Journal articles on the topic 'Neoplasms – Therapy – Popular works'

Malignant vascular tumors of the head and neck are rare neoplasms with variable clinical presentation, wide age distribution, and variable clinical courses. The heterogeneous presentation of angiosarcomas and epithelioid hemangioendothelioma often leads to misdiagnosis and unsuitable treatment. While risk factors for angiosarcomas are previous radiation, chronic lymphedema, and exposure to arsenic, thorium oxide, or vinyl chloride, there are only limited and retrospective data available on prognostic factors in EHE. In both angiosarcomas and EHE, surgery is the mainstay of treatment. There is limited evidence regarding the role of radiotherapy in EHE, although EHE is considered relatively radiosensitive. In angiosarcomas, adjuvant radiotherapy is recommended according to retrospective case series. A standard medical therapy for metastasized malignant vascular tumors is lacking. Chemotherapy, which is effective in angiosarcoma, is mostly ineffective in EHE. Targeted therapy, antiangiogenetic drugs and immunotherapy have been studied as new treatment options. The goal of this review is to summarize the current data regarding malignant vascular tumors along with their diagnosis and management.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell therapy is an innovative form of adoptive cell therapy that has revolutionized the treatment of certain hematological malignancies, including B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The treatment is currently also being studied in other B-cell neoplasms, including multiple myeloma (MM) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). CD19 and B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) have been the most popular target antigens for CAR-T-cell immunotherapy of these malignancies. This review will discuss the efficacy and toxicity data from the pivotal clinical studies of CD19- and BCMA-targeted CAR-T-cell therapies in relapsed/refractory B-cell malignancies (NHL, ALL, CLL) and MM, respectively.

AbstractAlexander of Tralles, writing in the late sixth century, combined his wide-ranging practical knowledge with earlier medical theories. This article shows how clinical experience is used in Alexander’s works by concentrating on his therapeutic advice on epilepsy and, in particular, on pharmacology and the group of so-called natural remedies. I argue that clinical testing is used not only for the introduction of new medicines but also as an instrument for checking the therapeutic effect of popular healing practices. On another level, this article discusses Alexander’s role as the author of a medical compendium; it suggests that by marking the cases of clinical testing with a set of recurrent expressions, Alexander leads his audience to reflect on his medical authority and personal contribution.

The most widely prescribed drugs for the treatment of a variety of dermatoses are Topical corticosteroids (TC). These medications are approved for the treatment of inflammatory and pruritic manifestations of dermatologic disorders due to their powerful symptom-relieving impact. Clobetasol propionate (CP) is the most popular (TC) used to relieve itching, redness, and oedema caused by a variety of skin disorders. Anti-inflammatory, anti-pruritic, and vasoconstrictive characteristics are all present in it. CP works by binding to cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors and activating glucocorticoid receptor-mediated gene expression, resulting in the production of anti-inflammatory proteins while suppressing the production of inflammatory mediators. The formulation is free from known contact allergens, such as propylene glycol, short-chain alcohols, and sorbitol-based emulsifiers, and has demonstrated hypoallergenic effects. The efficacy, safety, and clinical experience of utilizing CP 0.025% cream for the treatment of various dermatologic disorders are discussed in this case series.

Increasing evidence has suggested that microRNAs (miRNAs) are significant in research on human diseases. Predicting possible associations between miRNAs and diseases would provide new perspectives on disease diagnosis, pathogenesis, and gene therapy. However, considering the intrinsic time-consuming and expensive cost of traditional Vitro studies, there is an urgent need for a computational approach that would allow researchers to identify potential associations between miRNAs and diseases for further research. In this paper, we presented a novel computational method called SMMDA to predict potential miRNA-disease associations. In particular, SMMDA first utilized a new disease representation method (MeSHHeading2vec) based on the network embedding algorithm and then fused it with Gaussian interaction profile kernel similarity information of miRNAs and diseases, disease semantic similarity, and miRNA functional similarity. Secondly, SMMDA utilized a deep auto-coder network to transform the original features further to achieve a better feature representation. Finally, the ensemble learning model, XGBoost, was used as the underlying training and prediction method for SMMDA. In the results, SMMDA acquired a mean accuracy of 86.68% with a standard deviation of 0.42% and a mean AUC of 94.07% with a standard deviation of 0.23%, outperforming many previous works. Moreover, we also compared the predictive ability of SMMDA with different classifiers and different feature descriptors. In the case studies of three common Human diseases, the top 50 candidate miRNAs have 47 (esophageal neoplasms), 48 (breast neoplasms), and 48 (colon neoplasms) are successfully verified by two other databases. The experimental results proved that SMMDA has a reliable prediction ability in predicting potential miRNA-disease associations. Therefore, it is anticipated that SMMDA could be an effective tool for biomedical researchers.

The article discusses the issues of providing rehabilitation care in sanatorium-and-spa facilities to patients with benign neoplasms of the gynecological sphere. The importance of this issue is caused by the high percentage of physiological and psychological disorders occurring in patients of this group in the period of postoperative recovery. In the course of the study, there was executed the assessment of the effectiveness of the organization of sanatorium-and-spa care for patients with benign neoplasms of the gynecological sphere on the example of the experience of a foreign sanatorium-and-spa institution. The study was carried out from the position of the study of the medical documentation of this center, as well as the opinion of patients regarding the provision of assistance in these institutions. It was important that every fourth patient who underwent treatment in a sanatorium-resort environment was a woman of a rather young age, of from 31 to 45 years. Climatic therapy and physiotherapy exercises were carried out in all cases of sanatorium treatment of patients with diseases of this group. Such methods of the treatment as psychotherapy, manual therapy and physiotherapy were popular. Based on the results of rehabilitation in a sanatorium and SPA establishment, in almost all cases, a number of important issues is being resolved, such as maintaining working capacity, social integration into society, preventing of possible violations of functions and preventing and reducing the degree of possible disability, maintaining functions in the process of the current pathological condition. It is important that all the interviewed patients are generally satisfied with the treatment provided to them, while 93.7% of them are completely satisfied and 6.3% indicated that «yes, they are more satisfied».

