Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Néocortex – Physiopathologie – Modèles animaux'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Néocortex – Physiopathologie – Modèles animaux.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Nita, Dragos Alexandru. "Incessant transitions between active and silent states in cortico-thalamic circuits and altered neuronal excitability lead to epilepsy." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19753.
Full textThe guiding line in our experiments was the hypothesis that the occurrence and / or the persistence of long-lasting fluctuations between silent and active states in the neocortical networks, together with a modified neuronal excitability are the key factors of epileptogenesis, leading to behavioral seizures. We addressed this hypothesis in two different experimental models. The chronic cortical deafferentation replicated the physiological deafferentation of the neocortex observed during slow-wave sleep (SWS). Under these conditions of decreased synaptic input and increased incidence of silent periods in the corticothalamic system the process of homeostatic plasticity up-regulated cortical cellular and network mechanisms and leaded to an increased excitability. Therefore, the deafferented cortex was able to oscillate between active and silent epochs for long periods of time and, furthermore, to develop highly synchronized activities, ranging from cellular hyperexcitability to focal epileptogenesis and generalized seizures. The kindling model was used in order to impose to the cortical network a synaptic drive superior to the one naturally occurring during the active states - wake or rapid eye movements (REM) sleep. Under these conditions a different plasticity mechanism occurring in the thalamo-cortical system imposed long-lasting oscillatory pattern between active and silent epochs, which we called outlasting activities. Independently of the mechanism of epileptogenesis seizures showed some analogous characteristics: alteration of the neuronal firing pattern with increased bursts probability, a constant tendency toward generalization, faster propagation and increased synchrony over the time, and modulation by the state of vigilance (overt during SWS and completely abolished during REM sleep). Silent, hyperpolarized, states of cortical neurons favor the induction of burst firing in response to depolarizing inputs, and the postsynaptic influence of a burst is much stronger as compared to a single spike. Furthermore, we brought evidences that a particular type of neocortical neurons - fast rhythmic bursting (FRB) class - is capable to consistently respond with bursts during the hyperpolarized phase of the slow oscillation, fact that may play a very important role in both normal brain processing and in epileptogenesis. Finally, we reported a third plastic mechanism in the cortical network following seizures - a decreasing amplitude of cortically evoked excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSP) following seizures - which may be one of the factors responsible for the behavioral deficits observed in patients with epilepsy. We conclude that incessant transitions between active and silent states in cortico-thalamic circuits induced either by disfacilitation (sleep), cortical deafferentation (4-Hz ictal episodes) and by kindling (outlasting activities) create favorable circumstances for epileptogenesis. The increase in burst-firing, which further induce abnormally strong postsynaptic excitation, shifts the balance of excitation and inhibition toward overexcitation leading to the onset of seizures.
Libouban, Hélène. "Modèles animaux d'hyper-résorption osseuse : méthodes d'étude et physiopathologie." Angers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ANGE0502.
Full textSeveral animal models, with a high bone resorption level, were studied : the orchidectomized (ORX) rat model, the 5T2MM murine myeloma model with or without ovariectomy (OVX). We have first examined reproducibility, accuracy and sensibility of several methods used to evaluate bone loss. Then, we have studied the physiopathology of high remodeling rate in these animal models. Densitometric measurements (DXA) of bone mineral content (BMC) were done in control rats. Precise and accurate BMC measurements were obtained on 3 different generations of densitometer. However, discrepancy of BMC was dependent on the net weight of the bone. BMC measurements were performed on bone of ORX rat and ORX treated with a bisphosphonate. Accuracy was not affected by a large distribution of BMC values. DXA appeared to be less sensitive than bone histomorphometry to appreciate bone loss in the ORX rat model. In the ORX rat, histomorphometry evidenced alteration of trabecular bone architecture before bone loss occured. In the 5T2MM murine myeloma model, the increase of bone resorption induced disaparition of trabecular bone and numerous cortical perforations. We have proposed a combined animal model in which OVX was performed in mice prior inoculation of 5T2MM cells. OXV induced an increase bone remodeling which was associated with an increase of tumor growth and earlier development of osteolytic lesions. This result could explain some sudden burden of indolent MM into aggressive MM in man when a modification of mode remodeling happens
Chauvette, Sylvain. "Origine des états actifs spontanés dans le néocortex pendant les oscillations du sommeil." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23499/23499.pdf.
Full textThe slow-wave sleep is composed of an alternating period of active and silence state in the thalamocortical system. The mechanisms producing the active and silence state are unknown. In order to investigate the origin of active states, we performed simultaneous intracellular recording of 2 to 4 closely located (<200μm) neurons and in a distant environment (up to 12mm). In addition, we performed simultaneous local field potentials (up to 16) recordings. These experiments were conducted on anesthetized and nonanesthetized cats. We found that Intrinsically-Bursting cells and deeply located cells have tendency to lead in the onset of the active state. We also observed a high, but similar, variability in the activation delay for closely located cells as well as for distantly located cells. In addition, we observed that the onset of silent state is much more synchronous than the onset of active state.
