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Egigian, Tara Lynn. "Children's acceptability of vegetables: The relationship between food neophobia, vegetable neophobia, picky eating, bitter sensitivity, and mouth behavior." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2019. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2086.
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Although vegetables provide many beneficial nutrients and have been shown to help reduce the risk of dietary related chronic diseases, children in the United States are not meeting the national recommendations of vegetable servings. The overall goal of this research was to study the relationship between children’s vegetable acceptance and the following children’s characteristics: food neophobia (FN), vegetable neophobia (VN), picky eating (PE), 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) sensitivity, Mouth Behavior (MB). The specific objectives were to: (1) develop a novel method for evaluating children’s MB, (2) assess the FN, VN, PE, PROP sensitivity, and MB levels in children in San Luis Obispo County, (3) examine the relationship between FN, VN, PE, PROP sensitivity, and MB, (4) determine exposure and willingness to try familiar and unfamiliar vegetables of the two levels of each of the children’s characteristics, (5) to determine acceptability of familiar and unfamiliar vegetables of each level of each of the children’s characteristics, and (6) determine if the preference between two levels of each children’s characteristic differed.
Children’s acceptability of familiar and unfamiliar vegetables was conducted with 43 child and parent pairs. Parents completed five questionnaires: demographics, the Child Food Neophobic Scale, the Fruit and Vegetable Neophobia Instrument (vegetable subscale), the Child-Feeding Questionnaire (pickiness subscale), and the JBMB® typing tool. Children participated in consumer acceptance testing of red carrots (stick, sliver, and puree) and broccoli (floret, sliver, and puree). Sensory attributes were measured using a 5-point facial hedonic scale. The children’s PROP sensitivity was determined by having the children place a control taste strip on their tongue for approximately ten seconds and report what they tasted. This procedure was repeated with a PROP taste strip. The children’s MB was determined through a guided discussion about their eating behaviors and food preferences with their parents.
Of the children in the study, there were 46.51% FN, 32.56% PE, 34.8% PROP sensitive, 44.19% VN, 60.47% chewers, 27.91% crunchers, 6.98% smooshers, and 4.65% suckers. From likelihood ratio chi-square analysis, the following characteristics were related: FN and VN (p
This study indicates there are possible trends between FN, PE, MB, and vegetable acceptance. Another trend that appeared was that the sensory attributes of the non-bitter, unfamiliar red carrots were often rated higher than the sensory attributes of the bitter, familiar broccoli. It may be possible to determine child’s MB through discussions with the child and their parent. In conclusion, knowledge of a children’s MB and understanding how their eating behaviors are associated with the acceptability of familiar and unfamiliar vegetables served in different product forms may be able to help increase children’s vegetable consumption.
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Brigham, Andrew John. "Neophobia in wild and laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus)." Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262638.
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Costa, Joao Henrique Cardoso. "Food neophobia, feeding and sorting behaviour in dairy calves." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/55059.
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Standard practice within the dairy industry is to separate calves from the dam immediately after birth and raise calves in individual pens during the milk-feeding period with little or no contact with conspecifics. I reviewed empirical work (Chapter 2) on the social development of calves, the effects of social isolation and the practices associated with group housing of dairy calves. From this review I identified literature gaps that were explored in the following chapters. In Chapter 3, I explored how pairing age affects performance and feeding behaviour development in dairy calves. Early pairing (3 d of age) increased solid feed intake and weight gains in comparison to late-pairing (42 d of age) and individual housing. In Chapter 4, I investigated how individual housing of calves affects food neophobia. The results suggested that calves raised in a complex social environment are less reluctant to ingest new feed types. Chapter 5 investigated whether being grouped with experienced dairy cows would affect the development of grazing behaviours in pregnant dairy heifers first introduced to pasture. The results indicated that grouping heifers with pasture-experienced cows improves grazing behaviour in the first hours following introduction to pasture. Chapter 6 assessed whether weaned calves would sort a total mixed ration (TMR) and if sorting was affected by the availability of a separate grain source. I found that calves can sort a total mixed ration and that the provision of a separate source of concentrate reduces sorting. I conclude that calves raised in more complex social environments early in life experience benefits related to feeding behaviour development, performance, ability to cope with novelty, and that experienced companions can be used to mitigate stress associated with novelty.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Vernelli, Toni. "The complexity of neophobia in a generalist foraging corvid : the common magpie (Pica pica)." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/11562.
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It is often suggested that species differences in neophobia are related to differences in feeding or habitat specialisation. Generalist species, which have more to gain from exploring novel resources, tend to be less neophobic than specialists. However, some successful generalists including ravens, brown rats and coyotes also demonstrate high levels of neophobia. I explored this paradox using common magpies, a widespread generalist opportunist that displays behaviour indicative of high neophobia. Using a combination of field and short-term captive studies, I investigated whether novelty reactions were a fixed trait or varied according to object features and context as well as for different categories of novelty (i.e. objects, food, location). I found that novelty reactions in magpies were not influenced by object features such as colour, shape or size but varied greatly depending on environmental context and novelty category. Birds did not show avoidance of novel objects presented in novel environments but were extremely wary of similar novel objects presented in familiar environments, suggesting that violation of expectations may be more important than absolute novelty. Magpies could overcome the neophobia through repeated exploration of the objects over longer periods of time, but it affected their foraging behaviour. To avoid interactions with novel objects, wild-living magpies successfully employed an innovative technique that involves observing and pilfering from caching squirrels. Less aversion was shown towards novel food than to novel objects, while familiar objects and food encountered in novel locations were generally accepted. In total, this thesis suggests that neophobia is a complex and dynamic phenomenon in generalist foragers which may set protective limitations on the level of exploration. It can be overcome through learning and the development of alternative behavioural tactics such as kleptoparasitism.
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Webster, Sandra J. "Problem solving and neophobia in Passeriformes and Columbiformes of Barbados." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0031/MQ64478.pdf.
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Brunton, Clair. "Neophobia and feeding behaviour of wild brown rats (Rattus norvegicus)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333320.
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Jarjour, Catherine. "Effect of Urbanization on Neophobia in Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus)." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39460.
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As human populations increase and city borders grow, many animals have to modify their
foraging behaviours to exploit evolutionarily novel urban food sources that could aid their survival. Neophobia, the fear of novelty, can lead to missed opportunities in these cases. Novelty is therefore expected to elicit different responses in urban and rural populations, a difference that has been frequently studied, but with mixed results. The main objective of my thesis was to study the novelty response of wild black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) in ecologically relevant conditions while controlling for individual characteristics and potential differences in foraging group size. I predicted that urban black-capped chickadees would be more likely to initially contact novelty than rural chickadees, and that subordinates and juveniles would be more likely to first contact novelty than dominants and adults, respectively. I ran replicated experiments using three novelty types (object, colour, or food) on six sites, during which I registered feeder choice of 71 tagged individuals. I found that urban chickadees showed less neophobia than their rural counterparts, the latter initially contacting the familiar feeder before approaching the novel feeder, while the former were equally likely to contact any feeder. There was no significant effect of an individual’s dominance, age or sex on its first choice of feeder, nor was there an effect of novelty type. Overall, my results suggest that urban chickadees exhibit less neophobia than their rural counterparts, because they have generally learned to tolerate novelty in their habitat and/or they have adapted to live in an environment that rewards low neophobia.
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Martins, Yolanda. "Food neophobia, an examination of food rejections with special reference to disgust." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ63779.pdf.
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Sunnucks, Paul James. "Social behaviour and neophobia in the European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.)." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309506.
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Greggor, Alison. "A critical evaluation of neophobia in corvids : causes, consequences and conservation implications." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2016. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/261904.
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Neophobia, or the fear of novelty, is thought to restrict animals’ ecological niches and hinder their propensity for innovation; two processes that should limit behavioural adjustment to human-induced changes in the environment. However, birds within the corvid family Corvidae defy this trend by being highly neophobic, yet highly successful alongside humans across diverse habitats. This thesis examines the causes and ecological consequences of neophobia to unravel corvids’ puzzling neophobic tendencies. Throughout the thesis I find evidence that corvids are very neophobic, but that individuals differ in their level of novelty avoidance. Neophobia is not a fixed trait across time and towards all types of novelty. Neophobia levels differ depending on the type of novel stimuli being presented, and individuals can be inconsistent when environments change seasonally (Chapter Three). Although individual differences in neophobia are expected to be associated with fitness outcomes, I found no direct connections between neophobia, reproductive success or offspring stress hormone expression (Chapter Four). Moreover, if neophobia levels were defined by human presence, populations should differ in their novelty avoidance according to their proximity to humans. However, corvids show similar patterns of object neophobia between urban and rural areas (Chapter Five). The lack of connection between neophobia, fitness, and urbanization indicates that corvids might be able to circumvent individual differences in neophobia that might otherwise restrict behavioural adjustment. Accordingly, experience observing conspecifics consume novel foods and approach threatening objects encourages individual risk-taking, such that highly neophobic individuals could benefit from social information (Chapter Six). I therefore propose that corvids’ flexibility and their success alongside humans may be due to their ability to overcome their fear through learning. How animals make decisions in the face of ecological novelty may predict whether they behaviourally adjust to human-altered habitats and is relevant in the wider context of species conservation.
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Costa, Alexandra Ferreira da. "Food neophobia and its association with food preferences and dietary intake of adults." Bachelor's thesis, [s.n.], 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/7568.
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Trabalho Complementar apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de licenciada em Ciências da NutriçãoBackground: Food neophobia has been associated with less healthy food choices and with poorer overall dietary quality, but it may also affect food preferences. The objective of this study was to assess the association of both food preferences and dietary intake with food neophobia in a sample of Portuguese adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a non-probabilistic sample of 229 adults, aged 18 to 84 years. Food Neophobia was measured with the Pliner’s and Hobden’s Food Neophobia Scale, previously validated. To assess the dietary intake over the previous 12 months, a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was applied. We defined a dietary pattern - the Healthy Diet Indicator (measuring adherence to dietary guidelines) to summarise the effects of overall dietary intake. Generalised linear models were performed to test those associations in multivariate analyses (β̂ and the respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), controlled for sex, age and education). Results: Food neophobia was negatively associated with a general liking for the act of eating (β̂=-2.976, 95%CI:-5.324;-0.993) and with reduced preferences for specific foods, such as fruit and vegetables, game meat, oily fish, seafood, fish soup, and traditional Portuguese dishes with blood. Those with higher food neophobia showed a lower consumption of fruits and vegetables, but a higher consumption of milk and codfish, a very popular Portuguese dish. However, food neophobia did not affect the macronutrients and energy intake, as well as sodium, added sugars and fibre intake. Adherence to a healthy dietary pattern was not significantly associated with food neophobia. Conclusions: Our data indicate that the food neophobia level decreases the consumption and the preference for specific foods, but has no impact on a healthy dietary pattern.
Introdução: A neofobia alimentar tem sido associada com escolhas alimentares menos saudáveis e com uma menor qualidade da alimentação no geral, mas pode também influenciar as preferências alimentares. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre as preferências e a ingestão alimentar e a neofobia alimentar numa amostra de adultos portugueses. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal numa amostra não probabilística de 229 adultos, com idades entre os 18 e os 84 anos. A Neofobia Alimentar foi avaliada através da Escala de Neofobia de Pliner e Hobden, previamente validada. Para avaliar a ingestão alimentar nos últimos 12 meses, foi aplicado um questionário semi-quantitativo de frequência alimentar anteriormente validado. Foi também definido um padrão alimentar de Alimentação Saudável (que mede a adesão a recomendações dietéticas) para resumir o efeito da ingestão alimentar global. Foram realizados modelos lineares generalizados para testar as associações em análise multivariada (β’ e os respetivos intervalos de confiança a 95% (IC95%), ajustados para sexo, idade e escolaridade). Resultados: A neofobia alimentar associou-se a um menor gosto em geral pelo ato de comer (β̂= -2,976, 95%IC: -5,324; -0,993) e a uma menor preferência por alimentos específicos, como fruta e produtos hortícolas, carne de caça, peixe gordo, marisco, sopa de peixe e alguns pratos tradicionais portugueses. Indivíduos com maior neofobia alimentar apresentaram um menor consumo de hortofrutícolas, mas um maior consumo de leite e bacalhau, um prato popular Português. No entanto, a neofobia alimentar não afetou a ingestão de macronutrientes e de energia, assim como a de sódio, açúcares adicionados e fibras. A adesão a um padrão alimentar saudável não se mostrou significativamente associada à neofobia alimentar. Conclusão: Os nossos resultados indicam que o nível de neofobia alimentar afeta o consumo e a preferência por alimentos específicos, mas não parece ter influência num padrão alimentar saudável.
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Grove, Elizabeth D. "Childhood Food Exposure, Parental Feeding Practices, and Current Food Neophobia in College Students." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1554503321191901.
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Ayoughi, Farnoosh. "Parental Perspective and Feeding Practices Effects on Food Neophobia in Elementary-Age School Children." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2018. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1991.