Bibliotherapy is consisted of a combination of the Greek “biblion (book)” and “therapeia (therapy-healing)” which have become popular since the 20th century as one of the alternative therapy methods. It is used to make individuals identify themselves with the works they read through works of high literary and aesthetic value and make them powerful individuals in the spiritual direction by producing solutions to the problems they experience in this way. In other words, bibliotherapy can also be defined as bringing the right books to the individual at the right time. That is, the history of accepting the idea that books are good for man is very old. In this study, the importance of using biographies will be explained in one of the important alternative therapy methods, bibliotherapy. There are some criteria in the selection of books because they are the most important materials that form the basis of bibliotherapy. As it is known, the process is three dimensions as the advisee, book preference and consultant. However, it is not possible to use every work in bibliotherapy. It is important to use the works that are high in reality dimension and keeping a mirror on the problems of the individual in bibliotherapy. This process includes the works that will develop the imaginary world of the individual, as well as the works suitable for real life. As is known, the common point in biographies is not only the success that the person who wrote the biography has achieved, but also this person's struggle for reaching his goal is his patience and perseverance. As a result, in the process of bibliotherapy, reading the biographies that will increase the morale and motivation of the individual and develop self-confidence will contribute positively to the person. Moreover, the preference of the biographies of the positive role-model in the society will be the example for the individual.

Introduction. Today, foreign language competence of a person is a necessary means of active social and professional life. Despite this, quite a lot of young people do not always have the desire to learn foreign languages. This paradox made the motivation to learn foreign languages a popular issue to research worldwide. The article presents the scoping review of international studies devoted to the issue of motivation to learn foreign languages. First of all, it is necessary to understand the research trends in the study of this issue in general, and to determine factors, which influence the lack of students' interest to learn foreign languages in particular.The aim of the present research is to outline the current focus trends and to define the gaps in international research papers aimed at investigating the issue of motivation for foreign languages learning.Methodology and research methods. The methodological framework of the current research is based on the qualitative content analysis of relevant empirical research on this issue from the periodicals indexed by the international databases Scopus and Web of Science over the last 15 years. This review will provide an understanding of the degree of knowledge of the analysed issues at the international level.Results. The research works on the issues of motivation for foreign languages learning were divided into two main categories: the research works concentrated on inner - academic and professional factors, and the works which deal with the outer - social factors of influence. Within these groups, the existing research trends and the most promising research areas were identified (for instance, the influence of peers on the motivational sphere of students). Amongst the numerous works investigating external (socio-economic) factors of influence, there is insufficient research on the influence of macro-political and macro-economic factors on the motivation for learning languages (for instance, foreign languages learning preferences). The research outcomes will contribute to understanding the factors, which influence the students' lack of interest in learning foreign languages.The scientific novelty is in the originality of the demonstrated review, which includes many scientific papers performed by scientists from all over the world and based on various research procedures. In the review, the geographical principle of data selection was not used and the publication date was not taken into account. The main selection criterion was a research paper to be published in a journal peer-reviewed by international databases over the last 15 years.Such a principle was necessary to understand research trends in the issue of motivation for mastering a foreign language competence and to determine similar (or specific) factors for different countries, which cause students' lack of interest in learning foreign languages.Practical significance. The results of the obtained analysis will give understanding of the reasons for the lack of students' motivation to study foreign languages. Moreover, it will help to find a solution to this international challenge.

Students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have marked deficits in social communication skills, which can challenge their ability to participate in academic and social activities. Music therapy is a popular intervention for children with ASD, and although research evidence supporting its effectiveness is growing, methodological flaws limit interpretation. The present study proposes a new measure, the DUACS, to assess outcomes associated with a group music therapy program, Voices Together. Participants were 64 elementary students from nine self-contained autism classrooms who attended 16 weekly intervention sessions. Teacher-reported behavior questionnaires and direct student behavioral measures were administered at baseline, during, and after treatment. Increases in communication and social skills suggested program effectiveness, particularly among students with higher baseline skills. Further investigation of this program approach will help to better understand its mechanisms and for whom it works best.

INTRODUCTION: The occurrence of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphoid leukemia (B-CLL) simultaneously is rarely described. We describe a case report of AML and B-CLL, diagnosed simultaneously, without any previous treatment for any of the hematological neoplasms [1]. The patient received low-dose cytarabine (ARA-C) and Venetoclax, which is medically indicated on label for both hematological neoplasms. CASE REPORT: A 75-year-old male, presented with edema and joint pain one month before hospital admission, showing pancytopenia on a complete blood count and presence of blasts in peripheral blood. The patient was then referred to the hematology service. The morphological analysis of the bone marrow aspirate showed 67.7% of myeloblasts, compatible with AML. Bone marrow immunophenotyping was performed, which identified 34.10% of myeloblasts, compatible with AML and 50.48% of monoclonal B lymphocytes (chronic B-cell lymphoproliferative disease). In flow cytometry there were two distinct populations of myeloblasts. Type 1 myeloblasts labeling CD7 +, CD13 +, CD34 ++, CD38 ++, CD45 ++, CD56 ++, CD117 ++, CD123 +, HLA-DR +++ and MPO + / ++. The second population marked CD13 + / ++, CD34 + / ++, CD38 ++, CD45 +, CD117 ++, CD123 +, HLA-DR ++ / +++ and MPO + (30%). Monoclonal lymphocytes showed CD11c + / ++ (70%), CD19 ++, CD20 + / ++ (84%), CD22 + (39%), CD23 + / ++, CD25 +, CD31 +/-, CD43 ++, CD45 ++ / +++, CD81 + (38%), CD200 + (85%) and Lambda +. The molecular study was negative for genetic abnormalities: FLT3, KIT and NPM, configuring the patient as an intermediate risk for AML. In the cytogenetic analysis there was no growth of metaphases. Patient received simultaneous diagnosis of AML and B-CLL. As he was ineligle to intensive chemotherapy (IC), we started original protocol Subcutaneous Cytarabin+venetoclax(VIALE C). The patient had grade 2-3 AE(neutropenia managed with GCSF) ending the fourth cycle in July 2020. The evolution of hematimetric parameters and diseases are described in graphics. DISCUSSION: This is the first described case in our knowledge treated upfront with bcl2-inh target therapy for two absolutely different hematological neoplasms: AML and BCLL. Nowadays we are experiencing a new therapeutic model in oncohematology, in which the targeted therapy is gaining ground in relation to IC with excellent results. In this way, the importance of comprehension of the pathophysiological mechanism of the neoplasms and the way we can stop the disease proliferation is progressively guiding the new protocols. Elderly patients are more likely to have early treatment-related death and exhibit therapeutic resistance, limiting alternatives. We decided to start first-line treatment with ARA-C and Venetoclax [2]. Venetoclax associated with ARA-C has a manageable safety profile, producing quick and durable remissions in elderly people with AML ineligible for IC, as well as in B CLL, being the best therapeutic alternative for the case, in our opinion. Venetoclax belongs to a group of drugs called Bcl-2 inhibitors, an anti-apoptotic protein, which works by blocking this protein in the body, causing apoptosis of both neoplastic cells. The high rate of remission and low early mortality, combined with fast and durable remission, make Venetoclax and ARA-C a new and attractive treatment for the elderly [2]. In our case, the intention of the product in the first line was not B-CLL, but it would certainly be a good option for this profile of elderly patients. CONCLUSION: We report the first description of simultaneous diagnosis of AML and B CLL treated with a Bcl-2 inhibitor, demonstrating that antitumor mechanisms can be extremely effective in completely different diseases. We have a long way to go in the search for full knowledge of oncohematological diseases and targeted therapies. However, this case report shows that we are on the right track. References: 1. MUSSAED, Eman Al; OSMAN, Hani; ELYAMANY, Ghaleb. Simultaneous existence of acute myeloid leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a case report.Bmc Cancer.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12885-016-2780-5. 2. WEI, Andrew H.; et al. Venetoclax Combined With Low-Dose Cytarabine for Previously Untreated Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia: results from a phase ib/ii study.Journal Of Clinical Oncology, [S.L.], 20 maio 2019. American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.18.01600. Figure Disclosures De Queiroz Crusoe: Janssen:Research Funding.

