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1
Suryatman, Nfn, Budianto Hakim, Nfn Fakhri, Andi Muhammad Saiful, and Nfn Hasliana. "Prehistoric Occupation at Sakkarra Site as Early Metal Phase Tradition and Neolithic Culture Along the Karama Drainage, West Sulawesi." Kapata Arkeologi 14, no. 2 (2018): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/kapata.v14i2.515.
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Situs Lembah Karama adalah kawasan hunian prasejarah, yang mengandung banyak data arkeologis untuk mengungkap sejarah kedatangan dan perkembangan budaya penutur Austronesia di Sulawesi. Mereka bermukim di sepanjang Lembah Karama sejak 3.800 tahun yang lalu, terus bertahan dan menyebar untuk mengembangkan pengetahuan logam ke daerah lain, baik hilir dan pedalaman Sulawesi. Lapisan budaya in situ ditemukan pada penggalian tahun 2014 dengan penanggalan sekitar 172 cal BCE hingga 55 CE. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menjelaskan budaya fase logam awal di Situs Sakkarra berdasarkan data penelitian terkini. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif untuk menganalisis lapisan budaya berdasarkan pengamatan stratigrafi, konteks, dan temuan artefak dari beberapa data ekskavasi yang dilakukan pada tahun 2014, 2016 dan 2017. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada indikasi hunian yang lebih tua, yaitu fase Neolitik, hingga berlanjut ke fase logam awal di Sakkarra. Namun, periode ini tidak berlangsung lama, sebelum akhirnya memasuki tahap hunian intensif 2.000 tahun yang lalu. Tradisi budaya neolitik belum menghilang dan masih melekat dalam tatanan budaya mereka ketika pengetahuan logam mulai hadir di kawasan Lembah Karama. Kesinambungan budaya tercermin dalam pemeliharaan tradisi teknologi Neolitik seperti pembuatan tembikar dan alat-alat batu yang diupam. Lapisan budaya di Situs Sakkara menunjukkan adanya hunian penutur Austronesia yang berlanjut dari fase Neolitik ke fase logam awal di Lembah Karama. Bahkan mereka secara aktif terlibat dalam interaksi perdagangan yang telah terjalin di antara pulau-pulau di Asia Tenggara pada waktu itu.The Karama drainage region is a prehistoric occupation site, which contains many archaeological data to uncover the history of the arrival and development of the Austronesian-speakers culture in Sulawesi. They have occupied along the Karama drainage since 3,800 years ago, continue to persist and spread to develop of metal knowledge to other areas, both downstream and inland Sulawesi. The in situ cultural layers found on excavations of 2014 with dating around 172 cal BCE to 55 CE. The aim of the study is described of early metal phase culture in Sakkarra Site based on the latest research data. This study used qualitative methods to analyses of cultural layers based on stratigraphic observations, contexts, and artifact findings from several data of excavation conducted in 2014, 2016 and 2017. The research result shows there is an indication of older occupation, which is the Neolithic phase, continued unabated into the Early Metal Phase at Sakkarra. However, this period does not last long, before finally entering the stage of intensive occupancy by 2,000 years ago. Neolithic cultural traditions have not disappeared and still inherent in their cultural order when metal knowledge begins to present in Karama Drainage. Cultural continuity is reflected in the maintenance of Neolithic technological traditions such as the manufacture of earthenware pottery and polished stone tools. The cultural layer in Sakkara Site indicates the existence of Austronesian speakers' occupation that continues from the Neolithic phase to the initial metal phase in Karama Drainage. Even they are actively involved in the shipping and trade that had intertwined among the islands in Southeast Asia at that time.
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Kulkova, M., T. Gusentzova, E. Nesterov, P. Sorokin, and T. Sapelko. "Chronology of Neolithic-Early Metal Age Sites at the Okhta River Mouth (Saint Petersburg, Russia)." Radiocarbon 54, no. 3-4 (2012): 1049–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200047664.
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The unique archaeological monument of Okhta 1 (Neolithic-Early Metal Age) was excavated in 2008 in central Saint Petersburg (Russia). Radiocarbon and wiggle-match dating of organic materials and artifacts (charcoal wood samples and ceramic food crusts) from lithological and cultural layers helped to determine the main stages of cultural-historical processes and paleogeographical events in the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea bay during the Holocene. Humans occupied the Okhta Cape from 4200–3600 cal BC, after the Littorina Sea regression. Prehistoric people of the Middle-Late Neolithic, identified by their characteristic Pit Combed Ware ceramics, used this territory for fishing and hunting. The wood pile constructions used for fishing in 3500 cal BC were built on the coast and in river channels. From 3200–3000 cal BC, settlements and burials appeared of the Late Neolithic-Early Metal Age. The strategic geographical position of this territory was favorable for trade activity, fishing, and hunting, and shaped important interactions for different cultural groups.
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Dolfini, Andrea. "The Emergence of Metallurgy in the Central Mediterranean Region: A New Model." European Journal of Archaeology 16, no. 1 (2013): 21–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957112y.0000000023.
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This study seeks to discuss the origins and early spread of metal technology in the central Mediterranean region. Neolithic and Copper Age evidence of metal-working and metal-using is first reviewed. It is claimed in particular that copper tools were first used, and probably also made, south of the Alps in the late Neolithic, and that complex polymetallic metallurgy developed in the early Copper Age after a short-lived intensification phase in the final Neolithic. In the second section, current models explaining the emergence of metallurgy in this region are then discussed, and a new proposal is put forward. This claims that metal technology, coming from eastern Europe, was imported into the whole of the east-central alpine region in the third quarter of the fifth millennium BC. Thence, it would have swiftly spread throughout northern Italy, central Italy, and Sardinia, and would have reached Corsica, southern Italy, and Sicily somewhat later. Finally, it is argued that the Copper Age metalworking communities dwelling in the western part of the central Mediterranean, and especially those located in west-central Italy, would have played a key role in transmitting knowledge of extractive metallurgy further west in the late fourth millennium BC.
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Stavitsky, V. V. "DISCUSSION OF THE «NEW ENEOLITHIC» CENTURY IN THE FOREST-STEPPE DON REGION." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 2, no. 3 (2020): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2020-2-3-96-102.
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The article is devoted to the discussion of the processes of interaction between the population of Neolithic and Eneolithic cultures in the Upper and Middle Don basin. A.T. Sinyuk considered these processes within the framework of «Neolithic survival», A.M. Skorobogatov and A.V. Surkov propose to single them out into a special Neo-Eneolithic stage. The use of the new term does not solve the problem and does not contribute to a better understanding of the situation. There are no metal finds on the settlements of Don forest-steppe area, and the studied burials are few. The topography of the Sredny Stog settlements does not differ from the location of local Neolithic sites. The osteological materials from the Upper Don settlements named Vasilyevsky cordon 17 and 27 indicate that the leading place in the Eneolithic economy was occupied by hunting and fishing. And at the Middle Don settlement of Cherkasskaya 5 domestic animals were known already in the Neolithic Age. The layers with Sredny Stog`s pottery are usually found on the same monuments as Neolithic materials. A prerequisite for the conflict-free coexistence of different groups within a limited area is their orientation towards different sources of food, connected with the development of different natural and economic resources. There were no conditions for the parallel development of the population with different economic and social patterns in the Don region. Migrants and aborigines came into close contact with each other, which was reflected in the emergence of hybrid ceramic materials. The processes described above represent a particular case of transition from the stone age to the metal age, the content of which fully corresponds to the definition of Eneolithic.
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Frieman, Catherine J. "Flint Daggers, Copper Daggers, and Technological Innovation in Late Neolithic Scandinavia." European Journal of Archaeology 15, no. 3 (2012): 440–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957112y.0000000014.
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This article seeks to clarify the reason for the flourishing of daggers during the first millennia of metal use in Europe. Flint daggers, usually characterized as direct copies of contemporary metal blades, circulated widely from around 4000 cal BC to 1500 cal BC in different parts of Europe. Among the best studied and most well-known flint dagger varieties are the early second millennium cal BC fishtail-handled varieties made in southern Scandinavia which are universally described as skeuomorphs of Central European metal-hilted daggers. In this paper, their putative skeuomorphism is re-evaluated through a close technological and contextual analysis, and a new way of conceiving of the relationship between fishtail flint daggers and metal-hilted daggers is proposed. Like most of the other widely circulating flint dagger types in Neolithic Europe, fishtail and metal-hilted daggers are produced through the application of specialized/standardized production processes and demonstrate a desire to cultivate special and perhaps circumscribed technologies on the part of the people who made and used them. This shared technological background is identified as the root of the ‘dagger idea’ which emerges in Europe at this period. Daggers, in any material, are identified as ‘boundary objects’ – things which bridge social boundaries, allowing people with different backgrounds to recognize similar values and ways of life in each other's cultures and which, consequently, facilitate communication and exchange, in this case of metal and of the technological concepts which were part of its adoption.