Clouet, Johann. "Développement de l'ingénierie tissulaire du disque intervertébral : de la physiopathologie aux modèles animaux." Nantes, 2010. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=8c0865ed-dda5-4ac1-be66-9ee5be04f8f3.
Full textLow back pain affects 80% of the population at least once during life and constitutes a public health problem for our modern industrialized societies. Usually, they are the consequences of the intervertebral disc degeneration. Currently, the knowledges about mechanisms leading to this disc degeneration are well understood and allow to define new targets to treat the origin of the intervertebral disc degeneration. The first promising results in tissue engineering of articular cartilage associated with the existence of similarities between articular cartilage and intervertebral disc allow to considered the same approach to treat the intervertebral disc. The principle of this approach is based on the use of cells associated with a biomaterial and the substitute is injected into the degenerated disc. An update of current advances in this area is achieved and the various problems encountered during the development of such projects are discussed. These include the choice of cells and scaffolds injected, the choice of appropriate culture conditions, and the choice of evaluation methods and reliable animal models
Saint, Mezard Pierre. "Physiopathologie de l'inflammation cutanée : apports des modèles expérimentaux et rôle du stress psychologique." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO1T189.
Full textMontandon, Gaspard. "Conséquences à long terme de la caféine administrée en période néonatale sur le développement du contrôle respiratoire du rat : étude des plasticités du contrôle respiratoire, de la fonction cardiovasculaire et de la régulation du sommeil." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25709/25709.pdf.
Full textMarsolais, David. "Modulation du processus inflammatoire et réparation tendineuse." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18732.
Full textTendinopathies show a high prevalence and can alter the quality of life for many years. Nevertheless, the pathophysiology of tendinopathies is not well characterized and it may explain the lack of effective treatments to accelerate tendon healing. This thesis was therefore dedicated to the study the role of potential regulators of the pathophysiological sequence following tendon trauma. In a first project we set up an experimental model of acute tendon injury where collagenase was injected into the Achilles tendon of rats. This procedure induces a classical sequence of accumulation of leukocytes where neutrophils accumulate massively 24 hours following the injection of collagenase, followed by macrophages on day 3. We also showed, in a second project, that injection of collagenase reduces the load to failure by more than 50% 3 days post trauma. Moreover, administration of diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, did not rescue tendons from that loss of mechanical strength, presumably because the anti-inflammatory effect was located in the paratenon and not in the core of the tendon where the load-resisting collagen bundles are located. In a third project we studied the role of p53, a putative regulator of the inflammatory process and extracellular matrix homeostasis, on the pathophysiological sequence following an acute tendon trauma. Transactivation inhibition of p53 reduced the accumulation of neutrophils and macrophages in the entire tendon. This anti-inflammatory effect was not associated to a rescue of the mechanical properties and even delayed the onset of healing. In view of the evidence that anti-inflammatory strategies failed to rescue tendons from functional loss, we challenged the dogma that the inflammatory process could induce non-specific damages to the tendon extracellular matrix. Intra-tendinous injection of carrageenan induced a massive accumulation of inflammatory cells. However this was neither associated to a reduction of tendons’ collagen content nor to a reduction of the load to failure. In conclusion, we identified new mediators and mechanisms of the pathophysiology of tendons. Our results challenge the concept that inflammatory cells strictly play deleterious effects following tendon trauma.
Cravezic, Aurore. "Implication des systèmes endomorphinergiques dans la physiopathologie de la dépression et de l'anxiété." Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUENR03.
Full textLes traitements actuels contre la dépression et l'anxiété, ne permettent pas, malgré leur diversité, de répondre à toutes les attentes (délai d'action trop long, échec dans 1/3 des cas, nombreux effets secondaires (nausée, vomissement, symptômes de sevrage. . . )). Pour pallier ces effets, des travaux se sont intéressés à différentes voies thérapeutiques telle que la voie des neuropeptides, parmi laquelle les systèmes opioïdergiques ont été montrés pouvoir jouer un rôle dans les troubles anxio-dépressifs. Cependant, l'utilisation des opioïdes a été très largement limitée du fait des nombreux effets adverses qu'ils induisent (dépression respiratoire, tolérance, dépendance. . . ). La découverte de deux nouveaux peptides opioïdes endogènes, l'endomorphine-1 (EM-1 : Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NH2) et l'endomorphine-2 (EM-2 : Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH2), spécifiques des récepteurs opioïdes mu, et qui sembleraient dépourvus de certains effets toxicomanogènes des morphinomimétiques, relance l'espoir de nouvelles possibilités thérapeutiques. En effet, ces deux neuropeptides ont été montrés induire des effets analgésiques, de type antidépresseur et de type anxiolytique mais qui sont de courte durée, probablement due à une dégradation enzymatique rapide de ces molécules. L'objectif de ce travail a été de tenter de contrer une déficience des transmissions endomorphinergiques, ou d'augmenter celles-ci, en inhibant leurs enzymes de dégradation. Pour ce faire nous avons développé et