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1

Velázquez-Fernández, David. "Differential RNA expression in benign and malignant adrenocortical tumours /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-578-X/.

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2

Moore, Lakisha Dionne. "Modulation of Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-[beta]1 and its implications in breast cancer metastasis." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2008p/ldmoore.pdf.

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3

Farnebäck, Malin. "Quantitative analysis of melanoma transcripts : with emphasis on methodological and biological variation /." Linköping : Univ, 2004. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2004/med843s.pdf.

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4

Ménard, Isabelle. "Exploring the many facets of cell death." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111878.

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This thesis summarises research performed with the intent of exploring the many facets of cell death. In the first part of the thesis, the fate of the formin-homology domain containing protein FHOD1 during apoptosis is examined (research performed in the laboratory of Dr. Sophie Roy) and evidence for the cleavage of FHOD1 by caspase-3 at the SVPD616 site is demonstrated. Moreover, the C-terminal FHOD1 cleavage product is shown to translocate to the nucleolus where it inactivates RNA polymerase I transcription.
In the second part of the thesis, the role of the RNA-binding protein HuR in cancer cell migration and invasion, as well as in multidrug resistance is determined using RNA interference to knockdown the expression of HuR in HeLa and KB-V1 cells respectively (research performed in the laboratory of Dr. Imed Gallouzi). In this part of the thesis, HuR is shown to promote cancer cell migration and invasion by stabilizing the beta-actin mRNA in a U-rich-dependent manner. Moreover, evidence is shown for the potential involvement of HuR in the phenomenon of multidrug resistance possibly through the post-transcriptional regulation of the multidrug resistance 1 gene.
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5

Gouvea, Mirian Nakamura. "Análise comparativa dos transcritomas do córtex adrenal normal e adenocarcinoma do córtex adrenal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5144/tde-29042008-132519/.

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A carcinogênese do córtex da supra-renal é um processo complexo que envolve alterações genéticas múltiplas e seqüenciais. Embora algumas dessas alterações já tenham sido caracterizadas, de modo geral estes mecanismos permanecem pouco compreendidos. Um conhecimento mais aprofundado dos mesmos não só levaria à descoberta de novos marcadores de prognóstico como também a alvos terapêuticos em potencial. A fim de melhor caracterizarmos os mecanismos envolvidos na progressão maligna do tumor e selecionarmos genes candidatos a serem marcadores de malignidade e alvos terapêuticos, nós estudamos os RNAs de uma linhagem celular derivada de um tumor adrenocortical maligno (NCI-H295A) e um espécime de tumor do córtex da supra-renal por \"Differential Display\" (DDRT-PCR). Foi selecionado um total de 317 transcritos únicos diferencialmente expressos, com base na análise densitométrica digital dos géis de DDRTPCR. A anotação funcional dos genes hiper-expressos mostrou relação com motilidade celular e proliferação. Entre os hipo-expressos foram identificados genes envolvidos na regulação de transcrição, síntese e processamento de RNA e remodelamento da cromatina. A expressão de dois genes entre os transcritos selecionados foi verificada por RT-PCR semi-quantitativa em 19 tumores adrenocorticais adultos e pediátricos, metastáticos e não metastáticos. Os genes da fucosiltransferase-11 e do supressor tumoral BCSC-1 (hiper- e hipo-regulado, respectivamente) encontraram-se diferencialmente expressos nos subgrupos específicos das 19 amostras tumorais. Em suma, o DDRT-PCR revelou-se uma ferramenta valiosa para uma análise global dos transcritomas do córtex da supra-renal e para selecionar genes com possível envolvimento na tumorigênese adrenocortical. Novos aspectos da biologia, progressão e possíveis alvos terapêuticos moleculares puderam ser vislumbrados.
There are important gaps in the present knowledge about adrenocortical tumorigenesis. For this reason we compared by Differential Display RNAs from a carcinoma-derived cell line (NCI-H295A) and a metastatic adrenocortical tumor and characterized 317 differentially expressed transcripts. The up-regulated genes are mainly related to cell motility and proliferation. Among the down-regulated genes, those involved in regulation of transcription, RNA synthesis and processing and chromatin remodeling were identified. Differential expression of FUTT11 and BCSC-1 tumor suppressor gene were confirmed in specific subsets of 19 adult and pediatric adrenocortical tumors and might serve as marker for malignancy. Our data revealed previously unknown aspects of adrenal tumorigenesis.
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Ruiz, Jorge Luis Maria. "Caracterização de uma nanopartícula lipídica semelhante à LDL (LDE) como vetor para RNA de interferência." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5167/tde-14062011-154226/.

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As nanopartículas são consideradas promissores vetores para a liberação eficaz e segura de ácidos nucléicos para tipos específicos de célula ou tecido, proporcionando uma alternativa aos vetores virais para terapia gênica. No entanto, com a maioria destes sistemas não torna possível a entrega de oligonucleotídeos nas células in vivo de forma especifica. O uso de uma nanoemulsão funcionalmente semelhante à lipoproteina de baixa densidade poderia resolver esse problema, pois esta particula é capaz de direcionar o transporte das moléculas para a internalização celular através de receptores de LDL. Aqui, descreve-se um sistema lipidico semelhante à lipoproteína de baixa densidade, LDE, capaz de direcionar e liberar RNA de interferência (RNAi) para as células tumorais in vitro e in vivo em um modelo celular que expressa resistência a múltiplas drogas (células de sarcoma uterino; MESSA/ Dx5). Estudou-se também as caracteristicas de captação do complexo LDE-RNAi e a regulação especifica do gene mdr-1. Os resultados sugerem que a LDE é estavel e liga-se com alta afinidade aos RNAis permitindo que eles entrem nas células tumorais, com localização citoplasmática. Em conclusão, a LDE, por direcionar o RNAi a receptores de LDL favorece o silenciamento do gene mdr-1 por RNAi nas células MES-SA/Dx5 aumentando sua sensibilidade a quimioterápicos
Nanoparticles are considered promising vectors for efficient and safe delivery of nucleic acids to specific types of cell or tissue, providing an alternative to viral vectors for gene therapy. However, most of these systems cannot target and deliver oligonucleotides to specific cells in vivo. The use of nanoemulsion functionally resemble low density emulsion could solve this problem, once particle is capable of direct the molecules transport to the cell through internalization in LDL receptors. Here, we describe a lipid system similar to low density lipoprotein, LDE, capable of targeting and release small interfering RNA (siRNA) to tumor cells in vitro and in vivo in a cell model that expresses multidrug resistance (sarcoma uterine cell line; MES-SA/Dx5). Were also studied the characteristics of uptake of the complex LDE-siRNA, as well as the downregulation of mdr-1 gene. The results suggest that LDE is stable and bind with high affinity to siRNAs allowing them to enter tumor cells, with cytoplasmic localization enhanced. In conclusion, LDE, binds to siRNA through LDL receptors, and promotes mdr-1 silenciament by RNAi in MES-sa/Dx5 cells, increasing their sensitivity to chemotherapeutics agents
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7

Ghezzi, Tiago Leal. "Comparação da expressão gênica do KRAS mutante, KU70, TACSTD2 e SERIN1 em tecidos tumoral e normal de pacientes com câncer colorretal pela técnica de PCR em tempo real." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/22996.

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INTRODUÇÃO: O estudo das vias moleculares e das alterações específicas responsáveis pela progressão desfavorável de pacientes com CCR parece essencial para o desenvolvimento de terapias mais efetivas. OBJETIVO: Comparar a expressão quantitativa dos genes TACSTD2, Ku70, KRAS mutante e SERIN1 em amostras de tecidos normal e tumoral de pacientes com CCR e relacionar sua expressão com variáveis clínico-patológicas. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 37 pacientes com CCR submetidos à ressecção cirúrgica entre julho de 2005 e julho de 2009 e cujas amostras congeladas de tecidos tumoral e normal foram armazenadas em um banco de tecidos. Através da RT-PCR foi sintetizado o cDNA a partir do RNA extraído das amostras teciduais. A expressão dos genes TACSTD2, KRAS mutante, Ku70 e SERIN1 foi quantificada pela técnica de PCR em tempo real. RESULTADOS: A expressão do KRAS mutante foi maior no tecido tumoral do que no normal (p = 0,024). A expressão tumoral dos genes Ku70, TACSTD2 e SERIN1 foi respectivamente menor, igual e maior que o tecido normal, porém sem significância estatística. Associação estatisticamente significativa também foi observada entre idade e expressão de KRAS mutante no tecido normal e tumores pouco diferenciados e expressão de Ku70 no tecido normal. Não foram observadas outras associações estatisticamente significativas. CONCLUSÕES: A expressão do KRAS mutante no tecido tumoral é maior do que no tecido normal (p = 0,024) na casuística de 37 pacientes com CCR estudados através da técnica de PCR em tempo real.
INTRODUCTION: Knowledge of the molecular pathways and of the specific alterations responsible for the unfavorable progression of patients with CCR appears essential for the development of more effective therapies. PURPOSE: To compare the quantitative expression of the genes TACSTD2, mutant KRAS, Ku70 and SERIN1 in samples of normal and tumoral tissues of patients with CCR and to relate their expression to clinicopathologic characteristics. METHODS: 37 patients with CCR were studied. The patients had been operated on between July 2005 and July 2009, and their frozen samples of tumoral and normal tissues had been stored in a tissue bank. The expression of the genes TACSTD2, mutant KRAS, Ku70 and SERIN1 was quantified through the technique of real time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The mutant KRAS expression was higher in the tumoral tissue than in the normal tissue (p = 0,024). Although not significant, the tumoral expression of the genes Ku70, TACSTD2 and SERIN1 was respectively lower, equal to, and higher than in the normal tissue. Statistically significant association was also observed between age and mutant KRAS expression in normal tissue and between poorly-differentiated tumors and Ku70 expression in normal tissue. No other statistically significant associations were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Tumoral tissues express mutant KRAS at higher levels than normal tissues in the casuistic of 37 patients with CCR studied through the technique of PCR real time.
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8

Higgins, Geoffrey David. "Human papillomavirus RNA transcripts in anogenital neoplasia /." Title page, contents and outline only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh6358.pdf.

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9

Hoghoughi, Neda. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle d'une nouvelle translocation t(3;5)(q21;q31), ciblant le gène du récepteur aux glucocorticoïde et un ARN non-codant, dans la leucémie aigüe à cellules plasmocytoides dendritiques." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENV073/document.

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La leucémie aiguë à cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes (BPDCN) fait partie des cancers incurables pour lesquels les mécanismes impliqués dans la pathogénèse restent inconnus. Dans ce travail, nous avons identifié le gène NR3C1 (5q31), qui code pour le récepteur des glucocorticoïdes (GCR), et un long ARN non-codant inter-génique (appelé ici lincRNA-3q), comme étant des cibles d'altération géniques ou de dérégulation transcriptionnelles dans les BPDCN. La translocation/délétion de NR3C1 est associée avec un temps de survie extrêmement court et des activités anormales du réseau de régulation des gènes GCR, EZH2 et FOXP3. Nous avons découvert que lincRNA-3q code pour une forme nucléaire d'ARN non-codant qui est activé de façon ectopique dans les BPDCN et les AML à haut risque. Dans les cancers myéloïdes, une déplétion de lincRNA-3q induit un arrêt du cycle cellulaire qui coïncide avec la suppression des signatures d'expression génique de E2F1/Rb et des gènes spécifiques aux cellules souches leucémiques. Nos résultats démontrent qu'une inhibition des protéines à bromodomaine BET supprime sélectivement l'expression lincRNA-3q, indiquant une stratégie thérapeutique potentielle pour contrer l'activité oncogénique de cet ARN non-codant. Ce travail défini, un nouveau cadre de recherche pour comprendre la pathogénèse et la résistance au traitement dans les BPDCN
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is an incurable malignancy for which disease mechanisms are unknown. Here, we identify the NR3C1 gene (5q31), encoding the glucocorticoid receptor (GCR), and a long, intergenic, non-coding RNA gene (named here lincRNA-3q), respectively, as targets for genetic alteration or transcriptional deregulation in BPDCN. NR3C1 translocation/deletion was associated to critically short survival in BPDCN and to abnormal activity of GCR, EZH2, and FOXP3 gene regulatory networks. LincRNA-3q, was found to encode a nuclear, non- coding RNA that is ectopically activated in BPDCN and high-risk AML. Depletion of lincRNA-3q in myeloid cancer cells induced cell cycle arrest, coincident to suppression of E2F1/Rb and leukemia stem cell-specific gene expression signatures. BET bromodomain protein inhibition could selectively suppress lincRNA-3q indicating a treatment strategy for counteracting oncogenic activity of this non- coding RNA. Thus, this work defines a new framework for understanding disease pathogenesis and treatment resistance in BPDCN
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Faria, André Murad. "Papel do LIN28, uma proteína ligadora de RNAs, na tumorigênese adrenocortical." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5135/tde-26022015-095301/.

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INTRODUÇÃO: O carcinoma adrenocortical é uma neoplasia rara que carreia um prognóstico reservado. Recentemente, uma série de estudos demonstrou o potencial do perfil de miRNAs na diferenciação entre adenomas e carcinomas adrenocorticais, estratificação de risco e prognóstico. Entretanto, pouco se sabe ainda sobre a regulação pós-transcricional de miRNAs. Nesse contexto, o LIN28 é uma proteína ligadora de RNAs altamente conservada que surgiu como um modulador do let-7, uma importante família de miRNAs amplamente conhecida por seus efeitos supressivos tumorais. Além do let-7, o LIN28 também mostrou regular e ser regulado pelo mir-9, mir-30 e mir-125. OBJETIVOS: Analisar a expressão gênica e proteica do LIN28 em uma grande coorte de tumores adrenocorticais (TACs) de adultos e pediátricos, além de investigar a variação no número de cópias dos genes LIN28A e LIN28B e a expressão dos miRNAs regulatórios do LIN28 (família let-7, mir-9, mir-30 e mir-125) em um subgrupo desta coorte. MÉTODOS: A expressão proteica do LIN28 foi avaliada em um total de 266 TACs de adultos (78 adenomas e 188 carcinomas) e 44 pediátricos (35 clinicamente benignos e 9 clinicamente malignos). A expressão dos genes LIN28A e LIN28B foi avaliada em um subgrupo de 86 TACs adultos e pediátricos e a análise da variação no número de cópias destes genes em 58 TACs. O estudo de expressão das famílias dos miRNAs let-7, mir-9, mir-30 e mir-125 foi realizado em 28 carcinomas adrenocorticais de adultos. RESULTADOS: Em adultos, o gene LIN28A mostrou-se hiperexpresso em carcinomas agressivos quando comparado a adenomas [7,0 (0 a 174,3) vs. 3,6 (0 a 18,3); p = 0,006, respectivamente] e observou-se uma tendência a maior expressão quando comparados a carcinomas não agressivos [7,0 (0 a 174,3) vs. 7,1 (0 a 17,1); p = 0,092]. A expressão do LIN28B foi negativa na grande maioria (92%) dos TACs de adultos. Curiosamente, uma imunorreatividade fraca para o LIN28 foi significativamente associada com diminuição da sobrevida livre de doença nessa população (p = 0,01), mas para sobrevida global apenas uma tendência foi observada (p = 0,117). Na análise multivariada, somente o índice Ki67 >= 10% (RR 5,7, 95% IC 3,0-10,8; p= 0,0001) e imunorreatividade fraca para o LIN28 (RR 2,3, 95% IC 1,2-4,4; p = 0,008) foram preditores independentes de recorrência em adultos. De forma interessante, a expressão do mir-9, um regulador negativo do LIN28A/B, foi significativamente maior em carcinomas agressivos quando comparados a não agressivos [2076 (36 a 9307) vs. 133,4 (2,4 a 5193); p = 0,011] e fortemente associada com a redução da sobrevida global (p = 0,01) e livre de doença (p = 0,01). Na população pediátrica, não se observou diferença significativa entre expressão da proteína LIN28, assim como dos genes LIN28A e mir-9, entre tumores clinicamente benignos e malignos. Nas crianças, a hiperexpressão do LIN28B foi significativamente associada com redução da sobrevida livre de doença (p = 0,026), mas não da sobrevida global (p = 0,406). A análise da variação do número de cópias mostrou que somente uma criança com tumor virilizante benigno apresentou amplificação do LIN28B e uma mulher com carcinoma adrenocortical metastático apresentou deleção do LIN28B. Não houve variação no número de cópias para o gene LIN28A. Um índice de Ki67 >= 20% nas crianças foi capaz de discriminar pacientes com pior prognóstico: houve uma associação significativa tanto com diminuição da sobrevida global (p = 0,015) como da sobrevida livre de doença (p = 0,001) em 36 TACs pediátricos com Weiss >- 3. CONCLUSÕES: A imunorreatividade fraca para o LIN28 foi associada à diminuição da sobrevida livre de doença em uma grande coorte de carcinomas adrenocorticais de adultos. O gene LIN28A teve expressão aumentada em carcinomas agressivos de adultos, sugerindo uma regulação pós-transcricional negativa da expressão proteica do LIN28. A hiperexpressão do mir-9, um regulador negativo do LIN28, mostrou-se um importante preditor de desfecho desfavorável nos adultos. Adicionalmente, a hiperexpressão do gene LIN28B mostrou-se um potencial marcador de mau prognóstico na população pediátrica. Um índice de Ki67 >= 10% em adultos e >= 20% em crianças foram associados a mau prognóstico
INTRODUCTION: Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare neoplasm with overall poor prognosis. Recently, several studies demonstrated the potential of miRNA profiling in differentiating between adrenocortical adenomas and carcinomas, risk stratification and prognosis. Nevertheless, little is known about posttranscriptional regulation of miRNAs. LIN28 is a highly conserved RNA-binding protein that has emerged as a modulator of the processing of let-7, an important family of miRNAs widely known for its tumor-suppressive effects. Besides from let-7, LIN28 has also shown to regulate and be regulated by mir-9, mir-30 and mir-125. OBJECTIVES: To analyze LIN28 gene and protein expression in a large cohort of adult and pediatric adrenocotical tumors (ACTs), and investigate the copy number variation analysis for LIN28A and LIN28B genes and the expression of LIN28 regulatory microRNAs (let-7 family, mir-9, mir-30 e mir-125) in a subgroup of this cohort. METHODS: LIN28 protein expression was assessed in a total of 266 adult (78 adenomas and 188 carcinomas) and 44 pediatric ACTs (35 clinically benign and 9 clinically malignant). LIN28A and LIN28B gene expression was evaluated in a subgroup of 86 adult and pediatric ACTs and copy number variation analysis of these genes in 58 ACTs. The expression of let-7 family, mir-9, mir-30 and mir-125 was performed in 28 adult carcinomas. RESULTS: In adults, LIN28A gene was overexpressed in aggressive carcinomas when compared with adenomas [7.0 fold change (from 0 to 174.3) vs. 3.6 (from 0 to 18.3); p = 0.006, respectively] and a trend towards greaten expression when compared with non-aggressive carcinomas [7.0 (from 0 to 174.3) vs. 7.1 (from 0 to 17.1); p = 0.092]. LIN28B expression was undetectable in the great majority (92%) of adult ACTs. Surprisingly, weak LIN28 staining was significantly associated with reduced disease-free survival in this population (p = 0.01), but for overall survival only a trend was detectable (p= 0.117). In the multivariate analysis, only Ki67 index >- 10% (HR 5.7, 95% CI 3.0-10.8; p = 0,0001) and weak LIN28 staining (HR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2-4.4; p = 0,008) were independent predictors of recurrence in adult patients. Interestingly, mir-9 expression, a negative LIN28A/B regulator, was significantly higher in aggressive than in non-aggressive ACCs [2076 (from 36 to 9307) vs. 133.4 (from 2.4 to 5193); p = 0.011] and was highly associated with reduced overall survival ( p= 0.01) and disease-free survival (p = 0.01). In the pediatric population, no significant difference was observed in the expression of LIN28 protein and LIN28A and mir-9 gene expression between clinically benign and clinically malignant tumors. Additionally. overexpression of LIN28B was significantly associated with reduced disease-free survival (p = 0.026), but not with overall survival (p = 0.406). Copy number variation analysis showed that only a child with a virilizing benign tumor had LIN28B amplification and a woman with a metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma had LIN28B deletion. No LIN28A copy number variation was detected. A Ki67 >= 20% in children was able to discriminate patient with worse prognosis: there was a significant associtation with reduced overall (p = 0,015) and disease-free survival (p = 0,001) in 36 pediatric ACTs with Weiss >- 3. CONCLUSIONS: Weak LIN28 staining was associated with reduced disease-free survival in a large cohort of adult adrenocortical carcinoma. LIN28A had higher expression in aggressive carcinomas in adults, suggesting there might be negative posttranscriptional regulation of LIN28 protein expression. Interestingly, overexpression of mir-9, a negative LIN28A regulator, predicted poor outcome in adult patients. In addition, LIN28B overexpression was an potential marker of poor prognosis in the pediatric population. A Ki67 index >- 10% in adults and >- 20% in children were associated with poor prognosis
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11