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Nørgaard, Heide W., Ernst Pernicka, and Helle Vandkilde. "Shifting networks and mixing metals: Changing metal trade routes to Scandinavia correlate with Neolithic and Bronze Age transformations." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (2021): e0252376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252376.
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Based on 550 metal analyses, this study sheds decisive light on how the Nordic Bronze Age was founded on metal imports from shifting ore sources associated with altered trade routes. On-and-off presence of copper characterised the Neolithic. At 2100–2000 BC, a continuous rise in the flow of metals to southern Scandinavia begins. First to arrive via the central German Únětician hubs was high-impurity metal from the Austrian Inn Valley and Slovakia; this was complemented by high-tin British metal, enabling early local production of tin bronzes. Increased metal use locally fuelled the leadership competitions visible in the metal-led material culture. The Únětice downfall c.1600 BC resulted for a short period in a raw materials shortage, visible in the reuse of existing stocks, but stimulated direct Nordic access to the Carpathian basin. This new access expedited innovations in metalwork with reliance on chalcopyrite from Slovakia, as well as opening new sources in the eastern Alps, along an eastern route that also conveyed Baltic amber as far as the Aegean. British metal plays a central role during this period. Finally, from c.1500 BC, when British copper imports ceased, the predominance of novel northern Italian copper coincides with the full establishment of the NBA and highlights a western route, connecting the NBA with the southern German Tumulus culture and the first transalpine amber traffic.
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Pääkkönen, Mirva, Elisabeth Holmqvist, Auli Bläuer, Richard P. Evershed, and Henrik Asplund. "Diverse Economic Patterns in the North Baltic Sea Region in the Late Neolithic and Early Metal Periods." European Journal of Archaeology 23, no. 1 (2019): 4–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2019.39.
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Over 120 prehistoric pottery sherds from mainland Finland and the Åland Islands in the north Baltic region were studied for their organic residue content. Preserved fat residues found in these vessels indicated that the food procurement pattern was broad during the Neolithic and Early Metal periods. Based on previous research and these results, it appears that animal husbandry came to Finland with the Corded Ware culture. Groups using the succeeding Late Neolithic Kiukainen Ware did not, however, practice animal husbandry to any great extent, as there is an indication of dairy fats in only a single sherd. In general, even after dairy farming arrived in the area, prehistoric groups in southern and south-western Finland continued or returned to a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. During the Early Metal period, animal husbandry increased in importance among the groups living in the area, and the level of dairying then intensified.
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Vasilyeva, Tatjana Anatolyevna. "The beginning of the «early metal age» in Karelia: materials and research." Samara Journal of Science 8, no. 2 (2019): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201982206.
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The paper presents the results of the archaeological study of the transition stage from the stone age to the early metal age. On the territory of Karelia, this period is represented by cultures of comb-pit and rhomb-pit ceramics. The development of neolithic cultures is controversial. The objective of the study is to present materials and research. Special attention is paid to the monuments with rhomb-pit ceramics and signs of acquaintance of the population with metal. The sources are increased, the analysis of materials is carried out, the main provisions in the development of cultural processes are rethought. Ceramics is the first artificial material. Ceramics ornamentation is the main cultural-defining marker in the study of ancient cultures. According to morpho-typological features, rhomb-pit ceramics is similar to ceramics with a pit-comb ornamentation system. The author of the paper refers the monuments with rhomb-pit ceramics to the transition stage from the Neolithic to the Eneolithic. The researcher focuses on the features of the development of ancient pottery in the IV - early III mil BC.
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Mosin, Vadim Sergeevich, and Ekaterina Sergeevna Yakovleva. "Neolithic complex of Kedroviy mys-1 site." Samara Journal of Science 5, no. 2 (2016): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv20162202.
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The paper contains the preliminary study results of multilayer site Kedroviy mys-1 on Lake Small Miassovo in the Southern Trans-Urals. The site which is a non-durable habitat of ancient population is fully investigated. No construction is revealed, but approximate contours of dwellings, probably of easy construction type of tepee with no trace were found by a planigraphy method. In the complex of finds which represents the era of stone and metal a group of artifacts of the Neolithic period in the history was found, the cultural identity and the relative chronology of the complex were established. Vessels of kozlovskaya, poludenskaya and boborykinskaya traditions were reconstructed, hence new data have been added to the complex of sources of the accumulated materials of Trans-Ural Neolithic, as it remains an urgent task for the Southern Trans-Urals, more sparsely represented by ceramics, and especially archaeologically intact vessels, compared with adjacent territories. The authors consider some methodological aspects of field research related to an attempt to highlight the stratigraphic and planigraphic intact of Neolithic layer that because of specific geomorphological conditions of the region is traditionally among the most difficult tasks of archaeological research in the mountain-forest zone of South Ural.
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Piličiauskas, Gytis, Mika Lavento, Markku Oinonen, and Gytis Grižas. "New 14C Dates of Neolithic and Early Metal Period Ceramics in Lithuania." Radiocarbon 53, no. 4 (2011): 629–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200039096.
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Twenty-three samples of charred food remains, charcoal, burned animals, and human bones from 14 Lithuanian prehistoric sites were dated by radiocarbon as part of a dating project oriented towards renewing the prehistoric ceramics chronology. The new dates modified the dating of ceramic styles by hundreds to a thousand years. Three Textile Ware sherds were dated to 4230–2920 cal BC—the oldest known dates of Textile Ware pottery in the East Baltic. The organic-tempered pointed-bottomed Narva and Combed-like Wares were dated to 3970–3370 cal BC, while Bay Coast Ware (Haffküstenkultur, Rzucewo), including vessels decorated with cord impressions, were dated to 3940–3540 cal BC, i.e. to a period well preceding the Corded Ware/Battle Axe horizon in Europe. Three dates of Globular Amphorae Ware placed the phenomenon directly beyond the Bay Coast chronology, i.e. in 3450–2920 cal BC. Chamotte-tempered Corded Ware from SE Lithuania was dated to 2840–2570 cal BC. The first absolute dating of coarse ware of the Žalioji type pointed to a period of 760–515 cal BC instead of the previously assumed 2nd millennium cal BC. Cremated human bones from urns found at Paveisininkai, Kernavė, and Naudvaris cemeteries were dated to 790–380 cal BC. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dates obtained from charred food remains should be treated with a certain caution due to a possible freshwater reservoir effect that has not yet been examined in Lithuania.
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Dolfini, Andrea. "From the Neolithic to the Bronze Age in Central Italy: Settlement, Burial, and Social Change at the Dawn of Metal Production." Journal of Archaeological Research 28, no. 4 (2019): 503–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10814-019-09141-w.
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AbstractThe Late Neolithic and Copper Age were a time of change in most of Europe. Technological innovations including animal traction, the wheel, and plow agriculture transformed the prehistoric economy. The discovery of copper metallurgy expanded the spectrum of socially significant materials and realigned exchange networks away from Neolithic “greenstone,” obsidian, and Spondylus shells. New funerary practices also emerged, signifying the growing importance of lineage ancestors, as well as new ideas of personal identity. These phenomena have long attracted researchers’ attention in continental Europe and the British Isles, but comparatively little has been done in the Italian peninsula. Building on recent discoveries and interdisciplinary research on settlement patterns, the subsistence economy, the exchange of socially valuable materials, the emergence of metallurgy, funerary practices, and notions of the body, I critically appraise current models of the Neolithic-Bronze Age transition in light of the Italian regional evidence, focusing on central Italy. In contrast to prior interpretations of this period as the cradle of Bronze Age social inequality and the prestige goods economy, I argue that, at this juncture, prehistoric society reconfigured burial practices into powerful new media for cultural communication and employed new materials and objects as novel identity markers. Stratified political elites may not be among the new identities that emerged at this time in the social landscape of prehistoric Italy.
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Matsumura, H., N. L. Cuong, N. K. Thuy, and T. Anezaki. "Dental Morphology of the Early Hoabinian, the Neolithic Da But and the Metal Age Dong Son Civilized Peoples in Vietnam." Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie 83, no. 1 (2001): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zma/83/2001/59.
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Eusebio, Michelle Sotaridona. "FOODWAYS THROUGH CERAMICS IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN ARCHAEOLOGY: A VIEW FROM SOUTHERN VIETNAM." Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology 37 (May 7, 2015): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7152/jipa.v37i0.14745.
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<span>Food related research in Southeast Asian archaeology is heavily biased towards the assessment of subsistence strategies as well as typological and petrographic analyses of ceramics. Little is known about the range of diverse food items, how they were prepared and consumed, and the importance these foods played in the social lives of people in the past. My research seeks to extend the treatment of food in Southeast Asia archaeology from subsistence “strategies” to foodways by incorporating technofunctional and organic residue analyses of earthenware pottery vessels to address outstanding questions about their function with regard to the preparation and consumption of food. This paper presents preliminary findings on a range of prehistoric earthenware pottery excavated from Rạch Núi, An Sơn (Neolithic), and Gò Ô Chùa (Metal Age) sites in Long An Province, Southern Vietnam. Results are compared with similar data from experimental and ethnographic pottery as well as integrated with complementary data associated with the archaeological pottery samples. It is predicted that integrative analysis of technofunctional aspects of earthenware pottery with organic residue analysis will provide new perspectives on the foodways in Southern Vietnam during the Neolithic and Metal Age.</span>
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Zakh, Viktor Alekseevich. "Fishery in the Tobol-Ishim interfluve in the neolithic and early metal age." Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 4 (2018): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201874205.