sélectionné, par des études de dégradation et de liaison sur les récepteurs opioïdes, des analogues des endomorphines (EMs), qui seraient dépourvus d'affinité pour les récepteurs opioïdes mu et qui présenteraient une bonne spécificité des enzymes de dégradation des EMs, et avons évalué leur pouvoir protecteur sur les effets antidépresseurs des EMs en fonction du temps, dans le test de la nage forcée. Par ailleurs, des travaux ont montré que le taux de certains peptides opioïdes était modifié chez les patients déprimés et anxieux, nous avons recherché une éventuelle déficience des EMs au cours de ces pathologies. Pour ce faire, nous avons mis au point des modèles animaux de dépression et d'anxiété, à partir desquels nous avons quantifié le taux d'EMs endogènes. Enfin, nous avons évalué l'effet d'un traitement chronique, chez des souris sélectionnées comme résignées, par un antidépresseur de référence (la fluoxétine), sur leur taux d'EMs endogènes. Les études de dégradation du peptide, de sa liaison aux récepteurs opioïdes et ses effets analgésiques (plaque chaude) nous ont permis de sélectionner deux analogues des EMs (EMDB-1 : Tyr-Pro-D-C1Phe-Phe-NH2 et EMDB-2 : Tyr-Pro-Ala-NH2), qui protégeraient à la fois l'EM-1 et l'EM-2 de la dégradation, qui ne se lieraient pas sur les récepteurs opioïdes et qui ainsi prolongeraient l'effet analgésique des EMs. Ces deux analogues prolongeraient également, jusqu'à 30 min, les effets de type antidépresseur induits par les EMs, qui ne durent que 10 et 15 min lorsqu'elles sont injectées seules. D'autre part, la quantification du taux d'EMs endogènes, chez les souris issues des deux modèles animaux, nous a permis de mettre en évidence un déficit du taux de ces deux neuropeptides chez les animaux « résignés » (la résignation étant une composante de la dépression) et chez les animaux « anxieux ». Nous avons aussi montré que le traitement chronique des souris « résignées » par de la Fluoxétine corrigerait la déficience du taux d'EMs endogènes observée chez ces animaux. L'ensemble de ces travaux montrent que les EMs pourraient constituer des marqueurs biologiques des troubles anxio-dépressifs, et que les analogues EMDB-1 et EMDB-2 pourraient être utilisés pour prolonger l'activité endogène des EMs, sans altérer leur libération naturelle par les cellules. Cette étude pourrait ouvrir la voie à de nouvelles perspectives expérimentales, basées sur une augmentation de la durée de vie ainsi que du taux des EMs endogènes, afin d'agir sur les syndromes dépressifs et anxieux, ce qui constituerait une innovation en matière thérapeutique
White, Phillip. "OBESITY-LINKED INSULIN RESISTANCE, INFLAMMATION, AND OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS : EXPLORING THE ANTI-DIABETIC POTENTIAL OF NOVEL OMEGA-3 DERIVED PRO-RESOLUTION MEDIATORS." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28884/28884.pdf.
Full textChort, Alice. "Ataxie spinocérébelleuse de type 7 : approches physiopathologique et thérapeutique." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066273.
Full textMeyer, Francisca. "Analyse des effets du blocage fonctionnel néonatal de plusieurs régions intégratives sur l’implication des neurones dopaminergiques striataux dans le phénomène d’inhibition latente." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6201.
Full textChoby, Cécile. "Rôle d'un courant sodique dans la physiopathologie artérielle." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20156.
Full textPoitelon, Yannick. "Explorations de modèles animaux et cellulaires de la maladie de Charcot-Marie-Tooth de type AR-CMT2A." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20710.
Full textBouteille, Bernard. "La trypanosomose africaine : des modèles expérimentaux à la physiopathologie et à l'approche thérapeutique de la maladie du sommeil." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO1T158.
Full textNadeau, Mélanie. "Effet de l'érythropoïétine sur la fonction endothéliale en insuffisance rénale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24393/24393.pdf.
Full textGhorayeb, Imad. "Initiation d'analogues expérimentaux de la dégénérescence striatonigrique." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR28890.
Full textL-Dopa-unresponsive parkinsonism dominates the clinical syndrome of striatonigral degeneration (SND), a severe neurodegenerative disease which is caracterized by a dual pathology affecting nigral dopaminergic neurons and striatal output neurons. Experimental models reproducing salient pathological features are needed to better understand the underlying pathophysiology of motor signs and dopa-unresponsiveness. We demonstrated the feasibility of such models in rodents as well as, and for the first time, in non-human primates. In rodents, a "double toxin-double lesion" using quinolinic acid (QA) + 6-OHDA and a "single toxin-double lesion" stereotaxic approache using MPP+ were explored, while in non-human primates systemic and sequential chronic MPTP + 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP) injections was used. In rodents, "specific" motor symptoms were induced by the combined striatal and nigral lesion that were different from those induced by a single striatal or nigral lesion. In primates, the most relevant clinical aspect is the subsequent occurence of a L-Dopa-responsive then of a L-Dopa-unresponsive parkinsonism. The latter was associated with a decreased density of dopaminoceptive medium spiny neurons of both the indirect and direct striatal outflow pathways as observed in SND. Altogether, our results clearly demonstrate that basic SND clinical and pathological features can be reproduced in rodents as well as in non-human primates. These models will be helpful for exploring new therapeutics strategies (neuroprotection, neurorestoration, deep brain stimulation) prior to clinical applications
Cordeau, Pierre Jr. "IMAGERIE IN VIVO DE LA RÉPONSE NEUROINFLAMMATOIRE : LA RÉPONSE ASTROCYTAIRE SUITE À UNE ISCHÉMIE CÉRÉBRALE." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25249/25249.pdf.
