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Academic literature on the topic 'Néocortex – Physiopathologie – Modèles animaux'
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Journal articles on the topic "Néocortex – Physiopathologie – Modèles animaux"
Braem, Kirsten, and Rik J. Lories. "Un aperçu de la physiopathologie de la spondylarthrite ankylosante : contribution des modèles animaux." Revue du Rhumatisme 79, no. 1 (2012): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rhum.2011.11.003.
Full textFrugier, T., C. Cifuentes-Diaz, FD Tiziano, and J. Melki. "Amyotrophies spinales : apport des modèles animaux à une meilleure compréhension de la physiopathologie et au développement des thérapeutiques." médecine/sciences 17, no. 6-7 (2001): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/10608/1998.
Full textELSEN, J. M., F. LANTIER, R. RUPP, et al. "Organisation à l’INRA des observations et expérimentations sur des animaux modèles ou agronomiques infectés par une Encéphalopathie Spongiforme Transmissible." INRAE Productions Animales 17, HS (2004): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2004.17.hs.3614.
Full text"Physiopathologie, modèles cellulaires et animaux (P553 – P604)." médecine/sciences 26 (January 2010): 207–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2010261s207.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Néocortex – Physiopathologie – Modèles animaux"
Nita, Dragos Alexandru. "Incessant transitions between active and silent states in cortico-thalamic circuits and altered neuronal excitability lead to epilepsy." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19753.
Full textThe guiding line in our experiments was the hypothesis that the occurrence and / or the persistence of long-lasting fluctuations between silent and active states in the neocortical networks, together with a modified neuronal excitability are the key factors of epileptogenesis, leading to behavioral seizures. We addressed this hypothesis in two different experimental models. The chronic cortical deafferentation replicated the physiological deafferentation of the neocortex observed during slow-wave sleep (SWS). Under these conditions of decreased synaptic input and increased incidence of silent periods in the corticothalamic system the process of homeostatic plasticity up-regulated cortical cellular and network mechanisms and leaded to an increased excitability. Therefore, the deafferented cortex was able to oscillate between active and silent epochs for long periods of time and, furthermore, to develop highly synchronized activities, ranging from cellular hyperexcitability to focal epileptogenesis and generalized seizures. The kindling model was used in order to impose to the cortical network a synaptic drive superior to the one naturally occurring during the active states - wake or rapid eye movements (REM) sleep. Under these conditions a different plasticity mechanism occurring in the thalamo-cortical system imposed long-lasting oscillatory pattern between active and silent epochs, which we called outlasting activities. Independently of the mechanism of epileptogenesis seizures showed some analogous characteristics: alteration of the neuronal firing pattern with increased bursts probability, a constant tendency toward generalization, faster propagation and increased synchrony over the time, and modulation by the state of vigilance (overt during SWS and completely abolished during REM sleep). Silent, hyperpolarized, states of cortical neurons favor the induction of burst firing in response to depolarizing inputs, and the postsynaptic influence of a burst is much stronger as compared to a single spike. Furthermore, we brought evidences that a particular type of neocortical neurons - fast rhythmic bursting (FRB) class - is capable to consistently respond with bursts during the hyperpolarized phase of the slow oscillation, fact that may play a very important role in both normal brain processing and in epileptogenesis. Finally, we reported a third plastic mechanism in the cortical network following seizures - a decreasing amplitude of cortically evoked excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSP) following seizures - which may be one of the factors responsible for the behavioral deficits observed in patients with epilepsy. We conclude that incessant transitions between active and silent states in cortico-thalamic circuits induced either by disfacilitation (sleep), cortical deafferentation (4-Hz ictal episodes) and by kindling (outlasting activities) create favorable circumstances for epileptogenesis. The increase in burst-firing, which further induce abnormally strong postsynaptic excitation, shifts the balance of excitation and inhibition toward overexcitation leading to the onset of seizures.
Libouban, Hélène. "Modèles animaux d'hyper-résorption osseuse : méthodes d'étude et physiopathologie." Angers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ANGE0502.
Full textSeveral animal models, with a high bone resorption level, were studied : the orchidectomized (ORX) rat model, the 5T2MM murine myeloma model with or without ovariectomy (OVX). We have first examined reproducibility, accuracy and sensibility of several methods used to evaluate bone loss. Then, we have studied the physiopathology of high remodeling rate in these animal models. Densitometric measurements (DXA) of bone mineral content (BMC) were done in control rats. Precise and accurate BMC measurements were obtained on 3 different generations of densitometer. However, discrepancy of BMC was dependent on the net weight of the bone. BMC measurements were performed on bone of ORX rat and ORX treated with a bisphosphonate. Accuracy was not affected by a large distribution of BMC values. DXA appeared to be less sensitive than bone histomorphometry to appreciate bone loss in the ORX rat model. In the ORX rat, histomorphometry evidenced alteration of trabecular bone architecture before bone loss occured. In the 5T2MM murine myeloma model, the increase of bone resorption induced disaparition of trabecular bone and numerous cortical perforations. We have proposed a combined animal model in which OVX was performed in mice prior inoculation of 5T2MM cells. OXV induced an increase bone remodeling which was associated with an increase of tumor growth and earlier development of osteolytic lesions. This result could explain some sudden burden of indolent MM into aggressive MM in man when a modification of mode remodeling happens
Chauvette, Sylvain. "Origine des états actifs spontanés dans le néocortex pendant les oscillations du sommeil." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23499/23499.pdf.