Perioperative infusion support of surgical patients is the main and non-alternative element of treatment. At the same time, the tactics of infusion therapy continues to be the subject of study. Ideas about the optimal quantitative and qualitative composition of the fluid transfused to patients are being revised as ideas about the pathogenesis of critical conditions evolve. The basis of pathogenetic analysis of compensatory hemodynamic capabilities, as a point of application of infusion treatment, previously consisted mainly of invasive monitoring techniques, replaced in recent years by the control of routine parameters with proven high correlation with invasive ones. In current studies devoted to the problems of infusion correction of hemodynamic abnormalities, the most discussed issues are the applicability of isotonic and balanced polyionic crystalloids, less often colloidal solutions in various clinical situations, and the results of such studies do not always allow to unambiguously determine the choice of infusion media, and sometimes simply incomparable. Some researchers advocate the use of isotonic crystalloids, some works prove the best effectiveness of balanced salt solutions. With the volumes of treatment corresponding to the perioperative period, in most studies there are no differences in the effectiveness of the main composite groups of crystalloids at all. We see the reason for this in the peculiarities of randomization methods, when statistical limitations do not allow us to avoid discrete data analysis: their comparative grouping occurs according to the principle of selecting a target parameter, and all the others are classified as auxiliary or secondary. It seems to us that the involvement of arrays of data obtained in real clinical practice as a result of a combination of local theoretical and empirical ideas about corrective treatment regimens correlated with their effectiveness could smooth out the inconsistency of the results of such studies, especially since clinicians have a sample with a volemic load at their disposal, allowing them to predict the hemodynamic reaction of the patient's body to infusion and a set of routine parameters for more fine-tuning of therapy. In anesthesiological and resuscitation practice, there is an opinion of the currently popular empirical-evidence plan that balanced salt solutions are preferable to isotonic solutions with a higher degree of severity of patients, but this opinion is not a priori and requires additional research to verify the choice.

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death in the world. For a number of neoplasms, the efficiency of conventional chemo- and radiation therapies is insufficient because of drug resistance and marked toxicity. Plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPT) using local hyperthermia induced by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has recently been extensively explored in tumor treatment. However, despite attractive promises, the current PPT status is limited by laboratory experiments, academic papers, and only a few preclinical studies. Unfortunately, most nanoformulations still share a similar fate: great laboratory promises and fair preclinical trials. This review discusses the current challenges and prospects of plasmonic nanomedicine based on PPT and photodynamic therapy (PDT). We start with consideration of the fundamental principles underlying plasmonic properties of AuNPs to tune their plasmon resonance for the desired NIR-I, NIR-2, and SWIR optical windows. The basic principles for simulation of optical cross-sections and plasmonic heating under CW and pulsed irradiation are discussed. Then, we consider the state-of-the-art methods for wet chemical synthesis of the most popular PPPT AuNPs such as silica/gold nanoshells, Au nanostars, nanorods, and nanocages. The photothermal efficiencies of these nanoparticles are compared, and their applications to current nanomedicine are shortly discussed. In a separate section, we discuss the fabrication of gold and other nanoparticles by the pulsed laser ablation in liquid method. The second part of the review is devoted to our recent experimental results on laser-activated interaction of AuNPs with tumor and healthy tissues and current achievements of other research groups in this application area. The unresolved issues of PPT are the significant accumulation of AuNPs in the organs of the mononuclear phagocyte system, causing potential toxic effects of nanoparticles, and the possibility of tumor recurrence due to the presence of survived tumor cells. The prospective ways of solving these problems are discussed, including developing combined antitumor therapy based on combined PPT and PDT. In the conclusion section, we summarize the most urgent needs of current PPT-based nanomedicine.

The article is devoted to the problem of complex consideration of psychotherapeutic methods in psychocorrection of emotional disorders in combination with neuropsychological technologies in psychosomatic diseases. The most popular psychotherapeutic and neuropsychological methods in foreign and domestic works which can be applied in the psychosomatic approach to diagnostics and therapy of emotional frustration are considered. Certain neuropsychological mechanisms of emotional and psychosomatic disorders are analysed. The role of the emotional factor in the occurrence of psychosomatic diseases is emphasized. It is proposed to replace psychopharmacology with neuro psycho-corrective aids to restore optimal neurophysiological functions of the central nervous system, taking into account the degree of its recovery and availability of emotional and personal resources of the client. Psychotherapeutic and neuropsychological recommendations for recovery of psychosomatic health have been developed.

