classical Confucianism, but reorients it in two important ways: (1) it grounds the values and ethics of classical Confucianism in an elaborate system of metaphysics generated over the eleventh and twelfth centuries; and (2) it creates a structured program of self-cultivation, a step-by-step template for “becoming a sage.” But why did Neo-Confucianism emerge at this particular time?
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Biagioli, Francesca. "Neo-Kantianism." In Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780415249126-dc055-2.

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The term ‘neo-Kantianism’ indicates various attempts at a renewal of Kant’s philosophy in the modern context. It began with the rehabilitation of Kant to overcome the speculative turn of classical German idealism and ground philosophy in the investigation of the conditions of knowledge. In this sense, the origins of neo-Kantianism are sometimes dated back to figures opposing speculative idealism in the early nineteenth-century philosophical landscape, including Johann Friedrich Herbart, Jakob Friedrich Fries, Friedrich Eduard Beneke (Beiser 2014). Philosophers from the next generation sharing the commitment to a Kantian theory of knowledge also include Kuno Fischer, Eduard Zeller, Otto Liebmann, Jürgen Bona Meyer, Friedrich Albert Lange. More specifically, ‘neo-Kantianism’ is used to indicate a philosophical movement developed beginning in the 1870s with the intent to shed light on the basic tenets of Kant’s work and face challenges to traditional philosophy coming from nineteenth-century scientific advancements in the spirit of Kant’s critical philosophy (see, e.g., Köhnke 1991; Patton 2005; Luft 2015). The neo-Kantian movement started with Hermann Cohen’s seminal interpretation of Kant (Cohen 1871a; 1877; 1885), and subsequently flourished in German universities, with two main centres in Marburg, where Cohen was appointed lecturer in 1873, and in South West Germany. The development of experimental methods in nineteenth-century life sciences offered important insights for the theory of knowledge, but also raised the question about the possibility of reducing cognitive processes to physical ones. Kant’s critical philosophy offered a powerful argument against materialism, by limiting the validity of causal explanations to the realm of appearances rather than replacing them with metaphysical explanations. In conjunction with the materialism controversy, the 1860s saw a resurgence of interest in classical interpretative issues concerning Kant, including the assumption of a thing in itself, its relation to the sensibility, the status of a priori elements of knowledge. Following a suggestion first made by the physiologist and physicist Hermann von Helmholtz, some of those who argued for a return to Kant believed that Kant’s a priori forms deserved an empirical explanation. In contrast with this, Cohen emphasized that the individuation of a priori elements of knowledge requires a meta-level inquiry into the presuppositions of the sciences, that is, what Kant identified as the transcendental cognition. Cohen took Kant to imply that experience is given in the fact of science, and the transcendental task is to derive the preconditions for the possibility of this fact by regressive analysis. This formulation allowed Cohen to address the controversial issues raised in the Kant scholarship by emphasizing the logical structure of experience, while considering part of Kant’s considerations about the natural sources of knowledge to be a remainder of his reliance on empirical psychology in the precritical period. At the same time, Cohen’s interpretation of Kant set the task of a novel investigation of the historically documented facts of science and culture in the wake of the transcendental method. Cohen’s interpretation set a standard, not only for its contribution to the historical reconstruction of the development of Kant’s thought, but also for the idea of a fruitful correlation between interpretation and philosophical theorizing. In this sense, the revival of Kant’s critical philosophy involved also the idea of a constant renewal of it. Over the next decade, other influential interpretations were developed with various theoretical purposes, from the attempt to integrate the Kantian theory of a priori cognition with insights derived from the empiricist theory of knowledge (Riehl 1876; 1879) to the appreciation of Kant’s attempt to account for the application of universal rules of thought outside the domain of the mathematical science of nature in the third Critique (Windelband 1878–80). The Marburg School formed in the wake of Cohen’s characterization of the transcendental method. Its main representatives were Paul Natorp, who became Cohen’s colleague at Marburg in 1885, and Ernst Cassirer, who studied there from 1896 to 1899, and continued to subscribe to the methodology of his Marburg teachers throughout his intellectual career. The South West German School developed around Wilhelm Windelband’s teaching at the universities of Freiburg from 1877 to 1882, Strasbourg from 1882 to 1903, and Heidelberg from 1903 to 1915. Other leading figures of this school were Heinrich Rickert and his student Emil Lask. There were also neo-Kantians who did not strictly belong to a school or combined neo-Kantianism with other philosophical traditions. This includes, for example, Alois Riehl, Jonas Cohn, Richard Hönigswald. Each school focused on some common themes. Marburg neo-Kantians gradually broadened the scope of their research from Kant to the philosophical and scientific roots of what they called a critical or scientific form of idealism, according to which the objects of experience are constructed by scientific concepts. They sought to provide an account for the various spheres of human experience by extending the transcendental inquiry from the fact of science to the facts of culture. South West German neo-Kantians focused on the question concerning the grounds for relating unconditionally valid values to contingent experience. This led them to engage in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century debate about the possibility of an autonomous foundation of the human sciences. They pursued the project of a philosophy of culture offering a unitary account of the various human activities from the standpoint of the theory of values. These commonalities notwithstanding, neo-Kantianism was a complex movement, with internal debates and major developments within the same school, as well as connections between different schools and traditions. Neo-Kantianism dominated the philosophical scene until the early 1910s, and remained in the background of the main philosophical innovations in the German-speaking world for the next two decades until the rise of Nazism. It is considered to have made lasting contribution in epistemology, philosophy of science, history of philosophy and philosophy of culture (see, e.g., Luft and Makkreel 2010; De Warren and Staiti 2015; Edgar and Patton 2018; Kinzel and Patton 2021).
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5