Morin, Ryan David. "Mutation discovery and characterization in lymphoid neoplasms using massively parallel RNA and DNA sequencing." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/40132.

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New massively parallel sequencing technologies offer opportunities to profile genomes and transcriptomes for copy number variations, polymorphisms, somatic point mutations, chromosomal rearrangements and can capture gene expression and splicing information. A suite of methods was developed to analyze both RNA-seq and whole genome/exome sequence data from malignant cells for the purpose of identifying somatic point mutations and fusion transcripts. This work reports the application of these and other tools to gain insights into the somatic mutations involved in two common classes of lymphoid malignancies, namely non Hodgkin lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Analysis of multiple cases by a combination of RNA-seq, genome and exome sequencing revealed genes significantly mutated in non Hodgkin lymphoma including many not previously known to be mutated in these or any other cancers. These included multiple genes involved in altering the methylation or acetylation state of histones such as EZH2, MLL2, CREBBP and MEF2B, suggesting a previously unappreciated role of deregulated or altered epigenetic gene regulation in lymphomagenesis. Some of the mutated genes, such as MLL2, had clear patterns of inactivating mutations, indicating they act as tumour suppressors in NHL. Others had mutation hot spots that can be indicative of an oncogenic gain of function and this was proven to be the case for the mutation hot spot identified in EZH2. Analysis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia revealed both novel point mutations and fusion transcripts. The latter included fusions that potentially deregulate known oncogenes such as JAK2 and ABL1. These data may indicate new treatment options for patients with ALL and NHL and lend new insights into the molecular nature of these diseases.
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Donlevy, Alison. "Regulation of RNA translation by phenethyl isothiocyanate." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/362491/.

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Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) is a dietary phytochemical that has received considerable interest for its potential chemopreventive/therapeutic anti -cancer activity. PEITC inhibits cancer cell proliferation and/or survival in vitro, suppresses angiogenesis and decreases tumour growth in vivo with little toxicity. However, the mechanisms by which PEITC exerts its anti-cancer effects are not known. The goal of this project was to investigate the hypothesis that anti-cancer effects ofPEITC may involve inhibition of mRNA translation. Effects of PEITC on global mRNA translation were first studied in human MCF7 breast cancer cells using both polysome proflling and 35S-metabolic labelling experiments. PEITC caused a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of mRNA translation, which was partially reversed following removal of PEITC. Inhibition of mRNA translation was associated with decreased expression of HIFla and VEGF, two proteins that are key for pro-angiogenic responses of malignant cells, in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, at least in part via effects on translation of HlF1A and VEGF mRNAs. Although PEITC has previously been shown to inhibit signalling via the mTORC I pathway, further analysis demonstrated that PEITC also caused a rapid increase in phosphorylation of eIF2a at SerSI which can result in inhibition of initiation of mRNA translation. Increased eIF2a phosphorylation was important for PEITCmediated inhibition of mRNA translation since mouse embryo fIbroblasts expressing nonphosphorylatable eIF2a were relatively resistant to PEITC-induced inhibition of mRNA translation compared to control cells. In addition, PEITC caused the accumulation of stress granules, which have previously been associated with translationally stalled InRNAs. To extend these results to a more clinically relevant setting, further studies were performed using cells isolated fi'om the blood of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), the most common leukaemia in the Western world. Signalling via the B-cell receptor (BCR) is known to play a major role in the development and progression of CLL, and studies first investigated how BCR stimulation altered mRNA translation in primary CLL cells. Stimulation of surface IgM (sIgM) resulted in signiflcant, but variable, increases in mRNA translation. Overall, increases in InRNA translation were higher in samples that were considered as sIgM responsive (based on previous analysis of anti-IgM-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilisation) compared to non-responsive samples, and in samples stimulated with anti-IgM compared to anti-IgD. Anti-IgM also increased expression of MYC and MCLl, two key targets for CLL proliferation and survival, via increased transcription and mRNA translation. ,PEITC inhibited both basal and anti-IgM-induced RNA translation, whereas ibrutinib and tamatinib, inhibitors of the BCR-associated signalling kinase BTK and SYK, predominantly inhibited antiIgM- induced mRNA translation. PEITC, ibrutinib and tamatinib also decreased translation of MYC and MCLl RNAs in anti-IgM treated cells. Similar to MCF7 cells, PEITC caused a rapid increase in eIF2a phosphorylation in CLL cells. Overall, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that inhibition of mRNA translation by PEITC may contribute to its anti-cancer effects. In particular, the work has revealed the eIF2a pathway as a novel target for PEITC and uncovered new links between translation and BCR signalling in human leukaemia. Inhibition of mRNA translation, in response to PEITC or novel kinase inhibitors may play an important role in the therapeutic effects of these agents.
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Arabi, Azadeh. "Regulation of the ribosomal RNA transcription by c-MYC oncoprotein /." Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-947-5/.

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14

Sample, Klarke Michael. "The identification of non-protein coding RNA in the tumour vasculature." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6696/.

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In the last 15 years a number of studies have sought to identify markers of tumour endothelium. However, studies have yet to identify non-protein markers of the tumour vasculature. This thesis provides novel contributions in this area by using RNA sequencing (RNAseq) to probe the transcriptome of tumour endothelial cells (TEC) and healthy tissue associated endothelial cells (HEC). The ensuing bioinformatic analysis revealed many differentially expressed short nuclear RNA (snoRNA) and long intergenic ncRNA (lincRNA) molecules. Some of which were confirmed as being specifically expressed in (and differentially expressed between) TEC and HEC using quantitative PCR (qPCR). One of these molecules was also functionally explored in vitro and is the first ncRNA molecule to be identified as both specific to the endothelium and to be functional in pathological angiogenesis.
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15

Silva, Camila Leonel da [UNESP]. "Inibição da metástase via transição epitélio-mesenquimal por shRNA, metformina e Y27632 em neoplasia mamária." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138236.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A transição epitélio-mesenquimal (EMT) é o processo pelo qual as células cancerosas a partir de tumores primários passam por uma conversão fenotípica para invadir e migrar, gerar metástases em tecidos ou órgãos distantes. Este processo pode ser induzido por fatores de crescimento, tais como Fator de Crescimento Transformante beta (TGF-β) e sua alta expressão tem sido implicada na angiogênese tumoral, na migração e invasão celular em muitos tipos de tumores. A expressão de ROCK-1 está associada com a malignidade dos tumores, enquanto a inibição desta molécula resulta em uma supressão significativa de metástases tumorais. A metformina, um fármaco utilizado no tratamento da diabetes, demonstrou inicialmente inibir a EMT e impedir o fenótipo mesenquimal pela repressão transcricional de pontos chave da regulação da EMT (ZEB1, TWIST1, SNAIL2, TGF-β) em células de câncer de mama. Os objetivos foram avaliar a expressão gênica e proteica de marcadores relacionados a metástase, em um estudo in vitro e in vivo, em linhagens de câncer de mama, após o tratamento com metformina, além do silenciamento gênico do TGF-β1 para inibição da transição epitélio-mesenquimal. Foi realizado a transfecção da linhagem celular metastática de tumor mamário canino CF41 de forma estável após a construção de um pequeno RNA de interferência para desenvolver derivados clonais que expressam níveis reduzidos de TGF-β1 (células TGF-β1sh). Este foi subsequentemente combinado com o tratamento com metformina, para analisar os efeitos sobre a migração de células, assim como a expressão dos marcadores de EMT E-caderina e N-caderina, quantificados através de imunofluorescência e do qRT-PCR. As linhagens mamárias humanas MCF-7 (não-metastática) e MDA-MB-231 (metastática) foram tratadas com metformina e inibidor Y27632, após a indução da EMT por TGF-β1 para examinar os efeitos sobre a migração destas células, bem como a expressão proteica dos marcadores ROCK-1, vimentina, E-caderina, CD44 e CD24 por imunocitoquímica. Em um estudo in vivo, as células não modificadas CF41 ou que expressam TGF-β1 shRNA foram injetadas na região inguinal de camundongos fêmea nude atímicos tratados com metformina. Os camundongos foram eutanasiados após o tratamento e os pulmões foram recolhidos para avaliação do número de metástases. As regiões metastáticas foram subsequentemente avaliadas pela expressão de N-caderina, E-caderina, vimentina e claudina-7 através da imuno-histoquímica. Foi possível avaliar que a taxa de migração e invasão foi menor em células TGF-β1sh, em comparação com as células parentais CF41 e esta inibição foi significativa quando combinado com o tratamento com metformina. As análises in vitro demonstraram que o tratamento com metformina reduziu a expressão de N-caderina e aumentou a expressão de E-caderina nas células CF41 e TGF-β1sh. Os resultados demonstram também que após a indução do TGF-β1 nas linhagens MCF-7 e MDA-MB-231 houve menor expressão das proteínas ROCK-1, vimentina, CD44 e CD24 em ambas as linhagens após tratamento com metformina e Y27632. Nas células MDA-MB-231 a expressão de E-caderina foi maior em todos os grupos de tratamento. O tratamento da linhagems MDA-MB-231 com metformina e Y27632 reduziu significativamente a invasão destas células. O estudo in vivo demonstrou que o tratamento com metformina reduziu o número de metástases pulmonares em animais portadores de tumores induzidos com as células TGF-β1sh. Houve diminuição da expressão de marcadores mesenquimais N-caderina e vimentina, e aumento da expressão de marcadores epiteliais E-caderina e claudina-7 nas metástases pulmonares. Assim, concluimos que este estudo confirma os benefícios do silenciamento do TGF-β1, além do tratamento com metformina e Y27632 como potenciais agentes terapêuticos em tumores de mama, bloqueando o processo de EMT e seu potencial metastático.
Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the process by which cancer cells from primary tumors pass through a phenotypic conversion to invade and migrate, generating metastases in organs or tissues distant. This process can be induced by growth factors such as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and its overexpression has been implicated in tumor angiogenesis, cell migration and invasion in many cancers. ROCK-1 expression is associated with the malignant character of tumors, while inhibiting this molecule results in a significant suppression of tumor metastasis. Metformin, a drug use for the treatment of diabetes, was previously shown to inhibit EMT by suppressing expression of key transcription factors in breast cancer cells. The aims were to evaluate the gene expression and protein expression of related markers metastasis, in a study in vitro and in vivo in breast cancer cell lines after treatment with metformin in addition to the gene silencing of TGF-β1 for inhibiting epithelial-mesenquimal transition. These aims were contemplated performing transfected of canine metastatic mammary tumor cell line CF41 with small interfering RNA constructs to develop clonal derivatives expressing reduced levels of TGF-β1 (TGF-β1sh cells). This was subsequently combined with metformin treatment, to look at effects on cell migration, as well as the expression of the EMT markers E-cadherin and N-cadherin, which were quantified by immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines were treated with metformin and Y27632, after induction of EMT by TGF-β1, to examine the effects on cell migration as well as the protein expression of the ROCK-1 markers, vimentin, E-cadherin, CD44 and CD24 by immunocitochemistry. In an in vivo study, unmodified or TGF-β1 shRNA-expressing CF41 cells were injected in the inguinal region of nude athymic female mice that were treated with metformin. Mice were sacrificed after treatment and the lungs were collected to assess the number of metastases. Metastatic nodules were subsequently assessed for, N-cadherin, E-cadherin, vimentin and claudin-7 expression via immunohistochemistry. With the obtained results it was possible to assess the migration and invasion rate was lower in TGF-β1sh cells as compared to parental CF41 cells and this inhibition was significant when combined with metformin treatment. In vitro analyses demonstrated that metformin treatment reduced n-cadherin expression and increased E-cadherin expression in both CF41 and TGF-β1sh cells. After TGF-β1 induction in MDA-MB231 and MCF-7 cell lines, there was a lower protein expression of ROCK-1, vimentin, CD44 and CD24 in both cell lines after treatment with metformin and Y27632. In MDA-MB-231 cells, E-cadherin expression was increased in all treatment groups. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 cell line with metformin and Y27632 significantly reduced the invasion of these cells. In vivo studies demonstrated that metformin treatment reduced the number of lung metastases in animals bearing TGF-β1sh tumors. This paralleled a decreased expression of mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and vimentin, and increased expression of epithelial markers E-cadherin and claudin-7 in lung metastases.This study confirms the benefits of TGF-β1 silencing in addition to metformin and Y27632 as potential therapeutic agents in mammary tumors, by blocking EMT process and metastatic potential.
FAPESP: 2012/09778-1
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16

Júnior, Nelson Gaspar Dip. "Análise de expressão de micro RNA em carcinoma urotelial de bexiga." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5153/tde-10102012-100047/.