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Landscapes of the Tobol-Ishim interfluve were not stable in the Holocene and varied from forests and drowned floodplains at the beginning of the V and III millennia BC to steppificated territories with a lowered water level at the beginning of the Atlantic Period and in the middle of the Subboreal Period, which determined the main types of economic activities, one of them was fishing. Changes in hydrological regime of water bodies influenced the methods of fishing, including the use of different traps. Thus, in the Neolithic, when the water level decreased, the location of settlements in the system river-creek-lake (for example, Mergen 6), a large number of fish bones, bone harpoons, fishing spears, fishing tackles for catching pike and a total absence of plummets were indicative of individual fishing for large fish and, perhaps, of stop net fishery, which was facilitated by a decrease in the width of watercourses and tombolos. Stop net (stake net) fishery led to a settled lifestyle of the population, collective activities and the emergence of long-term settlements with deep foundation pits of dwellings. When the water level in rivers and lakes increased and floods became more frequent, the life support system changed, the population began to develop coasts more widely, its mobility increased, and they started to build framed above-ground dwellings. Following those changes, biconic, cigar-shaped, and corniculate plummets emerged in the Tobol River Basin and on the adjacent western and north-western territories in the III and early II millennium BC. When the water level was high, it was efficient to fish using traps, seines and, probably, nets, although the latter could also be used in drive hunting for shedding geese and ducks. Subrectangular plummets with one or two ties for fastening, and disk-shaped plummets with a tie in the center had been prevailing since the beginning of the II millennium BC; they existed until the first third of the I millennium BC. This period, the transition time from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age, is characterized by the absence of clay plummets, while there are large accumulations of fish scales and bones in the settlement layers. We can suppose that the population of that time (local Late Bronze Age population, mixed with northern migrants who made utensils with cross ornamentation) switched from net fishing to stop net fishing.
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Kot, Małgorzata, Michal Wojenka, Grzegorz Czajka, Bartosz Kontny, and Natalia Gryczewska. "Post-Neolithic occupation in Tunel Wielki Cave (southern Poland)." Folia Quaternaria 88 (2020): 17–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/21995923fq.20.002.13191.
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Post-Neolithic cave occupation in Poland remains insufficiently recognised. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the analysis of pottery and metal objects discovered in Tunel Wielki Cave (Ojców area, SE Poland). The artefacts were collected during three fieldwork campaigns in 1967–68 and 2018. The results show that the cave was occupied at least several times. The most ephemeral settlement traces can be dated to the Early Bronze Age and these may be related to the Trzciniec culture. The site was more intensively used in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age by communities representing the Lusatian culture. Roman Period artefacts are very scarce. Traces of most intensive use of the cave come from the Middle Ages. One can determine artefacts conditionally dated from the 11th to the 12th century, as well as younger objects, dated to the 13th − early 14th c. Single pieces of pottery can be attributed to the Modern period. The obtained results point to multiple short-term visits. The cave fill does not bear traces of permanent occupation during the Post-Neolithic period.
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Paliga, Solin. "Metals, words and gods. Early knowledge of metallurgical skills in Europe, and reflections in terminology." Linguistica 33, no. 1 (1993): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.33.1.157-176.
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How can metallurgical terminology - specifically names of metals - support ar chaeological investigation? Can comparative linguistics and archaeology co-operate in order to identify the emergence and development of metallurgical skills? How did Neolithic and Bronze Age man imagine the taming of nature in order to achieve metal artifacts? Such questions -and many others -may arise whenever we try to investigate the beginnings and making of civilization. It is clear that the various aspects connected to archaeometallurgy cannot be analyzed separately from other aspects of human life, like agriculture, trade, urbanization, religious beliefs, early writing systems, pottery techniques, a.o. The earliest known (or identifiable) names of metals do reflect a cer tain ideology and a certain way of 'seeing' metals as imbued with magic powers. It is certain that colours and reflections - specific to metals - made early man interpret them as divine (Biek and Bayley 1979; Muşu 1981, chapter Symphony of colours, a first attempt in reconstructing pre-Greek names of colours).
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Çukur, Alaaddin, and Şeref Kunç. "Analyses of Tepecik and Tülintepe Metal Artifacts." Anatolian Studies 39 (December 1989): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642817.
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Tepecik and Tülintepe mounds are situated in the area of the reservoir of Keban dam, now completely flooded since 1974. Both mounds were located in Altınova plain about 31 and 21 km. respectively (by road) east of Elazıǧ in Eastern Turkey. The distance between the two mounds was about 9·5 km. as the crow flies. The rescue excavations at Tepecik were carried out in the years 1968–74 and at Tülintepe in 1971–74 (Esin 1975a, Esin 1975b).Tepecik was settled from the Late Neolithic period and Tülintepe from Chalcolithic to Medieval times. The sites were situated only about 60 km. away from the important copper and lead mines of Ergani Maden and about 70 km. from the mines of Keban. These two mining regions have often been quoted in the literature as possible copper and lead sources in Turkey since prehistoric times (Tylecote 1976, Seeliger et al. 1985 and Wagner et al. 1986).
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Neradenko, T. M. "THE SETTLEMENT MOLYUKHIV BUHOR IN THE WORKS OF D. YA. TELEGIN AND ACCORDING TO MODERN DATA." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 37, no. 4 (2020): 348–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.04.29.
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The materials of Molyukhiv Buhor, obtained during excavations in 1955—1956 by V. M. Danylenko, were constantly used by D. Y. Telegin in his scientific works particularly in the monograph «Dnipro-Donetsk Culture. To the History of the Population of the Neolithic Epoch — Early Metal of the South of Eastern Europe» 1968; in the monograph «Seredni Stoh Culture of the Copper Age» in 1973; in the article «Cultural identity and dating of supine Eneolithic burials of the Steppe Dnieper» 1987; in the book «Neolithic Burial Grounds of the Mariupol Type» 1991; in the publication «Settlements of the Dnieper-Donetsk Ethnocultural Community of the Neolithic Era» 1998 (co-authored by O. M. Titova); in the book «Seredni Stoh and Novodanilivka cultures of the Eneolithic of the Azov-Pontic region: an archaeological-anthropological analysis of materials and catalog of sites» 2001 (co-authors A. L. Nechitaylo, I. D. Potekhina, Y. V. Panchenko). The conclusions of the scholar according to the first two monographs became the basis for the recognition of Molyukhiv Buhor as one of the outstanding sites of Ukraine in the Neo-Eneolithic Age.
 Since 1992 the archeological study of Molyukhiv Buhor has been carried out by the author who has discovered on the settlement the system of «moats» and «pillars», the remains of Neolithic dwellings, residential-economic complex of the late Neolithic age, the ancient burial ground with 6 different graveyards, 44 economic pits of different historical periods, etc.
 A diverse collection of archaeological materials, the total number of which is more than 103700 finds, is the ceramic complex, flint tools, stone tools, horn and bone products, copper products, and allows to describe fully and comprehensively the material culture of the inhabitants in the Neolithic and Eneolithic periods.
 Thus, new research allows us to clarify, supplement and expand our understanding of the material culture of the tribes of Dnieper-Donetsk and Seredni Stoh cultures, compare them with the research of D. Ya. Telegin 1960—1970 and note that many conclusions of the scholar of 50 years ago find their confirmation in new studies of Molyukhіv Buhor.
 Archaeological studies of the settlement are being continued. In recent years, they have focused on the excavation of a large residential and commercial complex in the north of the settlement.
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Knipper, Corina, Alissa Mittnik, Ken Massy, et al. "Female exogamy and gene pool diversification at the transition from the Final Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age in central Europe." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 38 (2017): 10083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706355114.
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Human mobility has been vigorously debated as a key factor for the spread of bronze technology and profound changes in burial practices as well as material culture in central Europe at the transition from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. However, the relevance of individual residential changes and their importance among specific age and sex groups are still poorly understood. Here, we present ancient DNA analysis, stable isotope data of oxygen, and radiogenic isotope ratios of strontium for 84 radiocarbon-dated skeletons from seven archaeological sites of the Late Neolithic Bell Beaker Complex and the Early Bronze Age from the Lech River valley in southern Bavaria, Germany. Complete mitochondrial genomes documented a diversification of maternal lineages over time. The isotope ratios disclosed the majority of the females to be nonlocal, while this is the case for only a few males and subadults. Most nonlocal females arrived in the study area as adults, but we do not detect their offspring among the sampled individuals. The striking patterns of patrilocality and female exogamy prevailed over at least 800 y between about 2500 and 1700 BC. The persisting residential rules and even a direct kinship relation across the transition from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age add to the archaeological evidence of continuing traditions from the Bell Beaker Complex to the Early Bronze Age. The results also attest to female mobility as a driving force for regional and supraregional communication and exchange at the dawn of the European metal ages.