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The Food neophobia (FN) behaviors in children are developed during childhood and can be influenced by parental FN and feeding behaviors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between FN and fruit and vegetable neophobia (FVN) among parents, the parents-reports on child's behavior and child self-reports. The effect of parental feeding practices and demographic variables on children’s FN and FVN were evaluated. Sixty-eight parents paired with their elementary school children (aged 7-12 years) in San Luis Coastal Unified School District participated in this study. Results indicated that parents reported their children more neophobic than children self-reported neophobia; however, there was a significant association between parents-reported child FN and child self-reported FN (r=0.62, p<0.05). FVN behaviors were positively and consistently correlated with FN in both parents and children. Parents with the highest income levels used less restriction for weight and child control strategies to feed their children (p<0.05). More pressure to eat was applied significantly for younger children, which increased their levels of food and FVN as reported by parents.
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Blixt, Torbjörn. "The behavioural response of mice to predator odours." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-79068.
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The ability to detect and react to a predator odour is crucial for prey species. In the present study 10 mice (Mus musculus) were used to test the behavioural response of mice towards two predator odours (3-methyl-1-butanethiol and 3-mercapto-3-methyl-butan-1-ol) and one fruity odour (n-pentyl acetate). All three odours were tested against a near odourless blank stimulus (diethyl phthalate). The animals were individually placed in a test chamber of two equally sized compartments divided by a vertical Plexiglas wall with a semicircular opening. Their proximity to the odours, placed beneath the floor in petri dishes in each compartment, was measured continuously with stop watches. The mice spent less time in proximity to 3-methyl-1-butanethiol and n-pentyl acetate compared to diethyl phthalate (P<0,05). The mice did not prefer any specific compartment in the test with 3-mercapto-3-methyl-butan-1-ol compared to diethyl phthalate (P>0,05). The avoidance of 3-methyl-1-butanethiol and n-pentyl acetate can be explained either by neophobia, or in the case of 3-methyl-1-butanethiol that it contains sulphur. The lack of behavioural response towards 3-mercapto-3-methyl-butan-1-ol may be due to its loss of intensity over time. From this study it is not certain if mice have an innate fear of predator odours.
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Musk, Pabst Stephanie Rene. "FOOD NEOPHOBIA IN FAMILIES: MAJOR FOOD PREPARER - CHILD COMPARISONS AND RELATIONSHIPS WITH DIET QUALITY." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin990810056.
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Prasher, Sanjay. "Examining the Predictors of Technical and Consumer Innovation in Black-Capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus)." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38447.
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Behavioural innovation, the use of new behaviours or modification of existing ones in novel contexts, has been suggested to aid animals in meeting the demands of new or changing environments. Many researchers have studied intra-specific variation in the propensity for technical innovation (i.e. use of new or modified motor actions) using problem-solving tasks, but have found mixed results concerning the influence of individual and ecological variables. Relatively few researchers have investigated the predictors of consumer innovation (i.e. consumption of novel food). The aim of the work presented within this thesis is to ascertain which characteristics explain intra-specific variation in the propensity for technical and consumer innovation in black-capped chickadees. In chapter 2 I analyze dominance rank, exploratory tendency, and habitat urbanization as predictors of problem-solving performance and persistence. I found, for one of the tasks presented to the birds, that dominants outperform subordinates, particularly among rural individuals. This goes against predictions from the necessity drives innovation hypothesis, but may be explained by differences in experience, as adults were found to outperform juveniles in a follow-up analysis. There was also evidence for a positive relationship between exploratory tendency and lever-pulling performance. The lack of consistency in performance across tasks likely arose from differences in task characteristics. In chapter 3 I analyze the predictors of food neophobia and willingness to consume novel food using the same variables as before, as well as baseline levels of corticosterone. I found that birds responded differently to each novel food type and individuals became less neophobic and more willing to consume novel food items as the study progressed through autumn. Additionally, I found a negative relationship between baseline corticosterone levels and food neophobia, and a positive relationship between corticosterone levels and the propensity for consumer innovation. This finding is in line with the knowledge of higher baseline corticosterone driving foraging behaviour. Overall this work provides further insights into the characteristics that may drive innovation and allow animals to meet novel challenges or take advantage of novel opportunities in their environment.
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Marlow, Christina Sophia. "The Effect Of Parental Food Neophobia On Children’s Fruit And Vegetable Acceptance: A Serial Mediation Model." W&M ScholarWorks, 2021. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1627047824.
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The United States is currently facing a child obesity epidemic. One possible contributor to this epidemic is children’s low intake of healthful foods such as fruits and vegetables. In order to investigate factors associated with children’s low fruit and vegetable liking and acceptance, we recruited 150 children between the ages of 5 and 10 years of age (Mage = 92.47 mo. , 44.7% female). Based on previous research, we measured parental and child neophobia using adult and child versions of the food neophobia scale, and parents’ reports of children’s fruit and vegetable offered at home. Children completed two laboratory tasks. In the first task they were presented with pictures of fruits and vegetables and were asked to identify and indicate whether they liked the foods. In the second task children were presenting four different fruits and vegetables and were asked to try to the foods. Using serial mediation models, we investigated the indirect effect of parental food neophobia (X) on acceptance (Y1) and liking (Y2) of fruits and vegetables through two serial mediators; variety of fruits and vegetables offered by parents (M1) and child food neophobia (M2). These analyses revealed a significant indirect effect of parents’ food neophobia on acceptance and liking of fruits and vegetables through fruit and vegetable variety as well as child food neophobia. There was also a significant serial indirect effect of parent food neophobia on both outcomes through variety and child food neophobia. The results provide further evidence supporting the strong influence that neophobia (both parental and child) and the feeding environment exert on children’s fruit and vegetable liking and acceptance. Future interventions should focus on helping parents overcome their own food neophobia and educate them on the importance of repeatedly exposing their children to a wide variety of fruits and vegetables.
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Stratton, Jessica Nicole. "Examination of Head Start students' and teachers' attitudes and behaviors toward trying new foods as part of a social marketing campaign." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31878.
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Objective: To determine the impact of preschool teacher food-related attitudes and behaviors on child food behaviors.
Design: A twelve-week intervention and observational study with teachers completing
questionnaires before and after the intervention.
Setting: Head Start classrooms throughout Virginia.
Participants: 177 preschool Head Start teachers and 1534 children.
Intervention(s): Food Friends, a twelve-week social marketing campaign, was conducted by Head Start teachers during the Spring 2007, introducing children to novel foods with food puppets, nutrition-related activities and novel food tasting opportunities. Hypotheses related to the impact of preschool teachersâ food-related attitudes and behaviors on childrenâ s food behaviors were tested, and changes in teacher and child food behaviors were measured.
Main Outcome Measures: Teacher food-related attitudes and behaviors were measured/quantified. Child food behaviors were measured and compared to teacher attitudes and behaviors.
Analysis: Descriptive, correlational and t-test statistics were conducted.
Results: Teachersâ and childrenâ s acceptance of novel foods improved after the Food Friends program, however, no direct correlations were found between teacher food-related attitudes and behaviors and child food behaviors.
Conclusions and Implications: Preschool teacher attitudes and behaviors may not significantly impact child food-related behaviors. More research is needed to determine effective ways of encouraging positive child food behaviors.Master of Science
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Sievert, Thorbjörn. "Behavioural responses of mice to predator odour components." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119355.
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Having means to detect and avoid potential predators is a necessity for prey species. Most mammalian prey species are able to detect odours emitted by predators and to adapt their behaviour accordingly. These odour cues are therefore considered to act as semiochemicals. Predator odours consist of several dozen different odourants. In order to assess if single odourants elicit aversive behavioural reactions, predator-naïve CD-1 mice were presented with six odourants which are part of body-borne odours of different mammalian predator species. A two-compartment chamber was used in order to assess place-preference, motor activity and faecal excretions when the animals were simultaneously presented with a predator odourant and a blank control. Further trials were performed to assess whether the odourant concentrations had an influence on the behaviours. The only odourant that elicited a significant aversion was 3-methyl-1-butanethiol, a compound found in the anal gland secretion of skunks, when presented at a factor of 100 above the olfactory detection threshold of mice. Two other concentrations of 3-methyl-1-butanethiol did not elicit significant behavioural changes. Based on the present study, only one out of six selected predator odourants elicited a significant aversive response in CD-1 mice. This suggests that more than one odour component, or perhaps even the full mixture of odourants, may be necessary for CD-1 mice to respond to a predator odour with aversive behaviour.
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Manataki, Chrysi. "Changes in wine perception induced by food: influence of physiological and psychological factors." Master's thesis, ISA, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/15841.
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Mestrado Vinifera Euromaster - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - ULThe present work assessed the effect of food on wine preference. Four commercial Greek and Portuguese wines, two reds and two whites, with different sensorial features were used. An additional objective was to evaluate the intensity and liking of acidity, astringency and moderate sweetness in white wine, using as tastants tartaric acid, tannic acid and sucrose. The tastings were performed by a trained panel of 28 individuals, segmented by gender, smoking habits, Vinotype, sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP), saliva flow rate, sweet liking and wine “neophobia” responses. Secondary segments (such as smell sensitivity and tastant liking) were also created during the training process. The sensitivity and appreciation of the tastants enabled to separate the tasters in two segments, one with high response to the stimulus and another with low. The variation of individual sensitivities followed a normal distribution for tartaric acid and sucrose, contrarily to tannic acid. Concerning the relation between sensitivity to the tastant and the respective hedonic evaluation, there were no correlations (│r│< 0.3), indicating that hedonic appreciation was apparently not influenced by sensitivity to the tested tastants. Concerning food pairing, there was a tendency to decreasing preference for white wines after food consumption, in comparison to that of reds, which tended to increase after pairing. However, when statistically analyzed, the wine ranking did not evidence significant differences and so, all wines performed equally well on pairing with food. This observation may be explained by the cancellation of the different individual preferences when the overall response of the panel was considered. The outcome from the segments sweet liking, smell sensitivity and “neophobia” showed that wine preference could only be related with “neophobia” and not with any physiological or liking factor. In summary, hedonic appreciation seems to be more connected to our cultural and psychological background and these features should be taken into account to understand the individual wine choices
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Rioux, Camille. "Feeding the mind : the development of food categories and its association with food neophobia and pickiness in young children." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0351/document.
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La néophobie et la sélectivité alimentaire des jeunes enfants ont des conséquences préoccupantes sur la santé notamment parce qu’elles concernent les fruits et les légumes. Il est donc essentiel de promouvoir l’adoption de comportements alimentaires sains chez le jeune enfant. Dans ce contexte, le premier objectif de la thèse était de développer un questionnaire pour mesurer efficacement la néophobie et la sélectivité alimentaire chez les enfants français dès l'âge de 2 ans. Le questionnaire développé dans cette thèse est un outil efficace pour étudier les rejets chez cette population. Le deuxième objectif était de mieux définir le concept de sélectivité alimentaire et d’étudier la relation entre néophobie et sélectivité. Les résultats ont montré que la néophobie et la sélectivité capturent un même type de peur pour les aliments nouveaux et potentiellement toxiques. Le troisième objectif était d'étudier directement la relation entre le développement de la catégorisation des aliments chez les jeunes enfants et leur niveau de néophobie et sélectivité alimentaire. Les résultats ont montré des liens négatifs entre développement cognitif et rejets alimentaires. L'acceptation des aliments dépend probablement de la maturité du système de catégorisation alimentaire. Enfin, le quatrième objectif était de concevoir une intervention, en exploitant les données empiriques sur la relation entre développement cognitif et rejets alimentaires, afin d'influencer positivement ces derniers chez les enfants. Les résultats montrent que l'exposition visuelle est efficace pour diminuer les comportements de rejets alimentairesFood neophobia and pickiness in young children are two strong barriers to fruit and vegetable consumption. It is therefore essential to understand the mechanisms underpinning these two kinds of food rejections to promote the adoption of healthy eating behaviors among preschoolers. In this context, the first objective of the thesis was to develop a hetero-assessment scale to measure efficiently food neophobia and pickiness for French children as young as 2 years of age. The scale developed represents an efficient tool for studying food rejection dispositions in this young population. The second objective was to clarify the concept of pickiness and to provide an insight into the relationship between food neophobia and pickiness. The results revealed that food neophobia and pickiness capture a same kind of fear for new and potentially toxic food. The third objective was to directly investigate the relationship between food categorization development in young children and their food neophobia and pickiness. The thesis is one of the first studies to investigate directly this relationship.This investigation revealed negative connections between cognitive development and food rejection dispositions. Food acceptance probably depends on the maturity of the food categorization system. Finally, the fourth objective was to design an intervention, exploiting the empirical evidence on the relationship between food categorization and food rejections, to positively influence children food rejections. The results add to the promising body of evidence that visual exposure is effective to decrease food rejection behaviors
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Marinho, Viviane Rosa. "Tratamento da Neofobia Alimentar em pacientes com obesidade associada ou não à compulsão alimentar." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4979.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorTendo como base a visão evolucionista e a abordagem terapêutica cognitivo-comportamental, o objetivo deste trabalho foi propor um protocolomodificado de tratamento para pessoas obesas com compulsão alimentar periódica.A idéia norteadora é que estratégias que foram úteis para a sobrevivência daespécie poderiam estar influenciando no ganho de peso. Entre estas estratégias,destacam-se: a tendência a consumir uma grande quantidade de alimentos, facilitando o consumo de alimentos hipercalóricos; e a neofobia alimentar, dificultando o consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras. Obedecendo à lógicaancestral herdada pela espécie, a primeira proporciona reservas para momentos deescassez de alimentos e a segunda implica em uma recusa em consumir alimentosdesconhecidos evitando que substâncias tóxicas sejam ingeridas. Ambos os fatores poderiam contribuir para a obesidade. Os tratamentos convencionais buscam controlar a ingestão calórica. O que aqui se propõe, além desse controle, é tentardiminuir o nível de neofobia alimentar. Com essa hipótese de trabalho espera-se aumentar o consumo de alimentos, principalmente os mais saudáveis e hipocalóricos, contribuindo para reduzir a ingestão de alimentos hipercalóricos. Otratamento incluiu técnicas de exposição, modelação e imitação adicionadas a umtratamento já utilizado para obesos com compulsão alimentar periódica. Foram criados dois grupos, o primeiro com 4 participantes funcionando como grupo decontrole, que recebeu um tratamento convencional de TCC; o outro, com 6 participantes aqui denominado grupo de intervenção, que recebeu o tratamento deTCC modificado. A pesquisa foi qualificada como quase-experimental. O resultadoobtido foi uma redução do índice de neofobia alimentar, do Índice de massa corporal, um aumento no consumo de alimentos saudáveis e a redução de gordurase açúcares no chamado grupo de intervenção. Embora tenha alcançado estes resultados, o tratamento ainda precisa ser reformulado e ampliado.