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Introdução: O câncer de bexiga é a segunda neoplasia maligna mais frequente do trato urinário, com 386.000 casos estimados e 150.000 mortes para 2011 no mundo. Noventa e cinco por cento são carcinomas uroteliais (CUB) papilíferos não músculo-invasivos de baixo grau, que apresentam altas taxas de recidiva, mas raramente progridem. Tumores invasivos de alto grau representam 10-20% dos diagnósticos, são altamente agressivos levando à mortalidade elevada. O conhecimento das vias moleculares envolvidas na carcinogênese dessa neoplasia é importante para a identificação de novos marcadores para diagnóstico, acompanhamento, prognóstico e desenvolvimento de novas terapias alvo. Micro RNA (miRNA) são pequenas sequências não codificantes de RNA que regulam a expressão dos genes inibindo a tradução da proteína ou promovendo a degradação do RNA mensageiro, estando atualmente envolvidos em vários processos celulares fisiológicos e patológicos, incluindo o câncer. Objetivos: Caracterizar o perfil de expressão de miRNA no CUB, relacionando-o com os parâmetros prognósticos clássicos para a doença: grau histológico e estadiamento. Além disso, relacionar esse padrão de comportamento dos miRNA com a recidiva tumoral e sobrevida câncer-específica em pacientes tratados cirurgicamente para CUB. Material e Métodos: Catorze miRNA (miR-100, miR-10a, miR-21, miR-205, miR-let7c, miR- 125b, miR-143, miR-145, miR-221, miR-223, miR-15a, miR-16-1, miR-199a e miR- 452) foram isolados de espécimes cirúrgicos de 60 pacientes divididos em 2 grupos: 30 pacientes com CUB não invasivo (pTa) de baixo grau submetidos à RTU de bexiga, 30 com CUB invasivo (pT2-3) de alto grau submetidos à cistectomia radical. O grupo controle é representado por cinco pacientes portadores de bexiga normal sem CUB que realizaram tratamento cirúrgico aberto para tratamento da hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB). O processamento dos miRNA envolveu três fases: (1) extração do miRNA com kit específico, (2) geração do DNA complementar e (3) amplificação do miRNA por PCR quantitativo em tempo real (qRT-PCR). A expressão de cada miRNA foi obtida através do cálculo 2- CT e os RNU-43 e RNU-48 foram utilizados como controles endógenos. Testes estatísticos foram aplicados para estudar as variáveis envolvidas e curvas de Kaplan-Meyer foram usadas para avaliar a sobrevida livre de recidiva (SLR) e sobrevida câncer-específica (SCE). Resultados: Dos 14 miRNA estudados a maioria apresentou subexpressão nos dois grupos de tumor analisados, com exceção do miR-10a para o grupo pTa de baixo grau e do miR-100, 21 e 205 para os tumores pT2/pT3 de alto grau, onde demonstraram-se superexpressos. Essas diferenças de expressão de miRNA entre os dois grupos foram estatisticamente. Quando estudamos a relação entre expressão de miRNA e a evolução dos pacientes através de curvas de sobrevida, observamos que maiores níveis de expressão do miR-21 relacionou-se com menor SLR para tumores pTa. Ainda, maiores concentrações de miR-10a e miR-145 se associaram com menor SLR e maiores níveis de miR-10a com menor SCE para tumores pT2-3. Conclusões: Demonstramos um predomínio de subexpressão de miRNA em xv carcinomas de bexiga. Os miR-100, miR-10a, miR-21 e miR-205 demonstraram diferenças no perfil de expressão para grau e estadiamento dentro dos dois grupos de tumor, sendo capazes de diferenciá-los. Maiores níveis de miR-21 se relacionaram com menor SLR para tumores pTa de baixo grau, enquanto maiores concentrações de miR-10a estiveram associadas com menor SLR e SCE para tumores pT2/pT3 de alto grau
Introduction: Bladder cancer (BC) is the second most common malignancy of the urinary tract, with 386,000 cases estimated and 150,000 deaths in 2011. Urothelial carcinomas (UC) represent 95% of BC cases, and knowledge of the molecular pathways associated with BC carcinogenesis is crucial to identify new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and development of new target molecular therapies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNA molecules that play important roles in the regulation of gene expression by acting directly on mRNAs, leading to either mRNA degradation or inhibition of translation, involved in many physiological and pathological processes, including cancer. Objectives: To characterize miRNAs expression profiles in UC, associating with classic prognostic factors: grade and stage. Moreover, correlate miRNA expression with tumor recurrence and survival. Material and Methods: Fourteen miRNAs (miR-100, miR-10a, miR-21, miR-205, miR-let7c, miR-125b, miR-143, miR-145, miR-221, miR-223, miR-15a, miR-16-1, miR- 199a e miR-452) were isolated from surgical specimens from 60 patients classified in two groups: 30 patients with low-grade non-invasive pTa UC that underwent TURB, 30 with high-grade invasive pT2/pT3 UC underwent radical cystectomy. The control group consists in five normal bladder tissue taken from patients that underwent retropubic prostatectomy to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). miRNA processing involved three phases: (1) miRNA extraction by specific kits, (2) cDNA generation (3) miRNA amplification through qRT-PCR. Expression profiles were obtained by relative quantification determined by 2-ct method. Endogenous control were RNU-43 and RNU-48. Statistic tests were used to study the prognostic variables and Kaplan-Meyer curves were constructed to analyze disease-free (DFS) and disease-specific (DSS) survivals. Results: All miRNAs were underexpressed in both groups, except miR-10a in pTa and miR-100, 21 and 205 in pT2/pT3 tumors, that where over-expressed. miR-100, miR-21, miR-10a and miR-205 differentialy expressed in both groups and this differences were statistically significant. The Kaplan-Meyer survival curves showed that higher levels of miR-21 were related to shorter DFS for pTa group. Also, higher levels of miR-10a and miR-145 were associated with shorter DFS and higher levels of miR-10a were also related to shorter DSS in pT2/pT3 group. Conclusions: The majority of miRNA were shown to be underexpressed in bladder UC. miR-100, miR-10a, miR-21 and miR-205 were differentially expressed considering tumor grade and stage. The miRNA profile was able to distinguish pTa low grade and pT2-3 high grade tumors. Higher levels of miR- 21 were related to shorter DFS in pTa, while higher levels of miR-10a were associated with shorter DFS and DSS in pT2-3, high grade UC
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17

Mangone, Flavia Regina Rotea. ""Determinação do perfil de expressão dos RNAs mensageiros da família das Smads e dos componentes do complexo AP-1 em carcinoma de célula escamosa de cabeça e pescoço"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5155/tde-10082005-153351/.

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A expressão de Smads e de membros da família AP1/ jun-fos podem refletir alterações da via de TGFb, uma via importante para o câncer epidermóide de cabeça e pescoço (HNSCC). Encontramos expressão aumentada dos mRNAs das Smads1-8 em HNSCC em comparação com tecido normal adjacente, por RPA. Além disso, as curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan Meier e a análise multivariada mostraram que a Smad6+ parece ser um fator determinante de bom prognóstico em HNSCC. Quanto a família AP-1, mensurado por Northern blot, somente Fra-1 mostrou-se aumentado no tumor e associado à presença de linfonodos comprometidos. Nossos dados sugerem que a positividade de Smad6 possa ser marcador de bom prognóstico em HNSCC
Smad and AP1 messenger RNA expression may underlie disruptions affecting TGFb signaling in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Analysis of Smads1-8 mRNA expression by RPA has shown Smad expression is globally increased in tumor as compared to adjacent normal tissue. Kaplan Meier survival curves and multivariate analysis revealed that Smad6 positivity in tumor was an independent good prognostic factor in HNSCC. In relation to AP-1, as measured by Northern blot, only Fra-1 was overexpressed in tumor and directly related to the presence of lymph node involvement. Our data suggest that Smad6 may be a marker of good prognosis in HNSCC
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18

Enberg, Ulla. "Functional and diagnostic aspects on adrenocortical adenoma /." Stockholm, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-150-0/.

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19

Thiele, Benjamin [Verfasser], and Mascha [Akademischer Betreuer] Binder. "RNA based deep sequencing of the B-cell receptor for detection and monitoring of B-cell neoplasms / Benjamin Thiele ; Betreuer: Mascha Binder." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1133262163/34.

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20

Eskandarpour, Malihe. "Molecular genetics of cutaneous malignant melanoma /." Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-277-4/.

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21

Thakur, Noopur. "Long-range Control of Gene Expression by Imprinting Control Regions During Development and Neoplasia." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Zoologisk utvecklingsbiologi, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5725.

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Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon by which a subset of genes is expressed in a parent of origin specific manner. Most of the imprinted genes are located in clusters. Genetic evidences suggest that genes in imprinted clusters are regulated by Imprinting Control Regions (ICRs). To elucidate the mechanisms by which the imprinting is maintained in clusters, we have chosen a well characterized cluster at the distal end of mouse chromosome 7. This cluster contains 15 imprinted genes and they have been shown to be regulated by H19 and Kcnq1 ICRs. The mouse H19 ICR, which is shown to have a chromatin insulator function, is implicated in the regulation of H19 and Igf2 genes by interacting with the CTCF protein. It has been documented that CTCF is also involved in the maintenance of differential methylation at the ICR. In this investigation we demonstrated that CTCF maintained differential methylation is lost when we subjected the ICR containing episomal plasmids to de novo methylation machinery of the human choriocarcinoma cell line, JEG3, suggesting that the H19 ICR looses its methylation privilege property under neoplastic conditions. The Kcnq1 ICR has been implicated in the regulation of 11 imprinted genes. The Kcnq1 ICR is methylated on the active maternal allele but unmethylated on the inactive paternal allele and overlaps an oppositely oriented and paternally expressed gene known as Kcnq1ot1. In this investigation, we documented that the Kcnq1 ICR controls the imprinting of neighboring genes by behaving as a bidirectional silencer and that this function is regulated by antisense RNA Kcnq1ot1. Furthermore, we have documented that duration of antisense transcription plays a critical role in the antisense RNA- mediated silencing. In conclusion, this thesis provides more insights into the complex mechanistic aspects by which ICRs, control imprinting of genes in clusters during development and neoplasia.
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22

Hunter, Rebecca Stephanie. "Inhibition of ErbB2 and Thymidylate Synthase by a Multi-Targeted Small-Interfering RNA in Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines." Yale University, 2008. http://ymtdl.med.yale.edu/theses/available/etd-08092007-140112/.

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The therapeutic potential of a novel multi-targeted small-interfering RNA (siRNA) was investigated in human breast cancer cells. Previous studies had identified an siRNA that specifically and potently inhibited expression of thymidylate synthase (TS) by directly targeting human TS mRNA. TS is a folate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the key reaction involved in synthesizing nucleotide precursors for DNA biosynthesis, and as such, it plays a critical role in maintaining cell growth. The goal of this thesis was to design and develop a novel siRNA molecule that targeted TS mRNA as well as a cellular mRNA that encodes a different cellular protein involved in cancer cell growth and proliferation, such as a member of the ErbB family. Gene sequence analysis was performed and identified an overlapping sequence between TS and ErbB2 mRNAs. An siRNA duplex was then designed to simultaneously target human TS and ErbB2 mRNA. Transfection of the multi-targeted siRNA (TS1M17) revealed that both ErbB2 and TS proteins were significantly suppressed in a time and dose-dependent manner in ErbB2-overexpressing human breast cancer SKBR3 cells. The corresponding mRNA levels, as determined by RT-PCR, were also decreased. Protein levels of other ErbB family members, including ErbB1 and ErbB3, remained unchanged with siRNA treatment. An ErbB2-specific siRNA (B2450) inhibited ErbB2, but had no effect on TS expression demonstrating the specificity of the multi-targeted siRNA against both TS and ErbB2. Mismatched (TS1-Mismatch) and control (GL2) siRNAs had no inhibitory effects on expression of the two target proteins. Suppression of activated ErbB2, as determined by expression of phosphorylated ErbB2 protein, was observed with transfection of TS1M17 siRNA. In addition, the expression of downstream signaling proteins, such as phosphorylated mitogen activated protein kinase (p-MAPK), p27Kip1, p21Cip1, cyclin D1, and survivin were significantly changed. In contrast, control siRNAs did not exert any inhibitory effects on downstream signaling. Taken together, these findings suggest that TS1M17 siRNA inhibits signaling of the ErbB2 pathway. The effect of TS1M17 siRNA on cytotoxicity was analyzed by WST-1 assay. Upon transfection into SKBR3 cells, the TS1M17 siRNA significantly suppressed cell proliferation with an IC50 value of 0.65 nM, which is 154-fold more potent than ErbB2- and TS-specific siRNAs. This study suggests that targeting expression of ErbB2 and TS, two key proteins involved in distinct and critical pathways for cancer growth and proliferation, with a single siRNA molecule may provide a novel approach for cancer chemotherapy.
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23

Vladimir, Stojšić. "Učestalost i prognostički značaj genskih alteracija u tumorskim ćelijama i njihova povezanost sa kliničko-patološkim karakteristikama bolesnika sa ranim stadijumom adenokarcinoma bronha." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Medicinski fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2018. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=105379&source=NDLTD&language=en.

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Napredak na polju molekularne biologije omogućio je identifikaciju molekularnih markera za karcinom bronha sa vrednim prognostičkim i prediktivnim značajem i njihova uloga kod uznapredovalog, metastatskog oblika bolesti je u velikoj meri istražena, dok kod ranih stadijuma bolesti još uvek nije sasvim jasna. Cilj ovog istraživnja bio je da se utvrdi učestalost najčešćih genskih alteracija u tumorskim ćelijama bolesnika sa ranim stadijumom adenokarcinoma bronha, da se utvrdi pojedinačna zavisnost ispitivanih genskih alteracija u tumorskim ćelijama sa određenim kliničko-patološkim karakteristikama i da se utvrdi potencijalni prognostički značaj pojedinačne genske alteracije u tumorskim ćelijama na vreme preživljavanja bez povratka bolesti i ukupno vreme preživljavanja. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 161 bolesnika sa adenokarcinomom bronha, stadijuma bolesti od I do IIIA, kod kojih je sprovedena radikalna hirurška resekcija u Institutu za plućne bolesti Vojvodine u periodu izmedju 2007 i 2014 godine. U tumorskim uzorcima fiksiranim u parafinu odredjivane su mutacije EGFR, KRAS i PIK3CA gena, ALK i ROS1 rearanžman i PD1 i PD-L1 ekspresija. Kliničkopatološke karakteristike su preuzete iz registra za karcinom bronha Instituta za plućne bolesti Vojvodine. Ukupno preživljavanje je računato od dana operacije do dana smrti, a preživljavanje bez povratka bolesti je računato od dana operacije do momenta ponovne pojave bolesti. Od 161 testiranog tumorskog uzorka, prisustvo mutacija detektovano je kod 96 uzoraka (59.6%). Prisustvo mutacije KRAS gena detektovano je kod 69 (42.9%), mutacije EGFR gena kod 10 (6.2%), a mutacije PIK3CA gena kod 7 (4.3%) tumorskih uzoraka. ALK rearanžman je detektovan kod 3 (1.9%), a ROS1 rearanžman kod 7 (4.3%) tumorskih uzoraka. PD-1 ekspresija detektovana je u 71 tumorskom uzorku (45%), dok je PD-L1 ekspresija detektovana u 59 tumorskih uzoraka (36.6%). PD-1 ekspresija nije bila značajno povezana ni sa jednim od klinčko-patoloških karakteristika (uključujući KRAS, EGFR, ALK, ROS1 i PI3KCA status). PD-L1 ekspresija je bila značajno povezana sa tipom hirurgije (P = 0.01) i sa prisustvom KRAS mutacije (P = 0.02). Mutacioni status u domenu KRAS gena je bio značajno povezan sa godinama starosti (P = 0.004), polom (P = 0.006) i pušačkim statusom (P = 0.004). Mutacioni status u domenu EGFR gena je bio značajno povezan sa pušenjem (P < 0.001) i sa godinama starosti (P = 0.013). Mutacioni statusi u domenu gena za ALK, ROS1 i PI3KCA nisu bili značajno povezani ni sa jednom od ispitivanih kliničko-patoloških karakteristika. Prisustvo PD-1 ekspresije je bilo značajno povezano sa preživljavanjem bez povratka bolesti (P = 0.03) i ukupnim preživljavanjem (P = 0.01). PD-L1 ekspresija, KRAS, EGFR, ALK, ROS1 i PIK3CA mutacioni status nisu bili značajno opvezani sa preživljavanjem bez povratka bolesti i ukupnim preživljavanjem. Najčešće detektovane genske alteracije su mutacije u domenu KRAS i EGFR gena. Prisustvo KRAS mutacije je značajno povezano sa godinama starosti ispitanika, polom i pušačkim statusom dok je prisustvo EGFR mutacije značajno povezano sa godinama starosti ispitanika i pušačkim statusom. Prisustvo PD-L1 ekspresije je značajno povezano sa vrstom hirurškog lečenja i sa prisustvom KRAS mutacija. Jedino prisustvo PD-1 ekspresije u tumorskim ćelijama predstavlja nezavistan prognostički faktor za preživljavanje bez povratka bolesti i ukupno preživljavanje bolesnika sa ranim stadijumom adenokarcinoma bronha.
Advances in the field of molecular biology gave us insight into biomarkers for lung cancer with great prognostic and predictive value and their role in advanced stage disease is well known while in early stage disease is yet to be proven. The aim of this study was to determine the frequencies of the most common gene alterations in patients with early stage lung adenocarcinoma, to determine the relationship between gene alterations in tumor cells and clinicopathologial characteristics and to determine prognostic value of each gene alteration regarding overall survival and disease free survival. One hundred sixty-one patients diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma clinical stage I-IIIA who underwent radical surgical resection at the Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina between 2007 and 2014 were included in this study. Mutations in EGFR, KRAS and PIK3CA gene, ALK and ROS1 rearrangement and PD-1 and PD-L1 expression were determined in representative formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor block from each patient. Clinical data were extracted from the institutional lung cancer registry of the Institute for Pulmonary Diseases. Overall survival was calculated as time from the day of surgery to the day of death. Disease free survival was calculated as time from the day of surgery to the day of disease relapse. Among 161 tested tumor tissue, presence of mutation was found in 96 (59.6%) of them. There were 69 (42.9%) mutations in KRAS gene, 10 (6.2%) in EGFR gene and 7 (4.3%) in PIK3CA gene. ALK and ROS1 rearrangement were present in 3 (1.9%) and 7 (4.3%), respectively. PD-1 expression was determined in 71 (45.0%) tumor sample while PD-L1 expression was determined in 59 (36.6%). PD-1 expression was not correlated with any of the clinicopathologial characteristics (including KRAS, EGFR, ALK, ROS1 and PIK3CA mutational status). PD-L1 expression correlated with type of surgery (P = 0.01) and KRAS positivity (P = 0.02). KRAS mutation status correlated with age (P = 0.004), sex (P = 0.006) and smoking status (P = 0.004). EGFR status correlated with smoking status (P < 0.001) and age (P = 0.013). ALK, ROS1 and PIK3CA status were not correlated with any of the clinicopathologial characteristics. PD-1expression was significantly associated with disease free survival (P = 0.03) and overall survival (P = 0.01). PD-L1 expression, KRAS, EGFR, ALK, ROS1 and PIK3CA status were not associated with disease free survival and overall survival. The most frequent gene alteration are mutations in KRAS and EGFR gene. Presence of KRAS mutation is in correlation with patients age, sex and smoking status while presence of EGFR mutation is in correlation with patients age and smoking status. PD-L1 expression is in correlation with type of surgery and KRAS mutational status. Only presence of PD-1 expression represent an independent prognostic factor for disease free survival and overall survival.
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24