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Kolpakov, Eugen. "Понятие «эпоха раннего металла» в археологии Северной Европы". Prehistoric Archaeology. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 2 (2020): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/2658-3925-2020-2-77-88.
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The paper deals with the histo- ry of appearance and usage of the concept of Early Metal Period in the archaeology of Northern Europe. The concept appears to have been conceived in the 1920s by V. I. Ra- vdonikas and A. Ya. Bryusov, but the term it- self was irst introduced into archaeologi- cal literature by N. N. Gurina in the 1940s af- ter the discovery in the Lake Onega region of a number of assemblages seemingly com- bining Late Neolithic pottery with iron- and bronze-making. However, the existence of such assemblages has not been conirmed by subsequent researches, and as early as 1947 the Early Metal Period was redeined as a period comprising the Bronze and Ear- ly Iron Ages. The original basis of the concept disappeared, but the term has become natu- ralized, though with a diferent sense. Thus, as applies to the northern part of Europe, the Three-Age system as if bifurcates in the Neo- lithic and unites again in the Iron Age. The North European Early Metal Period is a pe- ripheral variant of the Bronze Age. Therefore, it would be logical and rational to abandon the concept of the Early Metal Period in favor of the Bronze Age.
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Birat, Jean-Pierre. "Product innovations of key economic importance for the steel industry." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 4 (2018): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018010.
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Steel and materials in general entertain a special connection with time and therefore with innovation. Indeed, steel has been around for more than 4 millennia and is still innovating, which demonstrates both a status of socio-economic invariance and a cumulative innovation process, which deeply differs from the status of the “high-tech” consumer products, which are considered today as highly innovative. This is a complex situation, which is best described by telling various narratives from the standpoint of history, innovation management, sustainability, economy and business, with both long and short times perspectives. The Historian’s perspective insists on slow time, especially as regards innovation, in which steel took part. Steel and steel production technology have thus accompanied society in its long journey through time since the Neolithic, Roman and Celtic times, the Middle Ages, Modern Times and Industrial Revolutions. Today, the technological episteme seems to be frozen in a stasis that has been rolling out global steelmills across the world and most recently in China. The present technological paradigm was built under the pull of the social and economic drivers which have led to the geopolitical world as it is today. Innovation today, continues, but not visibly at the level of process engineering, but regarding metallurgy and material science, thus exploring the deep connection of steels with specific and always changing applications. Regarding process engineering, however, the on-going economic transitions, i.e. the energy, ecology and digitization transitions, may awaken Sleeping Beauty’s castle and relaunch a new series of paradigm shifts in making steel. Low-carbon technologies are being explored to meet the Climate Change challenge, which may rekindle the sustainability innovation driver. And a reexamination of the scale at which steel is made might possibly stem from Additive Manufacturing, although this is still a weak signal as far as steel is concerned.
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Herina, Desytri Ayu, and Toetik Koesbardiati. "ENAMEL HIPOPLASIA PADA TENGKORAK MANUSIA PRASEJARAH DARI SITUS MELOLO, SUMBA, NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR (Hypoplasia Enamels in Human Skull Preparation from Melolo Site, Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara)." Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat 10, no. 1 (2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/papua.v10i1.238.
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Cultural changes that occur during the Neolithic final transition to the beginning of the metal age are slowly providing consequences for the health problems of a population. Lifestyle changes that occurred during the transition resulted in the emergence of growth stress that must be faced by the population living in transition. Causes of developmental stress are unequal living conditions, nutritional stress, illness, dietary changes, and increased population density. Stress of growth period experienced by individuals can be recorded on bones and teeth as a pathology. Therefore, bones and teeth are part of the body that has plastic and dynamic characteristic. The pathology that can be recorded on the teeth as an indicator of stress is Enamel Hipoplasia (EH). The purpose of this study is to describe the emergence of EH on the remaining order of human prehistori from Melolo site. The emergence of EH is identified macroscopically and uses photography methods with Alternative Light Source UV light tehnologi for documentation. EH on the remaining human skeletal order of Melolo has a pattern of horizontal or horizontal grooves called Linier Enamel Hipoplasia (LEH). EH with the LEH pattern is owned by 3 individuals from Melolo as a response from the development of transitional life from the late Neolithic era to the beginning of the metal age with the pattern of agriculture.
 Abstrak
 Perubahan budaya yang terjadi pada masa transisi akhir neolitik menuju awal zaman logam secara perlahan memberikan konsekwensi terhadap munculnya masalah kesehatan suatu populasi. Perubahan gaya hidup yang terjadi pada masa transisi mengakibatkan munculnya stres masa pertumbuhan yang harus dihadapi oleh populasi yang hidup pada masa itu. Penyebab munculnya stres masa pertumbuhan adalah ketidakseimbangan kondisi lingkungan tempat tinggal, tekanan gizi, kemunculan penyakit, perubahan pola diet, dan peningkatan jumlah kepadatan populasi. Stres masa pertumbuhan yang dialami oleh individu dapat terekam pada tulang dan gigi sebagai suatu patologi karena tulang dan gigi merupakan bagian tubuh yang plastis dan dinamis. Patologi yang dapat terekam pada gigi sebagai indikator terjadinya stres adalah Enamel Hipoplasia (EH). Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan kemunculan EH pada sisa rangka manusia prehistori dari situs Melolo. Kemunculan EH diidentifikasi secara makroskopis menggunakan metode fotografi dengan tehnik Alternative Light Source sinar UV untuk dokumentasi. EH pada sisa rangka manusia prehistori dari Melolo berjenis lekuk mendatar atau horizontal yang disebut Linier Enamel Hipoplasia (LEH). EH berjenis LEH yang ditemukan pada tiga individu dari Melolo timbul sebagai respon terhadap perkembangan kehidupan pada masa transisi dari zaman akhir neolitik menuju awal zaman logam yang bercorak agrikultur.
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Guy Straus, Lawrence, and Manuel González Morales. "El Mirón Cave and the 14C Chronology of Cantabrian Spain." Radiocarbon 45, no. 1 (2003): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200032380.
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Excavations since 1996 in the large El Mirón Cave in the Cantabrian Cordillera of northern Spain have revealed a cultural sequence of late Mousterian, early Upper Paleolithic, Solutrean, Magdalenian, Azilian, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, and Medieval occupations. These components have been dated by 51 generally coherent radiocarbon determinations, all run by the Geochron labs, in association with the Lawrence Livermore labs for AMS. This series is one of the largest for a single prehistoric site in Iberia or even Europe. The series is consistent with the record from Cantabrian Spain and provides new detail on the age of the Middle–Upper Paleolithic transition, on the various phases of the Magdalenian culture, on the appearance of the Neolithic in the Atlantic zone of Spain, and on the origins of the socioeconomic complexity in the metal ages. The stratigraphic relationship of 14C-dated levels to a roof-fall block and adjacent cave walls (both with engravings) provides rare terminus post and ante quem ages for execution of the rupestral art in El Mirón during the early to mid Magdalenian. The 14C record has also been instrumental in revealing the existence of depositional hiati during the early Holocene.
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Grifoni Cremonesi, Renata. "Notes on some cultic aspects of Italian Prehistory." Documenta Praehistorica 34 (December 31, 2007): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.34.17.
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Many cultural manifestations are known in the Neolithic and Metal Ages in Italy. They were associated with pits, dug in the floors of caverns, and stone circles where vases or votive objects were deposited. They related to agricultural rituals, but also to funerary practices associated with birth, life and death. Another type of cults relates to water and water circulation: to cold or warm springs in underground cavities or in surface; to stalactites and their white water; to geothermal phenomena that attracted the interest of people in the prehistory. Many vases and bronzes were deposited near lakes, sources, rivers and fumaroles.
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Amano, Noel, Philip J. Piper, Hsiao-chun Hung, and Peter Bellwood. "Introduced Domestic Animals in the Neolithic and Metal Age of the Philippines: Evidence From Nagsabaran, Northern Luzon." Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 8, no. 3 (2013): 317–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15564894.2013.781084.
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Tsampiri, Mailinta. "Obsidian in the prehistoric Aegean: Trade and uses." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 53, no. 1 (2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.18588.