The concurrent use of drugs and herbal products is becoming increasingly prevalent over the last decade. Several herbal products have been known to modulate cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) which are recognized as representative drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporter, respectively. Thus, a summary of knowledge on the modulation of CYP and P-gp by commonly used herbs can provide robust fundamentals for optimizing CYP and/or P-gp substrate drug-based therapy. Herein, we review ten popular medicinal and/or dietary herbs as perpetrators of CYP- and P-gp-mediated pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions. The main focus is placed on previous works on the ability of herbal extracts and their phytochemicals to modulate the expression and function of CYP and P-gp in severalin vitroandin vivoanimal and human systems.

e14580 Background: The use of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for solid malignancies is rapidly rising, and many new agents and treatment combinations are in development. However, ICIs have a unique side-effect profile of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) compared with chemotherapeutic agents or targeted therapies. The aim of this work was to describe the irAEs in diverse types of malignant tumors using real-world data. Methods: This is a retrospective and descriptive study of patients with diverse types of advanced malignancies treated with immunotherapy at Centro Oncológico Integral of the Hospital Ángeles in Puebla, México; during the period 2016-2020. Data about the primary neoplasm, ICIs, irAEs, organ system affected, grade and treatment was collected. Clinical and laboratory parameters were obtained by reviewing medical records. Results: A total of 117 patients were included, median age of 65 years, of which 63.2% were male and 36.8% were female. The most frequent neoplasms treated with ICIs were: lung (27.4%), kidney (16.2%), melanoma (12.8%), hepatocellular (9.4%), breast (8.5%), non-melanoma skin cancer (6.0%), mesothelioma (4.3%) and other tumors (15.3%). 39.3% of the patients had no metastases, 41.9% had metastases to at least 1 or 2 sites, and 18.8% to 3 or more sites. The types of ICIs were: nivolumab (35.0%), pembrolizumab (28.2%), atezolizumab (23.9%), ipilimumab + nivolumab (12.0%) and durvalumab (0.9%). The most frequent irAEs were: gastrointestinal (61.5%), neurologic (46.2%), pulmonary (38.5%), metabolic (32.5%) and hematologic (29.1%). 39.3% of the irAEs were reported as grade 1, 31.6% as grade 2, 14.5% as grade 3 and 2.6% as grade 4. Conclusions: Our work shows the incidence of irAEs in a poorly studied population and provides new data that complement that reported by other works, however, further prospective studies are necessary.[Table: see text]

Introduction. There are many diagnostic techniques in modern medicine, that enable preoperative and postoperative human neoplasms verification (identification).There are a number of postoperative diagnostic techniques, namely his to pathological, immunohistochemical and genetic one. The last-mentioned is rather popular. One of the genetic approaches in tumor diagnostics is the examination of the role of microRNA molecules. The aim of our work is to reveal the role of microRNA molecules on tumor genesis in accordance with the literature review. Research findings.A microRNA is a small non-coding RNA consisting of approximately 22 nucleotides andit is found in all eukaryotic cells. Up to now, we know about 2588 microRNAs. The review of the majority of literature sources has shown, that microRNA molecules may impact on significant biological processes: cell cycle control, apoptosis, metabolism, cellular development and differentiation along with the development of the wide range of diseases: neurodegenerative, metabolic disorders and cancer. Furthermore, they may regulate carcinoma-dependent processes – proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, play a crucial role in stem cells differentiation and control cancer stem cells formation and obtaining of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition phenotype, which is directly connected with drug resistance. Using of microRNA profiles we can differentiate sound and cancer tissues, identify the tissue`s origin and distinguish different subtypes of certain cancer or even specific oncogenic deviations (abnormities) and prognosticate the result or response to therapy. Nowadays, its usage in human neoplasms diagnostics made it possible to create a promising area in malignant tumor treatment that in addition to chemotherapy extends lifespan of oncology patients. And the examination of the role of microRNA on such processes as apoptosis and interaction with cytokines makes it possible to know about new mechanisms of pathogenesis in the development of the majority of tumors and particularly salivary gland tumors (pleomorphic adenomas). The ability of the microRNA identification in various biological fluids (blood, saliva) allows us to receive further information regarding one or another pathology and the examination of tumor biopsy for the presence of these markers helps us to increase the probability of tumor verification. Treatment development with usage of exosomal microRNA for the regeneration of damaged organs of an adult offers new opportunities in the therapy of various diseases. Conclusions. Thus, genetic tumor research methods (microRNA) are an advanced technology that allows us to increase tumor identification, to make an impact on different biological processes, to differentiate and classify the most of tumors of the body, and to adopt state-of-the-art medicines and prognosticate the result or response to therapy.

Background: Music is such an art form that conveys emotions and perceptions even without using a language. The research activities focusing on the effects of art forms on health and well-being has been evidently increasing over the past two decades. Music therapy is a widely accepted and popular form for improving health through arts. Studies have shown that women being more sensitive and sentimental can be influenced more easily by music. Materials and Methods: Review of relevant literature from modern medical science, Ayurvedic classics, text books of Indian Musicology, previous research works, articles published in peer reviewed journals and other genuine sources of internet. Results: Music plays a significant role in improving the health and wellbeing of a female both in preventive and therapeutic aspects. Discussion: Music being the product of Akasha and Vayu Mahabhuta is capable of controlling the bodily Vata Dosha. Ayurveda consider music as a means to tackle Pitta Dosha mainly. Previous research works have shown the effect of Indian classical music on gastric and allied secretions in digestive system where there is a major role for Pitta Dosha. The coordinated activity of Hypothalamo- Pituitary- Ovarian Axis (HPO Axis) is responsible for normal menstrual and reproductive mechanism in females where Vata and Pitta are having the main roles. So music can play an appreciable role in maintaining the normal functions in HPO axis.

Today, modern medicine has risen to previously inaccessible level. Minimally invasive surgery with using endoscopic equipment and microsurgery became usual. This article describes the methods and approaches to the treatment of pathologies of the veins in modern phlebology. The authors analyzed the effectiveness of RFA and EVLA, anticoagulant and thrombolytic therapy, selectively «catheter-controlled» thrombolysis, percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy, implantation of vena cava filters and many other methods.During the preparing of the article both popular-science sources and personal experience of practical application of most of the methods were used.A promising development in phlebology is to prevent blood clots. Perhaps, for this purpose will be used pharmacological blockade of gene effects and some pathological genes. During the anticoagulation therapy will be developed more effective and safe form of no injection of drugs with a predictable effect. In the treatment of proximal thrombosis aggressive tactics will be implemented more actively, including endovascular treatment in combination with thrombectomy. In the treatment of post-thrombotic syndrome is a promising development and installation of endovascular intravenous valves. It is also to carry out works for further evaluation of the role the endothelium of blood vessels and the use of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of chronic venous diseases.