Based on the evolutionary vision and cognitive-behavioral therapy approach,the objective was to propose a modified protocol of treatment for overweight peoplewith binge eating. The guiding idea is that the strategies that were useful for thesurvival of the species could have contributed to weight gain. Among these strategiesare: the tendency to consume a large amount of food, facilitating the consumption ofcalorie foods, and food neophobia, making the consumption of fruits and vegetables.According to the logic inherited the ancestral species, the first provides reserves fortimes of food shortages and the second implies a refusal to consume food thatavoiding unknown toxic substances are ingested. Both factors could contribute toobesity. Conventional treatments seek to control caloric intake. What is proposedhere, and this control is to try to reduce the level of food neophobia. With this workinghypothesis is expected to increase food intake, especially low-calorie and healthierby helping to reduce the intake of calorie. Treatment included exposure techniques,modeling and imitation added to an already used to treat obese patients with bingeeating. We created two groups, the first with 4 participants working as a control groupwho received conventional treatment of TCC, the other with 6 participants here calledthe intervention group, who received the modified treatment of TCC. The researchwas described as a quasi-experimental. The result was a reduction in the rate of foodneophobia, the body mass index, an increased consumption of healthy foods andreduce fats and sugars called in the intervention group. Although it has achievedthese results, the treatment still needs to be reformed and expanded.
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Frommelin, Hanna, and Emma Rosendahl. "Barns acceptans,preferens och upplevelseav kex i förhållande tillgrad av neofobi : Tillämpning av The Italian Child Food Neophobia Scale i Sverige." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kostvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-362251.
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Näringsrik och hälsosam mat har en stor inverkan på hälsan och är en viktig faktor tidigt i människans liv då grunden för matvanor läggs. Inom ämnet är det intressant att studera barns matpreferenser samt studera barn som är kräsna med maten och rädda för att prova på ny mat. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka barns acceptans, preferens och upplevelse av kex irelation till matrelaterad neofobi samt att för första gången tillämpa en översatt version av den italienska skalan för matrelaterad neofobi hos barn, Italian Child Food Neophobia Scale (ICFNS), i Sverige. I studien har 119 barn studerats. De besvarade neofobienkäten med åtta frågor om deras attityd till ny mat. Barnen fick provsmaka åtta olika sorters kex och angav hur mycket de tyckte om kexen samt vilket som var deras favoritkex. Till sist fick de även göra ett beskrivande test med hjälp av en Check-All-That-Apply lista med ord som skulle beskriva kexen de smakade samt ange vilka av orden som beskrev det godaste fantasikexet de kunde komma på. Resultaten visade att det fanns vissa skillnader i barns val av favoritkex samt barnens beskrivning av sitt ideala fantasikex då barnen var uppdelade i två grupper, neofoba och neofila. Bland annat verkade neofoba föredra mjuka kex medan neofila gillade knapriga kex men de flesta barn föredrog kex med choklad. Översättningen av den italienska skalan för matrelaterad neofobi hos barn fungerade väl i användning hos 10–11 åriga svenska barn.
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Bergamaschi, V. "PERCEPTIVE AND BEHAVIORAL DETERMINANTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES CONSUMPTION IN CHILDHOOD: STRATEGIES TO PREVENT OBESITY." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/244987.
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Negli ultimi anni la prevenzione e il trattamento dell’obesità hanno rivestito un ruolo di primaria importanza per salute pubblica in tutto il mondo. Anche se è ormai noto che un regolare consumo di frutta e verdure è associato a una riduzione di peso e a benefici per la salute, il consumo di tali prodotti è ben lontano dalle cinque porzioni al giorno raccomandate, specialmente nei bambini (WHO, 2012). Tra i differenti fattori che influenzano il consumo di frutta e verdura, la dimensione edonistica gioca un ruolo fondamentale. Essa è il risultato di complesse interazioni tra determinanti percettive e comportamentali ed è strettamente associata al concetto di familiarità e neofobia (Nicklaus et al., 2005). Falciglia et al, (2000) hanno riportato evidenze di una correlazione negativa tra neofobia alimentare e consumo di frutta e vedura, nonostante ciò il ruolo della neofobia, della familiarità e delle preferenze sullo stato nutrizionale non è chiaro.
Negli ultimi 30 anni, ricerche sulle abitudini alimentari dei bambini hanno identificato diverse variabili che possono aumentare il consumo di alcuni alimenti. In accordo con la teoria sociale dell’apprendimento (Bandura 1977), l’imitazione di comportamenti può avere una forte influenza nel cambiare le scelte alimentari. In aggiunta, i bambini hanno molte più probabilità di imitare un modello, quando il loro comportamento è premiato, sia tale modello coetaneo o poco più grande, e in particolare se esso viene da loro ammirato. Un’altra strategia influente nella modificazione delle abitudini alimentari sono le esposizioni ripetute a uno specifico alimento. Assaggi ripetuti, infatti aumentano la familiarità, con la possibilità di estendere la preferenza anche per alimenti che inizialmente erano sgraditi (Cooke et al., 2011). Un approccio differente per implementare il consumo di prodotti specifici è quello di aumentare la varietà degli alimenti offerti. E’ noto che la varietà in un pasto aumenta il consumo. Quindi, questo fattore potrebbe essere usato per promuovere il consumo di frutta e verdura nei bambini (Forestell et al., 2007).
La presente tesi di dottorato affronta questo tema in tre capitoli. Lo scopo del Capitolo 1 è stato quello di esplorare, sviluppare e validare un questionario per valutare la neofobia alimentare in bambini italiani della scuola elementare. Nel Capitolo 2 sono presentati due studi che riguardano lo stato nutrizionale in relazione alla dimensione sensoriale. Nel primo studio è stata indagata la relazione tra soglie gustative e composizione corporea negli adulti. Tale studio è stato condotto in via priminare sugli adulti per approfondire le conoscenze in questo campo d’indagine in vista di mettere a punto nuove ricerche sui bambini. Il secondo studio di questo capitolo si è occupato di indagare la relazione tra preferenze alimentari, tratti neofobici e composizione corporea nei bambini. Lo scopo del Capitolo 3 è stato di esaminare l’effetto di diverse strategie nell’aumentare il consumo di frutta e verdura da parte dei bambini. In particolare, il primo esperimento presentato, è stato condotto in Italia, coivolgendo bambini della scuole elementari del comune di Milano; mentre il secondo ha visto la partecipazione di bambini danesi della città di Copenhagen.
Cooke, L., J., Chambers, L., C., Añes, E., V., & Wardle, J. (2011). Facilitating or undermining? The effect of reward on food acceptance. A narrative review. Appetite, 57, 493-497.
Falciglia, G.A., Couch, S.C., Gribble, L.S., Pabst, S.M., & Frank, R. (2000). Food neophobia in childhood affects dietary variety. Journal of American Dietetic Association, 100, 1474-1478.
Forestell, C.A., &, J.A. (2007). Early Determinants of Fruits and Vegetables Acceptance. Pediatrics, 120 (6), 1257-1254.
Nicklaus, S., Boggio, V., Chabanet, C., & Issanchou, S. (2005). A prospective study of food variety seeking in childhood, adolescence and early adult life. Appetite, 44, 289-297.
Olsen, A., Ritz, C., Kraaij, L.W., & Møller, P. (2012a). Children’s liking and intake and vegetables: A school-based intervention study. Food Quality and Preference, 23, 90-98.
WHO, World Health Organization (2012). Population-based approaches to childhood obesity prevention. WHO Document Production Services, Geneva, Switzerland.In the recent years, prevention and treatment of child obesity have been of primary importance in public health all over the world. Although it’s well known that regular consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with reduction of weight and health benefits, the intake of these products is far below the recommended 5 serving per day, especially among children (WHO, 2012). Among the many factors influencing the prediction of fruits and vegetables consumption, the hedonic dimension plays a major role. It is result of complex interactions between perceptive and behavioural determinants, and it is streactly related to familiarity and neophobia (Nicklaus et al., 2005). Evidence for a negative relationship between neophobia traits and fruits and vegetables consumption in children has been reported (Falciglia et al., 2000), despite that the role of food neophobia, familiarity and preferences on nutritional status are unclear. Over the past 30 years, research on children’s food habits has identified several variables that can increase the consumption of different foods. According to the social learning theory, modeling by significant others can be highly influential in establishing food behaviour changes. Children are also more likely to imitate a model whose behaviour they see being rewarded, who is of the same age or slightly older than themselves or who they like or admire. Another influential strategy to modifying food habits is to induce prolonged exposure to a stimulus (Olsen et al., 2012). Repeated exposures to a specific food increase familiarity of foods and extend preferences for those initially rejected (Cooke et al., 2011). A different approach to extend specific products consumption is to increase variety of food offered. Variety within a meal is known to increase intake. Thus, it may be used to increase fruits and vegetables liking and to promote their intake in children (Forestell et al., 2007). The present PhD thesis addresses this theme in three chapters. The aim of the chapter 1 was to explore, develop and validate a questionnaire to assess food neophobia in primary school Italian children. In the chapter 2 two studies regarding nutritional status related to sensory dimension are presented. The first study explored the relationship between taste thresholds and body composition in adults. This is a preliminary survey carried out to deepen the knowledge on this field with a view to develop new researches in children. The second study of this chapter investigated the relationship between food preferences, neophobic traits and body composition in children. The aim of chapter 3 was to investigate the effect of different strategies in increasing children’s fruits and vegetables consumption. In partucular, the first experiment was carried out in Italy, involving Italian children of the Municipality of Milan; the second experiment was conducted on a group of Danish elementary school children of Copenhagen area. Cooke, L., J., Chambers, L., C., Añes, E., V., & Wardle, J. (2011). Facilitating or undermining? The effect of reward on food acceptance. A narrative review. Appetite, 57, 493-497. Falciglia, G.A., Couch, S.C., Gribble, L.S., Pabst, S.M., & Frank, R. (2000). Food neophobia in childhood affects dietary variety. Journal of American Dietetic Association, 100, 1474-1478. Forestell, C.A., &, J.A. (2007). Early Determinants of Fruits and Vegetables Acceptance. Pediatrics, 120 (6), 1257-1254. Nicklaus, S., Boggio, V., Chabanet, C., & Issanchou, S. (2005). A prospective study of food variety seeking in childhood, adolescence and early adult life. Appetite, 44, 289-297. Olsen, A., Ritz, C., Kraaij, L.W., & Møller, P. (2012a). Children’s liking and intake and vegetables: A school-based intervention study. Food Quality and Preference, 23, 90-98. WHO, World Health Organization (2012). Population-based approaches to childhood obesity prevention. WHO Document Production Services, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Rochedy, Amandine. "Autismes et socialisations alimentaires : particularités alimentaires des enfants avec un Trouble du Spectre de l'Autisme et ajustements parentaux pour y faire face." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20003.