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This paper studies the prehistoric use of obsidian quarries in the Aegean. Obsidian sources in the eastern Mediterranean have been traced on certain islands of the Aegean: Melos, Antiparos and Giali. Due to its hardness, this material was already being used by the end of the Upper Palaeolithic to produce blades with sharp edges to serve as knives, scrapers and razors, arrowheads and spears, axes, saws and mattocks. This naturally occurring glass was also used for ornamental purposes. During the Late and the Final Neolithic Period (ca. 5300-3200 B.C.), when the systematic habitation of the Cyclades developed, the transportation of obsidian was incorporated in the gradually developing trade networks of the Aegean. The material was much in demand in the early Bronze Age. During the later Bronze Age its use declined and by the classical period it seems to have been replaced by metal. Around 1100 B.C. the use of obsidian was discontinued because of the increasing popularity of metals. During the Roman period obsidian, was used in the manufacture of mosaics and decorative objects, such as mirrors
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Skak-Nielsen, Niels V. "Flint and metal daggers in Scandinavia and other parts of Europe. A re-interpretation of their function in the Late Neolithic and Early Copper and Bronze Age." Antiquity 83, no. 320 (2009): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00098471.
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AbstractWe are honoured to present this pivotal paper by a senior Danish scholar (born in 1922) that promises to revise many views of Late Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe. Prehistoric daggers found in graves in Scandinavia and beyond have long been interpreted as weapons wielded by warriors, giving the whole period a rather belligerent flavour. In a radical re-interpretation, the author demonstrates that their use was most probably for the despatch of cattle or other livestock, and the dagger is thus the implement of sacrifice and the symbol of its office.
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O'Connor, Sue, Mahirta, Daud Tanudirjo, et al. "Ideology, Ritual Performance and Its Manifestations in the Rock Art of Timor-Leste and Kisar Island, Island Southeast Asia." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 28, no. 2 (2017): 225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774317000816.
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Painted rock art occurs throughout the islands of the Western Pacific and has previously been argued to have motif and design elements in common, indicating that it was created within the context of a shared symbolic system. Here we report five new painted rock-art sites from Kisar Island in eastern Indonesia and investigate the commonalities between this art and the painted art corpus in Timor-Leste, the independent nation that forms the eastern part of the neighbouring island of Timor. We examine the motifs in the Kisar art and suggest that, rather than being Neolithic in age, some of the figurative motifs more likely have a Metal Age origin, which in this region places them within the last 2500 years.
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Duli, Akin. "SISTEM PENGUBURAN AKHIR JAMAN PRASEJARAH DI SULAWESI SELATAN." Tumotowa 1, no. 2 (2018): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/tmt.v1i2.17.
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This paper described the forms of prehistoric burials in South Sulawesi. Results of this study indicate that there are different forms of burial has been known since the Neolithic period to ethnography period. Burial forms such as direct burial without the use of container, burial directly or indirectly by using containers. Vehicle used as a rock (stone coffin, gravel pit, stone carving), wood (erong, duni, allung, passilliran), ceramics (balubu, bowl, jar), or simply wrapped with a cloth or mat. Grave orientation is generally east-west or toward the sacred mountain, in accordance with their beliefs. Accompanied by a burial tomb various provisions, such as ceramics, objects of metal (gold, copper and bronze), beads and bracelets. Patterned pre-Islamic burial system is still life in certain communities, for example various forms tomb in Tana Toraja.
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Jovanovic, B. "Beginning of the metal age in the central Balkans according to the results of the archeometallurgy." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 45, no. 2 (2009): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb0902143j.
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The gradual development of the primary copper metallurgy in Balkans starts with production of small jewelry pieces and ends with the serial production of massive tools and weapons. It is confirmed that this metallurgy depended on the contemporary mining, i.e. the available sources of the raw materials. It is also corroborated by the discovery of two Early Eneolithic copper mines: Rudna Glava in Eastern Serbia and Ai-Bunar in Bulgaria /first half and the middle of the 5th millennium BC/. These mines are also the evidence for the local exploitation of the carbonate copper minerals - malachite and azurite. The technology employed is close to the former flint mining in the Late Neolithic; massive pebbles obtained from the neighboring alluvial deposits were used as mining hammers. Identical technology was employed in the mines dating from the later periods /Rudnik, Central Serbia, Jarmovac, Priboj na Limu/. The Vinca culture of the central Balkan followed all metallurgical phases of introduction of metal and use of the carbonate ores /Gradac I - III phase/. This long process of including the metal in wider use lasted generally from the middle of the 5th millennium BC to the end of the 4th millennium BC, i.e. to the appearance of the Bronze Age.
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Ono, Rintaro, Fadhila Arifin Aziz, Adhi Agus Oktaviana, et al. "The Development of Pottery Making Traditions and Maritime Networks during the Early Metal Age in Northern Maluku Islands." AMERTA 35, no. 2 (2017): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/amt.v35i2.256.
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Abstrak. Perkembangan Tradisi Pembuatan Tembikar dan Jejaring Maritim pada Masa Logam Awal di Bagian Utara Kepulauan Maluku.Selama masa Neolitik atau Jaman Logam Awal setelah 2300 sampai 2000 tahun BP di Wallacea, migrasi manusia dan jaringan maritim menjadi lebih berkembang. Melalui bukti linguistik, misalnya, trans-migrasi oleh kelompok berbahasa Austronesia dan kelompok berbahasa Papua atau bukti arkeologi seperti perluasan dan pengembangan tembikar yang memiliki kemiripan membuat tradisi ini menjadi bukti sejarah adanya perdagangan rempah-rempah dengan China, India dan lebih jauh ke arah Barat lainnya dalam studi kasus di Maluku. Kedatangan budaya logam (baik perunggu maupun besi) dan bahan kaca dinilai penting karena mungkin menunjukkan pengembangan lebih lanjut jaringan migrasi dan perdagangan manusia yang aktif di wilayah ini. Dengan berpijak pada pemahaman tersebut, tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan bukti-bukti kedatangan budaya logam di Maluku Utara sebagai indikasi jaringan migrasi dan perdagangan masa lalu. Ekskavasi sebagai pendekatan penelitian dilakukan pada situs baru di Maluku Utara antara tahun 2012-2014. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa Situs terbuka Gorua di pesisir timur laut Pulau Halmahera (Kabupaten Tobelo) merupakan salah satu dari situs-situs tersebut yang berumur sekitar 2300-2000 tahun BP (atau 300-50 SM). Sekaligus menjadi penanda perkembangan pembuatan tembikar dan pola jaringan maritim di Kawasan Maluku Utara pada masa Paleometalik/Perundagian. Abstract. During the post Neolithic times or Early Metal Age, after 2300 to 2000 years BP, in Wallacea human migrations and maritime networks were more developed. Through linguistic evidence, for instance the trans-migration by Austronesian language speaking groups and Papuan language speaking groups, or archaeological evidences such as expansion and development of similar pottery, make the traditions a historical evidence for the spice trade with China, India, and further West for the Maluku case. The arrival of metal (both bronze and iron) and glass materials is also considered important due to the fact that it possibly shows further development of active human migrations and trade networks in that region. On the basis of such backgrounds and understanding, the aim of this research is to uncover evidences of the arrival of metal culture in Northern Maluku as an indication of migration and trade networks in the past. Excavations as research approach were carried out at some new sites in Northern Maluku during 2012-2014. Results show that an open site, Gorua, on the eastern coast of Halmahera Island (Tobelo Regency) is one of the sites, which dates to around 2300-2000 years BP (or 300-50 BC). It also marks the development of pottery-making and the pattern of maritime network within the Northern Maluku Islands during the Early Metal Age.
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Podzuban, Elena V. "Diachronous Settlement on the Territory of the Turgay Trough." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 2 (2021): 602–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.217.
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The article introduces into the scholarship the collection of findings of prehistoric material culture obtained at Bestamak during the stationary studies of 2001 field season. The total area of the archaeological site is 260,000 m2. It was excavated by Turgay expedition in the 1980s. Bestamak settlement is situated on the Turgay trough connecting the West Siberian and Turan plains. In the west, the Turgay trough is bounded by the Trans-Ural Plateau; in the east — by the Kazakh upland and spurs of the Ulutau mountains. Natural and geographical features of Turgay trough allow for their cultural layers to mainly contain diachronous material, with Bestamak serving as an example. Due to this specificity, the collections of stone industry discovered in the monuments of the Turgay trough should be studied on the basis of technical and typological analysis, the main parameters of which being products of primary cleavage; morphological parameters of the plates, the size of plates and tools on the plates; percentage ratio of ingots and tools from plates and rock flakes; secondary processing methods; typological composition of tool kit. The composition of raw materials is used as an independent indicator. In the course of the research, the author concluded that the primary cleavage, nuclei “rejuvenation” and secondary processing of blanks were performed on the site of the settlement. Judging by the results of the technical and typological analysis, the stone industry was deposited from the end of the Mesolithic-the Early Neolithic to the Late Eneolithic. The Neolithic stone industries, starting from the early and late Eneolithic, are predominant at Bestamak. The presence of Mesolithic and Early Eneolithic stone industries on the site is just an assumption. Fragments of ceramics and metal products suggest that people stayed at Bestamak until Late Bronze.
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Duli, Akin, and Rosmawati Rosmawati. "Late Prehistoric Burial System in South Sulawesi." ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 1, no. 2 (2018): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34050/els-jish.v1i2.4371.