This paper examines the governing body of international gymnastics, the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) and its relationship with the International Olympic Committee (IOC). It outlines the nature of the relationship between the two bodies and how that relationship has historically impacted the resulting policy of both organizations. In particular, this research focuses on three main areas of policy. The first is economics and the shift from amateur to professional and commercial gymnastics. When the IOC began to develop commercial interests, the FIG feared losing its purity if it was to follow suit. Second, it explores policy surrounding gender. This is particularly relevant in a sport where each discipline is not only categorized by gender, but also contested on the basis of performance-gendered ideals. And finally, this research examines athlete welfare. Gymnastics is known for its young, docile participant base and, more recently, cases of sexual abuse in the United States. While a range of protective policies have since been created, what existed at an international level before then? I argue that the FIG has had to work within the confines of its Olympic remit in order to retain its relevance to the Olympic behemoth and its inclusion in the Games as gymnastics’ pinnacle event. At the same time, the FIG has mediated Olympic policy and exerted the will of the IOC over stakeholders in gymnastics. Moreover, this relationship is symbiotic: gymnastics is one of the top three most popular Olympic sports, attracting viewership and its attendant commercial benefits to the Games. This research is based on FIG bulletins and IOC correspondence, and it builds on a range of secondary works about the role of International Federations, their policies, and their rules in shaping the sports they govern.

Abstract: Retinal lesions that impair vision are a typical symptom of diabetic retinopathy, result of diabetes mellitus. Blindness may develop if it is not detected in time. Tragically, there is no known cure for DR, and therapy only works to stop vision loss. DR diagnosis and treatment can significantly lower risk of eyesight loss. Contrary to computer-aided methods, physical examination in case of DR visual image acquisition through optometrists is time-, effort-, and premium and prone to error. Deep learning recently emerged as popular techniques in boosting expertise in number of fields, including that of the analysis and categorization of medical picture data.. Convolutional neural networks are an extremely effective depths classification algorithm that is increasingly being employed in the medical imaging analysis. In order to complete this study, the most recent national methods for classifying and recognizing DR retinal fundus pictures using deep learning methodologies were examined. Additionally, the retinal fundus retina statistics that are accessible on DR were assessed. Also presented are a number of challenging issues that demand additional researches

Individuals seek complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for a variety of health conditions, and yoga is a popular CAM modality. Over the past few decades, yoga has become incorporated into hundreds of healthcare facilities, most commonly in large university medical centers. While research has shown yoga to be effective in reducing symptoms and improving outcomes in chronic health conditions, most patients seek yoga therapy on their own, as few primary care practitioners have incorporated yoga therapy into their practices. The purpose of this article is to describe the efforts of the Casey Health Institute to incorporate yoga therapy into their primary care integrative medicine center. At Casey Health, a full-time Clinical Yoga Specialist works alongside the physicians, nurses, and CAM providers in delivering care to a wide variety of patients. The majority of referrals to yoga therapy have been for pain-related musculoskeletal conditions, as well as hypertension, headaches, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. Most patients attend weekly 60-minute individual sessions, and the Clinical Yoga Specialist stays in touch with the patient between appointments via telephone and email. T h e Clinical Yoga Specialist has become an integral part of Casey Health, participating in collaborative medical appointments in which two CAM practitioners provide simultaneous treatments to a patient. She also participates in the clinic's ongoing weight loss program. The Clinical Yoga Specialist spends one morning each week “floating” in the clinic, when she is on-call to the practitioners to assist in treatment and/or to introduce a yoga therapy experience to the patients. These brief interventions introduce the patients to the therapeutic benefits of yoga, while simultaneously demonstrating yoga's effectiveness to the healthcare providers. Casey Health has developed a unique teacher training program whose faculty includes senior Iyengar yoga teachers as well as physicians and CAM practitioners. Casey Health is incorporating clinical outcomes into their electronic medical record that can be used internally to assess comparable effectiveness and cost effectiveness of the different treatment modalities such as yoga therapy, providing evidence that eventually may lead to yoga therapy becoming an accepted treatment that is eligible for insurance reimbursement.

AbstractMature T- and natural killer (NK)–cell neoplasms comprise a group of morphologically, immunophenotypically, molecularly, and clinically heterogeneous disorders with generally unfavorable outcome. Results of first-line chemotherapy are unsatisfactory for the most common T-cell lymphomas (peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified; angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma; anaplastic large cell lymphomas; anaplastic lymphoma tyrosine kinase–negative) as well as for many other entities. High-dose therapy followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is widely recommended for consolidation after a complete or partial remission is achieved. However, about one-third of patients never reach transplantation because of early relapse or refractoriness. Targeted therapies have recently been developed; combinations with chemotherapy may improve outcomes, but long-term results from prospective studies are largely missing. In this situation, allogeneic HSCT remains a valuable treatment option inducing long-lived remissions in about 30% to 50% of patients with relapsed and refractory T-cell lymphoma able to proceed to transplantation. Results of allogeneic transplantation for consolidation in first remission are less defined and its indications remain controversial. With growing evidence that haploidentical HSCT also works in lymphoma, more patients can be brought to transplantation. Decreasing the morbidity and mortality of allogeneic transplantation is a continuous challenge. Integrating new drugs into transplant concepts and setting up prospective studies involving allogeneic transplantation remain unmet needs that warrant urgent study in a group of disorders in which classical chemotherapy and new drugs have generated results, which are far from optimal until today.

Methods of physical medicine, many of which have been empirically applied since the ancient times, have become particularly popular in 19th century Europe. The first examples of the works of Serbian doctors in this area originate from the same period. In 1838 and 1839, Dr. Konstantin Peicic wrote about Prissnitz?s method of hydrotherapy. In 1842, Dr. Dimitrije Radulovic published in Latin his doctoral dissertation concerning medical gymnastics. In the middle of the 19th century, in the Principality of Serbia, hydrotherapy treatments (by Dr. Andrija Ivanovic, 1850) and electrotherapy (by Dr. Jovan Valenta, 1857) w?re applied. Among the pioneers of physical medicine in Serbia, Dr Avram Farkic is a very important figure. In 1896, Farkic founded the first Serbian institute for physiotherapy in Belgrade, and, two years later, the First Institute for Orthopedics, Swedish Gymnastics and Massage. These institutions were merged in 1899. After the death of Dr. Farkic in 1925, the Institute worked under his name until the German bombing of Belgrade on April 6, 1941. The diversity and continuous introduction of modern therapeutic procedures were the main characteristics of the Institute during its 45-year-long existence. Dr. Farkic was also the initiator of the establishment of the Therapy Joint Stock Company, which founded the first institute for physical medicine in Vrnjacka Banja, the Therapy Institute for Treatment by Water and Electricity, in 1911. Until the First World War, it was the most modern spa sanatorium in Serbia. During spa seasons of 1911, 1912, 1913, and 1924, Dr. Farkic himself was the manager and the main physician of the Therapy Institute.