Full textThe slow-wave sleep is composed of an alternating period of active and silence state in the thalamocortical system. The mechanisms producing the active and silence state are unknown. In order to investigate the origin of active states, we performed simultaneous intracellular recording of 2 to 4 closely located (<200μm) neurons and in a distant environment (up to 12mm). In addition, we performed simultaneous local field potentials (up to 16) recordings. These experiments were conducted on anesthetized and nonanesthetized cats. We found that Intrinsically-Bursting cells and deeply located cells have tendency to lead in the onset of the active state. We also observed a high, but similar, variability in the activation delay for closely located cells as well as for distantly located cells. In addition, we observed that the onset of silent state is much more synchronous than the onset of active state.
Clouet, Johann. "Développement de l'ingénierie tissulaire du disque intervertébral : de la physiopathologie aux modèles animaux." Nantes, 2010. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=8c0865ed-dda5-4ac1-be66-9ee5be04f8f3.
Full textLow back pain affects 80% of the population at least once during life and constitutes a public health problem for our modern industrialized societies. Usually, they are the consequences of the intervertebral disc degeneration. Currently, the knowledges about mechanisms leading to this disc degeneration are well understood and allow to define new targets to treat the origin of the intervertebral disc degeneration. The first promising results in tissue engineering of articular cartilage associated with the existence of similarities between articular cartilage and intervertebral disc allow to considered the same approach to treat the intervertebral disc. The principle of this approach is based on the use of cells associated with a biomaterial and the substitute is injected into the degenerated disc. An update of current advances in this area is achieved and the various problems encountered during the development of such projects are discussed. These include the choice of cells and scaffolds injected, the choice of appropriate culture conditions, and the choice of evaluation methods and reliable animal models
Saint, Mezard Pierre. "Physiopathologie de l'inflammation cutanée : apports des modèles expérimentaux et rôle du stress psychologique." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO1T189.
Full textMontandon, Gaspard. "Conséquences à long terme de la caféine administrée en période néonatale sur le développement du contrôle respiratoire du rat : étude des plasticités du contrôle respiratoire, de la fonction cardiovasculaire et de la régulation du sommeil." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25709/25709.pdf.
Full textMarsolais, David. "Modulation du processus inflammatoire et réparation tendineuse." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18732.
Full textTendinopathies show a high prevalence and can alter the quality of life for many years. Nevertheless, the pathophysiology of tendinopathies is not well characterized and it may explain the lack of effective treatments to accelerate tendon healing. This thesis was therefore dedicated to the study the role of potential regulators of the pathophysiological sequence following tendon trauma. In a first project we set up an experimental model of acute tendon injury where collagenase was injected into the Achilles tendon of rats. This procedure induces a classical sequence of accumulation of leukocytes where neutrophils accumulate massively 24 hours following the injection of collagenase, followed by macrophages on day 3. We also showed, in a second project, that injection of collagenase reduces the load to failure by more than 50% 3 days post trauma. Moreover, administration of diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, did not rescue tendons from that loss of mechanical strength, presumably because the anti-inflammatory effect was located in the paratenon and not in the core of the tendon where the load-resisting collagen bundles are located. In a third project we studied the role of p53, a putative regulator of the inflammatory process and extracellular matrix homeostasis, on the pathophysiological sequence following an acute tendon trauma. Transactivation inhibition of p53 reduced the accumulation of neutrophils and macrophages in the entire tendon. This anti-inflammatory effect was not associated to a rescue of the mechanical properties and even delayed the onset of healing. In view of the evidence that anti-inflammatory strategies failed to rescue tendons from functional loss, we challenged the dogma that the inflammatory process could induce non-specific damages to the tendon extracellular matrix. Intra-tendinous injection of carrageenan induced a massive accumulation of inflammatory cells. However this was neither associated to a reduction of tendons’ collagen content nor to a reduction of the load to failure. In conclusion, we identified new mediators and mechanisms of the pathophysiology of tendons. Our results challenge the concept that inflammatory cells strictly play deleterious effects following tendon trauma.