Full textAbstract:
This paper describes the forms of prehistoric burials in South Sulawesi. The results of this study indicate that there are different forms of burial has been known since the Neolithic period to ethnography period. The burial forms such as direct burial without the use of container, burial directly or indirectly by using containers. The container to be used such as a rock (stone coffin, gravel pit, stone carving), wood (erong, duni, allung, passilliran), ceramics (balubu, bowl, jar), or simply wrapped with a cloth or mat. Grave orientation is generally east-west or toward the sacred mountain, in accordance with their beliefs. The burial of corpses is accompanied by a burial tomb various provisions, such as ceramics, objects of metal (gold, copper and bronze), beads and bracelets. The patterned pre-Islamic burial system is still life in certain communities, for example various forms tomb in Tana Toraja and even in the early Islamic period.
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Huggert, Anders. "Early Copper Finds in Northern Fennoscandia." Current Swedish Archaeology 4, no. 1 (2021): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.1996.05.
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A rough casting for a vcry early copper adze, tound not long ago in the interior of Upper Norrland has been shown by analysis to be of very pure copper - 99.4%. The author has used the occasion to study the early use of copper in northern Fennoscandia. The earliest evidence is from ca. 3900 B.C., and in this case there were indications that metal was actually being melted. The copper studied was all of eastern/south-eastern origin; copper began reaching Upper Norrland via south Scandinavia only much later. The author surveys some of the main features in the development of metalworking in the forest region between the Urals and Karelia and also further south. In this vast area are found the preconditions for the production of copper objects in northern Fennoscandia. The material is viewed against the background of an earlier study by the author of the import of north Russian Carboniferous flint into Upper Norrland between the Middle Neolithic and the Epineolithic.
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Sharp, Melissa, and Kyra Kaercher. "CHALCOLITHIC CERAMIC CONNECTIONS BETWEEN MESOPOTAMIA AND IRAN, c.5900–5100 b.c.e." Iraq 80 (October 4, 2018): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2018.3.
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The Chalcolithic period in Mesopotamia and Iran (c.6000–4000 b.c.e.) is characterised by larger cities replacing small farming settlements, technological developments including wheel thrown pottery and copper metal working, and people establishing long distance trade networks. The Halaf horizon (5900–5100 b.c.e.) developed out of the local late pottery Neolithic tradition and is found throughout western Syria, southern Turkey, and northern and central Iraq. This archaeological culture is defined by a finely painted pottery, dryland farming, round and rectangular houses, and the use of stamp seals. A comparable ceramic horizon, the J-ware horizon (5200–4700 b.c.e.) arose in the Mahidasht and Kermanshah valleys of Iran. The J-ware ceramics are finely painted, possibly deriving from the Halaf tradition, but also slipped and burnished. The Rowanduz Archaeological Program's (RAP) excavations elucidate links between northern Iraq and northern Iran from the Chalcolithic to the modern period. This paper explores the relationship between the Halaf and J-ware traditions at Banahilk, recently re-excavated by RAP, and the larger contacts during the Chalcolithic.
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Nordqvist, Kerkko, and Vesa-Pekka Herva. "Copper Use, Cultural Change and Neolithization in North-Eastern Europe (c. 5500–1800 BC)." European Journal of Archaeology 16, no. 3 (2013): 401–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957113y.0000000036.
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In the context of northern Europe, copper use started early in eastern Fennoscandia (Finland and the Republic of Karelia, Russia), sometime after 4000 BC. This article explores this Stone Age copper use in eastern Fennoscandia in relation to broader cultural developments in the region between the adoption of pottery (c. 5500 BC) and the end of the Stone Age (c. 1800 BC). Stone Age copper use in north-eastern Europe has conventionally been understood in terms of technology or exchange, whereas this article suggests that the beginning of copper use was linked to more fundamental changes in the perception of, and engagement with, the material world. These changes were associated with the Neolithization of eastern Fennoscandia, which started earlier than has traditionally been thought. It is also argued that the adoption, use, and manipulation of new materials played an active role in the emergence of the Neolithic world in north-eastern Europe and beyond. Also, issues related to the Finno–Russian border dividing up eastern Fennoscandia and its effects on the study of early metal use and other prehistoric cultural processes are discussed.
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Vasilyeva, Tatyana Anatolyevna. "Signs of gathering and fishing on the monuments of the Late Neolithic - Early Eneolithic of Karelia (based on the settlement of Vigainavolok I)." Samara Journal of Science 8, no. 3 (2019): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201983207.
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The paper presents the study results of Vigainavolok I materials. This settlement is located on the west of Lake Onega in Karelia. The monument was investigated by G.A. Pankrushev in 1963-1966. Its area was 8,000 m. 26 buildings remains were revealed. The area of 2748 m was studied. The inventory collection includes more than 25 thousand pieces of ceramics and about 7 thousand pieces of stone, clay and metal. The buildings served as dwellings and workshops. The collection includes sinkers that are marked as direct signs of fishing. Favorable climatic conditions for the development in the forest zone, confined to the coast of a large body of water, settlement equipment, osteological materials of the Stone Age monuments characterize fishing as one of the determining factors in the life of the population.
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Magaš, Damir, and Ante Blaće. "Geomorfološka obilježja Danilskog polja kod Šibenika kao osnova historijsko-geografskog razvitka." Geoadria 15, no. 1 (2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.505.
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Suitable agriculture zones in karst regions have extraordinary significance for the inhabitants’ existence. Danilsko polje, one of such zones, is situated in microregion of Šibenik-Rogoznica littoral, in Šibenik hinterland, Croatia. Danilsko polje is, morphologically, an oval shaped valley placed between two karst ridges, the extension of Trtar with Velika Glava (542 m) from north-northeast, and significantly lower Crno Brdo with Podi from southsouthwest in the area of Danilo Biranj and Danilo Gornje settlements. Due to high soil quality, the cultivation of polje is the process that has lasted for thousands of years. Polje is characterized by scarce water sources, which were, nevertheless, very important for the survival of population in the past.The Neolithic population, whose traces have been preserved in the remains of famous middle Neolithic culture on the Adriatic, so called Danilo culture (4500 BC - 3900 BC), had been the first farmers of Danilsko polje. Later settlers from Metal Age had fortified themselves at peak Gradina, so they could easily control the polje from their hill-fort. Roman conquerors founded their municipium Rider in the central part of Danilsko polje, and valorized its natural- geographical potentials. From numerous nations who passed through during the Great Migrations Croats were the only ones who settled down and continued to valorize polje and surrounding karst area for practising transhumance which they depended on since they were agricultural-cattle rising society. During High and Late Middle Ages, Danilsko polje was in possession of the Commune of Šibenik, well-known for cultivation of vineyards, olive trees and cereals. Long-lasting period of unstable geopolitical conditions began with Ottoman conquest and with formation of their strongholds in Skradin and Drniš. It was only after 20s of 18th century that the war turmoil ceased, and after that, to a certain extent, the colonization of deserted areas started as well in that of Danilsko polje. Ever since, practically until today, the main feature of Danilsko polje has been traditional crop production in various conditions of agrotechnical cultivation
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Wagreich, Michael, and Erich Draganits. "Early mining and smelting lead anomalies in geological archives as potential stratigraphic markers for the base of an early Anthropocene." Anthropocene Review 5, no. 2 (2018): 177–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053019618756682.
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This article reviews possible lower boundaries for an early Anthropocene period. Although a noticeable environmental impact of humans, caused by hunting, the use of fire, forest clearance, animal domestication and agriculture had already occurred in the Neolithic, these early signals are strongly diachronous and localised. Here, we examine early significant, synchronous and regional stratigraphic signals indicating an anthropogenic influence as consequences of mining and smelting-related trace metal contamination. A first regional lead contamination event in the Northern Hemisphere is recognized during the (Eastern Mediterranean) Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age, between 3500 and 2800 BP, with a peak at around 3000 BP. Another pronounced anthropogenic lead peak is recorded around 2000 BP, during the Roman period. These events, as defined by lead enrichment and changes in lead isotope ratios, accompanied by other trace metal enrichments, are found in several types of archives, such as Arctic ice-cores and European peat-bogs, speleothems as well as fluvial, lake and marine records. Potential stratigraphic correlations and secondary markers may be present using tephrochronology, climate events, and magnetostratigraphy. Such a definition of the base of a formally defined (early) Anthropocene stage/period allows the application of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) concept by using a point in a physical archive, and, in contrast to the late Anthropocene, includes a significant quantity of anthropogenic strata as evidence for an Anthropocene chronostratigraphic unit.
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Frieman, Catherine J. "Double Edged Blades: Re-visiting the British (and Irish) Flint Daggers." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 80 (May 14, 2014): 33–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2014.4.