Full textFeitosa, Tajra Luis Carlos. "Évaluation de l'effet protecteur d'anticorps monoclonaux dirigés contre les β2 intégrines ou leurs ligands dans l'insuffisance rénale aiguë après ischémie-reperfusion chez le rat". Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO1T201.
Full textBioulac, Bernard. "Physiologie de quelques territoires néocorticaux, pendant le mouvement chez le primate subhumain : déafférentation, cérébellectomie, lésions du système dopaminergique nigro-néostriatal." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2E073.
Full textBourgoin, Frédéric. "Caractérisation de l'association entre les effets vasculaires et métaboliques de l'insuline chez des rats insulino-résistants et ayant un surplus de poids." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23506/23506.pdf.
Full textInsulin resistance (IR) plays a role in the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. This study was initiated to characterize vascular and metabolic dysregulations in a rat model with IR fed a high fat high sucrose diet (HFHS). Insulin sensitivity, endothelial function and eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) gene expression were studied. The results indiquate that the HFHS diet induce an alteration of the vasodilation associated with a reduction of eNOS protein expression in skeletal muscles and thoracic aorta. Also, a reduction of NO (nitric oxide) bioavailability was observed, linked with an augmentation of nitrotyrosine and endothelin. This study show that eNOS is crucial in the development of metabolic and vascular diseases and that there is a geneenvironnement interaction in NO regulation.
D'Amours, Martin. "Interactions des facteurs endothéliaux dans la sysfonction endothéliale en insuffisance rénale chronique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19022.
Full textEl-Mounajjed, Hoda. "Changements physiopathologiques et moléculaires suite au retrait du NTBC des souris du modèle murin de la tyrosinémie héréditaire de type 1." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29234/29234.pdf.
Full textPlé, Coline. "Rôle des cellules Natural Killer dans l'asthme allergique." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00473006.
Full textRoy, Vincent. "Changements physiopathologiques et moléculaires lors de la dysfonction hépatique dans un modèle murin de la tyrosinémie héréditaire de type 1." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26284.
Full textHereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH), the last enzyme of the tyrosine catabolic pathway. This severe metabolic disease is mainly caracterized by liver and kidney dysfuntion, due to the accumulation of toxic metabolites. Moreover, injuries inflicted on the liver could lead to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Actually, the only treatment is a daily intake of NTBC combined with a restrictive diet low in tyrosine and phenylalanine. While this treatment increases the life expectancy of patients, the risk of developing HCC remains. The general objectives of this work are to determine the pathophysiological changes of the HT1 phenotype and the molecular mechanisms involved in cell transformation and progression of liver dysfunction in a mouse model. fah-/- mice were subjected to NTBC withdrawal to investigate the signaling pathways involved in various stages of the disease. The interruption of NTBC induced a degeneration of general physiological conditions. Histological analysis revealed a distortion of the liver’s morphology with hepatocellular lesions, inflammation and steatotic nodules. Western blotting results have shown a chronic and progressive modulation of signaling pathways related to cell survival and proliferation in response to stress. At this point, no cancer has been diagnosed, but a significant activation of the endoplasmic reticulum signaling pathways has been demonstrated during the progression of TH1. This modulation may play a central role in the degeneration of liver cells by creating a microenvironment suitable for future HCC growth and invasion.
Roch, Catherine. "Etudes par imagerie de l'évolution des modifications pathologiques pour la compréhension de la physiopathologie du modèle lithium-pilocarpine d'épilepsie du lobe temporal." Strasbourg 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13193.