Cravezic, Aurore. "Implication des systèmes endomorphinergiques dans la physiopathologie de la dépression et de l'anxiété." Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUENR03.
Full textLes traitements actuels contre la dépression et l'anxiété, ne permettent pas, malgré leur diversité, de répondre à toutes les attentes (délai d'action trop long, échec dans 1/3 des cas, nombreux effets secondaires (nausée, vomissement, symptômes de sevrage. . . )). Pour pallier ces effets, des travaux se sont intéressés à différentes voies thérapeutiques telle que la voie des neuropeptides, parmi laquelle les systèmes opioïdergiques ont été montrés pouvoir jouer un rôle dans les troubles anxio-dépressifs. Cependant, l'utilisation des opioïdes a été très largement limitée du fait des nombreux effets adverses qu'ils induisent (dépression respiratoire, tolérance, dépendance. . . ). La découverte de deux nouveaux peptides opioïdes endogènes, l'endomorphine-1 (EM-1 : Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NH2) et l'endomorphine-2 (EM-2 : Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH2), spécifiques des récepteurs opioïdes mu, et qui sembleraient dépourvus de certains effets toxicomanogènes des morphinomimétiques, relance l'espoir de nouvelles possibilités thérapeutiques. En effet, ces deux neuropeptides ont été montrés induire des effets analgésiques, de type antidépresseur et de type anxiolytique mais qui sont de courte durée, probablement due à une dégradation enzymatique rapide de ces molécules. L'objectif de ce travail a été de tenter de contrer une déficience des transmissions endomorphinergiques, ou d'augmenter celles-ci, en inhibant leurs enzymes de dégradation. Pour ce faire nous avons développé et sélectionné, par des études de dégradation et de liaison sur les récepteurs opioïdes, des analogues des endomorphines (EMs), qui seraient dépourvus d'affinité pour les récepteurs opioïdes mu et qui présenteraient une bonne spécificité des enzymes de dégradation des EMs, et avons évalué leur pouvoir protecteur sur les effets antidépresseurs des EMs en fonction du temps, dans le test de la nage forcée. Par ailleurs, des travaux ont montré que le taux de certains peptides opioïdes était modifié chez les patients déprimés et anxieux, nous avons recherché une éventuelle déficience des EMs au cours de ces pathologies. Pour ce faire, nous avons mis au point des modèles animaux de dépression et d'anxiété, à partir desquels nous avons quantifié le taux d'EMs endogènes. Enfin, nous avons évalué l'effet d'un traitement chronique, chez des souris sélectionnées comme résignées, par un antidépresseur de référence (la fluoxétine), sur leur taux d'EMs endogènes. Les études de dégradation du peptide, de sa liaison aux récepteurs opioïdes et ses effets analgésiques (plaque chaude) nous ont permis de sélectionner deux analogues des EMs (EMDB-1 : Tyr-Pro-D-C1Phe-Phe-NH2 et EMDB-2 : Tyr-Pro-Ala-NH2), qui protégeraient à la fois l'EM-1 et l'EM-2 de la dégradation, qui ne se lieraient pas sur les récepteurs opioïdes et qui ainsi prolongeraient l'effet analgésique des EMs. Ces deux analogues prolongeraient également, jusqu'à 30 min, les effets de type antidépresseur induits par les EMs, qui ne durent que 10 et 15 min lorsqu'elles sont injectées seules. D'autre part, la quantification du taux d'EMs endogènes, chez les souris issues des deux modèles animaux, nous a permis de mettre en évidence un déficit du taux de ces deux neuropeptides chez les animaux « résignés » (la résignation étant une composante de la dépression) et chez les animaux « anxieux ». Nous avons aussi montré que le traitement chronique des souris « résignées » par de la Fluoxétine corrigerait la déficience du taux d'EMs endogènes observée chez ces animaux. L'ensemble de ces travaux montrent que les EMs pourraient constituer des marqueurs biologiques des troubles anxio-dépressifs, et que les analogues EMDB-1 et EMDB-2 pourraient être utilisés pour prolonger l'activité endogène des EMs, sans altérer leur libération naturelle par les cellules. Cette étude pourrait ouvrir la voie à de nouvelles perspectives expérimentales, basées sur une augmentation de la durée de vie ainsi que du taux des EMs endogènes, afin d'agir sur les syndromes dépressifs et anxieux, ce qui constituerait une innovation en matière thérapeutique
White, Phillip. "OBESITY-LINKED INSULIN RESISTANCE, INFLAMMATION, AND OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS : EXPLORING THE ANTI-DIABETIC POTENTIAL OF NOVEL OMEGA-3 DERIVED PRO-RESOLUTION MEDIATORS." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28884/28884.pdf.
Full textChort, Alice. "Ataxie spinocérébelleuse de type 7 : approches physiopathologique et thérapeutique." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066273.
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