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Flint daggers are a well-known and closely studied category of artefact found throughout western Europe during the final centuries of the Neolithic and the earliest phases of metal use. They are widely linked to the adoption of metal objects and metallurgy – in many cases being described as copies of metal daggers. In Britain, several hundred flint daggers have been recovered from a variety of contexts, among the best known of which are a handful of rich Beaker single inhumation burials. The British flint daggers were of great interest to early archaeologists, and were the subject of several publications in the early 20th century, most notably the seminal 1931 typochronology and catalogue by W.F. Grimes. However, despite 80 years of evolution in our understanding of the British Early Bronze Age, Beaker burials, European flint daggers, and lithic technology in general, little further attention has been accorded to the British flint daggers. This paper returns to the flint daggers deposited in British contexts. It proposes a new classification for British daggers, distinguishing between those probably produced in Britain and those brought in from elsewhere on the continent. It further examines thechaîne opératoirefor these daggers based on their final form as no production locales are yet known and examines in detail the choices made in their deposition, not just in funerary contexts but on dry land and, most importantly, in wet contexts. Finally, it proposes a sequence of development for British flint daggers which links them technologically and morphologically to lanceolate Scandinavian daggers in circulation in the Netherlands. It is suggested that people in south-east Britain knowingly played up this Dutch connection in order to highlight a specific ancestral identity linking them directly to communities across the Channel.
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Perucchetti, Laura, J. Peter Northover, and Mireille David-Elbiali. "What is a dagger? A metallurgical interpretation of three metal daggers from western Switzerland dated from the Late Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 30 (April 2020): 102251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102251.
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Tabarev, A. V., A. E. Patrusheva, and N. Cuevas. "Burials in Anthropomorphic Jars in the Philippines." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 47, no. 2 (2019): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2019.47.2.040-047.
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The fi rst joint study by Russian and Philippine archaeologists addresses an unusual variant of a burial tradition distributed in Island Southeast Asia – burials in anthropomorphic clay jars, found in Ayub Cave (southern Mindanao Island, Philippines), excavated by specialists from the National Museum of the Philippines in 1991–1992, and tentatively dated to 500 BC to 500 AD. Of special interest are lids of jars shaped as painted human heads with individualized facial features and expressions. The fi nds suggest that Ayub Cave was a necropolis of the tribe elite, and that vessels were produced by a special group of potters using elaborate “prestige technologies”. The Ayub ceramic collection has various parallels relating to clay fi gurines and decoration including painting, among Late Neolithic and Early Metal Age assemblages from the Philippines (Luzon, Palawan, and Negros Islands), Indonesia (Sumba, Flores, and Bali Islands), and other regions of the Pacifi c Basin from Japan (Jomon) and Korea (Early Iron Age burials) to Vanuatu Islands (Lapita culture). These parallels suggest that the source of the anthropomorphic symbolism was the Austronesian migration with one of its routes passing from southern China via Taiwan, the northern Philippines, Mariana Islands, and further south to Melanesia and Polynesia.
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Kiseleva, Alevtina Mikhailovna, and Anton Igorevich Murashkin. "Marine hunting and fishing on the coast of North Fennoscandia before Christ." Samara Journal of Science 8, no. 2 (2019): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201982212.
Full textAbstract:
Archaeological evidence for marine hunting and fishing at the coast of the Barents Sea dates from 5000 cal BC to 0 cal BC/AD, encompassing the Neolithic, the Early Metal Period and the Early Iron Age. Among hunting and fishing equipment are bone and antler harpoon heads, fishhooks and leisters. Four periods of development of the tools were established on the basis of stable occurrence of the artefacts types in complexes (semi-subterranean houses, shell middens, burials). The chronological boundaries of the periods were defined by the radiocarbon dates of this complexes: A - 5000-2500 cal BC, B - 2500-1600 cal BC, C - 1500-1100 cal BC, D - 900 cal BC - 0 cal BC/AD. The primary marine taxa exploited were pinnipeds and cetacean. The marine hunting was supplemented by catching Atlantic Cod and codfishes. Percentage ratio of animal bones from dated complexes indicates that the role of the seal and whale hunting had increased considerably since about 2500 cal BC. This coincides with the appearance of toggling harpoons in hunting equipment. The exploitation of aquatic resources in the Early Iron Age (after 900 cal BC) remained important in the subsistence economy. The transition to a primary exploitation of terrestrial resources at coastal locations is not observed.
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Berta, Norbert, and Zoltán Farkas. "A Quarried Excavation Site : Late Bronze Age Relics Unearthed in a Gravel Pit near Muhi." Hungarian Archaeology 10, no. 1 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36338/ha.2021.1.1.
Full textAbstract:
East of the village of Muhi, in the direction of Nyékládháza, there are huge gravel pits, many of which have already been abandoned, flooded, and transformed into popular modern resorts. Recently, new gravel extraction sites have also been opened, and so a rescue excavation of the Muhi-III kavicsbánya (gravel pit) site took place in 2019. After months of excavation, the artifacts are still in the process of being cleaned and restored, and so until this work is complete, it is only possible to outline a brief overview of the important and remarkable finds. Features have been excavated from several periods (Middle Neolithic, Late Bronze Age, and Early Iron Age), but the most significant ones are those from the Late Bronze Age. These finds reveal information about a place of intensive human activity, a settlement on the border of different European cultural zones that participated in long-distance trade. These influences are reflected in varied elements of material culture. The large quantities of metal and ceramic finds brought to light in various conditions can be dated to the so-called pre-Gava period based on finds from the major features (urn graves, vessel hoards), and thus provide new information on the Late Bronze Age history of the Sajó-Hernád plain.
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Leighton, Robert, J. E. Dixon, and A. M. Duncan. "Ground Stone Tools from Serra Orlando (Morgantina) and Stone Axe Studies in Sicily and Southern Italy." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 55, no. 1 (1989): 135–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00005363.
Full textAbstract:
Ground and polished stone axes in southern Italy received little attention after a period of lively interest in the late 19th century. The great number of axes from archaeological sites and collections suggests widespread manufacture and exchange on a considerable scale. In eastern Sicily the production of basalt axes was long-lived, beginning in the Neolithic (Stentinello phase) and reaching a peak in the Copper and Early Bronze Ages. Greenstone axes are also found throughout these periods. By the Middle or Late Bronze Age, stone axes were probably little used, having been largely replaced by metal tools.The axes from Serra Orlando (where the historical site of Morgantina is located) form one of the largest collections in Sicily from a single site, where they were found in multi-period contexts, dating from the third millennium BC until the Hellenistic period. Petrological analysis suggests that basalt from the Iblean hills was frequently used for their manufacture, while the serpentinites, tremolite-bearing rocks and pyroxenite probably originate in the Calabro-Peloritani Arc. The results of the analysis of thin sections are presented in appendixes. Raw materials, distribution and manufacture of axes are discussed and a preliminary investigation of their typology is presented. Multiple functions for Sicilian axes, related to morphology and raw materials, are suggested by their archaeological contexts.
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Chapman, John, and Bisserka Gaydarska. "The Deposition of History in Prehistory: Copper Objects on Sites and in the Landscape." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 86 (November 6, 2020): 139–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2020.10.
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A variable proportion of finds from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic of ‘Old Europe’ has come from places outside settlements, cemeteries, production sites, ritual sites, or caves. Such finds tend to be described as ‘chance/isolated/single/stray’ finds or, when in groups, as ‘hoards’. The frequent, modernist cause invoked for these finds is that they were either ‘hidden’ in times of mortal danger, represented a ‘gift to the gods’, or simply ‘lost’. One reason for these explanatory shortcomings is the over-attention to the types of objects deposited in the landscape and the frequent lack of attention to the often-distinctive place of deposition. We believe that we have misnamed, overlooked, or not accurately characterised an entire class of sites, which we term ‘landscape deposition sites’, whose defining feature was the transformation of a place by the deposition of a significant object or group of objects to create a qualitatively different place. The creation of such landscape deposit sites varied in time and space throughout Old Europe, but all sites were affected by this new dimension of the extended cultural domain.In this article, we consider the interpretations of metal deposition in North-west Europe and the light they shed on an earlier and geographically different region. The primary aim of this paper is an exploration of the variable relationships between landscape deposit sites and the coeval finds made in special deposits in settlements and cemeteries in the 5th and 4th millennia bc, which will lead to proposed new interpretations of landscape deposition sites.
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Barker, Graeme. "Regional archaeological projects." Archaeological Dialogues 3, no. 2 (1996): 160–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s138020380000074x.