Full textThe study of the physiopathology of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is still debated. In fact, there is no clear response to questions like: (1) is hippocampal sclerosis the cause or the consequence of epilepsy? (2) why does only a part of the population develop epilepsy after an initial precipitating injury? The lithium-pilocarpine (li-pilo) model in the rat is a well-studied model of TLE which reproduces most clinical, and neuropathological features of human TLE. Moreover, the consequences of status epilepticus induced by li-pilo are age-dependent. We used various imaging techniques (magnetic resonance imaging, autoradiography and single-photon emission computed tomography) to study the evolution of pathological modifications that lead to epilepsy after status epilepticus induced by li-pilo in adult and developing rats. Our results suggest that status epilepticus induced by the li-pilo will cause modifications of metabolism, cerebral blood flow as well as very early damage in the thalamus and the piriform and entorhinal cortices. Furthermore, the cortical alterations are predictive of epileptic outcome. These alterations are mainly the result of an excitotoxic mechanism and characterize the initial step of epileptogenesis. The thalamus, which is also activated early and intensively (enough to provoke a blood-brain barrier breakdown), could be a synchronizer of epileptic activities. The hippocampal sclerosis seems to be the consequence of cortical alterations and progressively worsens. Although it is sclerosed, the hippocampus is strongly activated during the chronic phase of epilepsy showing its key role in the epileptic circuit
Nicolescu-Catargi, Bogdan. "Resténose après angioplastie dans trois modèles de rats diabétiques et chez le rat normoglycémique." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR28918.
Full textAtheosclerotic stenosis and its ischemic complications lead to the need for arterial reconstruction. However, restenosis after baloon angioplasty that results from both intimal hyperplasia and arterial remodeling lead to restenosis, especially in the setting of diabetes mellitus. Therefore the study of restenosis in diabetes (a major cardiovascular risk factor) is of importance. However the ideal animal model to study restenosis on one hand and the animal model that mimics type 2 diabetes in humans on the other hand are still lacking. Furthermore, many of the potential mechanisms promoting restenosis in diabetic patients are related to elevated glucose or insulin levels, or both, but most of them are hypothetical. We have studied the rat carotid artery subjected to balloon injury in three models of diabetic rats (streptozotocin, streptozotocin treated with insulin and Goto-Kakizaki (GK), a genetic model of type 2 diabetes) in comparison of normal, normoglycemic rats. Arterial restenosis after balloon angioplasty was the highest in the GK rats. Intimal hyperplasia played the main role in the lumen loss after angioplasty together with the enhanced expression of TGF and fibronectin, whereas arterial remodeling was the main mechanism in the other models and in the normal rat. We further confirmed the implication of the adventitial layer in neointimal formation. Finally, we have shown that cell proliferation in the adventitial layer was the highest in the GK rat and that adventitial proliferation is supplied by an adventitial angiogenesis. We further found a close correlation between the intimal hyperplasia area and angiogenesis indexes in the adventitia layer. Accordingly, we have found enhanced expressions of HIF-1α (Hypoxia Inducible Factor) and VEGF (Vascular Endothelial growth Factor) suggesting a majpr role of hypoxia in arterial healing and restenosis after restenosis in the GK rat. In conclusion we have shown that intimal hyperplasia is the main mechanism of restenosis in a genetic model of type 2 diabetes, in accordance with most of clinical studies. We suggest a direct implication of the adventitial layer supplied by angiogenesis in restenosis. Even if causality is not established by our study, we suggest the use of recombinant VEGF with caution for revascularisation in the setting of diabetes, since the intimal hyperplasia may be enhanced
Froger, Nicolas. "Caractérisation des phénotypes sérotoninergique et corticotrope chez des lignées de souris mutantes considérées comme modèles pour l'étude de la physiopathologie de la dépression." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066537.
Full textBarros, Vidal Luis. "Evaluation non-invasive des cytolyses hépatiques chez le mouton." Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT004A.
Full textVantelon, Nadine. "Effet d'une acidose lactique sur la phase d'initiation de la synthèse protéique dans des primocultures d'astrocytes de rats." Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT1801.
Full textOuellet, Mélissa. "La barrière hémato-encéphalique, les transporteurs ABC et la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25310/25310.pdf.
Full textBitoun, Samuel. "Mise au point de modèles animaux pour étudier la physiopathologie de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde et le rôle du méthotrexate dans la tolérisation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS174.
Full textTitle : Development of new animal models to study the pathophysiology of RA and the role of methotrexate-induced tolerance.Keywords : Rheumatoid arthritis, shared epitope, ACPA, immunogenicity, methotrexate, TNF inhibitorsAbstract: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease (AID) where antibodies directed against citrullinated peptides (ACPA) are highly specific for the diagnosis. One of the key treatments of RA is methotrexate. It has an action on both the disease and reinforces the effect of second line TNF inhibitors (TNFi). MTX might act via prevention of anti-drug antibodies (ADAb) directed against TNFi that are implicated in loss of efficacy of TNFi. We have developed a macaque model to recapitulate the human disease by immunization with citrullinated peptides in the context of a genetic factor favoring RA: the shared epitope on the HLA. Immunization of macaques with citrullinated peptides and intra-articular boost cause an anti-citrulline T and B cell response and a chronic monoarthritis.The role of MTX-induced tolerance against TNFI has been studied in autoimmune BAFF transgenic (tg) mice using MTX just before treatment with TNFi we were able to prevent ADAb formation in BAFFtg mice and not wild type mice or macaques. We identified that BAFFtg mice expressed elevated CD73 leading to more adenosine and regulatory B cells as actors in MTX-induced tolerance. This MTX-BAFF interaction was further confirmed in humans in the ABIRISK cohort where MTX was more efficient to prevent ADAb formation in RA patients with elevated BAFF levels.Setting up two new animal models allows better understanding of RA pathophysiology and better use of biologics that extend to other domains of medicine
Taillon, Patrick. "Étude du rôle du TGF-ß1 dans la pathogenèse de l'hypertension artérielle et de l'insuffisance rénale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24432/24432.pdf.