One of the common problems in the field of care and education in the school, family and peer environment, and thus one of the most important challenges of a modern parent, teacher and educator is aggressive behaviour of children and adolescents, their prevention and therapy. A common cause of aggression is the inability to control the emotions accumulated in a young person. One of the least studied and at the same time one of the most significant emotions in this problem is anger. The aim of the article is to present the knowledge about anger, based on the literature, and to search for new opportunities to study emotions experienced by a person and to create new tools for educational work. One of the most popular methods used in the therapy and prevention of aggression are activities that motivate artistic expression. The author of the article, referring to her own experience of working as an art teacher, looks for the visual effects of emotions in the works of children aged 13–14. She describes her observations and using the following methods: research in action, research through art and analysis of Panofsky's artistic work, she presents the relationship between the emotion felt and the expression of artistic work not only in terms of colours, but also symbols used in the drawings. The presented research results do not provide certain and clear answers to the questions posed but indicate the need for more extensive research in this area.

Background:: Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) is a nonatherosclerotic thromboticocclusive vasculitis that affects the vessels of the small and medium-sized extremities. No explicit etiology or pathogenesis of TAO has been proven, and more effective treatments are needed. Objective: : The study aimed to summarize and present an overview of recent advances regarding the risk factors, mechanisms and treatments of TAO and to organize the related information in figures to provide a comparatively complete reference. Methods:: We searched PubMed for English-language literature about TAO without article type limits, including articles about the risk factors, pathological mechanisms and treatments of TAO in the last 10 years with essential supplements (references over ranges and English abstracts of Russian literature). Results:: After screening content of works of literature, 99 references were evaluated. We found that risk factors of TAO include smoking, gene factors and periodontal diseases. The underlying mechanism of TAO involves oxidative stress, immunity, hemodynamic changes, inflammation and so on. Moreover, similarities in genetic factors and cigarette relevance existed between periodontal diseases and TAO, so further study of relationship was required. For TAO treatment, medicine, endovascular intervention and revascularization surgery, autologous cell therapy and novel therapies were also mentioned. Besides, a hypothesis that infection triggers autoimmunity in TAO could be speculated, in which TLR4 plays a key role. Conclusions:: 1. A hypothesis is put forward that infections can trigger autoimmunity in TAO development, in which TLR4, as a key agent, can activate immune signaling pathways and induce autoimmune cytokines expression. 2. It is suggested to reconsider the association between periodontal diseases and TAO, as they share the same high-risk population. Controlling periodontal disease severity in TAO studies may provide new clues. 3. For TAO treatment, endovascular intervention and autologous cell therapy both showed promising long-term therapeutic effectiveness, in which autologous cell therapy is becoming more popular, although more clinical comparisons are needed.

This review analyzed the domestic and foreign literature on brachytherapy of choroidal melanoma using ruthenium ophthalmic applicators. The review highlights the historical aspects of radiation treatment, from the first experience of using ionizing radiation in the treatment of malignant neoplasms to modern methods of brachytherapy; presents the radiobiological foundations of radiation therapy; considers the issues of radiation pathomorphosis, reflecting the nature of pathological changes in the choroidal melanoma tissue during brachytherapy; shows the dependence of the effect of exposure ionizing radiation from the phase of the cycle of cell division; and also describes the presence of changes characteristic of the response to ionizing radiation in unirradiated tissues. The analysis of various post-radiation complications, both early and late, was carried out in some detail, with emphasis on the possibility of predicting and preventing them in real clinical practice. A comparison is made in terms of the frequency of development of various post-radiation complications in the works of domestic and foreign authors, as well as a comparison with the effect of ionizing radiation from other radioactive isotopes. Recommendations of experts are given regarding the correct calculation of the dose to the sclera and medication support, based on many years of experience in the use of ruthenium ophthalmic applicators for brachytherapy of choroidal melanoma. The risks of developing such late complications as radiation maculopathy and radiation neuropathy have been demonstrated, especially in pre-equatorial tumor localization. The possibilities of modern methods of instrumental diagnostics for studying the processes occurring in the area of the tumor, as well as changes in the surrounding tissues, are shown, which determines the feasibility and importance of further study of this issue.

Gliomas are heterogeneous neoplasms, classified into grade I to IV according to their malignancy and the presence of specific histological/molecular hallmarks. The higher grade of glioma is known as glioblastoma (GB). Although progress has been made in surgical and radiation treatments, its clinical outcome is still unfavorable. The invasive properties of GB cells and glioma aggressiveness are linked to the reshaping of the cytoskeleton. Recent works suggest that the different susceptibility of GB cells to antitumor immune response is also associated with the extent and function of mitochondria–ER contact sites (MERCs). The presence of MERCs alterations could also explain the mitochondrial defects observed in GB models, including abnormalities of energy metabolism and disruption of apoptotic and calcium signaling. Based on this evidence, the question arises as to whether a MERCs–cytoskeleton crosstalk exists, and whether GB progression is linked to an altered cytoskeleton–MERCs interaction. To address this possibility, in this review we performed a meta-analysis to compare grade I and grade IV GB patients. From this preliminary analysis, we found that GB samples (grade IV) are characterized by altered expression of cytoskeletal and MERCs related genes. Among them, the cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4 or CLIMP-63) appears particularly interesting as it encodes a MERCs protein controlling the ER anchoring to microtubules (MTs). Although further in-depth analyses remain necessary, this perspective review may provide new hints to better understand GB molecular etiopathogenesis, by suggesting that cytoskeletal and MERCs alterations cooperate to exacerbate the cellular phenotype of high-grade GB and that MERCs players can be exploited as novel biomarkers/targets to enhance the current therapy for GB.