Targetti, Ferdinando. "The Criticism of Equilibrium Theory and New Theoretical Hypotheses on Growth and the Distribution of Income." In Nicholas Kaldor. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198283485.003.0015.

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Abstract In the 1970s Kaldor’s thought came to the end of a long process of evolution that had begun in the 1930s with his membership-albeit only for a few years-of the Austrian school and his endorsement of the deductive method of neo-classical equilibrium. In his ‘The Irrelevance of Equilibrium Economics’, Kaldor denounced neo-classical equilibrium theory as an intellectual exercise condemned to infinite regression because it was incapable of becoming a scientific theory-meaning by that term a set of theorems derived from observable phenomena. From Walras to Debreu the theory had been constantly reworked; but because the problem of its verification had been ignored, rather than remove the theory’s scaffolding of unreal basic assumptions, this constant elaboration had only made it thicker and more impenetrable. And if abstract mathematical models were empirically barren, so too, Kaldor believed, was econometrics: sophisticated methods of statistical inference could not fill the void created by the absence of any theory on how the economy really works.
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Flynn, John j. "Legal Reasoning, Antitrust Policy, and the Social “Science” of Economics." In The Political Economy Of The Sherman Act. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195066425.003.0011.

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Abstract In the clash of law with the “Chicago” or Neo-Classical School of Economics there is turbulence because the assumptions (moral and factual) and the methodology or reasoning process of the one do not conform with those of the other. [T]he unthinking blend of law and social sciences can contaminate the rhetoric and methodology of both disciplines, and the resulting turbulence can obscure rather than advance our understanding of reality and search for the truth.
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Çalışkan, Zehra Doğan. "Institutional Economics." In Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0333-1.ch011.

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Since the mid-19th century, the thinkers of historical school challenged the deductive, abstractive, and decisive methods of neo-classical economics. According to historical school, social terms have been changed within space and time. Therefore, they defended that the economic theories could not be universal but could only be relative. Instead of professing laws with universal validity, it is more important to reveal the changing structure of society with the extensive studies of economic history. The inductive method of German historical school brought a new perspective into economic theory with theorems such as to consider society as an organism beyond the individuals who would only seek their benefits and the necessity of historical followings in the economic events. From this point of view, it is possible to observe the traces of historical school in the old institutional economics literature.
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8

Glassman, Jim. "State Power Beyond the ‘Territorial Trap’: The Internationalization of the State." In Thailand at the Margins. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199267637.003.0009.

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The 1980s were marked by two seemingly antithetical tendencies in theorizing about states. On the one hand, a strong neo-liberal current connected with the rise of Thatcherism–Reaganism—which was deeply imbued with neo-classical economic assumptions—called into question the power or competence of states, suggesting that the states which governed best were those which governed least. Advocates of this position who attended to Third World development issues were particularly convinced that the rise of East Asian newly industrialized countries (NICs), such as South Korea and Taiwan, constituted evidence that states could best facilitate economic growth and development by maintaining open, export-oriented regimes in which markets were allowed to work unhindered (Balassa 1981; Little 1981; Bhagwati 1988). On the other hand, by the late 1980s, a school of neo-Weberian scholarship developed in direct response to this neo-liberal approach. Taking issue with the neo-liberals’ characterizations of East Asian economic growth, a series of these neo-Weberian scholars showed that state intervention in the economy was far more extensive than the neo-liberals had allowed, and that moreover such interventions seemed to have been successful in fomenting industrial transformation (Evans 1989; 1995; Amsden 1989; 1990; Wade 1990). The neo-Weberians raised telling arguments and evidence against the neo-liberal position, and it is perhaps a small but significant sign of their success that the World Bank grudgingly acknowledged not only the heavy presence of the state in East Asian industrialization but also some limited efficacy to that presence, especially in the financial sector (World Bank 1993; Amsden 1994; Wade 1996b). If this was a victory for the neo-Weberians, however, it may well prove pyrrhic now that the powerful East Asian growth dynamic has been slowed by forces that few states in the region appear willing or able to control. Indeed, and paradoxically perhaps, the more neoclassically inclined now seem to acknowledge the existence of ‘strong states’ in East Asia and use their existence not to explain economic success but rather to explain the economic crisis that spread through the region during 1997–8.
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Yılmaz, Binhan Elif, Ferda Yerdelen Tatoğlu, and Sinan Ataer. "Crowding-Out Effect in the European Union and Candidate Country Turkey." In Handbook of Research on Global Enterprise Operations and Opportunities. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2245-4.ch012.