Full textHypertension in chronic renal failure (CRF) is associated with endothelial dysfunction, which is characterized by exaggerated production of vasoconstrictors such as endothelin-1 (ET-1) and angiotensin II (Ang II) and a reduction in vasodilators such as nitric oxide (NO). Endothelial dysfunction could lead to TGF-β1 overproduction, a cytokine with pro-fibrotic and hypertrophic properties. Our studies aimed at elucidating the interactions between the endothelium-derived factors in CRF. In a first study, we investigated the role of ET-1 in the rat remnant kidney model of CRF, using the ETA receptor antagonist ABT-627. One week after renal mass reduction, uremic rats receiving ABT-627 were compared with untreated uremic rats and sham-operated rats, during 6 weeks. At the end of the study, systolic blood pressure was elevated in uremic rats as compared to sham-operated animals. Uremic animals showed increased serum creatinine, proteinuria, ET-1 and TGF-β1 urinary excretion and renal TGF-β1 mRNA expression. In addition, ET-1 and TGF-β1 expression was increased in the vascular endothelium of thoracic aorta of uremic animals. However, ETB mRNA expression was reduced in the renal cortex of uremic animals. The renal histological damages were comprised of glomerulosclerosis, tubular necrosis and interstitial fibrosis, which was associated with increased alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression. Treatment with ABT-627 attenuated the rise in systolic blood pressure and the renal damages, but did not prevent the progressive decline in renal function, the ET-1 and TGF-β1 overproduction nor the reduction in ETB receptor expression. Our results show that ET-1 is involved, at least in part, in the pathogenesis of hypertension and the renal injuries in uremic rats. However, ETA receptor blockade does not confer the anticipated cardiovascular and renal protection, suggesting the implication of other factors such as TGF-β1 and Ang II in this animal model of CRF. In a second study, we evaluated the involvement of TGF-β1 in the pathogenesis of hypertension associated with renal insufficiency, in the same animal model. We compared the effects of the TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody 1D11 and the Ang II AT1 receptor antagonist losartan. At the end of the study, systolic blood pressure was increased in uremic animals as compared to the controls. Uremic animals presented a significant increase in serum creatinin, proteinuria, expression of ET-1 in the vascular endothelium of thoracic aorta and renal cortex production of TGF-β1, as well as a reduction in creatinine clearance. They also showed obvious signs of cardiac hypertrophy. Treatment with the 1D11 antibody reduced the rise in systolic blood pressure without preventing the decline in renal function and cardiac hypertrophy nor the vascular ET-1 and renal TGF-β1 overexpression. In contrast, treatment with losartan normalized systolic blood pressure and proteinuria, prevented the cardiac hypertrophy and attenuated the vascular and renal ET-1 and TGF-β1 overexpression. Therefore, neutralization of TGF-β1 attenuates the rise in systolic blood pressure in uremic animal, without preventing the deterioration of renal function or the vascular and renal overexpression of ET-1 and TGF-β1. Based on these studies, the development of hypertension associated with the renal insufficiency in this experimental model is likely attributed to Ang II. The effects of Ang II may be mediated by ET-1 and TGF-β1, which appears to act in an independent manner.
Gingras, Marie. "Application du génie tissulaire à l'étude du système nerveux périphérique sensoriel et moteur." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24182/24182.pdf.
Full textVignes, Jean Rodolphe. "Mécanismes physiopathologiques centraux associés à l'hyperactivité vésicale dans un modèle de rat EAE et contrôle par stimulation des racines sacrées." Bordeaux 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR21181.
Full textDeseases of the central nervous, as multiple sclerosis, can induce detrusor-sphincter troubles which represent severe disability in Human. Pathophysiologic mechanisms of this troubles are not fully understood, but it is now possible to propose chronic sacral stimulation to decrease bladder overactivity. We used a model of Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced in the rat. We have characterized two bladder states, detrusor hyperreflexia (DH) and detrusor areflexia (DA). We have determined the characteristics, neuronal pathways and pharmacology of DH. We have shown that DA is associated with over-inhibition, that we have identified in the spinal dorsal horne. Finally, sacral afferent electric stimulation activated an inhibitory pathway in the EAE model, and in a model of pain (bladder inflammation)
Marque, Valérie. "Détermination des propriétés élastiques de la paroi aortique dans différents modèles physiopathologiques murins : méthodologie, étiologie et implications thérapeutiques." Nancy 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN12003.
Full textBézard, Erwan. "Approche dynamique de la physiopathologie de la maladie de Parkinson : étude des phénomènes compensatoires glutamatergiques dans un modèle évolutif chez la souris et le primate traités au MPTP." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR28597.