<p>This review describes the available works on four main trends of prospective application and study of melatonin in oncology: the main properties and mechanisms of the antitumor effect of melatonin, melatonin as a direct antitumor agent, melatonin as a drug for the accompanying therapy of psychoemotional disorders and sleep disorders in cancer patients, and melatonin as a drug for the accompanying therapy of chronic pain syndrome in oncology. Currently, researchers focus on fundamental and clinical relationships between circadian rhythms and carcinogenesis, and one of the key problems is the potential of melatonin as an agent capable of interfering with the molecular processes of formation and maintenance of the viability of malignant tumors. An equally important problem is the potential of melatonin in terms of using its physiological properties for the prevention and accompanying therapy of undesirable effects of the main treatment in oncological practice, which is emphasized in this review. The purpose of this review is an unbiased study of the prospects for the multidirectional use of melatonin both as a direct antitumor agent and as a component of complex therapy of concomitant adverse events associated with tumor and the treatment. Based on a detailed analysis of original scientific articles and scientific reviews in the PubMed search system, as well as peer-reviewed Russian journals, authors have made an attempt to characterize the current state of melatonin in oncology based on principles of evidence-based medicine. Authors also suggests and justify key prospects for use of melatonin in oncology practice and the range of studies necessary to clarify its properties and place in the combined therapy of malignant neoplasms.</p><p>Received 9 July 2021. Revised 18 August 2021. Accepted 19 August 2021.</p><p><strong>Funding:</strong> The study did not have sponsorship.</p><p><strong>Conflict of interest:</strong> Authors declare no conflict of interest.</p><p><strong>Contribution of the authors<br /> </strong>Conception and study design: I.I. Eremenko, V.E. Ponomarev<br /> Drafting the article: I.I. Eremenko, V.E. Ponomarev, S.B. Polikarpova, E.A. Bogush, V.Yu. Kirsanov, B.A. Zisman, M.M. Davydov<br /> Critical revision of the article: I.I. Eremenko, V.E. Ponomarev<br /> Final approval of the version to be published: I.I. Eremenko, V.E. Ponomarev, S.B. Polikarpova, E.A. Bogush, V.Yu. Kirsanov, B.A. Zisman, M.M. Davydov</p>

Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked primary immunodeficiency characterized by microplatelet thrombocytopenia, eczema, frequent infections and an increased risk of autoimmune disorders and malignant neoplasms. Mutation detection in WAS gene is the gold standard for diagnosis of this disorder. This gene encodes a WASP protein, which works as regulator of cell cytoskeleton and is involved in the transmission of many intracellular signals. Nowadays there is no rapid and reliable method that allows to confirm WAS in a short period of time. Early detection of WAS in patients enables initiation of a donor search and preparation for the HSCT procedure. It also helps to avoid the development of severe and life-threatening conditions during waiting for genetic confirmation of the diagnosis by using pathogenetic therapy. Currently flow cytometry is one of the leading laboratory methods that permits to get the information about the expression of a protein in several hours. The study below describes rapid and reliable based on flow cytometry assay for WAS diagnosis. The study was approved by the Independent Ethics Committee and the Scientific Council of the Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology. The study included 46 patients with suspected WAS from 2 months to 17 years old. Patients were examined from January 2018 to January 2020. WAS gene defect was confirmed in 35 patients. It was calculated that normal threshold value for WASP expression is 7.07 with sensitivity and specificity 100% and 93.1% respectively. Besides negative correlation between WASP expression index and WAS clinical severity was shown (r = –0.63). This flow cytometry assay can be used for chimerism detection in WAS patients after HSCT. The flow cytometry assay for WASP protein evaluation is rapid, highly sensitive and highly specific. It allows to speed up diagnosis of this disorder.

Abstract. Insufficient attention is being paid to the potential of applying folk pedagogics and ethnopedagogics in improving society, which is a serious omission that reduces the effectiveness of the formation of a healthy lifestyle for younger students and does not contribute to the continuity of generations in this matter, including preservation of national values and culture. The purpose of the study is to investigate these issues, analyse the works of Kazakh and foreign scientists and formulate proposals for improving the educational process aimed at creating a healthy lifestyle for children in classroom and extracurricular activities. This article investigates the formation of a healthy lifestyle in primary school age. The author of the paper argues that this process should be based on the principles of folk pedagogy and ethno-pedagogy, since it is precisely under the current conditions of globalization and unification of cultures that they can ensure the continuity of generations in the Republic of Kazakhstan in preserving and enhancing national traditions and values of training and education. The author suggests creating a healthy lifestyle for children in classroom and extracurricular activities, attracting prominent Kazakh scientists, writers, poets, local historians, artists to the process, including setting up sightseeing walking tours around Kazakhstan, which will provide younger students with physical activity, necessary knowledge and will facilitate the development of healthy habits associated with maintaining a healthy lifestyle. The paper also draws attention to the fact that a personal example of teachers and parents is the best motivation for younger students in the formation of their healthy lifestyle. Resumen. No se presta suficiente atención a las posibilidades de utilizar la pedagogía popular y la etnopedagogía para mejorar la sociedad, lo que constituye una omisión grave que reduce la efectividad de la formación de un estilo de vida saludable entre los niños de la escuela primaria y no contribuye a la continuidad de generaciones en esta materia, incluso la preservación de los valores y la cultura nacionales. El propósito de la investigación - es estudiar estos temas, analizar los trabajos de científicos kazajos y extranjeros y formular propuestas para mejorar el proceso educativo dirigido a la formación de un estilo de vida saludable para los niños en la escuela y las actividades extraescolares. Este artículo analiza las características de la formación de un estilo de vida saludable en la escuela primaria. El autor del artículo sustenta la tesis de que este proceso debe basarse en los principios de la pedagogía popular y la etnopedagogía, ya que en las condiciones modernas de globalización y unificación de culturas son capaces de asegurar la continuidad de generaciones en la República de Kazajstán en la preservación y mejora de las tradiciones nacionales y valores de formación y educación. El autor propone formar un estilo de vida saludable para los niños en las lecciones educativas y actividades extracurriculares, involucrando a destacados científicos, escritores, poetas, historiadores locales, artistas kazajos en el proceso, así como organizar excursiones a pie a los lugares de interés de Kazajstán, que proporcionarán a los niños de la escuela primaria la actividad física, los conocimientos necesarios y permitirán desarrollar buenos hábitos asociados con un estilo de vida saludable. El artículo también llama la atención sobre el hecho de que el ejemplo personal de los maestros y los padres es la mejor motivación para que los niños de la escuela primaria formen su estilo de vida saludable.