Vaarala, M. (Markku). "Differential gene expression in prostate cancer:identification of genes expressed in prostate cancer, androgen-dependent and androgen-independent LNCaP cell lines, and characterization of TMPRSS2 expression." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2000. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514258304.

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Abstract Prostate cancer is the most common solid tumor among men in Western industrialized countries. A major problem in prostate cancer treatment is the development of androgen-independence, as androgen-deprivation therapy is the basic therapy for the disease. Molecular mechanisms behind prostate cancer and androgen-independent growth development are poorly known. In this study, subtractive hybridization was used for the generation of a cDNA library specific for prostate cancer. Analysis of the cDNA library revealed over-expression of several ribosomal proteins namely L4, L5, L7a, L23a, L30, L37, S14 and S18, in prostate cancer cell lines. Over-expression of L7a and L37 was also confirmed in prostate cancer tissue samples. Further, cDNA array was used in order to examine differentially expressed genes in androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Monoamine oxidase A, an Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) similar to rat P044, and EST AA412049 were highly over-expressed in androgen-dependent LNCaP cells. Tissue-type plasminogen activator, interferon-inducible protein p78 (MxB), an EST similar to galectin-1, follistatin, fatty acid-binding protein 5, EST AA609749, annexin I, the interferon-inducible gene 1-8U and phospholipase D1 were highly over-expressed in androgen-independent LNCaP cells. The EST similar to rat P044, the EST similar to galectin-1, follistatin, annexin I and the interferon-inducible gene 1-8U were also expressed in benign prostatic hyperplasia tissue. The Y-linked ribosomal protein S4, Mat-8, and EST AA307912 were highly expressed in benign prostatic hyperplasia tissue. In situ hybridization of mouse embryos and adult mouse tissues revealed the expression of TMPRSS2 in the epithelium throughout the gastrointestinal, urogenital and respiratory tracts during development. In human multiple tissue RNA dot blot, the highest level of expression was detected in prostate, and lower levels in colon, stomach and salivary gland. TMPRSS2 transcript levels were significantly higher in prostate cancer tissue between benign and malignant epithelium of prostate cancer patients with untreated disease. Similarly, in poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas, expression in malignant tissue was significantly higher. Enzymatic mutation detection and direct sequencing of TMPRSS2 coding region revealed only one deletion in aggressive disease among 9 non-aggressive and 9 aggressive prostate cancer samples. No other mutations were found. Detected 7-base pair deletion leads to premature stop codon and disruption of serine protease substrate binding and catalytic active site. We cloned several potential genes whose expression is changed during prostate cancer initiation or progression. These genes may serve as prostate cancer markers, and further studies are needed to clarify the expression of these proteins during the disease.
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25

Carvalho, Michelle Garcia Discacciati de. "Valor preditivo da avaliação do DNA e da expressão dos genes E6/E7 do papilomavírus humano na evolução da neoplasia intraepitelial cervical de grau 2." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/310571.

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Orientadores: Luiz Carlos Zeferino, Sílvia Helena Rabelo dos Santos
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: A avaliação das taxas de evolução da NIC 2 e a identificação de aspectos clínicos e marcadores preditivos de regressão desta lesão podem identificar as mulheres que se beneficiariam de uma conduta expectante e seguimento periódico. Objetivo: Avaliar alguns fatores clínicos e moleculares associados à progressão e regressão da NIC 2, em mulheres submetidas à conduta expectante. Sujeitos e Métodos: O estudo foi do tipo coorte e incluiu 50 mulheres com diagnóstico de NIC 2 confirmado por biópsia, após serem referenciadas ao Centro de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher (CAISM), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), por apresentaram exame citopatológico mostrando lesão intraepitelial escamosa de baixo grau (LIEBG). Estas mulheres foram acompanhadas por 12 meses, com consultas trimestrais para avaliação citológica e colposcópica. Na admissão, foram coletadas amostras para a realização de testes de genotipagem de HPV, os quais foram realizados no Instituto Ludwig de Pesquisa Sobre o Câncer; e também para testes de detecção de RNA mensageiro dos genes E6/E7 dos HPV tipos 16,18,31,33 e 45, realizados no Laboratório Salomão & Zoppi. Os resultados deste estudo estão sendo apresentados em dois artigos. O primeiro avaliou a frequência de progressão, persistência e regressão da NIC2, como também testou se a idade da mulher no diagnóstico e idade ao início da atividade sexual variaram com a evolução da lesão. O segundo artigo avaliou a associação dos tipos e espécies de HPV e da expressão dos genes virais E6 e E7 com a evolução de NIC 2. Resultados: Ao final de 12 meses houve 74% de regressão, 24% de progressão de NIC 2 para NIC 3, e um caso de persistência da NIC 2. A maioria dos casos regrediu nos primeiros seis meses de seguimento. Não foi observada associação entre a evolução de NIC 2 e a idade ou início da atividade sexual em mulheres submetidas à conduta expectante. As taxas de regressão da NIC 2 aos 12 meses de seguimento, para mulheres com HPV da espécie alfa-9, comparada com outras espécies ou HPV negativo foram 69,4 e 91,7% respectivamente, sendo que esta diferença foi estatisticamente significativa ao longo do seguimento. A taxa de regressão de NIC 2 aos 12 meses foi de 68,3% para mulheres com teste positivo para RNA mensageiro de E6/E7 e 82,6% para mulheres com teste negativo para este marcador, mas esta diferença não foi estatisticamente significativa. Conclusão: A maioria da NIC 2 diagnosticada por biópsia em mulheres selecionadas por exame citológico com diagnóstico de lesão LIBG regride em até 12 meses. Mulheres infectadas por tipos de HPV da espécie alfa-9, especialmente o HPV 16, são menos propensas a ter regressão da NIC 2 ao final de 12 meses de seguimento. Os resultados não demonstraram associação entre a expressão de genes virais E6/E7 com a regressão ou progressão da NIC 2
Abstract: The evaluation of CIN 2 outcome rates and identification of clinical features and predictive markers of the lesion regression can identify women who would benefit from an expectant management and regular monitoring. Objective: To evaluate the clinical and molecular factors associated with progression and regression of CIN 2 in women undergoing expectant management. Subjects and Methods: This cohort study included 50 women with diagnosis of CIN 2 confirmed by biopsy after being referenced to the Center of Integral Attention to Women's Health, State University of Campinas, with Pap smear showing low-grade lesion (LSIL). These women were followed for 12 months with three-monthly controls visits for cytological and colposcopic evaluation. On admission, samples were collected to perform HPV genotyping, which was held at the Ludwig Institute and also for the detection of E6/E7 mRNA, which was performed in the laboratory Salomão & Zoppi. The results of this study are presented in two articles. The first assessed the frequency of progression, persistence and regression of CIN2, comparing these rates with clinical factors such as woman's age and age at first sexual intercourse. The second evaluated the association between CIN 2 evolution with the HPV species and expression of viral genes E6 and E7. Results: At the end of the 12 months of monitoring, there was 74% of regression, 24% of progression to CIN 3 and only one case of persistence of CIN 2. The most of the CIN 2 regresses during the first six months of follow-up. However, there was no statistically significant association between the women' age and the age at first sexual intercourse. The rate of CIN 2 regression at 12 months follow-up for women with HPV alpha- 9 compared with another HPV species groups or HPV negative were respectively 69,4% and 91,7%, and the difference up to 12-month follow-up was statistically significant. The CIN 2 regression rate at 12-month follow-up for women with positive E6/E7 mRNA was 68.3%, and for negative was 82.6%, but the difference up to 12-month follow-up was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The majority of CIN 2 diagnosed by biopsy in women with previous cervcial smear showing LSIL regresses after 12 months. Women infected with HPV alpha-9, which includes HPV 16, are less likely to have CIN 2 regression over 12 months of follow-up. The results showed no association between the expression of viral genes E6 and E7 with the regression or progression of CIN 2
Doutorado
Ciencias Biomedicas
Doutor em Tocoginecologia
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26

Xing, Yigong P. "Nuclear Structure Studied by Fluorescence Hybridization: Visualization of Individual Gene Transcription and RNA Splicing: A Thesis." eScholarship@UMMS, 1993. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/48.

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The overall objective of this study has been to address some of the longstanding questions concerning functional organization of the interphase nucleus. This was achieved by using recently developed high-resolution fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques for a precise localization of specific DNA and RNA sequences in conjunction with immunocytochemistry and biochemical fractionation. This study is based on the philosophy that new insights may be gained by an approach that attempts to interrelate genomic organization, spatial arrangement of RNA metabolism, and nuclear substructure within the mammalian cell nucleus. The nuclear distribution of an exogenous, viral RNA (Epstein-Barr Virus, EBV) within nuclear matrix preparations was studied by developing an approach which couples in situhybridization with biochemical fractionation procedures. EBV RNA molecules accumulate in highly localized foci or elongated tracks within the nucleus of lymphoma cells. These RNA tracks were retained with spatial and quantitative fidelity in nuclear matrix preparations even after biochemical fractionation which removes 95% of cellular protein, DNA, and phospholipid. This provided direct evidence that the primary transcripts are localized via their binding to, or comprising part of, a non-chromatin nuclear substructure. Then the nuclear distribution of RNA from an endogenous gene, fibronectin, was investigated using fluorescence techniques modified for more sensitive detection of endogenous RNAs within nuclear morphology. A series of in situhybridization experiments were performed using different combinations of intron, cDNA, and genomic probes for RNA/RNA or RNA/DNA analysis in intact cells. Fibronectin RNAs were highly localized in the nucleus, forming foci or tracks. Both intron and exon sequences were highly concentrated at the same site within the nucleus, indicating the presence of primary unspliced transcripts. Double-color hybridization using a nontranscribed 5' flanking sequence probe and a genomic DNA probe showed that the gene and RNA track for fibronectin were spatially overlapped, with the gene consistently towards one end of the track. These results provided evidence that the accumulation of RNA molecules occurs directly at or near the site of transcription, and further indicated a structural polarity to the RNA track formation with the gene towards one end. It was further discovered that within a single cell, cDNA probes produced longer tracks than those formed with intron probes, i.e. intron signals were generally confined to a smaller part of the track than the exon signals, indicating that splicing occurs within the RNA track. Additional experiments using poly(A) RNA hybridization or anti-SC-35 antibody staining combined with fibronectin RNA hybridization have shown that the fibronectin tracks were associated with recently discovered transcript domains enriched in poly(A) RNA and splicing factors. To further determine whether other specific genes and RNAs are functionally organized within the nucleus, the nuclear distribution of several active or inactive genes was analyzed in terms of their spatial relationship to transcript domains. The results indicated that in addition to fibronectin, the genes or their primary transcripts from two other active genes, collagen and actin, were also closely associated with the domains. For both of these, over 90% of the gene/RNA sites were either overlapping or directly contacting the domains. In contrast. for two inactive genes, cardiac myosin heavy chain and neurotensin, it was found that both genes were separated from the domains in the majority of nuclei. Histone genes, which have several unique features, showed a relatively complex result with about half of the gene signals extremely close to the domains. Therefore, three actively expressed genes were demonstrated to be tightly associated with the domains and, moreover, their RNAs showed distinct and characteristic spatial relationships with the domains. In contrast, two inactive genes were not associated with the domains. One potential implication of these finding is that active genes may be preferentially localized in and around these transcript domains. The nuclear localization of another RNA, XIST, standing for X-inactivation specific transcript, was studied because of its potentially unique biological role. XIST is the only gene which is known to be expressed from the inactive human X chromosome but not from the active X chromosome, and was believed to be important in X inactivation. Using fluorescence in situhybridization, it was found that XIST RNA was highly localized within the nucleus and always completely overlapped the Barr body which is the condensed, inactive X chromosome. The different fine distribution pattern of XIST RNA within the nucleus as compared to other protein coding RNAs suggested a unique function for this RNA, possibly involving a structural role in inactivating the X chromosome. The final area of my thesis research was to study and acquire expertise in the applications of fluorescence in situ hybridization in gene mapping and cancer genetics. A retinoblastoma (RB)-related putative tumor suppressor gene, p107, was mapped to human chromosome 20 in band q11.2. Localization of p107 to 20q11.2 was of particular interest because of the correlation of breakpoints in this area with specific myeloid disorders such as acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Other applications of in situ hybridization including the search for unknown genes at a known chromosomal breakpoint, detection of deletions, translocations or other chromosomal rearrangements associated with specific tumors were also explored and reviewed.
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Bewry, Nadine N. "STAT3 Contributes to Resistance Towards BCR-ABL Inhibitors in a Bone Marrow Microenvironment Model of Drug Resistance in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002892.

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28

Bajak, Edyta Zofia. "Genotoxic stress: novel biomarkers and detection methods : uncovering RNAs role in epigenetics of carcinogenesis /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-415-5/.

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29

Goulart, Ana Emília. "Impactos do silenciamento do RNA não codificante PCA3 em células de câncer de próstata." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2014. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/13674.