Full textLeuxe, Charlotte. "Dérivés puriques et physiopathologie de la maladie d’Alzheimer." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS080.
Full textAlzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, appears to be associated with an increase in a particular form of β-amyloid deposits, intracellular Tau tangles and neuronal degeneration. Through many available transgenic AD models, knowledge about amyloid peptides and Tau protein continues to increase. However, in contrast to the genetic cases of AD, the etiology of sporadic AD cases remains unknown, making the establishment of an effective therapeutic strategy difficult.During the course of a study on the role of protein kinase involved in AD, our collaborators made an unexpected but very interesting observation. They identified a low molecular weight compound able to induce production of Aβ1-42 while the level of the much less toxic form Aβ1-40 remained constant. This selective induction of Aβ1-42 versus Aβ1-40 was observed in a cell line model. Therefore, the overall goal of the project thesis was based on the use of purine derivative (PD1) to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the selective production of Aβ1-42. This would allow us to establish cellular assays and a chemically-induced animal AD model relevant to studies on the treatment and prevention of AD.The first part of this project allowed us to demonstrate in vitro that PD1, at high dose, repeatedly induced an increase in Aβ42/40 ratio in primary neurons and in neuronal hippocampal slice culture (OHSCs). Based on these facts, we analyzed the amyloid profile by focusing on APP metabolism and on glial cell activity. In contrary to our hypothesis, we highlighted whether PD1 exhibits potential anti-inflammatory properties (i.e. IL-1β) both in vitro and in vivo. The IL-1β pathway is more and more linked in the AD pathogen which leads us to consider that PD1 could have a dual effect : alzheimerogenic pharmacological tool or potential drug candidate for the treatment of AD ?
Lalancette, Hébert Mélanie. "Le rôle des microglies et de l'inflammation dans l'ischémie cérébrale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27230/27230.pdf.
Full textAlbat, Bernard. "Etude comparative des substances cardioprotectrices sur la répose hémodynamique à l'effort de chiens en insuffisance cardiaque ischémique." Montpellier 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON1T035.
Full textFreitas, Maria Regina de. "Mécanismes de la vasomotricité dans les artères de rats hypertendus de souche lyonnaise : rôle de l'endothélium, du calcium et des phosphorylations." Strasbourg 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR14309.
Full textThis study, the vascular response on the aorta and small mesenteric arteries (sma) of hypertensive rat from lyon (lh), and their normortensive control (ln), demonstrate a functional heterogeneity between both arteries, and between both strains, relates to the modulating function of the endothelium and on the mechanisms of the transduction of signal leading to contraction of the smooth muscle cells. In lh aorta, endotheliale modulation of the vascular responses implies a reduction of no contribution and a participation of a relaxing factor derived of cox-1. In the sma, from two strains, simultaneous intervention of no and edhf is necessary to acetylcholine-relaxation. In the smooth muscles cells of two arteries from two strains, phenylephrine (pe) increases the cpi-17 levels (an inhibitor protein of the myosin phosphatase. In lh, expression of this protein is enhanced in two arteries. The contractile responses induced by ca2+ in the vessels expose to pe are enhanced in sma but not in the aorta from lh. In the sma from lh, the expression of rho-kinase and sensitisation to ca2+ induced by agonist are increased. In the aorta from lh, rho-kinase, pkc and map kinase seem to be implie in the contraction. These modifications observed in an artery of resistance, directly implicated in the control of arterial pressure, and in aorta, a conductance artery, important on cardiac work can intervene in the physiopathology of hypertension in the lh
Boraud, Thomas. "Physiopathologie des dyskinésies induites par les traitements dopaminergiques : approche électrophysiologique chez le singe traité au MPTP." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR2M014.
Full textBody, Simon. "Physiopathologie du lymphome à cellules du manteau : de la mécanistique aux modèles précliniques." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC419/document.