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Cette thèse vise à apporter des éléments de compréhension sociologique des particularités alimentaires des enfants présentant des troubles autistiques. Ce sujet est encore peu étudié dans la littérature, alors même que les particularités alimentaires et les comportements problématiques à table associés aux troubles autistiques ont des conséquences sur la santé et la vie sociale de l’enfant ainsi que sur celles de l’entourage familial. À travers l’analyse d’entretiens avec des experts et des parents, de questionnaires, d’observations ethnographiques et de témoignages publiés de parents, ce travail observe les tensions qui jalonnent la construction du répertoire alimentaire. Sur un fonds biologique et psychologique commun, les analyses montrent comment l’écart autistique à la norme donne à voir des identités alimentaires qui se construisent et se diversifient au fil de l’âge et au gré des contextes. La thèse fait alors apparaître que des phénomènes, souvent identifiés comme spécifiques à la socialisation alimentaire en population autistique, relèvent en partie de déformations de la construction de la néophobie alimentaire et de son processus, au point qu’il soit nécessaire de parler de néophobies alimentaires au pluriel. L’alimentation particulière des enfants permet de souligner la dimension éminemment sociale du processus d’individualisation alimentaire. L’analyse des pratiques alimentaires spécifiques éclaire enfin la redéfinition des rôles et donne à voir les ajustements sociaux ainsi que le travail domestique, parental et de care pour y faire face. De la sorte, les perturbations liées aux troubles autistiques sont l’occasion d’observer les processus de néophobie sous un angle nouveau et de mettre au jour les enjeux individuels, familiaux, sociétaux et sanitaires de la socialisation alimentaire chez l’enfantThis thesis aims at bringing elements for a sociological understanding of autistic children’s eating particularities. The scientific literature remains limited on that subject even though eating particularities and problematic behaviours associated with autism spectrum disorders have consequences on the child’s health and social life, as well as on the family circle’s. Through the analysis of interviews with experts and parents, a quantitative survey, ethnographic observations and published testimonies, this research explores the strains of the building process of alimentary repertories. On a biological and psychological common basis, the autistic deviation from the standard reveals the construction and diversification of eating identities throughout aging and the different contexts in which children evolve. The dissertation shows that some phenomena, often identified as specific of the food socialization in autistic population, are partly due to distortions of the food neophobia construction and its process, so that it is necessary to talk about neophobias in the plural. The eating particularities emphasize the eminently social dimension of children’s eating individualization process. Furthermore their understanding highlights the redefinition of parents’ roles and the social adjustments implemented to cope with them, resulting in a combination of domestic, parental and care strategies. Thus, perturbations linked with autism disorders are the opportunity to study the neophobia process from a new angle and to uncover individual, familial, societal and health stakes implied in children’s food socialisation
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Jakobs, Moniek, and der Meij Theresia Maria van. "The role of consumers' environment-friendly lifestyle in relation to the acceptability of processed insect-based products." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-39463.
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Emmerson, Michael George. "Adolescent stress and social experiences : developmental antecedents of adult behavioural responses to unfamiliar stimuli and the underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12094.
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During adolescence, animals leave the natal home and interact with potentially threatening stimuli (i.e. stressors), e.g. unfamiliar environments and conspecifics. Adolescent stressors can result in fewer interactions with unfamiliar stimuli in adulthood, plausibly due to sustained effects of glucocorticoid exposure on stress physiology (e.g. glucocorticoid secretion and receptor expression). The current thesis tested the hypothesis that adolescent glucocorticoid exposure and social experiences act as stressors by quantifying the effects of the adolescent experiences on behavioural responses to unfamiliar stimuli and the underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms when in adulthood using two captive species, zebra finches and rats. In study one, adolescent zebra finches were dosed with the glucocorticoid corticosterone. In adulthood, birds dosed with corticosterone in early adolescence took longer to enter an unfamiliar environment when tested individually and had lower expression of the glucocorticoid receptor GR in the hippocampus and hypothalamus, brain regions that regulate stress responses. Glucocorticoids therefore appear to be an endocrine mechanism behind the long-term effects of adolescent stress. Subsequent studies explored whether higher social density and more unfamiliar social interactions during adolescence act as stressors. In study two, early adolescent zebra finches were housed in groups varying in conspecific number and density. In adulthood, females raised in larger groups secreted a higher stressor-induced corticosterone concentration and, if raised at lower density, spent more time in an unfamiliar environment when group housed. In study three, adolescent female rats were housed in familiar pairs or exposed to unfamiliar conspecifics. Unfamiliar adolescent interactions had no effects on responses to unfamiliar environments or stress physiology in adulthood, but heightened ultrasonic call rates. In this thesis, adolescent social experiences do not act like stressors, but modulate (especially female) social behaviour. Adolescent stressors and social experiences therefore have distinct effects on responses to unfamiliar stimuli and stress physiology that are maintained into adulthood.
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Soulet, Virginie. "Processus développementaux impliqués dans l’évolution de la néophobie alimentaire chez le jeune enfant." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100164/document.
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La néophobie alimentaire est une réticence à goûter et/ou le rejet des aliments inconnus. Elle a une incidence négative sur la variété du répertoire alimentaire de l’enfant et sur le climat familial lors des repas. L’objectif de notre étude, qui se situe dans une perspective développementale, est de répondre à trois questions concernant cette conduite qui demeurent insuffisamment traitées dans la littérature scientifique : 1/ la néophobie alimentaire émerge-t-elle brusquement à 2 ans ; 2/ si oui, quels sont les processus développementaux à l’origine de cette évolution ? ; 3/ quels liens la néophobie alimentaire entretient-elle avec la sélectivité alimentaire (réticence à goûter des aliments familiers) et l’alimentation difficile (rejet d’aliments inconnus et familiers, assorti de fortes préférences alimentaires) ?Via l’utilisation de questionnaires, nous avons évalué : 1/ la néophobie alimentaire en termes de prévalence et d’intensité ; 2/ les compétences développementales susceptibles d’expliquer son évolution dans les sphères motrice, praxique, linguistique et psycho-affective ; ces compétences ont été sélectionnées sur la base d’arguments temporel (évolution synchrone) et fonctionnel (liens théorique et psychologique) ; 3/ les conduites avec lesquelles elle est fréquemment confondue, à savoir la sélectivité alimentaire et l’alimentation difficile. Notre échantillon principal s’est trouvé composé de 432 sujets âgés de 3 à 60 mois. Nos résultats ont indiqué que la néophobie alimentaire constituait une période normale du développement de l’enfant. La prévalence de la néophobie alimentaire était de 57 % et associée à une intensitée modérée entre 3 et 6 mois ; elle augmentait de manière importante en termes de prévalence et d’intensité entre 19 et 36 mois, concernant 90 % des enfants à cet âge, puis elle se stabilisait jusqu’à 60 mois. Suivant cette évolution, nous avons proposé un modèle développemental de la néophobie alimentaire comprenant deux phases : 1/ une néophobie primaire commune aux nourrissons et aux animaux, liée à la perception de la nouveauté d’une texture ou d’une flaveur et sous-tendue par des processus de pensée intuitifs ; 2/ une néophobie secondaire, liée aux acquisitions réalisées par les enfants aux alentours de 2 ans, reposant largement sur l’aspect visuel des aliments et impliquant des traitements cognitifs plus élaborés. Nous n’avons pas identifié les processus développementaux à l’origine de son évolution entre 19 et 36 mois. Plusieurs explications méthodologiques et théoriques ont été envisagées pour expliquer cette absence de résultat telles que l’existence d’une phase intermédiaire dans l’acquisition des compétences ou l’implication d’autres mécanismes psychologiques ou neurobiologiques non mesurés dans cette recherche. De plus, nous avons constaté une intrication des processus développementaux mesurés aux alentours de 2 ans. Tous les progrès réalisés par l’enfant sur une courte période semblent converger dans une même direction, celle de l’autonomie : une autonomie à la fois motrice, avec l’acquisition de la marche et de la capacité à se nourrir seul, et une autonomie psychique, avec l’acquisition de la conscience de soi et l’entrée en phase d’opposition. Dans ce cadre, le développement du langage permettrait à l’enfant d’exprimer son individualité à travers l’affirmation de ses goûts et de ses besoins. La capacité à exprimer des demandes verbales et l’acquisition de la conscience de soi ont d’ailleurs été les compétences approchant le plus des critères de validation d’hypothèse. De ce fait, nous pouvons nous demander si l’augmentation de la néophobie alimentaire aux alentours de 2 ans vise à protéger l’enfant d’un éventuel empoisonnement à un moment où il devient de plus en plus autonome et/ou si elle reflète simplement des tentatives d’individuationFood neophobia is a reluctance to taste and/or the rejection of unknown foods. It has a negative impact on the diversity of the child's food repertoire and on the family dynamic during meals. The objective of our study, within a developmental perspective, is to answer three questions that remain insufficiently addressed in the scientific literature concerning this behavior: 1/ does food neophobia suddenly emerge at 2 years old; 2/ if so, what are the developmental processes involved in this evolution? ; 3/ how is food neophobia linked with pickiness (the reluctance to taste unfamiliar ingredients) and picky eating (the rejection of both unfamiliar and familiar foods, assorted with strong food preferences)?Through the use of questionnaires, we assessed: 1/ Food neophobia in terms of prevalence and intensity; 2/ Some developmental skills that are likely to explain its evolution in the motor, praxic, linguistic and psycho-affective spheres; these skills have been determined on the basis of temporal (synchronous evolution) and functional (theoretical and psychological links) arguments; 3/ The different behaviors it is frequently confused with: pickiness and picky eating. Our research sample was composed of 432 subjects aged between 3 and 60 months old.Our results showed that food neophobia was a normal period during childhood. The prevalence of food neophobia was 57% and was moderate intense between 3 and 6 months; it increased significantly in terms of prevalence and intensity between 19 and 36 months, with 90% of children affected by this condition at this age, then it stabilized until 60 months old. Based on this evolution, we have proposed a developmental model of food neophobia that can be divided in two phases: 1/ A primary neophobia common to infants and animals, that is mostly related to the perception of a new textures or flavors which relies on intuitive thinking processes; 2/ Secondary neophobia, that is based on children development around 2 years old, and that largely relies on food’s visual aspect and involves more elaborate cognitive processes.We did not identify the developmental processes that are responsible for its evolution between 19 and 36 months. Several methodological and theoretical explanations have been considered to justify this lack of results such as the existence of an intermediate phase during the skills acquisition period or the involvement of other psychological or neurobiological mechanisms that have not been measured for this study. In addition, we found an entanglement of developmental processes measured around 2 years. All the progress made by the child over a short period seem to converge in the same direction, that of autonomy: a motor autonomy, with the ability to walk and eat alone, and a psychic autonomy, with self-awareness and the opposition phase. In this context, language development would allow the child to express his/her individuality through the assertion of his preferences and needs. Furthermore, the ability to express verbal demands and the acquisition of self-awareness have been the closest things to our hypothesis validation criteria. As a result, we can ask whether the increase in food neophobia around 2 years is aimed at protecting the child from possible poisoning at a time when he is becoming more and more autonomous and/or if he simply reflects individuation attempts
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Proserpio, C. "BEHAVIORAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL DRIVERS OF OBESITY: AN INVESTIGATION USING A SENSORY APPROACH." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/488532.
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La patologia dell’obesità attualmente può essere considerata una malattia a eziologia multifattoriale. I dati relativi allo studio delle variabili che sono profondamente radicate nella mente umana e che determinano le abitudini, tuttavia, sono relativamente scarsi. Studi recenti hanno ipotizzato che i fattori legati alla percezione sensoriale forniscono informazioni utili per indagare il fenomeno dell’incremento di peso. La percezione e il gradimento del cibo, infatti, sono il risultato di molteplici stimoli sensoriali, visivi, olfattivi, gustativi, e somatosensoriali. In particolare, gli stimuli olfattivi e gustativi giocano un ruolo centrale nella scelta degli alimenti, nell'accettabilità e, di conseguenza, nell'assunzione di energia. Nonostante la relazione tra percezione sensoriale e assunzione di cibo sia evidente, gli studi disponibili anche su questo argomento sono limitati, i risultati sono contraddittori e non facilmente confrontabili.
L'obiettivo generale di questa tesi di dottorato è stato quello di studiare le variabili comportamentali e fisiologiche coinvolte nel fenomeno dell’obesità utilizzando un approccio sensoriale, attraverso: a) la valutazione della sensibilità gustativa, della neofobia alimentare e del gradimento alimentare in soggetti normopeso e obesi; b) lo studio delle interazioni multisensoriali (odore-gusto-consistenza) in un alimento modello (crema dessert) e del gradimento in relazione al sesso e allo stato nutrizionale; c) la valutazione dell'influenza dell'esposizione agli stimoli olfattivi nell’ambiente circostante sulla salivazione, sull’appetito e sull'assunzione di cibo.
I risultati hanno dimostrato che i soggetti obesi hanno una distorta sensibilità gustativa rispetto ai soggetti normopeso. In particolare, i soggetti obesi coinvolti sono risultati meno sensibili agli stimoli gustativi rispetto ai soggetti normopeso. Queste differenze nella percezione gustativa potrebbero portare i soggetti con un elevato indice di massa corporea (IMC) ad avere diverse preferenze alimentari rispetto ai soggetti normopeso, prediligendo prodotti alimentari ricchi per esempio di zuccheri e grassi, in grado di sopperire alla ridotta sensibilità. Questa ipotesi è avvalorata dai punteggi di gradimento significativamente più elevati dati dai soggetti obesi ai prodotti ad alta densità energetica rispetto ai soggetti normopeso. Differenze significative non sono state invece riscontrate tra gli indici di neofobia alimentare nei due gruppi di soggetti coinvolti.