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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Tecnológico em Imunobiológicos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Introdução: O PCA3 é um RNA não codificante (ncRNA), expresso especificamente na próstata, estando envolvido no controle da sobrevivência de células de carcinoma de próstata (CaP), através da via de sinalização do receptor de androgênio (AR). Objetivo: Investigar se diversos genes relacionados ao câncer – incluindo os envolvidos na Transição Epitelial Mesenquimal (EMT), os que apresentam potencial stemness e os co-reguladores do AR – podem estar envolvidos no processo de resposta ao silenciamento do PCA3. Além disso, objetivamos promover o silenciamento estável do PCA3 através da construção de um vetor lentiviral carreando short hairpin RNA (shRNA) específico para este ncRNA, vislumbrando estratégias terapêuticas para o CaP. Metodologia: Empregamos small interfering RNA (siRNA) ou shRNA com expressão baseada em vetores lentivirais para diminuir a expressão de PCA3 em células LNCaP e avaliar os efeitos deste silenciamento na sobrevivência destas células. Para isto, analisamos por qRT-PCR a expressão do PCA3 e de diversos genes relacionados ao câncer. Utilizamos microscopia confocal para analisar a expressão da proteína vimentina. Empregamos citometria de fluxo para verificar o percentual de células LNCaP GFP+ e, azul de tripan para avaliar o número de células viáveis, após o silenciamento estável do PCA3. Resultados: Dentre os co-reguladores do AR, ARA 70, ARA 54, Smad3 e EBP1 apresentaram expressão aumentada nas células LNCaP interferidas com siPCA3 em relação às células LNCaP interferidas com siScrbl, enquanto Smad 4 e ciclina D1 apresentaram expressão diminuída. Dentre 84 genes relacionados ao câncer, 16 apresentaram expressão alterada em células LNCaP- siPCA3 em relação ao controle. Destes, 30% codificam moléculas de transdução de sinais e fatores de transcrição. Observou-se expressão aumentada de E-caderina, Claudina-3, Citoqueratina-18, Snail, Twist e Slug em células LNCaP -siPCA3 em relação ao controle, enquanto observou-se expressão diminuída de Claudina-4, Citoqueratina-8 e Vimentina. O padrão de marcação de vimentina foi similar em células LNCaP – siPCA3 e células LNCaP – siScrbl. Não foi detectada a expressão de genes com potencial stemness nas condições testadas. Células transduzidas com vetores lentivirais carreando shPCA3 apresentaram diminuição estável da expressão do PCA3. Foi observada redução estável de cerca de 60% de células LNCaP GFP+ transduzidas com shPCA3, além de redução no número de células viáveis. Conclusão: O silenciamento do PCA3 reduz o número de células viáveis, através de um processo que envolve moléculas de transdução de sinais e fatores de transcrição que podem orquestrar a sobrevivência das células de CaP. A diminuição no número de células viáveis após a transfecção com siPCA3 parece não ser modulada pelo programa EMT clássico, embora a reversão parcial deste programa possa estar regulando a diminuição da sobrevivência celular induzida por siPCA3. A desregulação da expressão de coreguladores do AR observada pode estar envolvida na inibição da expressão dos genes alvo do AR. Nossos dados sugerem que este ncRNA desempenha papel regulador na transcrição gênica, sendo capaz de modular a expressão de genes de diversas vias de sinalização relacionadas ao câncer. Nossos resultados sugerem ainda que a redução estável do PCA3 apresenta potencial aplicação em estratégia terapêuticas que visem modular negativamente a sobrevivência das células de CaP.
Introduction: PCA3 is a prostate specific non coding RNA (ncRNA), involved in the control of prostate cancer (PCa) cell survival, through modulating androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Objective: In order to better characterize the molecular mechanisms by which PCA3 is controlling LNCaP cell survival, we aimed to investigate whether several cancer related genes, including those involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), stemness potential and AR co-regulators could be involved in this process in response to PCA3 downregulation. Moreover, we aimed to promote PCA3 stable silencing through a lentiviral vector containing a PCA3 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) specific sequence. Methodology: We used small interfering RNA (siRNA) or lentivirus vectorbased shRNA to downregulate PCA3 expression and evaluate the effects of this ncRNA knockdown on LNCaP cell survival. After PCA3 downregulation, cells were analyzed by qRT-PCR to investigate PCA3 and several cancer related genes expression. Confocal microscopy was performed to analyze vimentin expression. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze the percentage of LNCaP GFP positive cells and trypan blue staining to analyse the number of viable cells after PCA3 stable silencing. Results: Among AR co-regulators genes investigated, ARA70, ARA54, Smad 3 and EBP1 were upregulated in siPCA3- transfected cells in relation to scramble sequence LNCaP transfected cells, while Smad 4 and cyclin D1 were downregulated. We found that among 84 cancer-related genes tested, 16 were differentially expressed in LNCaP siPCA3-transfected cells when compared to transfected cells with a scramble sequence. Of these, 30% are genes coding for signal transduction molecules and transcription factors. Gene expression profile of EMT-related genes revealed that E-cadherin, Claudin-3, Cytokeratin-18, Snail, Twist and Slug are upregulated in LNCaP siPCA3-transfected cells compared to control, while Claudin-4, Cytokeratin-8 and Vimentin are downregulated. Vimentin expression staining patterns were similar between LNCaP siPCA3-transfect cells and control. Expression of stemness markers were not detected in these tested conditions. LNCaP cells transduced with lentiviral vectors carrying the GFP gene and shPCA3 stably dowregulated PCA3 expression, producing a reduction of 60% of LNCaP GFP+ cells compared to shScrbl transduced or non-transduced LNCaP cells. In addition, the number of viable cells was reduced after PCA3 stable silencing. Conclusion: PCA3 downregulation by RNAi leads to a loss of viability, through a process that involves key signal transduction molecules and transcription factors that could orchestrate PCa cells survival. Our results also suggested that the decrease in the number of LNCaP viable cells, observed after siPCA3 transfection, seems to don´t be modulated by the classical EMT program, although a partial reversion of this program could regulate the reduction of cell survival induced by siPCA3. Observed deregulated expression of AR co-regulators could be involved in the inhibition of the AR target genes expression. Our data suggest that that this ncRNA perform a regulatory role in gene expression, being able to modulate gene expression of several signaling pathways related to cancer. Moreover, our results suggest that the stable downregulation of PCA3 expression shows potential as a PCa therapeutic approach by negatively modulation cell survival.
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Watte, Marina. "Acompanhamento nutricional de mulheres com neoplasia mam?ria em tratamento quimioter?pico em um hospital universit?rio." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2011. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/1602.

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INTRODU??O: O c?ncer de mama ? a malignidade mais comum em mulheres no mundo e ? o segundo tipo de c?ncer que mais atinge a popula??o brasileira. Mulheres com c?ncer de mama em tratamento quimioter?pico adjuvante apresentam uma tend?ncia progressiva ao ganho de peso. Este aumento ponderal pode levar ao risco aumentado de recorr?ncia da neoplasia, e de desenvolvimento de doen?as cr?nicas relacionadas ? obesidade, como a doen?a cardiovascular e a diabetes.OBJETIVO: Avaliar a modifica??o do estado nutricional de mulheres com diagn?stico de neoplasia mam?ria durante o tratamento quimioter?pico adjuvante com poliquimioterapia em um hospital universit?rio.MATERIAL E M?TODOS: Trata-se de um estudo de coorte prospectivo. A popula??o estudada foi composta por 45 pacientes em tratamento quimioter?pico adjuvante na Unidade de Quimioterapia do Hospital S?o Lucas PUC/RS. As pacientes foram avaliadas no per?odo inicial e final do tratamento atrav?s de duas entrevistas estruturadas, onde foram verificados dados de identifica??o das pacientes, aferidos peso e altura e aplicado um inqu?rito recordat?rio de 24h, visando avaliar a ingest?o alimentar das pacientes. Os dados categ?ricos foram expressos por contagens e percentuais. A an?lise univariada foi conduzida por teste t de Student (dados quantitativos) e exato de Fisher (dados categ?ricos). O n?vel de signific?ncia adotado foi de =0,05.RESULTADOS E CONCLUS?O: As pacientes estudadas aumentaram o peso durante o tratamento quimioter?pico, com diferen?a significativa entre o peso inicial e final do per?odo (p<0,016). Este aumento de peso consequentemente refletiu no aumento do ?ndice de massa corporal (p<0,018). Quanto ? classifica??o do estado nutricional, as modifica??es observadas n?o foram expressivas. Em rela??o ? ingest?o alimentar, observou-se aumento com signific?ncia estat?stica ao longo do per?odo estudado, mas os valores de ingest?o permaneceram dentro das recomenda??es nutricionais.
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31

Matsumoto, Yoshiaki. "SALL4 - KHDRBS3 network enhances stemness by modulating CD44 splicing in basal-like breast cancer." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232117.

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32

Gadd, Samantha. "Acetaminophen-induced proliferation of estrogen-responsive breast cancer cells is associated with increased c-mcy RNA expression and NF-kB activity." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2016.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 147 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 128-143).
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33

Tomiyama, Alberto Hiroyuki. "Micro RNA em adenocarcinoma de próstata: caracterização da expressão em tumores de baixo grau, órgão-confinados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5153/tde-07022012-112055/.

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Introdução: Os micro RNA (miRNA) são formados a partir de RNA precursores de fita dupla que contém entre 60 a 110 nucleotídeos e formam estruturas do tipo hairpin. Imediatamente após sua transcrição pela RNA polimerase II a enzima Dicer promove a clivagem do RNA precursor em seqüências menores contendo 19 a 22 nucleotídeos. Após a clivagem, o miRNA integra-se ao complexo silenciador induzido pelo RNA (RISC) que o conduz ao seu RNA mensageiro (mRNA) homólogo recém transcrito. Esta associação promove a degradação do mRNA, ou interfere na tradução da proteína caracterizando um grande mecanismo de controle da expressão dos genes. Este mecanismo está relacionado ao desenvolvimento de órgãos e tecidos, e está envolvido no processo de carcinogênese. Nosso objetivo é identificar um perfil de expressão de miRNA que defina o adenocarcinoma de próstata de prognóstico favorável e desfavorável considerando os níveis de PSA e dados anatomopatológicos. Materiais e métodos: Foram selecionados 53 pacientes com tumores desfavoráveis (mediana do escore de Gleason igual a 8, 79,2% estadiados pT3, mediana de PSA 10,1 ng/mL e mediana do volume tumoral de 23%) e 45 considerados favoráveis (mediana do escore de Gleason igual a 5, 80% estadiados pT2, mediana de PSA de 7,8 ng/mL e mediana do volume tumoral de 11,5%). O controle foi representado por 7 pacientes com hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB). Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a prostatectomia radical pelo mesmo cirurgião. Os espécimes cirúrgicos foram examinados na sua totalidade pelo mesmo patologista. A análise dos miRNA foi feita a partir de tecido congelado e tecido incluído em parafina usando a técnica da reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real quantitativa (qRT-PCR) utilizando primers e sondas Taqman® específicas. O RNU43 foi usado como controle interno. Resultados: Com exceção dos miRNA 199a, 21, 15a, 16 e 25 que se mostraram subexpressos tanto nos casos desfavoráveis como nos favoráveis, houve uma diminuição global na expressão dos miRNA com redução estatisticamente significativa na expressão dos miRNA 143, 145 e 146a, 191, 218 e Let7c em tumores desfavoráveis em relação aos tumores favoráveis. Conclusão: Demonstramos que no processo de transição entre os carcinomas favoráveis e desfavoráveis de próstata existe uma perda global na expressão de miRNA que podem ser importantes controladores de expressão de uma série de genes relacionados a progressão desta neoplasia. Dados experimentais avaliando o papel desses miRNA devem ser conduzidos para que possamos definir seu papel na evolução do câncer de próstata
Introduction: micro RNA (miRNA) are formed from double-stranded RNA precursors that contain between 60-110 nucleotides and form structures such as hairpin. Immediately after their transcription by RNA polymerase II, the enzyme Dicer promotes the cleavage of precursor RNA sequences containing minor 19-22 nucleotides. After cleavage, the miRNA is part of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that leads to its messenger RNA (mRNA) newly transcribed counterpart. This association promotes the degradation of mRNA, or interferes with the protein translation characterizing a great mechanism for controlling gene expression. This mechanism is related to the development of organs and tissues, and may be involved in the process of carcinogenesis. Our goal is to identify a miRNA expression profile that distinguishes prostate adenocarcinoma of favorable and unfavorable prognosis considering the PSA and pathological findings. Material and Methods: We studied 53 patients with tumors considered unfavorable (Median of Gleason score 8, 79.2% staged pT3, median of PSA 10.1 ng/mL and median of tumor volume of 23%) and 45 considered favorable (Median of Gleason score 5, 80% staged pT2, median of PSA 7.8 ng/mL and median of tumor volume of 11.5%). The control group was represented by seven patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). All patients underwent radical prostatectomy by the same surgeon. The surgical specimen was examined entirely by the same pathologist. The analysis of miRNA was made from frozen and paraffin embedded tissue by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using the Taqman® specific primers and probes. The RNU43 was used as a internal control. Results: Except for miRNAs 199a, 21, 15a, 16 e 25 that were underexpressed by both favorable and unfavorable prostate cancer, there was a global decrease of all miRNAs studied, and some differences were statistically significant as miRNAs 143, 145 e 146a, 191, 218 e Let7c that were underexpressed in unfavorable carcinomas compared favorable tumor. Conclusion: We have demonstrated that in the process of transition between favorable and unfavorable prostate cancer there is a global loss of expression of miRNAs. These molecules can be important controllers of a series of genes related to cancer progression. Experimental studies are needed in order to comprehend the role of these genes in prostate carcinogenesis
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34

Smith, Nikki. "The role of cellular micro-RNAs in Epstein-Barr virus induced cellular transformation and oncogenesis." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1344/.

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Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNA which post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) transforms resting B-cells in vitro to establish continuously proliferating lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) and is aetiologically linked to lymphomas. Little is known about the contribution of miRNAs to the transformation of B cells. We initially examined the regulation of the oncogenic miR-155, which is highly expressed in Hodgkin’s lymphoma but was reportedly absent in Burkitt’s lymphoma. We found that miR-155 was up-regulated by EBV-LMP1 expression, and that a reported defect of miR-155 processing in Burkitt’s lymphoma was a misinterpretation of data. Next, to identify cellular miRNAs and genes modulated during EBV-induced transformation, we compared the expression profiles of resting B cells and B cells either infected with EBV or stimulated to proliferate with CD40L and IL4. This revealed that a large proportion of miRNAs and genes differentially regulated by EBV and not by CD40L/IL4 were modulated by EBV interaction with its CD21 receptor complex, but these changes were maintained or amplified in LCLs; and included a set of tumour suppressor genes down-regulated by EBV. In addition, bioinformatics analysis indicated that EBV modulates the expression of multiple miRNAs predicted to target the same cellular genes.
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35

Cornhill, Zoe. "An RNAi-mediated genetic screen identifies genes that promote tumour progression in a living epithelium." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/39515/.

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The complex process by which cancer cells invade local tissue and metastasise is responsible for approximately 90% of cancer related deaths. The cell biological events that underlie this transition to malignancy are driven by invariable alterations within the genome, however relatively little is known about the genetic determinants involved. If identified, novel genes which perturb the rate of tumour progression could become potential targets for future therapeutic intervention. Using a novel in vivo system, it is possible to characterise the behaviour of transformed cells during the early stages of tumour development and follow these cells in real time, thus improving our understanding of the critical events that initiate cell proliferation, tumour cell invasion and metastasis. Using Drosophila as a model organism it is possible to generate neoplastic tumours within the dorsal thorax whereby clones of transformed cells are homozygous mutant for a specific tumour suppressor gene. By specifically labelling these transformed cells with GFP, their behaviour can be observed in high temporal and spatial resolution within the living epithelium. RNAi technology can also be employed to simultaneously knock-down expression of an additional gene specifically within the mutant tissue. This forms the basis of a large-scale screen for novel genes that may promote tumour progression in this epithelium. The screen is now almost complete and so far we have screened through almost 500 genes, the majority of which have previously been implicated in cancer but remain uncharacterised. We have observed a wide range of phenotypes, with genes affecting cell proliferation, invasion, cell shape, actin organisation, junction integrity and epithelial multilayering. By setting ‘thresholds’ for particular phenotypes ‘hits’ have been identified which drastically enhance tumour progression, and these genes are in the process of being fully characterised to further our understanding of their role in tumour progression.
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36

Silva, Marta Batista da. "Trajet?ria de vida de mulheres mastectomizadas integrantes de um grupo de auto ajuda a luz da Hist?ria Oral." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/14801.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Introdu??o: Uma quest?o de grande relev?ncia para a sa?de p?blica refere-se ao c?ncer de mama, considerado o respons?vel pela maior causa de morte na popula??o feminina no mundo, inclusive no Brasil. O c?ncer de mama, dentre as neoplasias malignas, tem sido o respons?vel pelos maiores ?ndices de mortalidade tornando-se uma das grandes preocupa??es no que diz respeito ? sa?de da mulher. Apesar de ser considerado um c?ncer de relativamente bom progn?stico, se diagnosticado e tratado oportunamente, as taxas de mortalidade por c?ncer de mama continuam elevadas no Brasil, muito provavelmente porque a doen?a, ainda seja diagnosticada em est?gios avan?ados. Diante deste contexto, questiona-se: Quais as mudan?as ocorridas na vida cotidiana, da mulher ap?s diagnostico de c?ncer de mama? Objetivo: Analisar a trajet?ria de vida de mulheres mastectomizadas integrantes do grupo Despertar da Liga Norte Riograndense do C?ncer/RN. M?todos e T?cnicas: Utilizou-se do enfoque da hist?ria oral de vida como referencial metodol?gico. Participaram como colaboradoras 20 mulheres integrantes do Grupo Despertar vinculado ? Liga Norte-Riograndense Contra o C?ncer, Natal/RN. Aprovado pelo Comit? de ?tica em Pesquisa da Liga Norte Rio Grandense Contra o C?ncer, Protocolo n. 150/2011. Resultados: Discute-se a problem?tica em forma de manuscritos, inicialmente, a partir da compreens?o de Mulheres com c?ncer de mama submetidas ? quimioterapia: assist?ncia de enfermagem atrav?s de uma an?lise contextual ; seguido dos Sentimentos e expectativas de mulheres com diagn?stico de c?ncer de mama: uma reflex?o ; e finalmente, da Trajet?ria de vida de mulheres mastectomizadas integrantes de um grupo de auto-ajuda a luz do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC) e suas etapas: express?es-chaves, ideias centrais, discurso do sujeito coletivo. Emergiram tr?s eixos tem?ticos, sustentado por suas respectivas ideias centrais, cada um referente, ao antes, durante e o depois da mastectomia: "encarar a vida de frente - "vida normal", separa??o", "mudan?a", "trabalho" e "filhos"; "falei com Deus" - preven??o/cuidados , diagn?stico/tratamento , sentimentos/emo??es e mudan?as ; "reorganiza??o com mais objetividade e experi?ncia - "cren?a , mudan?a e sentimentos/emo??es . Considera??es Finais: Reconhecem-se o alcance do objetivo proposto e das lacunas do trabalho, embora, n?o o torna menos relevante do ponto de vista cient?fico e da oralidade express?o pelas colaboradoras do estudo, al?m do sentido atribu?do a vida depois da mastectomia. Ressalta-se a necessidade, de estudos sobre grupos de auto-ajuda voltados para as mulheres mastectomizadas e maior divulga??o dos resultados, para subsidiar pol?ticas p?blicas, ou simplesmente, capacitar os profissionais da sa?de para um atendimento humanizado e incentivar novos grupos
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37

Rudge, Felicity. "Genome-wide cDNA and RNAi screening to identify modulators of responses to a novel Wnt signalling inhibitor." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/58589/.