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The effects of the government investments and private sector investments on the production, is an important academic argument subject between the Neo-classical school and the Keynesian school. Subject to the financing way of the government sector investments, accruing possibility of private sector investments decreases and crowding-out effect occurs with the behaviours of government sector which restricting the investment area of private sector or changing the investments plans. On the other hand Keynesian economist suggest that the economy is not always in the full employment level. By the hand of Keynesian multiplier mechanism which is increasing the public expenditures and decreasing the taxes, private sector would enhance its investments and crowding-in effect occurs. In this study, we aimed to test the existence of crowding out/in effects of the public sector investments on the private investments in the European Union and a candidate country Turkey with the panel causality tests, over the period 1970-2014.
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Case, Steve, Phil Johnson, David Manlow, Roger Smith, and Kate Williams. "12. Free will, classicism, and rational choice." In Criminology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198736752.003.0012.

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This chapter explores the importance of free will and rational choice in the criminal justice system. It first explains the purpose of theory and how to interpret, test, and critically consider ideas in the context of criminological study before discussing classical theories which assert that people freely and rationally choose to offend and therefore can — and should — be punished or have their choices prevented (by, for example, reducing offending opportunities). It then considers the main theoretical schools in criminology including classicism, positivism, interpretivism, and critical criminology. It also looks at classical criminology and the key thinkers that shaped it, including John Locke and Jeremy Bentham, as well as the policies to which it gave rise. The chapter concludes with an analysis of neo-classical criminology, rational choice theory, routine activity theory, and situational crime prevention.
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Conference papers on the topic "Neo-classical school"

1

Bal, Oğuz. "Theoretical Foundations of Privatization and Results in Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00614.

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Liberal economic order, businesses efficiency, productivity and profitability, competition for work is present in accordance with the principles defended private property order. As sistematical the main foundations of economic liberalism created by Adam Smith. Then, his prenciples developed by evolving Classic School, continued to the sovereignty until the Great Depression of 1929. I.World War took place in an environment dominated by Classical Ekol During, and after the war, from the principles of Classical School had not doubt. In 1936, John Maynard Keynes, the basic assumptions of the classical school refused. Following the II. World War; the 1950s and 1960s,sounds of the proponents of the liberal principles, was not strong as much as Keynesians. In the 1970s, emerged the world's most developed economy ABD, the high unemployment and inflation. Until 1973, wasn’t confronted with a serious crisis. Content of the neo-liberal economic policies between 1975-1980 was adopted. Since the 1980s, heavily affecting the world economy started to implement neoliberal policies. Acceleration of privatization, taxes, discounts for large scale unemployment, increase monetary measures to keep inflation under control was applied. In this article, on eight chapters were created. In the chapters, concept, scope and content, historical background of privatization, investigated material causes that give rise to privatization, the basic bases of privatization, the ideological foundations of privatization. Privatization aims were discussed, and was given examples of countries is characterized by intense privatization. The general results and in Turkey latests cases were discussed.
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Gerni, Cevat, Selahattin Sarı, Mustafa Kemal Değer, and Ömer Selçuk Emsen. "Liberalism and Economic Growth in Transition Economies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00290.

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In the world economy, since 1960s, countries, which are open and apply liberal policies succeeded higher economic growth and welfare. Therefore, liberal policies became more attractive. In that case, the transition, which has political, economic, and socio-cultural aspects, means moving from socialist-authoritarian structure to market based-liberal structures. In the literature, there are many studies which point out labor force and capital are not significant on the economic growth. In addition, the literature focuses on the importance of institutions on the economic growth. In this study, we compare the countries which were quickly away from the socialist structures with the countries which were slow on the reforms. Our analysis depends on their economic growth with cross section. However, we know the importance of institutional aspects on the growth research; therefore, we applied 2SLS regression analysis and to determine the economic liberalism indicators we used political rights, civil liberties, years that were under the socialism, openness, secondary school ratio, and public spending/GDP ratio. In the late phase, GDP per capita, as an indicator of economic growth, is explained with an independent variable which is predicted in the first phase via liberalism variable, and labor-population ratio and constant capital stock GDP ratio variables used in Neo-classical Solow-type growth model.
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