Le interazioni multisensoriali (odore-gusto-consistenza) si sono dimostrate diverse in relazione all’IMC e, in misura minore, al sesso. Infatti, l’aggiunta di aromi e agenti addensanti a un prodotto modello (crema dessert) ha generato maggiori interazioni sensoriali (odore-gusto, odore-flavor e odore-consistenza) soprattutto nelle donne con elevato IMC rispetto al gruppo di controllo. L’aggiunta di uno stimolo riconducibile a prodotti ad alta densità energetica, come per esempio l’aroma di burro, ha infatti modificato la percezione di caratteristiche sensoriali in modo più efficace nei soggetti obesi rispetto al gruppo di controllo. Gli individui obesi hanno, per esempio, percepito l’aumento della dolcezza in seguito all’aggiunta di aroma burro senza una effettiva aggiunta di zucchero al prodotto.
Infine, l'esposizione agli odori nell’ambiente circostante ha influenzato sia le risposte comportamentali sia quelle fisiologiche coinvolte nel consumo alimentare. L'esposizione agli odori riconducibili a prodotti ad alta densità energetica, in particolare, ha aumentato la quantità consumata di un prodotto modello (riso al cioccolato), la salivazione e l’appetito. La capacità degli odori di influenzare la quantità di cibo ingerito e, quindi, la quantità di energia assimilata, potrebbe essere uno strumento utile per prevenire l'eccessivo consumo di cibo da parte degli individui sovrappeso e obesi e guidarli verso scelte più sane.
In conclusione, lo studio dell’obesità utilizzando un approccio sensoriale risulta interessante e innovativo per una miglior comprensione del fenomeno e per la messa a punto di strategie che ne contrastino lo sviluppo. Gli stimoli sensoriali, infatti, potrebbero essere utilizzati nell’indirizzare i consumatori a una minore assunzione di cibo e verso scelte di prodotti alimentari più salutari. Inoltre, considerando i meccanismi di integrazione degli stimoli sensoriali a livello cerebrale si potrebbero sviluppare nuovi prodotti alimentari a ridotto apporto calorico, soddisfacenti per il consumatore.It is well known that the pathology of obesity is considered a disease with a multifactorial etiology. However, fairly poor data have been reported on the influence of variables which are deeply-rooted in human mind and determine food habits. Recent evidences have suggested that factors related to the sensory perception may explain weigh excess. Indeed, food perception and food liking are the result of multiple sensory modalities, including visual, olfactory, gustatory, and somatosensory inputs. In particular, the odor and taste cues of foods play a pivotal role in food choice, acceptability and, thus, energy intake. Despite the relationship between sensory perception and food intake is evident, the studies available on this topic are very few in number and results are rather contradictory and not easy to compare. The overall aim of this Ph.D. thesis was to study behavioral and physiological variables involved in the phenomenon of obesity using a sensory approach. Specific goals were: 1) the evaluation of taste sensitivity, food neophobia and food liking in normal-weight and obese subjects; 2) the study of multisensory interactions (odor-taste-texture) in a model food (custard dessert) and food liking in relationship with gender and nutritional status; 3) the evaluation of the influence of ambient odor exposure on salivation, appetite and food intake. The results showed that obese subjects differed in terms of taste sensitivity from normal-weight subjects. More specifically, the obese subjects involved were less sensitive to taste stimuli compared to the lean subjects. These differences may lead subjects with higher BMI to prefer foods rich, for example, in sugar and fat in order to compensate their reduced sensitivity. This hypothesis is supported by the liking scores, provided by obese subjects, to the high energy dense food products which were significantly higher compared to the scores given by the normal-weight subjects. No differences in food neophobia scores have been found in the two groups of subjects. The multisensory interactions (odor-taste-texture) occurred differently in relation to BMI and, to a lesser extent, to gender. Indeed, a model food (custard dessert) modified with aromas and thickener agents produced strongest sensory interactions (odor-taste, odor-flavor and odor-texture) in subjects with higher BMI, especially in women, compared to the control group. The addition of a stimulus signaling high-calorie products, such as butter aroma, modified the perception of different sensory characteristics in a more effective way in obese subjects compared to the normal-weight. For example, obese subjects perceived the modified samples, added with butter aroma, as sweater without the addition of sugar. Finally, the ambient odors exposure affected behavioral and physiological responses involved in eating behavior. In particular, the exposure to odor signalling high-energy dense food products increased the total eaten amount of a model food (chocolate rice), the salivation and the appetite. The ability of odors to influence the amount of food ingested, and therefore the amount of energy assimilated by individuals, could be a useful instrument to prevent overeating in obese individuals steering food intake away from high energy unhealthy foods, towards healthier choices. In conclusion, it is evident that investigate the phenomenon of obesity applying an innovative sensory approach is interesting in order to better understand and stem the complex issue of overeating. Indeed, it could be possible to drive food preferences, food choices and food intake focusing on sensory cues. How the mechanism of brain integration occurs in subjects with different nutritional status might be taken in to account in order to develop new food products with a reduced caloric intake but satisfying for the consumer.
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Sjöström, Desirée. "Behavioural responses in mice exposed to predator odour components." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-108103.
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It is essential for prey species to be able to detect predators to avoid them. The sense of smell is used by a number of prey species for this purpose. The aim of the present study was to assess if one of the odourants that make up a predator odour is sufficient to induce a behavioural response in mice (Mus musculus). Two predator odourants were used, 2,2-dimethylthietane and methyl-2-phenylethyl sulfide, which are both found in the secretions of natural predators of mice. An odourant found in fruits, n-pentyl acetate, was also used. All three odourants were presented at a concentration that was a factor of 100 above the olfactory detection threshold of mice. Ten adult predator-naïve CD-1 mice were individually put in a two-compartment chamber one of which contained an odourant while the other contained a near-odourless solvent (diethyl phthalate). The results indicated that methyl-2-phenylethyl sulfide was actively avoided by the mice. Towards 2,2-dimethylthietane and n-pentyl acetate, in contrast, the mice behaved indifferent. Further, the results suggest a significant correlation between the number of switches between the two compartments of the test chamber and the test sessions when the animals were presented with n-pentyl acetate, but not when they were presented with the predator odourants. The results support the notion of an innate fear response towards the predator odourant methyl-2-phenylethyl sulfide in mice, but further studies with more animals and different concentrations of the odourants are necessary.
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Hallin, Fredrik. "Consumer associations and preferences surrounding insects as food : a descriptive study of South Africa and Sweden." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för naturvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-21298.
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Insects as food is a subject that has gained a lot of attention in recent time. In order for insect-food to become popular in the west, where insects are currently not consumed, research has to be done on how consumers perceive insect-food, and which consumer groups that eat insects in other countries. This will give a picture of how insects can and should be used on the Swedish market. The purpose of the thesis is to research consumer associations and preferences of insect consumption in Sweden and South Africa. The study examines the question of which consumer groups that eat insects in either country, what associations and preferences consumers have of insect-eating, and how insects can be used in food in the future. An online questionnaire concerning associations, preferences and experiences of insect consumption was distributed in both countries, and was answered by 73 participants. Three producers of insects were interviewed in Sweden and South Africa to get an understanding of the production stage of insects and their experiences of the industry and the consumers, now and in the future. Entomophagy was not found to be more prevalent in any group in neither Sweden nor South Africa. When used in food, consumers prefer insects to be ground into a powder. The South African respondents who had previously eaten insects mainly as an everyday meal preferred the insects to be served whole while the others preferred the insects to be ground into a powder. Insects are often associated with being nutritious, cheap, and being environmentally friendly, as well as with unfamiliarity and disgust.Insekter som mat är ett ämne som fått mycket uppmärksamhet på senare tid. För att insektsmat ska kunna slå igenom i västvärlden, där insekter i nuläget inte konsumeras, måste man ta reda på hur insektsmat uppfattas av konsumenter, och vilka konsumentgrupper som äter insekter i andra länder. Detta ger en bild av hur insekter kan och bör användas på den svenska marknaden. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka associationer och preferenser rörande insektsmat i Sverige och Sydafrika. Studien undersöker vilka konsumentgrupper som äter insekter i de två länderna, vad konsumenterna har för associationer och preferenser för insektsätande, och hur insekter kan användas i mat i framtiden. En webbaserad enkät skickades ut till konsumenter i vardera land, och besvarades av totalt 73 deltagare. Frågorna handlade om associationer, preferenser och erfarenhet i förhållande till insektsätande. Tre insektsproducenter intervjuades i Sverige och Sydafrika för att ge en förståelse för produktionen samt deras tankar och erfarenheter av branschen och konsumenterna, nu och i framtiden. Oberoende av i vilket land undersökningen genomfördes var det inte möjligt att karaktärisera några konsumentgrupper där entomofagi var mer vanligt förekommande. När insekter används i mat föredrar konsumenter att dessa mals ned till ett pulver. Insekter associeras ofta med att vara näringsrikt, billigt och miljövänligt, samt med ovana och äckel.
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Wagner, Sandra. "Dynamique des réponses olfactives au cours des deux premières années de la vie : impact des expositions aromatiques précoces et relation avec le comportement alimentaire." Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOS058/document.
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Si le rôle de la gustation sur le développement des préférences alimentaires a été étudié par le passé, il n’en ait pas de même du rôle de l’olfaction. Les objectifs de ce travail de thèse étaient d’étudier les réponses olfactives des nourrissons, leur dynamique au cours des deux premières années de vie, ainsi que leurs relations avec les expositions aromatiques précoces, l’appréciation alimentaire et le comportement néophobique des nourrissons. Ce travail, s’inscrivant dans le cadre de l’étude longitudinale OPALINE (Observatoire des Préférences ALImentaire du Nourrisson et de l’Enfant), a permis d’évaluer les réponses olfactives envers des odeurs alimentaires agréables, comme la vanille, et désagréables, comme le poisson, chez les nourrissons de 8, 12 et 22 mois. Les résultats révèlent que, dès 8 mois, les nourrissons sont capables de discriminer les odeurs agréables des odeurs désagréables. Toutefois, si des réponses d’évitement envers certaines odeurs désagréables sont observées, aucune réponse d’attraction n’est décrite au cours des deux premières années de la vie. De plus, nos résultats mettent également en évidence une certaine plasticité des réponses olfactives. Seules les réponses à quelques odeurs alimentaires désagréables sont stables entre deux âges consécutifs suggérant que les réponses hédoniques négatives vis-à-vis d’odeurs alimentaires apparaitraient plus précocement que les réponses hédoniques positives.Concernant les effets des expositions aromatiques précoces, il apparaît que plus un nourrisson a été exposé, in utero ou durant l’allaitement, aux notes aromatiques désagréables de certains aliments, moins il aura de réponses d’évitement face aux odeurs de ces aliments à 8 mois, mais pas au-delà.Lors de la diversification alimentaire (8 mois), la composante olfactive ne semble pas avoir d’impact sur l’appréciation des aliments nouvellement introduits. En revanche, à 12 mois, la composante olfactive pourrait jouer un rôle de modulateur dans l’appréciation des aliments à flaveur prononcée. Ce rôle n’est plus observé à 22 mois. Nos résultats mettent également en évidence que la réactivité différentielle à différentes odeurs, et non à différentes saveurs, est liée au degré de néophobie du nourrisson, suggérant que seules les odeurs contribuent à la méfiance envers les aliments nouveaux au cours de la seconde année de vie. Ce travail met en avant que les expositions aromatiques précoces peuvent influencer les réponses olfactives au début de la diversification alimentaire, période favorable à l’acceptation des aliments. Autour de l’âge d’un an, quand le répertoire alimentaire des nourrissons s’élargit et intègre des aliments dits « adultes », l’odorat jouerait un rôle clé dans l’appréciation des aliments en agissant comme un système d’alarme protégeant le nourrisson des aliments potentiellement dangereuxThe role of taste on food preferences has already been investigated, however, little is known about the role of olfaction. The main objectives of this work were to assess infants’ olfactory responses, their dynamic during the first two years of life, and also their links with early food exposures, food liking and infants’ food neophobia. This work was conducted within a longitudinal study named OPALINE (Observatory of food preferences in infants and children). Olfactory responses were assessed, in 8-, 12- and 22-month-old infants, towards pleasant odours, such as vanilla, and unpleasant odours, such as fish. The results reveal that, from 8 months, infants can discriminate pleasant and unpleasant odours. However, only avoidance responses are observed towards some unpleasant odours; no attraction responses are highlighted during the first two years of life. Our results also suggest a plasticity of olfactory responses. Only responses towards some unpleasant odours are stable between two consecutive ages, suggesting that negative hedonic responses towards food odours would appear earlier than positive ones. Concerning the effects of early food exposure, it appears that the more an infant has been exposed, in utero or during breastfeeding, to some unpleasant food odours, the least s/he exhibits avoidance responses towards these food odours at 8 months, but not beyond. When complementary feeding has begun (8 months), olfaction does not seem to impact new food liking. However, at 12 months, olfaction can play a role of modulator in liking of the foods with strong flavour. This role is not observed anymore at 22 months. Our results also highlight that differential olfactory responses, and not gustatory ones, are linked to infants’ food neophobia suggesting that only odours contribute to the suspicion towards unfamiliar foods during the second year of life. This work stresses that early sensory exposures influence responses towards unpleasant odours at the onset of complementary feeding, which is a favourable period to food acceptance. Then, olfaction can play a role in food liking by acting as an alarm system protecting the infants against potentially harmful food
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Ton, Nu Christine. "Preferences et neophobie alimentaires a l'adolescence." Paris, ENGREF, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ENGR0027.