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Wnt/β-catenin signalling plays a central role in the regulation of multicelluar organism development and in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis in adults. Dysregulation of Wnt signalling resulting in aberrant pathway activation is a key initiating step in the development of a diverse range of cancers, including colorectal cancer, and as such is an important target for therapeutic intervention. A novel Wnt pathway inhibitor, ‘MSC’, has been identified as blocking activated Wnt signalling, specifically through inhibiting the ability of CDK8 and CDK19 to activate nuclear β-catenin/TCF-dependent transcription. However, despite potently inhibiting Wnt-dependent transcription, the ability of MSC to reduce cellular viability was limited. This study aimed to determine genes that whose loss operated with MSC to reduce cell survival. A whole-genome RNAi chemical sensitisation screen identified 3 genes whose depletion in combination with MSC treatment conditionally reduced the viability of HCT116 cells in vitro. The outstanding hit of this screen was Histidyl Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase (HARS). The identification of this enzyme as an MSC ‘interactor’ suggested links between Wnt signalling and the regulation of translation. BRAF and MED11 RNAi also conferred conditional sensitivity to MSC. Interestingly, MED11 is a component of the Mediator complex, a multiprotein transcription regulatory complex in which CDK8 functions to regulate β-catenin/TCF-dependent transcription, suggesting that mediator complex may be a key target of MSC action. A parallel overexpression screen was initiated to identify novel Wnt pathway activators, and subsequently used to map MSC resistance. Expression of the transcription factors GBX1 and HMGB2, determined to be novel regulators of TCF-dependent transcription, blocked MSC-mediated disruption of Wnt signalling. Overexpression of either gene in a clinical context might therefore be regarded as a contra-indication for MSC-class therapies. These studies have highlighted potential avenues for broadening the scope of MSC activity through the determination of survival and resistance mechanisms, thus the rational design of MSC-combination therapies could be of huge clinical benefit for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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CALVO, FERNANDA B. "Construcao e caracterizacao in vitro de um vetor retroviral bicistronico codificando endostatina e interleucina-2 para utilizacao em terapia genica." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2009. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9487.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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39

Geraldo, Murilo Vieira. "Regulação da via de sinalização de TGF-b pelo microRNA miR- 146b-5p no câncer de tiróide." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42134/tde-19032012-154046/.

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MicroRNAs são pequenos RNAs não codificadores de proteínas envolvidos na regulação pós-transcricional da expressão gênica. Análises de expressão em larga escala identificaram aumento da expressão de miR-146b-5p no carcinoma papilífero (PTC), o subtipo mais prevalente do câncer de tiróide. Uma análise in silico apontou SMAD4, um membro da via de sinalização de TGFbeta, como potencial alvo de miR-146b-5p. A via de TGFbeta é uma via inibitória da proliferação da célula folicular, contudo o mecanismo de escape do sinal inibitório de TGFbeta pela célula tumoral tiroideana permanence não esclarecido. A expressão de miR-146b-5p em linhagem normal PCCL3 diminuiu os níveis de SMAD4, conferindo resistência ao sinal anti-proliferativo de TGFbeta e aumentando a proliferação celular. A inibição de miR-146b-5p em linhagens de PTC aumentou os níveis de SMAD4, restaurou a resposta ao sinal anti-proliferativo de TGFbeta, diminuindo a proliferação celular. Os dados obtidos neste trabalho revelam o papel oncogênico de miR-146b-5p como um regulador negativo da via de TGFbeta.
MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Large-scale analyses revealed that miR-146b-5p is overexpressed in papillary carcinomas (PTC), the most prevalent form of thyroid cancer. A computational analysis indicated SMAD4, an important member of the TGF-b signaling pathway, as a putative target of miR-146b-5p. The TGFbeta pathway is a negative regulator of thyroid follicular cell growth, and the mechanism by which thyroid cancer cells evade its inhibitory signal remains unclear. The overexpression of miR-146b-5p in normal follicular PCCL3 cells decreased SMAD4 levels, conferred resistance to TGFbeta anti-proliferative signal and increased cell proliferation. The specific inhibition of miR-146b-5p in papillary carcinoma cell lines significantly increased SMAD4 levels, restored the TGFbeta signal transduction and decreased cell growth. Altogether, our data confirm the oncogenic role of miR-146b-5p in thyroid follicular cells as a negative regulator of TGFbeta signaling pathway.
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40

Sodré, Ana Karina de Melo Bezerra. "Expressão do simportador sódio-iodo (NIS) nos tumores tireoidianos benignos e malignos através de estudo imunohistoquímico e da quantificação do RNA mensageiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5135/tde-17042007-084559/.

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O transporte de iodo para tireóide é mediado pelo simportador sódio-iodo (NIS), glicoproteína de 643 aminoácidos localizada na região basolateral da célula folicular que acopla a entrada de sódio e iodo para o interior da célula. A clonagem do gene NIS em 1996 foi o primeiro passo na investigação dos mecanismos moleculares responsáveis pela diminuição da captação do radioiodo nos tumores benignos e malignos da tireóide. Estudos prévios sobre a expressão do gene NIS baseados em quantificação do transcrito e/ou análise imuno-histoquímica da proteína, mostraram resultados bastante divergentes. A maioria dos estudos com RT-PCR mostrou redução ou até ausência do transcrito do NIS. Os estudos mais recentes de imunohistoquímica, no entanto, mostraram aumento da expressão da proteína NIS, ao invés de diminuição. Poucos foram os estudos que fizeram análise do transcrito e da proteína concomitantemente nas mesmas amostras. Este estudo teve como objetivo quantificar o RNAm do gene NIS e avaliar a expressão e localização celular da proteína NIS, através das técnicas de RT-PCR em tempo real e exame imunohistoquímico, respectivamente. Foram estudadas 30 amostras de nódulos de tireóide, sendo 14 nódulos benignos e 16 nódulos malignos, sempre pareados com o tecido não-tumoral do mesmo paciente. Através de exame cintilográfico, verificouse que 100% dos nódulos malignos e 85,7% dos benignos eram hipocaptantes. Houve diminuição da expressão gênica do NIS em 78,6% dos nódulos benignos, em 81,2% dos carcinomas utilizando o gene PSMC6 como controle interno e em 100% dos carcinomas com o gene GAPDH como controle interno. O exame imunohistoquímico da proteína NIS revelou positividade da proteína NIS no citoplasma em 100% dos tecidos não-tumorais, 100% dos nódulos benignos e 93,75% dos nódulos malignos, não sendo estatisticamente diferentes entre si. A positividade na membrana basolateral ocorreu em 23,3% das amostras não-tumorais, em 14,3% dos nódulos benignos e em 12,5% dos nódulos malignos, não se detectando diferença significativa entre os grupos. A comparação da intensidade da imunoexpressão do NIS no citoplasma entre os nódulos versus os tecidos não-nodulares mostrou que esta foi maior em 64,3% dos nódulos benignos e em 87,5% dos malignos. Houve associação entre diminuição da quantificação gênica do NIS tumoral e aumento da imuno-expressão da proteína NIS no citoplasma tumoral em 50% dos nódulos benignos, 87,5% dos nódulos malignos, quando se utilizou o GAPDH como controle interno e, em 68,75% dos nódulos malignos quando se utilizou o PSMC6. A diminuição da expressão gênica do NIS associada a maior imuno-positividade intracitoplasmática da proteína NIS se deve a provável incapacidade de migração da proteína para a membrana plasmática.
The iodide uptake by epithelial thyroid cells requires the expression of sodium iodide symporter (NIS), a transmembrane glycoprotein of 643 amino acids. NIS is located at basolateral plasma membrane of the thyroid follicular cells and couples the transport of iodide and sodium to this cells. NIS gene was cloned in 1996, being the first step of investigation of the mechanisms responsible for the lower uptake of radioiodide by benign and malignant thyroid tumors. Previous studies about expression of NIS gene based in quantification by RT-PCR and/or immunohistochemistry analysis showed divergent data. The majority of RT-PCR studies showed reduction or even absence of transcript of NIS in malignant tumors. Recent studies of immunostaining showed that many tumors overexpress rather than under express NIS. Only a few studies have made the analysis of the transcript and the protein at the same time in the same samples. The objective of this study was to investigate NIS transcript levels and the presence and location of NIS protein, using real time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. It was included 30 samples of thyroid tumors, 14 benign and 16 malignant ones, always compared to adjacent non-tumoral samples. Scintigraphic findings showed that 100% of malignant tumors and 87.5% of benign ones were ?cold?. RT-PCR data revealed lower gene expression in 78.6% of the benign tumors, 81.2% of the carcinomas using PSMC6 as a housekeeping gene and 100% of the carcinomas using GHPDH as a housekeeping gene, when paired to the normal tissue samples. Immunohistochemical staining revealed presence of NIS protein in 100% of the nontumoral samples, 100% of the benign tumors and 93.75% of the malignant tumors. No statistical differences were detect in this data. NIS protein was identified at basolateral membrane in 23.3% of non-tumoral samples, 14.3% of benign tumors and 12.5% of malignant tumors. No statistical differences were detect in this data. Higher quantities of intracytoplasmatic NIS protein were detect in 64.3% of benign tumors and in 87.5% of malignant tumors when compared to non-tumoral samples. Association between lower gene expression and higher presence of intracytoplasmatic NIS protein was found in 50% of benign tumors, 87.5% of malignant tumors using GHPDH as a housekeeping gene and 68.75% of malignant tumors using PSMC6 as a housekeeping gene. The reduced gene expression of NIS in thyroid tumors with strong intracytoplasmatic staining may be due to his incapacity in migrating to cellular membrane.
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41

Ara?jo, Priscilla Cristhina Bezerra de. "Percep??o de estigma e qualidade de vida em crian?as com neoplasia." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17524.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
The increase in survival time and cure requires more extensive care about the quality of life of cancer patients, which begins soon after diagnosis. Thus, it seems reasonable to the emphasis on development of studies covering the psychosocial variables, such as stigma, treatment of childhood cancer aiming thereby to the attention of the overall needs of the child. Thus, this research aims to investigate the perception of stigma and quality of life in children with cancer. This is a cross-sectional research and understanding of the descriptive type, the type specimen being adopted for convenience. This consisted of thirty children with cancer and thirty children without chronic disease. The instruments used were the Quality of Life Questionnaire, the Perceived Stigma Scale and Technical Drawing Story with a Theme. The results indicate that the chronic condition, no interfered significantly in satisfaction with the quality of life in children with cancer and identified that the quality of life is not related to the stigma. Comparison with children with no chronic disease with infants with cancer, no significant differences were observed. However, the group mean contrast was lower, suggesting a greater impairment in quality of life of children with cancer compared to those without chronic disease. It is worth noting that the psychosocial effects and the limitations imposed by disease and treatment are presented as important factors in the design mode of subjective manifestations of children with cancer. Therefore, it is expected that knowledge elucidated by this study will assist, greatly to the promotion of improved emotional, biological and social development itself and the involvement of children with cancer treatment
O aumento do tempo de sobrevida e cura exige cuidados mais amplos em rela??o ? qualidade de vida dos pacientes com c?ncer, que tem inicio logo ap?s o diagn?stico. Deste modo, parece acertado a ?nfase dada ao desenvolvimento de estudos que abranjam as vari?veis psicossociais, como o estigma, no tratamento do c?ncer infantil visando assim ? aten??o das necessidades globais da crian?a. Destarte, esta pesquisa se prop?s a investigar a percep??o de estigma e a qualidade de vida em crian?as com neoplasia. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de corte transversal do tipo descritiva e compreensiva, sendo adotado o tipo amostra por conveni?ncia. Esta foi constitu?da por trinta crian?as com c?ncer e trinta crian?as sem doen?a cr?nica. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Question?rio de Qualidade de Vida, a Escala de Percep??o de Estigma e a t?cnica de Desenho Est?ria com Tema. Os resultados apontam que a condi??o cr?nica n?o interferiu de modo significativo na satisfa??o com a qualidade de vida nas crian?as com neoplasia e identificou-se que a qualidade de vida n?o est? relacionada com o estigma. Quanto ? compara??o de crian?as sem doen?a cr?nica com os infantes com neoplasia, n?o foram observadas diferen?as significativas. Contudo a m?dia do grupo contraste apresentou-se menor, sugerindo um maior preju?zo na qualidade de vida das crian?as com c?ncer em rela??o ?s sem doen?a cr?nica. Ressaltase ainda que as repercuss?es psicossociais e as limita??es impostas pela doen?a e pelo tratamento se apresentam como fatores importantes no modo de estrutura??o das manifesta??es subjetivas das crian?as com c?ncer. Assim sendo, espera-se que o conhecimento elucidado por este estudo venha a colaborar, sobremaneira, para a promo??o da melhora emocional, biol?gica e social e do pr?prio desenvolvimento e envolvimento das crian?as com c?ncer no seu tratamento
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42

Paquin, André. "Transfection of the breast cancer cell line MDA-468 with antisense RNA to P21 CIP1 in order to investigate the mechanism of EGF-mediated G1 arrest in these cells /." St. John's, NF : [s.n.], 2000.

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43

Ogba, Ndiya. "Transcriptional Regulation Of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Target Genes By Hexamethylene Bisacetamide-Inducible Gene 1 (HEXIM1) And Its Role In Mammary Gland Development And Breast Cancer." Cleveland, Ohio : Case Western Reserve University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=case1258406511.

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44

Faustino, Viviane Dias. "Inibição simultânea dos genes antiapoptóticos Bcl-2 e Bcl-XL em células de leucemia linfoide aguda e células de linfoma do manto mediante RNA de interferência." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5167/tde-22012013-154327/.

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As estatísticas relacionadas aos cânceres hematológicos indicam que a incidência e mortalidade dessas doenças têm aumentado ao longo dos anos. Embora a maioria dos casos de linfomas e leucemias não possua etiologia definida, sugere-se que fatores genéticos possam estar envolvidos. Nesse contexto, destaca-se a família de proteínas Bcl-2, divididas em anti e pró-apoptóticas. Os genes Bcl-2 e Bcl-XL, membros de uma nova classe de oncogenes, que atuam no mecanismo de morte celular das células cancerígenas, sobretudo apoptose, a qual é controlada por numerosos sinais intra e extracelulares. Uma nova estratégia para o tratamento desta doença inclui a terapia gênica mediada por RNA de interferência, que silencia importantes genes, a exemplo dos genes da família Bcl-2. Visto que o silenciamento isolado de um único gene pode não ter resultados expressivos, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo desenhar um RNA de interferência (RNAi) homólogo a dois tipos distintos de RNA mensageiro (RNAm) e inibir simultaneamente os genes Bcl-2 e Bcl-XL,assim como testar a inibição isolada dos mesmos. Amostras de linhagem tumoral Jurkat e Granta-519 foram avaliadas após transfecção com os seguintes RNA:i Bcl-2,Bcl-XL, Bcl-2/Bcl-XL,Bcl-2+Bcl-XL e scramble. Os nossos achados evidenciam que, na linhagem Granta-519, a sequência do RNAi Bcl-2 inibe, isoladamente ou conjugado ao Bcl-XL, o gene Bcl-2. Deste modo, o RNAi Bcl-2 apresenta-se mais eficiente no mecanismo de silenciamento gênico, uma vez que propicia a morte celular frente a toxicidade do quimioterápico etoposide.
The hematological cancer statistics indicates that its incidence and mortality have increased over the years. Although most cases of lymphomas and leukemias has no definite etiology however is suggested that genetic factors may be involved. In this context there is the Bcl-2 proteins family divided into anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic which Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL genes are members of a new class of oncogenes that act in cancer cells death mechanisms, especially apoptosis, that is controlled by numerous intra-and extracellular signals. Among new strategies to treat hematological cancer includes gene therapy mediated by RNA interference, which can decrease expression of genes like Bcl-2 family components. Studies of single gene silencing have not shown significant results so this study aimed to design an RNA interference (iRNA) homologous to two distinct types of messenger RNA (mRNA) and inhibit both genes Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL -XL as well as test the inhibition. Commercial cells Jurkat and Granta-519 were evaluated after transfection with iRNA as follows: Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Bcl-2/Bcl-XL, Bcl-2+Bcl-XL and scramble. Our findings show that in Granta-519 cell line Bcl-2 RNAi sequence inhibits, alone or conjugated to Bcl-XL, Bcl-2 gene. Thus RNAi Bcl-2 appears more effective in gene silencing mechanism as it promotes cell death due chemotherapeutic agent etoposide toxicity.
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45

Junior, Gilberto de Castro. "Expressão da proteína ERCC1 (Excision Repair Cross Complementing Group 1), do seu RNA mensageiro e de polimorfismos genéticos como fatores prognósticos em pacientes portadores de carcinoma epidermóide de cabeça e pescoço operados e submetidos à quimiorradioterapia adjuvante." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5155/tde-05032010-111401/.