Full textMantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a mature malignant hemopathy, belonging to the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma family. The MCL is characterized by the translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) which causes an aberrant expression of cyclin D1. It is a rare disease but at high risk of relapse, and it is most often incurable due to the appearance of chemoresistant clones. The acquisition of resistance is intimately linked to the interactions between the tumor cells and their microenvironment. In order to mimic, in the most relevant way, these interactions, we have implemented a mouse xenograft model using the MCL cell lines JeKo1, REC1, Z138 and Granta-519 which we have modified so that they express a fluorophore (GFP or m-cherry) and / or the gene encoding the luciferase. After injection to the mice of the luciferase substrate, luciferin, we are able to follow over time the tumor progression. We can also assess the degree of tumor infiltration in bone marrow, spleen, brain and blood after euthanasia of animals, by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. This model allowed us to show the therapeutic interest of an inhibitor of exportin 1 (XPO1): the KPT 330 (or selinexor) which is able to contain cyclin D1 only on the nuclear level. We have shown that the subcellular localization of cyclin D1 is mainly cytoplasmic in some LCM (2/7) cell lines and in a number of patients (6/42, 14%), and is associated with a high potential Invasion, migration and an aggressive phenotype. Moreover, thanks to this model, we have been able to objectify the in vivo lack of efficacy of agonists to β-type estrogen receptors (ER β). These receptors, present on B lymphocytes, were thought to inhibit cell proliferation and cause cell death by apoptosis. The use of two ER β agonists, diarylpropionitrile (DPN) and ERB-041 showed an absence of effect of these molecules, when the tumor cells are in contact with their microenvironment. On the other hand, in order to better understand the mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapies, we studied the resistance of the REC-1 cell line treated with genotoxic agents. We have shown that this line has an abnormality of cyclin D1 degradation associated with decreased activity of the 26S proteasome. Finally, we have shown in preliminary work that the fused in sarcoma protein (FUS) could, when associated with cyclin D1, be able to regulate the repair pathways of DNA damage. Abnormalities of these pathways induce a great genetic instability responsible for the escape of tumors to treatments, the targeting of FUS could therefore be of therapeutic interest.Taken as a whole, these results reinforce or invalidate the interest of certain therapeutic targets in the hope of continuing to improve the management of patients. They also provide a tool for evaluating new molecules in a murine model that takes into account the interactions between the tumor cell and its microenvironment
Filliol, Aveline. "Etude de l’hépatolyse induite par les cellules immunitaires dans des modèles murins d’hépatites : rôles des protéines RIPK1 et PARP1/2." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1B051/document.
Full textHepatocyte death is a starting point of liver disease progression by promoting inflammatory and regenerative processes. These events are beneficial at the beginning of the pathology for the restoration of hepatic homeostasis. However when they are unregulated, they lead to the development of fibrosis, cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, it is important to study the signaling pathways leading to the hepatocyte death as their inhibition is a potential therapeutic approach to reduce liver diseases progression. Innate and acquired immune cells play key roles in the induction or amplification of hepatolysis, mainly mediated by expression and release of death ligands belonging to the TNF-superfamily including TNF-α, FasL and TRAIL. Some studies had already suggested the role of RIPK1 and PARP1/2 proteins in the induction of hepatocyte death during hepatitis induced by Concanavalin A (ConA) in mice. Through chemical and genetic approaches, we studied the role of these proteins in the hepatocyte death process during hepatitis. First, we were interested in the dual role of RIPK1 protein that controls the cell fate by promotingsurvival or death. By blocking its kinase activity, we confirme its role in the induction of liver injury induced by ConA. However, using specific conditional mice deficient in RIPK1 only in liver parenchymal cells (LPC) (Ripk1LPC-KO), we reveale its necessary function in the protection of hepatocyte during hepatitis. These works demonstrate that deletion of RIPK1 sensitizes hepatocytes to TNF-α-induced apoptosis by TRAF2 destabilization. Thus RIPK1 plays a key role in the protection of hepatocytes during hepatitis induced by ConA, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), DNA-CpG, or recombinant IFN-γ and TRAIL co-administration. In addition, we demonstrate that RIPK1 partially protects from hepatitis and hepatocyte death induced by the activation of Fas. Finally, we showe that PARP2 deficiency leads to a systemic decrease of the number of the invariant NKT-subpopulation of lymphocytes, including in the liver, which prevente hepatocyte death during ConA hepatitis. To conclude, this work helps to clarify the roles of RIPK1 and PARP2 during acute hepatitis. The ability of RIPK1 to control hepatocyte death and survival suggests its involvement during chronic hepatitis and opens the door to its investigation into human liver diseases
Boa, Olivier. "Analyse in vivo du remodelage à long terme de la peau reconstruite endothélialisée et de son réseau vasculaire et étude in vitro de la pseudo-vasculogénèse lors du développement tumoral au sein de la peau reconstruite endothélialisée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24705/24705.pdf.
Full textPlante, Julie. "Localisation des sites d'expression de la 17 beta hydroxystéroïde déshydrogénase type 2 et du récepteur des andorgènes dans les poumons fœtaux de souris aux jours 15.5 à 17.5 de la gestation." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20177.
Full textChavant, François. "Inhibition pharmacologique du TNF-alfa dans des modèles expérimentaux de la maladie d'Alzheimer : prévention des déficits mnésiques et de la neurotoxicité amyloïde." Poitiers, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010POIT1801.
Full textPain, Stéphanie. "Neurotoxicité du 1-méthyl-4-phénylpyridinium (MPP+) après injection intranigrale chez le rat : évaluation de l'altération de la voie dopaminergique nigrostriée." Poitiers, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001POIT1802.
Full textDequen, Florence. "Filaments intermédiaires neuronaux et maladies neurodégénératives : caractérisation de nouveaux modèles de souris transgéniques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26415/26415.pdf.
Full textBurbaud, Pierre. "Role du noyau sous-thalamique dans la physiopathologie de la maladie de Parkinson : étude d'un modèle expérimental chez le rat." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR23069.
Full textTherrien, Frédérick. "Facteurs endothéliaux et cytokines dans la pathogenèse de l'hypertension artérielle et de l'insuffisance rénale chronique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26762/26762.pdf.
Full text