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Ce travail etudie l'influence de la familiarite des aliments et de la neophobie sur les preferences alimentaires des adolescents. La neophobie a ete mise en evidence lors des premieres confrontations des sujets avec des produits inhabituels. Elle se traduit par une consommation inferieure et un moindre choix de produits nouveaux par rapport aux produits familiers. Divers facteurs susceptibles de faire diminuer la neophobie ont ete analyses experimentalement (presence des pairs, contexte positif, familiarisation avec le produit et facteurs cognitifs). Seule la familiarisation donne des resultats convaincants. Une premiere experience de consommation en situation naturelle a montre que l'exposition repetee a long terme d'un produit nouveau faisait augmenter la preference pour ce produit par rapport a des produits familiers similaires. Le long delai entre les expositions (6 mois) favorise apparemment cet effet. Dans une seconde experience, nous avons demontre qu'un programme scolaire d'eveil du gout ne semblait pas influencer la neophobie comportementale des enfants qui l'ont suivi. D'autre part, nous avons etabli que les reactions neophobiques diminuent avec l'age a l'adolescence et que les filles apparaissent plus neophobes que les garcons. L'augmentation de l'interet pour des aliments inconnus pourrait en partie expliquer l'elargissement du repertoire alimentaire constate a l'adolescence. Enfin, nous avons valide deux questionnaires mesurant la neophobie declareeIn this research, we study the influence of adolescents' familiarity with foods and food neophobia on adolescents' food preferences. Neophobia can be observed when subjects are presented with a novel product for the first time : they consume less of the novel food and choose this food less than other familiar products. We studied several factors that could reduce neophobia (peers' presence, positive context, familiarization and cognitive factors). Only familiarization gave conclusive results. An experimental consumption test in "natural conditions" shows that repeated exposure to a novel food product increases its preference in the long run. The long delay (6 months) between presentations facilitates this increase. A second experiment shows that behavioural neophobia is not influenced by a school programme about taste. Besides, we notice that neophobia decreases with age during adolescence and that girls appear more neophobic than boys. The increasing interest in new foods could partly explain the widening of the food repertoire that happens during adolescence. Finally, we validated two questionnaires measuring neophobia
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Daniel, Grégory. "Interaction entre dispersion et syndromes comportementaux : causes et conséquences : approche empirique dans une population fragmentée de passereaux." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10350/document.
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La dispersion est un trait d'histoire de vie clé pour les processus écologiques et évolutifs dans les populations naturelles. Les dernières recherches se sont notamment focalisées sur les corrélations entre traits comportementaux et la dispersion, ceci afin de mettre en évidence des syndromes comportementaux de dispersion, tout en démontrant la base génétique de la dispersion. Les dispersants ne seraient donc pas une part aléatoire d'une population, mais des individus montrant des stratégies particulières qui augmenteraient leur chances de succès. Cette thèse s'est orientée vers trois objectifs de recherche majeurs. Le premier est la mise en évidence d'une base génétique de la probabilité de disperser dans une population fragmentée de gobe-mouches à collier Ficedula albicollis. Les résultats nous ont montré, au-delà de l'estimation de la base génétique de la dispersion, une distribution spatiale non aléatoire de l'apparentement dans cette population, qui pourrait être dû à des effets génétiques sur les règles de décision de choix de l'habitat. Le deuxième s'intéresse à la corrélation phénotypique et génétique entre le comportement de dispersion natale et le comportement de défense du nid, chez le martinet alpin Tachymarpis melba. Nous avons montré que la dispersion natale et le comportement de défense du nid sont négativement corrélés au niveau phénotypique mais aussi génétique dans ces populations. Enfin, le troisième nous à conduit à tester l'existence de syndromes comportementaux de dispersion, c'est-à-dire si les dispersants présentent un profil comportemental particulier, leur permettant en particulier de coloniser de nouveaux sites, chez le gobe-mouche à collierDispersal is a key like history trait for ecological and evolutionary processes in wild population. The last researching particularly focused on the correlation between behavioural trait and dispersal, in order to emphasize the existence of behavioural syndromes of dispersal, and on the estimation of the genetic basis of the dispersal behaviour. Dispersant individuals could not be a random part of the population, but individuals showing particular strategies, that help them to succeed in their dispersal attempt. This thesis has three main aims of research. The first is to show a genetic basis of the dispersal propensity in a fragmented population of collared flycatchers (Ficedulla albicollis). We shown not only the genetic bases of the dispersal, but also a non-random spatial distribution of relationship between individuals in this population, that might be due to genetic effects on the decision rules of habitat choice in this population. The second aim concerns phenotypic and genetic correlation between the natal dispersal and a behavioural trait, the nest-defense behaviour, in the alpin swift (Tachymarpis melba). We shown that natal dispersal and nest-defense behaviour are negatively correlated at a phenotypic level, but also at a genetic level in theses populations. Finally, the third aim attempt to test the existence of behavioural syndrome of dispersal, that is if dispersant individuals have a particular behavioural profile, which enable them to colonize new sites, in the collared flycatcher
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Daniel, Gregory. "Interaction between dispersal and behavioural syndromes - empirical approach in a fragmented population of passerine birds." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för ekologi och genetik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-267431.
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Dispersal is a key life history trait for ecological and evolutionary processes in wild populations. The latest research has particularly focused on the correlation between behavioural traits and dispersal, in order to emphasize the existence of behavioural syndromes of dispersal, and on the estimation of the genetic basis of the dispersal behaviour. Dispersing individuals are not a random part of the population, but are individuals showing particular strategies, that help them to succeed in their dispersal attempt. This thesis has three main aims of research. The first is to show a genetic basis of the dispersal propensity in a fragmented population of collared flycatchers (Ficedulla albicollis). We show, not only, the genetic bases of the dispersal, but also a non-random spatial distribution of relationship between individuals in this population, that might be due to genetic effects on the decision rules of habitat choice in this population. The second aim concerns phenotypic and a genetic correlation between the natal dispersal and a behavioural trait, the nest-defense behaviour, in the alpin swift (Tachymarptis melba). We showed that natal dispersal and nest-defense behaviour were negatively correlated at a phenotypic level, but also at a genetic level in these populations. Finally, the third aim attempts to test the existence of a behavioural syndrome of dispersal, that is if dispersing individuals have a particular behavioural profile, which enable them to colonize new sites, in the collared flycatcher.The exmination will be videolinked to seminar room 1003 Evolutionary Biology Centre, EBC, Uppsala University.
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Medeiros, Rodrigo Tavares Pinheiro de. "Caracteriza??o da neofobia alimentar em crian?as de tr?s a seis anos." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2008. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17262.
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Alimentation is essential in life. Concerning omnivores, characterized by the necessity of a varied diet to satisfy their metabolic needs, it is extremely advantageous the assumption of new foods. However, the assumption of new unknown foods is, potentially dangerous, because of possible intoxications. In this sense, one of the most important behaviors related to reducing risks is the so called food neophobia, characterized by the rejection of new foods and/or an ingestion of very little amounts. The aim of the present study was to investigate if age, sex and socio-economical status were able to influence food neophobia. The neophobia has been described in a range of 3-6 years old children taken both from public and private schools within the city of Natal-RN. Four different type of ice-creams, each one characterized by a different flavor, have been utilized. Two flavors were known to the young and the remaining two flavor were new. We didn't find significant differences between the investigated variables. However, the exploitation of data from the survey conducted showed that the ease or not to accept new foods obtained, was correlated with the variables under the same guidelines observed in literature. Aspects related to the stimulus used probably eased the neophobic answer. Then, it is suggested that the food neophobia can be influenced by sex, age and socioeconomic factors of individuaIs. Neophobia tends to be more common in girls, with ages between three to four years old and with a low leveI socioeconomic. In this sense, given the importance of kid neophobic reaction to the development of dietary patterns of other life's stages, it is necessary to make further studies to better explain this phenomenon. Given the pivotal role of food neophobia to the development of alimentary habits within all ages of life, other studies will be necessary for a better comprehension of such phenomena. Key-words: food neophobia; Evolutionary Psychology;children food intake; diet restriction; children's diet development
A alimenta??o ? essencial para a vida. Para os on?voros, que necessitam de uma dieta variada para conseguir suprir suas necessidades nutricionais, ? extremamente vantajoso incluir novos itens ? dieta. Contudo, ingerir alimentos desconhecidos pode ser perigoso, em raz?o da possibilidade de intoxica??o. Neste sentido, um dos comportamentos que auxiliam na redu??o dos riscos decorrentes da ingest?o de itens alimentares desconhecidos ? a neofobia alimentar, caracterizada pelo ato de recusar ou ingerir pequenas quantidades de um alimento novo. Este trabalho teve por objetivo investigar a influ?ncia da idade, do sexo e das caracter?sticas socioecon?micas dos indiv?duos na neofobia alimentar. Para isto, buscamos caracterizar o fen?meno neof?bico em crian?as de tr?s a seis anos de idade, oriundas de escolas p?blicas e particulares de Natal-RN. O alimento escolhido para o experimento foi sorvete, em quatro sabores distintos, sendo dois sabores conhecidos pelas crian?as e dois novos. Os resultados demonstraram n?o haver diferen?as em fun??o das vari?veis de sexo, idade e fatores socioecon?micos, quando avaliamos a escolha dos sabores do sorvete. Entretanto, a explora??o dos dados do question?rio realizado com os pais demonstrou que a facilidade ou n?o em aceitar novos alimentos obtida, se correlacionava com as vari?veis nas mesmas orienta??es observadas na literatura. Aspectos ligados ao alimento-est?mulo utilizado provavelmente atenuaram a resposta neof?bica. Com base neste ?ltimo dado, sugere-se que a neofobia alimentar pode ser prevista em fun??o de caracter?sticas de sexo, idade e fatores socioecon?micos dos indiv?duos, tendendo o fen?meno neof?bico a ser mais freq?ente em meninas, de tr?s a quatro anos e com um n?vel socioecon?mico mais baixo. Neste sentido, dada a import?ncia da rea??o neof?bica infantil para o desenvolvimento do padr?o alimentar das demais fases da vida, faz-se necess?ria a realiza??o de novos estudos para que possam a esclarecer melhor este fen?meno. Palavras-chave: neofobia alimentar, Psicologia Evolucionista; alimenta??o infantil; restri??o da dieta; forma??o da dieta infantil
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Robertson, Katie E. "Boldness Behavior and Chronic Stress in Free-Ranging, Urban Coyotes (Canis latrans)." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1543529587211372.
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Marcus, Alan David. "Hookworm infection in the Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea)." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13606.
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For the Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea), an endangered keystone predator that demonstrates high rates of pup mortality and limited population recovery, an understanding of the role of infectious disease in influencing pup health, and how it may contribute towards shaping population demography, is a key knowledge gap. This thesis investigated the taxonomy, epidemiology, clinical impact, and management of hookworm infection in N. cinerea to address the hypothesis that hookworm infection is a significant cause of disease and mortality in this species. Hookworms collected from N. cinerea pups were identified and described as a novel species (Uncinaria sanguinis). Transmammary transmission in the immediate post-parturient period was implicated as the predominant route leading to patent hookworm infection in pups; however, in contrast to the fundamental role that colony substrate appears to play in shaping the epidemiology of hookworm infection in other otariid hosts, this thesis determined that all N. cinerea pups are infected with U. sanguinis irrespective of the type of colony substrate and that the intensity of hookworm infection appears to be influenced by colony-specific seasonal differences in host behaviour. The clinical impact of hookworm infection in pups was quantified and the occurrence of seasonal patterns in health parameters and the magnitude of colony pup mortality were related to the dynamics of hookworm infection. In addition, the effectiveness of ivermectin to eliminate hookworm infection was investigated. This thesis determined that U. sanguinis is an important cause of disease and mortality in N. cinerea; this thesis contributes towards an improved understanding of the role of infectious disease in influencing the health status and population demography of this endangered species, informing conservation management and providing a solid foundation for further investigations of the effect of disease on the health status of free-ranging species.
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Gales, Nicholas John. "Breeding biology of the Australian sea lion Neophoca cinerea." Thesis, Gales, Nicholas John (1995) Breeding biology of the Australian sea lion Neophoca cinerea. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1995. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/53087/.