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INTRODUÇÃO: Quimiorradioterapia (QRT) concomitante adjuvante aumenta a sobrevida livre de doença (SLD) em pacientes portadores de carcinoma epidermóide de cabeça e pescoço (CECCP) de alto risco operados com intenção curativa, porém está associada a toxicidade não desprezível e seu impacto na sobrevida global (SG) é incerto. ERCC1 (Excision Repair Cross Complementing Group 1) é uma proteína com função crítica no reparo de DNA por excisão de nucleotídeos (NER) e está envolvido na resistência à quimio- e radioterapia. Neste trabalho tivemos como objetivos determinar a expressão da proteína ERCC1, a expressão do RNA mensageiro (mRNA) de ERCC1 e a ocorrência do polimorfismo de nucleotídeo único T19007C de ERCC1 em pacientes portadores de CECCP de alto risco, operados e tratados com QRT adjuvante, bem como o valor prognóstico destes marcadores. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo em pacientes portadores de CEC de cavidade oral, orofaringe, hipofaringe ou laringe, operados com intenção curativa e portadores de doença de risco alto ou intermediário. Pacientes elegíveis haviam sido tratados com QRT adjuvante: 60-70 Gy e cisplatina concomitante (100 mg/m2, dias 1, 22 e 43), não apresentavam metástases a distância e nem sinais de recidiva após cirurgia. A expressão da proteína ERCC1 foi avaliada por imunohistoquímica, através de um escore H semiquantitativo, obtido pelo produto da intensidade da coloração nuclear (0-3) pelo escore proporcional atribuído à porcentagem estimada de núcleos corados (0;0,1;0,5;1). O método da transcrição reversa e reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) em tempo real quantitativo foi utilizado para determinação da expressão do mRNA de ERCC1 em tecido de tumor primário, normalizada em relação à expressão da fração 18S do RNA ribossomal. Genotipagem de ERCC1 (códon 118) foi realizada por PCR - polimorfismo do tamanho do fragmento de restrição a partir de DNA genômico extraído de linfonodos normais destes pacientes, após digestão com BsrDI. RESULTADOS: 69 pacientes com idade mediana de 56a, sendo 81% homens, foram estudados. Em relação à neoplasia, os sítios primários observados foram: cavidade oral (41%), laringe (32%), hipofaringe (16%) e orofaringe (12%), com estadio III 14% e estadio IV 86%, sendo pT3-pT4 78% e pN2-pN3 58%. Quarenta e três pacientes apresentaram-se com pelo menos dois linfonodos positivos, 27 com extravazamento extracapsular da metástase linfonodal e 18 com margens positivas. Achados de alto risco foram detectados em 40 pacientes (58%). No seguimento mediano de 47 meses, observou-se 11 recidivas loco-regionais, sete recidivas a distância, 10 casos com segundo tumor primário (sendo quatro com primário em pulmão e quatro em esôfago) e 30 óbitos (22 pela doença). A taxa de SG em 5 anos foi 40% e a taxa de SLD em 5 anos foi 31%. Escore H superior a 1,5 foi encontrado em 32 pacientes (54%), os quais apresentaram melhor taxa de sobrevida global em 5 anos (50% versus 18%, HR 0,43, 95%CI 0,20-0,90, p=0,026). Quinze pacientes (33%), dos 45 analisados, apresentaram elevada expressão do mRNA de ERCC1 (> 3,1) e estes pacientes tiveram melhor taxa de sobrevida global em 5 anos em comparação com aqueles com baixa expressão (86% versus 31%, HR 0,26, 95%CI 0,14-1,01, p=0,052). A distribuição dos genótipos de ERCC1 no códon 118 em 49 pacientes foi 39% C/T, 37% C/C, e 24% T/T. Não foi encontrada associação significativa entre idade, sexo, estadiamento e achados anatomopatológicos de risco, e os polimorfismos genéticos no códon 118 de ERCC1 ou a expressão do mRNA de ERCC1. Não houve diferença entre os genótipos C/C, C/T e T/T seja em termos taxa de sobrevida global em 5 anos (45%, 46%, 46%; p=0,808), seja em termos de taxa de sobrevida livre de doença em 5 anos (31%, 34%, 20%, p=0,770, respectivamente). O escore H (> 1,5 versus 1,5; HR ajustado 0,20, 95%CI 0,07-0,57, p=0,003) e a expressão normalizada do mRNA de ERCC1 (> 3,1 versus 3,1; HR ajustado 0,12, 95%CI 0,03-0,59, p=0,009), permaneceram significantes do ponto de vista estatístico, como fatores prognósticos na análise multivariada. CONCLUSÕES: Alta expressão imunohistoquímica da proteína ERCC1 e alta expressão do mRNA de ERCC1 conferem melhor prognóstico em pacientes portadores de CECCP operados de alto risco tratados com QRT adjuvante baseada em cisplatina. O polimorfismo genético T19007C de ERCC1 não apresentou valor prognóstico nestes pacientes.
BACKGROUND: Adjuvant concurrent chemoradiation (CRT) improves diseasefree survival (DFS) in patients diagnosed with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) presenting with high-risk features treated with surgery with curative intent, but treatment-related toxicity is not negligible and its impact on overall survival (OS) is uncertain. ERCC1 (Excision Repair Cross Complementing Group 1) is a protein with a critical role in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway, associated with resistance to chemo- and radiation therapy. We aimed here to study ERCC1 protein expression, ERCC1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and the single nucleotide polymorphism T19007C of ERCC1 as prognostic markers in HNSCC patients presenting with high-risk features treated with surgery and adjuvant CRT. METHODS: It is a retrospective study in patients with oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx or larynx SCC submitted to radical surgery with curative intent and presenting with pathologic features of high- or intermediate-risk. Eligible patients were treated with adjuvant CRT: 60-70 Gy and concurrent cisplatin (100 mg/m2, days 1, 22 and 43), with no distant metastasis and no relapsed disease after surgery. ERCC1 protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, using a semi-quantitative H-score, calculated by multiplying the nuclear staining intensity (0-3) by the proportion score attributed to the percentage of positive tumor nuclei (0;0,1;0,5;1). Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was performed to determine ERCC1 mRNA expression in primary tumors tissue specimens. The ERCC1 mRNA expression was normalized using 18S fraction of ribosomal RNA expression as internal reference. ERCC1 (codon 118) genotypes were detected using PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism method carried out in genomic DNA extracted from normal lymph nodes. The PCR products were digested with BsrDI. RESULTS: 69 patients (median age 56 y, 81% male) were studied. Regarding tumor characteristics, primary sites were: oral cavity 41%, larynx 32%, hypopharynx 16%, oropharynx 12%, stage III 14%, stage IV 86%, pT3- pT4 78% and pN2-pN3 58%. Forty-three patients presented with two or more positive lymph nodes, 27 with extracapsular spread of nodal disease and 18 with positive margins. High-risk pathologic features were detected in 40 patients (58%). During the median follow-up of 47 months, we observed 11 locoregional relapses, seven distant relapses, 10 patients were diagnosed with secondary primary tumors (four in lungs and four in esophagus) and 30 deaths (22 disease-related). The 5-year overall survival rate was 40% and the 5-year disease-free survival rate was 31%. High H-score (> 1.5) was seen in 32 patients (54%), who presented better 5-year overall survival rate in comparison to those with lower H-scores (50% versus 18%, HR 0.43, 95%CI 0.20-0.90, p=0.026). Fifteen patients (out of 45, 33%) whose tumors presented normalized ERCC1 expression > 3.1 were classified as having high ERCC1 mRNA expression, and these patients presented better 5-year overall survival rate in comparison to those with lower ERCC1 mRNA expression (86% versus 30%, HR 0.26, 95%CI 0.14-1.01, p=0.052). Genotype distribution at ERCC1 codon 118 in 49 patients was 39% C/T, 37% C/C, and 24% T/T. No significant association was found between age, gender, stage, grading and pathological risk features and ERCC1 codon 118 genotypes or ERCC1 mRNA expression. No difference was detected among C/C, C/T and T/T genotypes, either in terms of 5-year overall survival rates (45%, 46%, 46%; p=0.808), or 5-year diseasefree survival rate (31%, 34%, 20%, p=0.770, respectively). H-score (> 1.5 versus 1.5; adjusted HR 0.20, 95%CI 0.07-0.57, p=0.003) and ERCC1 mRNA normalized expression (> 3.1 versus 3.1; adjusted HR 0.12, 95%CI 0.03-0.59, p=0.009), remained significant as favorable prognostic factors after adjusting for prognostic factors in a multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: High immunohistochemical expression of ERCC1 protein and high ERCC1 mRNA expression, but not the T19007 single nucleotide polymorphism, were associated with better prognosis in HNSCC patients submitted to surgery and adjuvant cisplatin-based chemoradiation.
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46

Saffi, Junior Mario Cezar. "Potencial dos fatores de risco associados aos marcadores biomoleculares RNAm IDO E RNAm CDKN2A/p16 na predição das lesões precursoras do câncer de colo uterino." Universidade Nove de Julho, 2015. http://bibliotecadigital.uninove.br/handle/tede/1300.

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The cervical cancer is the first cancer of the female genital tract in Brazil and HPV is essential factor for carcinogenesis. The Brazilian program tracking proposes conventional cervical cytology as the primary method to detect cervical cancer, despite its low sensitivity. Risk factors associated with the spread of HPV are despised and not rely on a biomolecular tool that can increase the program offered by the Ministry of Health. The aim of this study was to determine whether the risk factors for cervical cancer may contribute to the conventional cervical cytology to increase diagnostic sensitivity and assess whether the mRNA indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) and mRNA CDKN2A / p16 may increase the diagnostic yield of this neoplasm. The logistic regression analysis was based on clinical variables (risk factors), cytological and biomolecular to seek an association with pathological results. The proportion of explained variance (PVE) for each variable studied was calculated by the formula omega, whereas the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated by the formulas of Galen and Gambino. We conclude that oral contraceptive showed greater predictive power of high-grade lesions compared to other risk factors, and that both the IDO mRNA as CDKN2A mRNA / p16 may help screening of cervical cancer, either when used alone, or in conjunction with conventional cervical cytology, increasing their sensitivity and maintaining a considerable specificity.
O câncer de colo uterino apresenta-se como a principal neoplasia do trato genital feminino no Brasil, sendo o HPV fator essencial para a carcinogênese. O programa brasileiro de rastreamento propõe a citologia oncológica cervical convencional como principal método para detectar o câncer do colo uterino, apesar da sua baixa sensibilidade. Os fatores de risco associados ao contágio do HPV são desprezados e não contamos com uma ferramenta biomolecular que possa incrementar o programa oferecido pelo Ministério da Saúde. O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar se os fatores de risco para o câncer de colo uterino podem contribuir com a citologia oncológica cervical convencional para aumentar a sensibilidade diagnóstica e avaliar se o RNAm Indoleamine 2,3 dioxigenase (IDO) e o RNAm CDKN2A/p16 podem incrementar a capacidade diagnóstica dessa neoplasia. A análise de regressão logística foi baseada nas variáveis clínicas (fatores de risco), citológicas e biomoleculares a fim de buscar uma associação com o resultado anatomopatológico. A proporção de variação explicada (PVE) por cada uma das variáveis estudada foi calculada pela fórmula ômega, enquanto que a sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e o valor preditivo negativo foram calculados pelas fórmulas de Galen e Gambino. Concluímos que o uso do contraceptivo oral mostrou um maior poder de predição de lesões de alto grau em relação aos demais fatores de risco, e que tanto a RNAm IDO quanto o RNAm CDKN2A/p16 poderem auxiliar no rastreamento do câncer de colo uterino, seja quando usados de forma isolada, seja conjuntamente com a citologia cervical convencional, elevando sua sensibilidade e mantendo uma considerável especificidade.
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47

Ferreira, Kelly Pedrozo. "Caracterização da expressão de CD63 e KAI1/CD82 em células de câncer de vulva metastático e não metastático." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5139/tde-20032019-123545/.

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O carcinoma de células escamosas de vulva (CECV) corresponde a cerca de 95% dos tumores vulvares. Apresenta bom prognóstico quando diagnosticado precocemente. O tratamento cirúrgico, embora eficaz, pode ser mutilante e acarreta em sérios danos psicossociais para as pacientes. Embora algumas pesquisas sobre os mecanismos que determinam os comportamentos clínico e biológico dos CECV tenham sido realizadas, ainda há muito a ser investigado. As tetraspaninas (TSPANs) são proteínas de membrana que interagem com diversas moléculas e estão envolvidas em diferentes processos fisiológicos como proliferação e migração celular. Vários estudos associam sua expressão desregulada ao desenvolvimento de cânceres. Resultados anteriores de nosso grupo mostraram maior expressão de CD63 em amostras de pacientes com CECV, e menor expressão de KAI1/CD82, em relação ao tecido normal adjacente. Porém, seu papel nesses tumores permanece incerto. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar os perfis de expressão gênica e proteica de CD63 e KAI1/CD82, bem como avaliar os efeitos de sua manipulação genética no comportamento de células de CECV metastático e não metastático. As linhagens utilizadas neste trabalho foram SW954 (ATCC® HTB-117(TM), não metastática) e SW962 (ATCC® HTB-118(TM), metastática). Os ensaios de qRT PCR mostraram maior expressão de CD63, e menor de KAI1/CD82, nas células metastáticas, em relação as não metastáticas. Assim, optou-se pela manipulação transiente somente de CD63 por RNA interferente (RNAi). Os resultados mostraram efeitos significativos de inibição de expressão gênica e proteica de CD63 em ambas linhagens, por qRT PCR e imunocitoquímica (ICQ), respectivamente, porém, a inibição da TSPAN foi mais proeminente nas células metastáticas. A deleção da tetraspanina acarretou em redução significativa da proliferação das células não metastáticas (*p < 0.05) e metastáticas (**p=0.0022), bem como na migração das células metastáticas (*p < 0.05). Assim sendo, os resultados apontam CD63 com relevante papel nos CECV, uma vez que sua inibição compromete a proliferação e capacidade de migração das células tumorais. Além disso, a perda de expressão do supressor de metástases KAI1/CD82 corrobora os dados para outros tipos de canceres. Em conjunto, essas TSPAN, podem ser considerados não só importantes fatores prognósticos no CECV, mas potenciais alvos terapêuticos
Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) accounts about 95% of vulvar tumors. When diagnosed at an early stage, prognosis is usually good. Although effective, surgical treatment can be mutilating and entails serious psychosocial damage to patients. Whilst molecular aspects in VSCCs have been investigated, mechanisms underlying the VSCC clinical and biological behavior are poorly understood. Tetraspanins (TSPANs) are membrane proteins, which can interact with several molecules. In addition, they are involved in physiological processes such as proliferation and migration. Besides that, several studies show the deregulated expression of TSPANs associated with cancer development. Previous results of our group showed higher expression of CD63, and lower expression of KAI1/CD82, in VSCC patient samples, compared to adjacent normal tissue. However, the role of these proteins in vulvar tumors remains uncertain. Thus, the aim of this work was to characterize CD63 and KAI1/CD82 gene and protein expression profile in VSCC metastatic and non-metastatic cells lines, and to investigate the effects of genetic manipulation on these cells behavior. The cell lines used in this work were SW954 (Non-metastatic) and SW962 (metastatic). The qRT PCR assays showed CD63 overexpression and KAI1/CD82 downexpression in the metastatic cells. Thus, we chose to perform transient manipulation of CD63 by interfering RNA (RNAi). The RNAi assays showed significant inhibitory effects of gene and protein expression of CD63 in both cell lines, by qRT PCR and immunocytochemistry (ICC), respectively, however, inhibition of TSPAN was more prominent in metastatic cells. When inhibited, CD63 showed a significant decrease in proliferation of non-metastatic (*p < 0.05) and metastatic cells (**p=0.0022), as well as migration of metastatic cells (*p < 0.05). Therefore, the results point to CD63 playing a relevant role in VSCC, since its inhibition compromises the proliferation and migration capacity of tumor cells. In addition, decrease in the expression of KAI1/CD82 metastasis suppressor corroborates with other data in different types of cancers. Taken together, these TSPANs may be considered not only important prognostic factors in VSCC, but potential therapeutic targets
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48

Fernandes, Roberta Possato. "Quantificação do RNAm de tireoglobulina em sangue periférico de pacientes com câncer diferenciado de tireóide: acompanhamento a longo prazo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5135/tde-15042009-154717/.