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Explicitly regional projects have been a comparatively recent phenomenon in Mediterranean archaeology. Classical archaeology is by far the strongest discipline in the university, museum and antiquities services career structures within the Mediterranean countries. It has always been dominated by the ‘Great Tradition’ of classical art and architecture: even today, a university course on ‘ancient topography’ in many departments of classical archaeology will usually deal predominantly with the layout of the major imperial cities and the details of their monumental architecture. The strength of the tradition is scarcely surprising in the face of the overwhelming wealth of the standing remains of the Greek and Roman cities in every Mediterranean country. There has been very little integration with prehistory: early prehistory is still frequently taught within a geology degree, and later prehistory is still invariably dominated by the culture-history approach. Prehistory in many traditional textbooks in the north Mediterranean countries remains a succession of invasions and migrations, first of Palaeolithic peoples from North Africa and the Levant, then of neolithic farmers, then metal-using élites from the East Mediterranean, followed in an increasingly rapid succession by Urnfielders, Dorians and Celts from the North, to say nothing of Sea Peoples (from who knows where?!). For the post-Roman period, church archaeology has a long history, but medieval archaeology in the sense of dirt archaeology is a comparatively recent discipline: until the 1960s in Italy, for example, ‘medieval archaeology’ meant the study of the medieval buildings of the historic cities, a topic outside the responsibility of the State Archaeological Service (the Superintendency of Antiquities) and within that of the parallel ‘Superintendencies’ for monuments, libraries, archives and art galleries.
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Novichenkova, Nataliya G. "The Archaeological Collection of the Yalta Historical-Literary Museum." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 2, no. 1 (1996): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005795x00065.
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AbstractFounded in 1892 and now containing ca. 11,000 pieces, the Yalta museum draws on pre-Revolutionary private collections, especially of Classical objects obtained locally and abroad, as well as on objects associated with the Mountain and Southern regions of the Crimea, acquired more systematically as a result of archaeological excavations and chance finds in the region. The most important pre-Revolutionary collection, that of Grand Prince Alexander Mikhajlovich, still contains-despite the destruction of WW II-more than 50 amphoras and 500 other ceramic pieces, especially of Archaic Corinthian and Samian ware. The museum houses many finds from pre-War excavations, e.g. from the Balim-Kosh site (ca. 20,000 Neolithic artefacts) and from the Roman legionary fortress at Charax. The creation after WW II of an Archaeological Department of the Museum has led to a 5-fold increase in the size of its collection. This now includes finds from late classical and early medieval burial grounds (Aj-Todor, Alushta, Druzhnoe, Verkhynaya Oreandal, the Gothic necropolis near Goluboj Zaliv, and the Mesolithic complex of Cape of Trinity I. The most important addition has been of more than 5000 objects from the sanctuary excavated in the past decade at the pass of Gurzufskoe Sedlo, which was in use from the Stone Age to the late Middle Ages. Its heyday was 1st cent. B.C.-1st cent. A.D. and from this period date the overwhelming majority of finds of bronze and silver statuettes, glass, metal instruments, ceramics, arms and coins. Such material provides a rare insight into all of the main phases of Crimean history and coins and other objects from the site have formed the subject of a recent exhibition in the museum.
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Antonovic, Dragana, and Josip Saric. "Stone tools from locality Crkvine in Stubline." Starinar, no. 61 (2011): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sta1161061a.
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Stone artifacts from excavations in Crkvine in 2008. originate from two stratigraphic units, both chronologically defined as the final stage of the Vinca culture: 1. distruction layer above and 2. from the floor of House 1/2008. None of the stone artifact types showed any specific regularity in vertical distribution. However, in the southern part of the Structure/House 1 there is higher abundance in horizontal distribution of both types of tools. Abundance of cores, blades for rejuvenation of the cores and unretouched blades among the chipped artifacts suggest that, most probably, this object was a working place where the artifacts were made (Fig. 9/1). Ground stone artifacts - all rought-out and final products, whole and fragmented pieces, ground-edge and abrasive tools, are equally distributed in the House 1/2008 as well as in the distruction layer above it. Only non-determined fragments and pieces of raw material, both defined as products of making stone tools, are far more numerous in the distruction layer above the House 1/2008. Higher concentrations of finds are situated in the House 1/2008, especially in its southern part, on the floor and above it, while the number of finds out of the House significantly decreases (Fig. 9/2). Such distribution of ground stone artifacts indicates that the production of stone artifacts was done within the household (large number of flakes of ?light white stone?, presence of grindstone and whetstone), as well as that there occurred active preparation of food within the Vinca?s objects (querns and pounders within the houses). Findings of numerous quartzite, chert and jasper pebbles out of the House 1/2008, 2 metres away from the northeastern angle of the House (pottery group 1), could not be connected with production of chipped and ground stone artifacts. There are no any traces of treatment and utilization on the pebbles, and the pebbles themselves do not belong to raw material of good quality due to small dimensions and numerous natural fractures. We suppose that the pebbles present waste material and that the Pottery group 1 represented a dump place next to the house. It is possible that this stone material was crushed and added in clay used for making pottery vassels. This conclusion is done on the basis of two facts: within the Pottery group 1there were found numerous ceramic fragments that could not be used for reconstruction of any vessel, and ceramics from the locality Crkvine was baked from soil with lot of fine grained quartzite. Taking into consideration that only the small part of the setlement (practically one hose) was excavated in 2008, it is still too early to make general conclusions about the mentioned distribution of the stone findings. Moreover, in this part of the locality, the Vinca layers are disturbed by a necropole from 17-18. centuries, and maybe that could made increasing of stone findings distribution abouve and around the graves, in southern part of the House 1/2008. Obsereved as whole, with all defined basic types of chipped artifacts, this collection does not provide observation of possible local characteristics which could specifically and obviously indicate big diferences between material of the Late Vinca and older neolithic period. Number of samples is too small with prevailed unretouched flakes and blades which represent more than a half of the findings, while the retouched samples show an average degree of production quality. The artifacts do not exhibit unusual and for previous periods unknown technological procedures in making tools. The retouched artifacts fit to the already defined typological frame which, at the end of the Neolithic, unequivocally announce gradual degradation and slow extinction of the technology which has labelled the largest period of prehistory and established the fundament of civilization. The largest significance of this small collection is obvious in the presence of white and grayish-green chert artifacts, which indicate the same primary sources of raw material. These sources were most probably used by population of the locality Kremenite njive in Barajevo and Salitrena pecina in the vicinity of the Brezdje village, near Valjevo. Typology and raw material structure from Trench 5/2008 in Crkvine in a whole are in accordance with the general image of the ground stone industry in the final stage of the Vinca culture. Among the tools prevailed abrasive artifacts (grindstones, whetstone, pounders and querns), while ground-edge tools are significantly rare appearing only as adze or as extremely rare occurrences of chisle. Non-defined fragments are most abundant , at first place the flakes made of ?ligth white stone? representing half-fabricates of the polished stone industry. This implies that the production of tools from this raw material was local in character, possibly even organized within households. The habitants of this Late Vinca settlement, according to the raw material used for their massive tools, most probably have undertaken stone exploitation from quarries. Striving to select appropriate row material for making high quality querns, they discovered a greywacke deposit and used the same raw material for making other abrasive tools as well. The presence of other rock types indicates that alluvium material in the vicinity of the locality was possibly used, as well. The presence of abundant ?light white stone? artifacts confirms that the raw material was exploited from a narrow local area. Utilization of this type of raw material cannot be connected with the ? ligth white stone? found on contemporaneous localities in the vicinity: magnesite was used in Vinca, diatomite on Ilica brdo, tuff in Crkvine near Mali Borak. It is most likely that each settlement exploited deposits of the given stone type in its immediate vicinity. The Late Vinca settlement in Crkvine had a surface of more than 16 ha, however, only a small area (in 2008 two trenches of total surface of 89 m?) was so far archaeologicaly investigated. Accordingly, the conclusions about raw material exploitation, production and usage of stone tools are considered preliminary. Metal is not registered in Crkvine, but we assume that its existence was known to the habitants of this settlement, and that they even used it. It is confirmed by a finding from the structure 1/2008. It is represented by ceramic figurines who carry perforated hamer-axes of the the Plocnik type made from copper, as well as by the fact that small metallic tools for ephemeral usage appear in even in Early Neolithic settlements. If the stone tools were used only as cheaper replacements of those made of metals, than the careless behaviour of the habitants from the Vinca settlement in Crkvine towards the ?out-of-date? types of tools and the production of good quality grind tools, probably used in additional mechanical treatments of metallic tools are not unusual.
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Sarjeant, Carmen. "Mental Templates and Ceramic Manufacture at Neolithic An Son, Southern Vietnam." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 24, no. 2 (2014): 269–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774314000468.
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The 1000-year Neolithic occupation of An Son in southern Vietnam consists of ceramics that belong to a tradition that was potentially ancestral to those in many other regions of mainland Southeast Asia. The forms, dimensions, modes of decoration and fabrics of the An Son ceramics throughout the site's occupation have been studied in detail. The morphological dimensions were analysed with coefficient of variation (CV) calculations and the fabrics were characterized using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDX), in conjunction with statistical applications such as principal components analysis (PCA), cluster analysis and canonical variate analysis (CVA). The results suggest that a coherent method of manufacture and a mental template was applied in the manufacture of each major rim form that existed throughout the occupation of An Son. These vessel forms had a continuous evolution with evidence for conservatism in the shape and raw materials, while innovation and variation was observed in the decorative variables. The established mental templates indicate that the organization of ceramic production at An Son was linked to tradition and function in the community.