Full textAbstract:
The breeding biology of the Australian sea lion was investigated throughout its geographic range between December 1987 and February 1992. Sea lions breed on at least 51 islands, 28 in Western Australia and 23 in South Australia. Thirty one of these islands had not been previously reported as sea lion breeding sites. A predictive model is developed to estimate the population size from pup production estimates from these locations. It indicates that pup numbers should be multiplied by between 3.81 and 4.81 to estimate the total population size just before the pupping season begins. Pup production was estimated at 2,432 which led to a total population estimate of 9,300-11,700, considerably greater than earlier estimates. Approximately half of the pup production occurs on five colonies near Kangaroo Island, South Australia. An unusual breeding cycle of 17-18 months has been reported for N. cinerea at Kangaroo Island; this study reports for the first time this unusual breeding cycle on islands throughout this species’ range. No evidence was found for breeding seasons shorter or longer than 17-18 months. The breeding season is not synchronised between islands, as it is in other pinnipeds, and the timing of breeding appeared random between sites.
Investigations of the reproductive physiology of this species conducted on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, revealed a 4-5 month embryonic diapause and an 11-12 month placental gestation. This unusually long placental gestation was not associated with the production of a precocious pup, but rather, I hypothesise in this study that foetal growth rate is retarded. Because of the non-seasonal, asynchronous reproductive cycle of N. cinerea the present results indicate that cues for the physiological events of gestation must be endogenous, rather than the exogenous cues hypothesised for other pinnipeds. Throughout the lactation that accompanies gestation, N. cinerea produces milk that is lower in fat (energy) than all but the tropical otariids (30.82 +/- 9.84% SD).
Analysis of scats and stomach contents indicate that N. cinerea has a broad diet and feeds on primarily benthic species. Such a diet is well suited to the low energy marine environment exploited by this species, in which there are few, if any, seasonal changes in food availability. Feeding trials indicated that analysis of scats alone is a poor methodology for quantifying diet.
In this study I hypothesise that the unique reproductive cycle and physiology of N. cinerea results from living in a stable climate in some of the most biologically poor waters of the world.
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Wierucka, Kaja. "Multimodal mother-offspring recognition in the Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS432.
Full textAbstract:
La reconnaissance joue un rôle important dans les systèmes de communication animale et plusieurs modalités sensorielles sont impliquées à cette fin. Bien que la reconnaissance mère-jeune ait été largement étudiée, il y a un manque d'information sur la reconnaissance multimodale et l'importance relative des différentes modalités dans ce processus. Dans cette thèse, j'ai exploré la communication multimodale chez un mammifère colonial - le lion de mer Australien (Neophoca cinerea). La reconnaissance mère-jeune est connue pour être multimodale chez cette espèce, mais les processus sous-jacents de la reconnaissance olfactive et visuelle, ainsi que les interactions entre les indices acoustiques, visuels et olfactifs, et leurs contributions relatives restent inconnues. Des analyses chimiques ont permis de déterminer si les profils chimiques diffèrent selon le sexe et l'âge, les colonies et les régions corporelles des animaux. La présence de similarités chimiques entre la mère et son petit suggèrent que l'appariement des phénotypes pourrait être utilisé pour la reconnaissance olfactive. J'ai examiné le rôle des indices visuels lors de la reconnaissance mère-jeune et j'ai constaté que les indices visuels spécifiques à l'âge sont utilisés par les femelles pour affiner la recherche de leur petit dans la colonie. Les jeunes ont également la capacité de distinguer divers indices visuels, qui peuvent être utilisés pour identifier les différentes classes de congénères. Enfin, j’ai pu aussi déterminer comment les indices acoustiques, olfactifs et visuels sont utilisés de manière synergique dans le processus d’identification individuel, et les résultats sont interprété dans une perspective coûts-avantages pour démêler les pressions évolutives sur chaque composante de ce système de communication. Si les différents indices sensoriels ont la capacité de transmettre des informations en isolation, leur rôle peut être différent lorsque d'autres indices sensoriels sont présents. Les résultats de cette recherche fournissent des résultats sans précédent, contribuant à une meilleure compréhension de la reconnaissance mère-jeune chez les mammifères, ainsi que des règles générales de communication chez les vertébrésRecognition plays an important role in animal communication systems and individuals often employ different sensory modalities to enact this activity. Although recognition has been widely investigated, especially for mother-offspring interactions, there is a dearth of information about multimodal recognition and the relative importance and interactions of various sensory cues. In this thesis, I explored multimodal communication in a colonial mammal – the Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea). Communication during mother-pup reunions is known to be multimodal in this species, yet the underlying processes of olfactory and visual recognition, as well as the interactions between acoustic, visual and olfactory cues remain unclear. Through chemical analyses, I determined whether chemical profiles differ among sex and age classes, colonies, and body regions of animals. Chemical similarities between mothers and pups indicate that phenotype matching may be used by Australian sea lions for olfactory recognition. I examined the role of visual cues in mother-pup recognition and found that age-specific visual cues assist mothers to refine their search for their offspring in the colony. Pups are capable of distinguishing various visual cues that can be used in the assessment of conspecifics. Having provided baseline information about the role of sensory cues in isolation, I determined how acoustic, olfactory, and visual cues are used in a synergistic way to ensure accurate mutual recognition and then interpreted the results using a cost-benefit perspective to disentangle the evolutionary pressures on each component of this communication system. I showed that although cues have the ability to convey given information in isolation, their role may be different when other sensory cues are present. Furthermore, there is a mutual dependency in the communication system, where the limitations imposed on one participant of the dyad affect cue use by the other. These findings contribute to a better understanding of mammal mother-offspring recognition and communication mechanisms in vertebrates
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Campbell, Richard. "Demography and population genetic structure of the Australian sea lion, neophoca cinerea." University of Western Australia. School of Animal Biology, 2003. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0058.
Full textAbstract:
The Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea, is Australia?s only endemic pinniped, and one of the rarest sea lions in the world. This species suffered localised extinction events, and a probable population decline during the commercial sealing era of the 18th to 20th centuries. This species also has a unique reproductive cycle and breeding system compared with all other pinnipeds. Unlike the usual annual, synchronous cycle, this species has a 17.5 month breeding cycle which is asynchronous across its range. Small groups of proximate colonies appear to breed synchronously, but otherwise the timing appears randomly distributed. It was proposed that this system is endogenously controlled and maintained by exclusive female natal site fidelity (Gales et al. 1994). This would have a discernible impact on the population genetic structure, and would be directly applicable to conservation management practices. Investigation of population genetic structure of the Australian sea lion using mtDNA and microsatellite markers revealed a highly subdivided population that showed strong patterns of sex-biased dispersal, and strong regional divisions. The level of female natal site fidelity was extreme, resulting in very high levels of genetic differentiation, unparalleled in other marine mammal populations. Significant divisions existed across both macro and micro geographic scales, with fixed differences occurring between colonies separated by as little as 20 kilometres. Strong phylogeographic patterning suggested that divisions between populations are of some antiquity. High levels of fixation in mtDNA markers among the many small colonies in Western Australia was attributed to the high rate of genetic drift in small populations, especially for these markers. Genetic subdivison, as measured by microsatellite markers, revealed a malebiased dispersal pattern. Levels of male dispersal were sufficient in overcoming the female natal site fidelity and rendering small groups of colonies effectively panmictic. However, the range of male dispersal was limited to approximately 200 kilometres and resulted in a regional population structure best defined by geographic distance. This level of subdivision was perhaps greater than expected given the dispersal capabilities of this species, and suggested that some behavioural processes may limit dispersal. Historical processes of extinction and colonisation are thought to have had a strong influence on the current pattern of population subdivision as well.
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Ahonen, Heidi. "Population structure and mating system of the Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea)." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA11T059/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le lion de mer Australien a un cycle de reproduction non-annuel et asynchrone entre les colonies.Contrairement aux autres pinnipèdes, ce système unique offre l’opportunité aux mâles de se reproduiredans plusieurs sites lors d’une saison de reproduction. L’accès des mâles à plusieurs sites dereproduction pourrait contrecarrer le fort degré de structure génétique de population chez les femellesdûe à une fidélité extrême au site de reproduction. J'ai utilisé deux méthodes indépendantes maiscomplémentaires, moléculaire et acoustique, afin d’étudier la structure de la population et le systèmede reproduction. Pour l'analyse moléculaire, j'ai développé une banque de microsatellites spécifiques àl'espèce. Ces marqueurs ont été utilisés pour examiner le flux génétique des mâles dans les différentescolonies de reproduction, le succès reproducteur, et les taux de paternité inter- et intra-colonies. Deplus, j'ai mesuré la variation géographique dans les cris des mâles, ce qui représente une approchealternative pour mesurer les convergences/divergences entre colonies. J'ai montré que si les mâlesprésentent une certaine dispersion entre colonies, elle est limitée à une courte échelle en dépit del’opportunité des mâles de se reproduire dans différents sites. Les analyses acoustiques des cris demâles ont révélé des variations géographiques significatives entre colonies, qui ne reflètent pas lastructure génétique. Les analyses de paternité indiquent un faible taux de polygynie, la majorité desmâles ne produisant qu’un ou deux jeunes par saison. Des stratégies alternatives de reproduction(nomade ou sédentaire) sont présentes dans cette espèce, certains mâles se déplaçant activement entredifférentes colonies proches. Le système de reproduction unique du lion de mer Australien semblefortement influer à la fois les modalités de dispersion, mais aussi la structure de population et lesystème de reproductionThe Australian sea lion has a non-annual and asynchronous breeding cycle across geographically closecolonies. In contrast to other pinnipeds, this unique reproductive system provides the opportunity formales to breed in different colonies during one breeding cycle. Male mating success across differentcolonies could counteract the high degree of structure driven by extreme site fidelity in females. I usedtwo, independent but complementary methods, molecular and acoustic to investigate their populationstructure and mating system. For molecular analysis I developed a species-specific microsatellitelibrary. These markers were used to examine the extent and rate of male mediated gene-flow acrossbreeding colonies but also to determine the breeding success and paternity both within and acrossspatially close colonies. Also, I investigated the geographical variation in male barking call. Thisrepresents an alternative approach to measure boundaries and relationships between colonies. Malesexhibit dispersal; however, this is limited to remarkably small scale in regards to the high potential fordispersal and opportunity to breed in different colonies. Acoustic analyses of the male barking callsrevealed significant geographical variation across sites; however this observed acoustic variation didnot reflect the genetic structure. Paternity analyses revealed that males display relatively modest ratesof polygyny with the majority of successful males siring only one or two pups per breeding cycle. Thepresence of alternative mating strategies (roaming vs staying) is apparent in this species with somemales actively moving and breeding between close colonies. It appears that the unique breedingbiology of Australian sea lion influences dispersal patterns, population structure and mating system
43
Pitcher, Benjamin James. "Individual recognition systems and multimodal signalling in the Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA11T056.
Full text
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Meza, Cerda Maria Ignacia. "Immunophenotypes of Australian Sea Lion Pups (Neophoca cinerea) Developing in the Context of Hookworm Infection (Uncinaria sanguinis)." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27315.
Full textAbstract:
Pinnipeds are exposed to anthropogenic and environmental stressors, including disease, and these can, in turn, affect their immune system, health, and viability. The endemic Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) population was impacted severely by commercial sealing in the 18th and 19th centuries and is now threatened by high pup mortality, such that hookworm disease (Uncinaria sanguinis) in pups has been identified as likely contributor to a declining population. To understand how the immune system functions, protects wild hosts from disease or causes immunopathology, it is crucial to bring our immunological toolbox into wild populations to measure immune phenotypes in the context of disease and other potential sources of heterogeneity, such as age. The immune profiles of Australian sea lion pups were assessed using serial blood samples collected from N. cinerea pups from two colonies located in South Australia, i.e. Seal Bay (n = 38) and Dangerous Reef (n = 34). One cohort of pups from Dangerous Reef was treated with ivermectin to provide a hookworm-negative cohort, allowing evaluation of the impact of this endemic infection and significant disease on immunophenotype. We measured indicators of health involved in innate and Th1/Th2 responses (IL-6, TNFα, IFNγ, IL-4, IL-10, lysozyme, acute-phase proteins and IgG) controlling for demographic factors such as development and colony or hookworm intensity season. Preliminary attempts to measure IL-4 and IFNγ in Australian sea lion pups blood samples revealed very low copy numbers using qPCR and digital droplet PCR methods, suggesting further investigations of these profiles. We found immunophenotypic differences associated with age, colony and disease status, highlighting some potentially promising indicators of health in the Australian sea lion.
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au, jporsini@bigpond net, and Jean-Paul Orsini. "Human impacts on Australian sea lions, Neophoca cinerea, hauled out on Carnac Island (Perth, Western Australia): implications for wildlife and tourism management." Murdoch University, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040520.154341.
Full textAbstract:
Over the last 15 years, pinniped tourism has experienced a rapid growth in the Southern Hemisphere, and particularly in Australia and New Zealand where at least four sites attract more than 100,000 visitors per year. Tourism focused on the Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea), a protected species endemic to Australia, occurs in at least nine sites in South Australia and Western Australia. Australian sea lions haul out on several offshore islands in the Perth region.
Carnac Island Nature Reserve is one of the main sites where people can view sea lions near Perth, either during recreational activities or on commercial tours.
This study sought: (1) to investigate the potential impact of human visitors on Australian sea lions hauled out on Carnac Island, (2) to consider implications of the results for the management of Carnac Island Nature Reserve, and (3) to examine under which conditions tourism and recreation around sea lions can be sustained in the long term.