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O carcinoma diferenciado de tireóide (CDT) abrange 95% de todas as doenças malignas da tireóide. Nos EUA, aumentou em 2,4 vezes nos últimos anos (1973-2002). O seu tratamento inclui tireoidectomia total, seguido por terapia com radioiodo e supressão do TSH com L-tiroxina. A doença pode recidivar em ~20% dos casos, sendo necessária avaliação periódica através de exames de imagens e dosagem de tireoglobulina sérica (TGs). Os Anticorpos (Acs) anti-TG podem ser detectados em 15 a 25% dos pacientes, comprometendo, parcialmente, o uso da TGs como marcador de recidiva do câncer. Um método alternativo proposto para monitorar os pacientes é a detecção de células tireoidianas em sangue periférico, através da mensuração do RNA mensageiro de TG (RNAm-TG) pela técnica de RTPCR em tempo real. Esta nova metodologia aumenta a sensibilidade da detecção desta molécula. O objetivo deste estudo é verificar a significância da quantificação do RNAm-TG, como método diagnóstico complementar no acompanhamento a longo prazo de pacientes com CDT. Amostras de sangue de 45 pacientes (25 sem metástase, 14 com metástase ganglionar e 6 com metástase à distância) foram coletadas nos tempos: antes e 24, 48, 72 horas, 7 dias, 1, 3, 6, 9 meses, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 e 7 anos após a dose ablativa de radioiodo. Foi realizada extensiva padronização da técnica com a finalidade de excluir interferências metodológicas, empregando dois genes controles interno (GAPDH e HPRT1) para o cálculo da concentração do RNAm-TG. Concomitantemente foi realizada a mensuração de TGs, perfil hormonal e de anticorpos anti-TG. A pesquisa de corpo inteiro, realizada 7 dias após a dose terapêutica, estabeleceu o estadio clínico inicial dos pacientes. Não foi possível estabelecer um valor de corte para o RNAm-TG. O RNAm-TG não diferenciou os estadios clínicos da doença ao longo do tempo, independente do gene controle interno utilizado, e tampouco quando analisaram-se os dados na presença de Acs anti-TG e TSH30ng/mL. A TGs diferenciou os estadios clínicos ao longo do tempo. Concluiu-se que, o RNAm-TG não é um bom marcador de recidiva do CDT, mesmo quando considerou-se critérios de padronização da técnica, avaliação em longo prazo e presença de Acs anti-TG, sendo assim não poderia ser utilizado como método diagnóstico complementar no acompanhamento de pacientes com CDT. Este estudo demonstra que a técnica de RT-PCR em tempo real é muito sensível perdendo especificidade, inviabilizando sua utilização no acompanhamento dos pacientes com CDT
The differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) encloses 95% of all thyroid malignant disease. In USA, it increased 2,4 times in recent years (1973- 2002). The treatment includes total thyroidectomy, ablation with radioiodine (RAI) followed by TSH suppression with L-Thyroxine. The cancer recurrence occurs in 20% of the cases. Periodic evaluation through imaging examinations and serum thyroglobulin (TG) measurements by imunoassays method is recommended for careful follow-up of these patients. The anti-TG antibodies prevalence is 15-25% and would impair, partially, the serum TG use as a tumor marker. An alternative method to identify the recurrence of the tumor is the thyroid cells detection in peripheral blood, through the TG messenger RNA quantification (mRNA-TG) by real time RT-PCR. This new methodology increases the sensitivity detection for this molecule. The objective of this study was to verify the mRNA-TG peripheral blood quantification significance, as a complementary diagnostic method in the long term follow up of patients with DTC. Fourty five blood samples from patients with DTC have been collected before and 24, 48, 72 hours, 7 days, 1, 3, 6, 9 months, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 years after the ablation therapy. Extensive technique standardization for mRNA-TG measurements was carried out to exclude methodological interventions and two housekeeping genes (GAPDH and HPRT1) were used to calculate the mRNA-TG concentrations. Concomitantly, serum TG measurements, hormonal profile and antibodies anti-TG assays were performed. The whole body scan was performed 7 days after RAI ablation to determine the stage of the disease. It was not possible to establish a cut-point value for mRNA-TG. The mRNA-TG did not differentiated the clinical stage of the disease in the long term follow-up and neither in the presence of anti-TG antibodies and TSH30ng/mL. Serum TG was able to differentiate the clinical stage of the patients during the follow-up. In conclusion mRNA-TG is not a good marker for the DCT recurrence, even when technical standardization, long term evaluation and the presence of antibodies anti-TG were considered. Thus it could not be used as a complementary diagnostic method in the DTC patients follow-up. This study confirmed the high sensivity of the real time RT-PCR whereas with very low specificity, consequently is unviable to be used in the DTC patients follow-up
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Neto, Guilherme Tude Coelho. "Peptídeo antimicrobiano LL-37 e seus efeitos em stemness de diferentes células tumorais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5164/tde-06032017-104147/.

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Os peptídeos antimicrobianos desempenham papéis protetores críticos em uma gama de doenças humanas, incluindo o câncer. Vários estudos demonstraram funções - tais como proliferação, angiogênese, apoptose e imunomodulação - desses peptídeos em vias cancerígenas cruciais. Investigamos o papel do Peptídeo antimicrobiano LL-37 sobre stemness em câncer de mama (SKBR3) e células de melanoma (A375). Análise por PCR array da expressão diferencial de genes em SKBR3 e A375 com knockdown por siRNA para o mRNA de LL-37 revelou uma regulação negativa de genes relacionados com stemness, incluindo transcriptase reversa da telomerase, forkhead box D3 e para o fator indiferenciado de transcrição de células embrionárias 1, notavelmente em células de câncer de mama.Além disso, as células SKBR3 com knockdown para a expressão de LL-37 mostraram uma diminuição da produção de oncosferas em comparação com controles negativos, enquanto as células A375 exibiram uma produção aumentada. Tomados em conjunto, nossos achados indicam um papel para LL- 37 em stemness, dependendo do tipo de celular analisado
Antimicrobial peptides play critical protective roles in a range of human diseases, including cancer. Multiple studies have demonstrated functions -- such as proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis and immunomodulation -- of these peptides in crucial cancer pathways. We investigated the role of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 on stemness in breast cancer (SKBR3) and melanoma cells (A375). PCR array analysis of differential gene expression in SKBR3 and A375 cancer cell lines downregulated for LL-37 expression by siRNA revealed downregulation of genes related to stemness, including telomerase reverse transcriptase, forkhead box D3 and undifferentiated embryonic cell transcription factor 1, remarkably in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, SKBR3 cells knocked down for LL-37 expression showed a decreased production of oncospheres in comparison with negative controls, while A375 cells exhibited increased production. Taken collectively, our findings indicate a role for LL-37 in cancer cell stemness depending on the cell type
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50

Nenad, Lalović. "Faktori rizika značajni za nastanak dehiscencije staplerskih anastomoza kod pacijenata operisanih zbog karcinoma rektuma." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Medicinski fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2016. http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=101255&source=NDLTD&language=en.

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UVOD: Kolorektalna anastomoza koja se formira u dubini karlice radi uspostavljanja kontinuiteta gastrointestinalnog trakta nakon resekcije dijela crijeva ima svoje specifičnosti u toku formiranja, zarastanja, kao i kada se jave komplikacije. Na sam proces zarastanja kolorektalnih anastomoza utiču sistemski, lokalni i tehnički faktori. Bilo kakav kompromis po pitanju ovih principa nosi povećan rizik od komplikacija! Najteža komplikacija na anastomozi je dehiscencija. „Samo neučinjena anastomoza neće dehiscirati“. Ova stara hirurška poslovica je važeća i danas, a što je anastomoza distalnija, mogućnost dehiscencije je veća, posebno kod niskih subperitonealnih anastomoza sa rektumom ili anusom. Učestalost dehiscencija ovih anastomoza u literaturi varira od 0,5 - 69 %, što može ukazivati na kvalitet hirurškog rada, korišćenje definicije dehiscencije, način dijagnostike, itd. Međunarodna grupa za karcinom rektuma definisala je dehiscenciju anastomoze kao defekt crijevnog zida, uključujući šavnu ili staplersku liniju neorektalnog rezervoara, što dovodi do komunikacije između intra i ekstra luminalnog prostora. CILJEVI: Osnovni cilj ove studije je bio da se utvrde preoperativni i perioperativni faktori rizika značajni za nastanak dehiscencija kolorektalnih anastomoza, kao i značaj prokalcitonina i C-reaktivnog proteina u detekciji dehiscencija kolorektalnih anastomoza u subkliničkoj fazi bolesti. MATERIJAL I METODOLOGIJA: Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 100 pacijenata operisanih u elektivnom programu, kod kojih je urađena radikalna operacija karcinoma rektuma uz kreiranje dvostruke staplerske kolorektalne anastomoze. Svi pacijenti uključeni u istraživanje, odabrani metodom slučajnog izbora, bili su podijeljeni u dvije grupe. Grupa A: pacijenti kod kojih je urađena radikalna operacija karcinoma rektuma i kreirana primarna staplerska kolorektalna anastomoza. Grupa B: pacijenti kod kojih je urađena radikalna operacija karcinoma rektuma Hartmanovom procedurom u prvom aktu, a rekonstrukcija kontinuiteta gastrointestinalnog trakta uspostavljena u drugom aktu kreiranjem sekundarne staplerske kolorektalne anastomoze. Primjenom statističkih testova analizirani su preoperativni (pol, godine života, komorbiditeti, ASA skor, indeks tjelesne mase preoperativna primjena hemoradioterapije, laboratorijske analize) i perioperativni (vrijeme trajanja operacije, udaljenost anastomoze od anokutane linije, veličina tumora u cm, intraoperativna primjena krvi) faktori rizika za nastanak dehiscencije anastomoze kod obje grupe. Kod svih pacijenata drugog i četvrtog postoperativnog dana kontrolisane su vrijednosti C reaktivnog proteina i prokalcitonina u serumu, bez obzira da li su postojali ili ne klinički manifestni znaci dehiscencije anastomoze. Takođe, primjenom ROC krive analizirana je senzitivnost, specifičnost i dijagnostička tačnost C reaktivnog proteina i prokalcitonina drugog i četvrtog postoperativnog dana u detekciji dehiscencije kolorektalne anastomoze. REZULTATI: Nema statistički značajne razlike u pojavi dehiscencije anastomoze između primarnih i sekundarnih dvostrukih staplerskih anastomoza. Incidencija dehiscencija anastomoza je bila 11% u ukupnom uzorku. Osam pacijenata je reoperisano, dok su tri pacijenta tretirana konzervativno. Kod tri pacijenta, kod kojih je nastala dehiscencija i koji su reoperisani, zbog posljedice sepse i septičnog šoka nastupio je smrtni ishod. Pol, godine života, komorbiditeti, stadijum bolesti, dužina trajanja operacije, intraoperativna primjena krvi, nisu statistički značajni faktori rizika (p>0,05) za nastanak dehiscencije primarnih i sekundarnih dvostrukih staplerskih kolorektalnih anastomoza. Udaljenost anastomoze od anokutane linije (<7cm), veličina tumora preko 5 cm su statistički značajni faktori rizika za nastanak dehiscencije anastomoze. Postoji visoko statistički značajna razlika (p<0,001) vrijednosti CRP-a i PCT-a četvrtog postoperativnog dana kod bolesnika sa i bez prisutne dehiscenecije kolorektalne anastomoze. Na osnovu ROC analize CRP–a za četvrti postoperativni dan, za graničnu vrijednost od 130 mg/l senzitivnost iznosi 82%, specifičnost 96% i dijagnostička tačnost 94%. Za graničnu vrijednost PCT-a od 0,78 ng/ml za četvrti postoperativni dan primjenom ROC krive utvrđena je sezitivnost 91%, specifičnost 92%, dok je dijagnostička tačnost bila 86%. Četvrti postoperativni dan CRP ima veću dijagnostičku tačnost i specifičnost u detekciji dehiscencije kolorektalne anastomoze u odnosu na PCT. ZAKLJUČAK: I pored velikog tehnološkog napretka, usavršavanja hirurških tehnika, boljeg razumijevanja prirode maligne bolesti, unapređivanja intraoperativnog i postoperativnog kontinuiranog praćenja bolesnika, uvođenja novih antimikrobnih lijekova, problem u liječenju i pojava dehiscencija kolorektalnih anastomoza su i dalje značajno prisutni. Otkrivanjem dehiscencija kolorektalnih anastomoza u subkliničkoj fazi, identifikovanje preoperativnih i perioperativnih faktora rizika značajnih za nastanak dehiscencija, omogućilo bi da se dehiscencija ranije uoči i efikasnije riješi.
INTRODUCTION: Colorectal anastomosis, which is formed deep in the pelvis because of establishment of continuity of gastrointestinal tract after resection of the part of intestines, has got its specifities during forming and healing process and when complications occur. Systemic, local and technical factors influence the healing process of anastomosis itself. Any kind of compromise in terms of these principles causes higher risk of complications! The most serious complication of anastomosis is dehiscence. “Only anastomosis which is not carried out will not dehisce.” This old surgical saying is still true, and the more distal anastomosis is, the possibility of development of dehiscence is higher, especially in lower subperitoneal anastomosis with rectum and anus. Incidence of dehiscence of these anastomosis in literature varies from 0,5 to 69 %, which may indicate the quality of surgical work, use of definition of dehiscence, kind of diagnostics etc. International group for rectal cancer defined dehiscence of anastomosis as a defect of intestinal wall, including suturing or stapler line of neorectal reservoir, which leads to communication between intra and extra luminal space. AIMS: Basic aim of this study was to determine preoperative and postoperative risk factors significant for the development of dehiscence of colorectal anastomosis, as well as significance of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein in detection of dehiscence of colorectal anastomosis at the subclinical stage of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY: The study included 100 patients operated on in the elective programme, on which radical operation of the rectal cancer was carried out with creation of double stapler colorectal anastomosis. All patients included in the study were randomly chosen and divided into two groups. Group A: the patients on which radical operation of the rectal cancer was carried out and primary stapler colorectal anastomosis created. Group B: the patients on which radical operation of the rectal cancer was carried out using Hartman's procedure in the first act, and reconstruction of the continuity of gastrointestinal tract was established in the second act by creation of secondary stapler colorectal anastomosis. By application of statistical tests preoperative (sex, age, comorbidities, ASA score, body mass index, preoperative application of haemoradiotherapy, laboratory analyses) and perioperative (duration of operation, distance of anastomosis from anocutaneous line, size of tumor in cm, intraoperative application of blood) risk factors for development of dehiscence of anastomosis in both groups were analysed. In all patients on the second and fourth postoperative day values of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin in the serum were analysed, regardless of the existence of clinically or non-clinically manifested signs of dehiscence of anastomosis. Also, sensitivity, specifity and diagnostically accurate C-reactive protein and procalcitonin on the second and fourth postoperative day in detection of dehiscence of colorectal anastomosis were analysed by application of ROC curve. RESULTS: There is no statistically significant difference in the development of dehiscence of anastomosis between primary and secondary double stapler anastomosis. Incidence of dehiscence of anastomosis was 11% in all samples. Eight patients were reoperated on, whereas three patients were treated conservatively. In three patients who developed dehiscence and were reoperated on, the death occurred due to sepsis and septic shock. Sex, age, comorbidities, stage of the disease, duration of operation, intraoperative application of blood were not statistically significant risk factors (p>0,05) for the development of dehiscence of primary and secondary double stapler colorectal anastomosis. Distance of anastomosis from anocutaneous line (<7cm), size of tumor over 5 cm were statistically significant risk factors for the development of dehiscence of anastomosis. There is highly statistically significant difference (p<0,001) values of CRP and PCT on the fourth postoperative day in patients with and without dehiscence of colorectal anastomosis. On the basis of ROC analysis of CRP for the fourth postoperative day, for the bordering value of 130 mg/l sensitivity is 82%, specificity 96% and diagnostic accuracy 94%. For bordering value of PCT of 0,78 ng/ml for the fourth postoperative day, by application of ROC curve, the following values were determined: sensitivity 91%, specificity 92% and diagnostic accuracy 86%. CRP for the fourth postoperative day has got higher diagnostic accuracy and specificity in detection of dehiscence of colorectal anastomosis in relation to PCT. CONCLUSION: In spite of huge technological advance, improvement of surgical techniques, better understanding of the nature of malignant diseases, improvement of intraoperative and postoperative continuous follow up of the patient, introduction of new antimicrobial medicines, the problem in treating and development of dehiscence of colorectal anastomosis is still significantly present. Detection of dehiscence of colorectal anastomosis at the subclinical stage, identification of preoperative and perioperative risk factors significant for the development of dehiscence would help in early detection of dehiscence and contribute to more effective operations.
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