Sea lion numbers, rate of return to the site, behavioural response to human presence and incidents of disturbances of sea lions by visitors were recorded over a period of four months on Carnac Island. A survey of 207 visitors was also carried out.
Findings indicated that there were two main types of human impacts on the sea lions:
A specific state of sea lion vigilance induced by low level, but ongoing, repetitive disturbances from human presence, sustained at various approach distances ranging to more than 15 m, vigilance that is different from the behaviour profile observed in the absence of human disturbance,
Impacts resulting from incidental direct disturbances of sea lions by visitors from inappropriate human recreational activities or from visitors trying to elicit a more active sea lion response than the usual sleeping or resting behaviour on display; these impacts included sea lions retreating and leaving the beach, or displaying aggressive behaviour.
Impacts on sea lions from these disturbances may range from a potential sea lion physiological stress response to sea lions leaving the beach, a reduction in the time sea lions spend hauling out, and, in the longer term, the risk of sea lions abandoning the site altogether. Repeated instances of visitors (including unsupervised young children) approaching sea lions at very short distances of less than 2.5 m represented a public safety risk.
Results also indicated that (1) the numbers of sea lions hauled out and their rate of return to the beach did not appear to be affected by an increase in the level of human visitation (although longer-term studies would be required to confirm this result); and (2) there appeared to be a high turnover rate of sea lions at the site from day to day, suggesting that there are frequent arrivals and departures of sea lions to and from Carnac Island.
The visitor survey indicated that many visitors to Carnac Island had a recreational focus that was not primarily directed towards sea lion viewing (incidental ecotourists). Although many visitors witnessed incidental disturbance caused by humans to sea lions, they did not seem to recognise that they themselves could disturb sea lions through their mere presence. Visitors also seemed to have a limited awareness of the safety risk posed by sea lions at close range. Visitors expressed support for the presence of a volunteer ranger on the beach and for more on-site information about sea lions. Finally, visitors indicated that they greatly valued their sea lion viewing experience. It is anticipated that the continued increase in visitation to Carnac Island from recreation and from tourism will result in intensified competition for space between humans and sea lions. Long-term impacts of human disturbances on sea lions are unknown, but a physiological stress response and/or the abandonment of haulout sites has been observed in other pinniped species.
The findings of this study highlight the need to implement a long-term strategy to reduce disturbance levels of sea lions by visitors at Carnac Island to ensure that tourism and recreation around sea lions can be sustained in the long term. Recommendations include measures to control visitor numbers on the island through an equitable allocation system between various user groups, the development of on-site sea lion interpretation and a public education and awareness program, the setting up of a Sea Lion Sanctuary Zone on the main beach, ongoing monitoring of sea lion and visitor numbers and other data, and a system of training and accreditation of guides employed by tour operators.
46
Orsini, Jean-Paul. "Human impacts on Australian sea lions, Neophoca cinerea, hauled out on Carnac Island (Perth, Western Australia): implications for wildlife and tourism management." Thesis, Orsini, Jean-Paul (2004) Human impacts on Australian sea lions, Neophoca cinerea, hauled out on Carnac Island (Perth, Western Australia): implications for wildlife and tourism management. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2004. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/238/.
Full textAbstract:
Over the last 15 years, pinniped tourism has experienced a rapid growth in the Southern Hemisphere, and particularly in Australia and New Zealand where at least four sites attract more than 100,000 visitors per year. Tourism focused on the Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea), a protected species endemic to Australia, occurs in at least nine sites in South Australia and Western Australia. Australian sea lions haul out on several offshore islands in the Perth region.
Carnac Island Nature Reserve is one of the main sites where people can view sea lions near Perth, either during recreational activities or on commercial tours.
This study sought: (1) to investigate the potential impact of human visitors on Australian sea lions hauled out on Carnac Island, (2) to consider implications of the results for the management of Carnac Island Nature Reserve, and (3) to examine under which conditions tourism and recreation around sea lions can be sustained in the long term.
Sea lion numbers, rate of return to the site, behavioural response to human presence and incidents of disturbances of sea lions by visitors were recorded over a period of four months on Carnac Island. A survey of 207 visitors was also carried out.
Findings indicated that there were two main types of human impacts on the sea lions:
* A specific state of sea lion vigilance induced by low level, but ongoing, repetitive disturbances from human presence, sustained at various approach distances ranging to more than 15 m, vigilance that is different from the behaviour profile observed in the absence of human disturbance,
* Impacts resulting from incidental direct disturbances of sea lions by visitors from inappropriate human recreational activities or from visitors trying to elicit a more 'active' sea lion response than the usual 'sleeping or resting' behaviour on display; these impacts included sea lions retreating and leaving the beach, or displaying aggressive behaviour.
Impacts on sea lions from these disturbances may range from a potential sea lion physiological stress response to sea lions leaving the beach, a reduction in the time sea lions spend hauling out, and, in the longer term, the risk of sea lions abandoning the site altogether. Repeated instances of visitors (including unsupervised young children) approaching sea lions at very short distances of less than 2.5 m represented a public safety risk.
Results also indicated that (1) the numbers of sea lions hauled out and their rate of return to the beach did not appear to be affected by an increase in the level of human visitation (although longer-term studies would be required to confirm this result); and (2) there appeared to be a high turnover rate of sea lions at the site from day to day, suggesting that there are frequent arrivals and departures of sea lions to and from Carnac Island.
The visitor survey indicated that many visitors to Carnac Island had a recreational focus that was not primarily directed towards sea lion viewing ('incidental ecotourists'). Although many visitors witnessed incidental disturbance caused by humans to sea lions, they did not seem to recognise that they themselves could disturb sea lions through their mere presence. Visitors also seemed to have a limited awareness of the safety risk posed by sea lions at close range. Visitors expressed support for the presence of a volunteer ranger on the beach and for more on-site information about sea lions. Finally, visitors indicated that they greatly valued their sea lion viewing experience. It is anticipated that the continued increase in visitation to Carnac Island from recreation and from tourism will result in intensified competition for space between humans and sea lions. Long-term impacts of human disturbances on sea lions are unknown, but a physiological stress response and/or the abandonment of haulout sites has been observed in other pinniped species.
The findings of this study highlight the need to implement a long-term strategy to reduce disturbance levels of sea lions by visitors at Carnac Island to ensure that tourism and recreation around sea lions can be sustained in the long term. Recommendations include measures to control visitor numbers on the island through an equitable allocation system between various user groups, the development of on-site sea lion interpretation and a public education and awareness program, the setting up of a Sea Lion Sanctuary Zone on the main beach, ongoing monitoring of sea lion and visitor numbers and other data, and a system of training and accreditation of guides employed by tour operators.
47
Orsini, Jean-Paul. "Human impacts on Australian sea lions, Neophoca cinerea, hauled out on Carnac Island (Perth, Western Australia) : implications for wildlife and tourism management /." Orsini, Jean-Paul (2004) Human impacts on Australian sea lions, Neophoca cinerea, hauled out on Carnac Island (Perth, Western Australia): implications for wildlife and tourism management. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2004. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/238/.
Full textAbstract:
Over the last 15 years, pinniped tourism has experienced a rapid growth in the Southern Hemisphere, and particularly in Australia and New Zealand where at least four sites attract more than 100,000 visitors per year. Tourism focused on the Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea), a protected species endemic to Australia, occurs in at least nine sites in South Australia and Western Australia. Australian sea lions haul out on several offshore islands in the Perth region.
Carnac Island Nature Reserve is one of the main sites where people can view sea lions near Perth, either during recreational activities or on commercial tours.
This study sought: (1) to investigate the potential impact of human visitors on Australian sea lions hauled out on Carnac Island, (2) to consider implications of the results for the management of Carnac Island Nature Reserve, and (3) to examine under which conditions tourism and recreation around sea lions can be sustained in the long term.
Sea lion numbers, rate of return to the site, behavioural response to human presence and incidents of disturbances of sea lions by visitors were recorded over a period of four months on Carnac Island. A survey of 207 visitors was also carried out.
Findings indicated that there were two main types of human impacts on the sea lions:
* A specific state of sea lion vigilance induced by low level, but ongoing, repetitive disturbances from human presence, sustained at various approach distances ranging to more than 15 m, vigilance that is different from the behaviour profile observed in the absence of human disturbance,
* Impacts resulting from incidental direct disturbances of sea lions by visitors from inappropriate human recreational activities or from visitors trying to elicit a more 'active' sea lion response than the usual 'sleeping or resting' behaviour on display; these impacts included sea lions retreating and leaving the beach, or displaying aggressive behaviour.
Impacts on sea lions from these disturbances may range from a potential sea lion physiological stress response to sea lions leaving the beach, a reduction in the time sea lions spend hauling out, and, in the longer term, the risk of sea lions abandoning the site altogether. Repeated instances of visitors (including unsupervised young children) approaching sea lions at very short distances of less than 2.5 m represented a public safety risk.
Results also indicated that (1) the numbers of sea lions hauled out and their rate of return to the beach did not appear to be affected by an increase in the level of human visitation (although longer-term studies would be required to confirm this result); and (2) there appeared to be a high turnover rate of sea lions at the site from day to day, suggesting that there are frequent arrivals and departures of sea lions to and from Carnac Island.
The visitor survey indicated that many visitors to Carnac Island had a recreational focus that was not primarily directed towards sea lion viewing ('incidental ecotourists'). Although many visitors witnessed incidental disturbance caused by humans to sea lions, they did not seem to recognise that they themselves could disturb sea lions through their mere presence. Visitors also seemed to have a limited awareness of the safety risk posed by sea lions at close range. Visitors expressed support for the presence of a volunteer ranger on the beach and for more on-site information about sea lions. Finally, visitors indicated that they greatly valued their sea lion viewing experience. It is anticipated that the continued increase in visitation to Carnac Island from recreation and from tourism will result in intensified competition for space between humans and sea lions. Long-term impacts of human disturbances on sea lions are unknown, but a physiological stress response and/or the abandonment of haulout sites has been observed in other pinniped species.
The findings of this study highlight the need to implement a long-term strategy to reduce disturbance levels of sea lions by visitors at Carnac Island to ensure that tourism and recreation around sea lions can be sustained in the long term. Recommendations include measures to control visitor numbers on the island through an equitable allocation system between various user groups, the development of on-site sea lion interpretation and a public education and awareness program, the setting up of a Sea Lion Sanctuary Zone on the main beach, ongoing monitoring of sea lion and visitor numbers and other data, and a system of training and accreditation of guides employed by tour operators.
48
Page, Brad. "Niche partitioning among fur seals /." Access full text, 2005. http://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au/thesis/public/adt-LTU20060622.153716/index.html.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- La Trobe University, 2005.Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Zoology Dept., School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology and Engineering. Research. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 133-152). Also available via the World Wide Web.
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Page, Brad, and page bradley@saugov sa gov au. "Niche partitioning among fur seals." La Trobe University. Zoology Department, School of Life Sciences, 2005. http://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au./thesis/public/adt-LTU20060622.153716.
Full textAbstract:
At Cape Gantheaume, Kangaroo Island (South Australia), adult male, lactating female
and juvenile New Zealand (NZ) and Australian fur seals regularly return to the same
colony, creating the potential for intra- and inter-specific foraging competition in nearby
waters. I hypothesised that these demographic groups would exhibit distinct foraging
strategies, which reduce competition and facilitate their coexistence. I analysed the diet
of adult male, adult female and juvenile NZ fur seals and adult male Australian fur seals
and studied the diving behaviour of adult male and lactating female NZ fur seals and the
at-sea movements of juvenile, adult male and lactating female NZ fur seals. Female diet
reflected that of a generalist predator, influenced by prey availability and their
dependant pups� fasting abilities. In contrast, adult male NZ and Australian fur seals
used larger and more energy-rich prey, most likely because they could more efficiently
access and handle such prey. Juvenile fur seals primarily utilised small lantern fish,
which occur south of the shelf break, in pelagic waters. Juveniles undertook the longest
foraging trips and adult males conducted more lengthy trips than lactating females,
which perform relatively brief trips in order to regularly nurse their pups. Unlike lactating
females, some adult males appeared to rest underwater by performing dives that were
characterised by a period of passive drifting through the water column. The large body
sizes of adult males and lactating females facilitated the use of both benthic and pelagic
habitats, but adult males dived deeper and for longer than lactating females, facilitating
vertical separation of their foraging habitats. Spatial overlap in foraging habitats among
the age/sex groups was minimal, because lactating females typically utilised continental
shelf waters and males used deeper water over the shelf break, beyond female foraging
grounds. Furthermore, juveniles used pelagic waters, up to 1000 km south of the
regions used by lactating females and adult males. The age and sex groups in this
study employed dramatically different strategies to maximise their survival and
reproductive success. Their prey and foraging habitats are likely to be shaped by body
size differences, which determine their different physiological constraints and metabolic
requirements. I suggest that these physiological constraints and the lactation
constraints on females are the primary factors that reduce competition, thereby
facilitating niche partitioning.
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Johnson, Elizabeh Carol. "Food neophobia in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)." 2000. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/johnson%5Felizabeth%5Fc%5F200005%5Fphd.
Full text