Narrative and storytelling involve social net users in various socio-psychological groups. Modern narrative psychology focuses on life purpose formation. Narrative as an interpretive process concerns almost all spheres of everyday life and correlates with subjective and intersubjective experiences. Narrative studies are a source of knowledge on how a person endows the world, life, and goal-setting with meaning. Observing the interpretation of one’s experience can reveal how subjectivity works. Narrative makes it possible to construct the world, as well as to comprehend it in terms of past, present, and future. Psychology of meaning formation brings us closer to personality and inner subjectivity. Storytelling is popular both on the Internet and in various branches of scientific knowledge, marketing, linguistics, psychology, pedagogy, and journalism. Storytelling is used in existential psychology, logotherapy, and art therapy. Personal experience verbalized as a story reveals one’s personality, values, and beliefs. Storytelling makes one feel complete, helps to find a purpose in life, and facilitates psycho-corrective activities. Storytelling in online socio-psychological groups possesses all the features of a narrative. For instance, the Vkontakte social network allows its users to employ all the features of narration, thus involving the audience in communication and influencing their psyche. Based on content analysis and hermeneutic approach, the authors identified such involvement technologies as suggestion, persuasion, and emotional infection. Storytelling is not only a means of promoting psychological services in socio-psychological groups, but also a means of psycho-correction and psychological impact. It develops relevant meanings in the addressee, personal development, self-help, and stress relief.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: 1) In this literature review we want to explore the literature on DMHI (Interventions delivered via digital technologies, such as smartphones, websites, or text messaging), specifically designed to treat Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and/or to promote positive change & resilience after trauma. 2) We also want to evaluate the literature in terms of the theoretical model used in each DMHI, engagement, effectiveness, & potential harms/challenges. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We will review the literature that describes DMHI for PTSD, resilience, & positive change in persons exposed to psychological trauma (Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence, as defined by the fifth edition of the Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). We will review the following databases: PsychINFO, EBSCOhost, PubMed, & PsychiatryOnline. The following inclusion criteria will be used: 1) Interventions delivered by computer, smartphones, or online, 2) studies published between 1999-2019. Exclusion criteria will include reviews, opinion, or discussion articles, & unpublished works. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We expect to find that the most popular therapeutic model for DMHI is cognitive behavioral therapy. We also expect to find a higher number of web-based interventions, as opposed to phone-based interventions, or other types of DMHI. We also expect to find variable drop-out rates, low engagement, & small to moderate effect sizes. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: We expect our contribution to center on evaluating available DMHI for psychological trauma. This systematic literature review is expected to provide scientific justification for the development (or validation), & implementation of a DMHI that takes into account the results of previous studies. This contribution is expected to be significant because it will help in choosing, or developing an effective future intervention with DMHI. CONFLICT OF INTEREST DESCRIPTION: There is no conflict of interest in this study.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a relapsing and remitting chronic inflammatory skin disease for which a variety of etiological factors are involved. Treatment strategies should be multifaceted and have few side effects. In this respect, acupuncture has become increasingly popular as a safe, consistently effective, and drug-free therapy that treats multiple AD symptoms. We aim to not only verify the effectiveness of acupuncture but also suggest patient-specific response determinants and a new underlying mechanism implicating the gut-brain axis. We have designed a randomized, participant-blinded, sham-controlled clinical trial for 60 mild to moderate AD patients. In a previous study, we observed that the clinical skin symptoms of AD were closely associated with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. From these findings, we developed an intervention with six acupuncture points: three for AD symptoms and three for GI symptoms. Also, since high responders and low responders to the acupuncture treatment could be identified in the previous study, we now aim to explore response-determining factors, with a particular focus on GI symptoms. Therefore, we will precisely evaluate not only AD symptoms using the SCORAD, EASI, and DLQI tools, but also GI symptoms using the GSRS, TDS, BSFS, and AR tools and abdominal examination. AD develops in association with complicated pathophysiological factors, such as skin barrier function, genetic susceptibility, and immunological factors. Moreover, the underlying mechanism by which acupuncture treatment works has not been clearly elucidated. We, therefore, will conduct a simultaneous cross-sectional study with a sample of 40 healthy individuals, wherein potential indicators, such as fMRI, gut microbiota, and serum TARC and ATX, will be investigated to determine the gut-brain axis-associated mechanism of acupuncture. We expect that the results of this study could provide important clinical evidence for the effects of acupuncture and help elucidate the therapeutic mechanisms that underlie acupuncture’s efficacy in AD treatment. This trial is registered with https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/KCT0005422 (Trial registration: Korean Clinical Trial Registry (http://cris.nih.go.kr; registration number: KCT0005422); date of registration: September 23, 2020).

Purpose The following paper is a “Q&A interview” conducted by Joanne Pransky of Industrial Robot Journal as a method to impart the combined technological, business and personal experience of a prominent, robotic industry PhD and innovator regarding her pioneering efforts and the challenges of bringing a technological invention to market. This paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The interviewee is Dr Maja Matarić, Chan Soon-Shiong Distinguished Professor in the Computer Science Department, Neuroscience Program, and the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Southern California, founding director of the USC Robotics and Autonomous Systems Center (RASC), co-director of the USC Robotics Research Lab and Vice Dean for Research in the USC Viterbi School of Engineering. In this interview, Matarić shares her personal and business perspectives on socially assistive robotics. Findings Matarić received her PhD in Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence from MIT in 1994, MS in Computer Science from MIT in 1990 and BS in Computer Science from the University of Kansas in 1987. Inspired by the vast potential for affordable human-centered technologies, she went on to found and direct the Interaction Lab, initially at Brandeis University and then at the University of Southern California. Her lab works on developing human–robot non-physical interaction algorithms for supporting desirable behavior change; she has worked with a variety of beneficiary user populations, including children with autism, elderly with Alzheimer’s, stroke survivors and teens at risk for Type 2 diabetes, among others. Originality/value Matarić is a pioneer of the field of socially assistive robotics (SAR) with the goal of improving user health and wellness, communication, learning and autonomy. SAR uses interdisciplinary methods from computer science and engineering as well as cognitive science, social science and human studies evaluation, to endow robots with the ability to assist in mitigating critical societal problems that require sustained personalized support to supplement the efforts of parents, caregivers, clinicians and educators. Matarić is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Fellow of the IEEE and AAAI, recipient of the Presidential Awards for Excellence in Science, Mathematics & Engineering Mentoring (PAESMEM), the Anita Borg Institute Women of Vision Award for Innovation, Okawa Foundation Award, NSF Career Award, the MIT TR35 Innovation Award, the IEEE Robotics and Automation Society Early Career Award and has received many other awards and honors. She was featured in the science documentary movie “Me & Isaac Newton”, in The New Yorker (“Robots that Care” by Jerome Groopman, 2009), Popular Science (“The New Face of Autism Therapy”, 2010), the IEEE Spectrum (“Caregiver Robots”, 2010), and is one of the LA Times Magazine 2010 Visionaries. Matarić is the author of a popular introductory robotics textbook, “The Robotics Primer” (MIT Press 2007), an associate editor of three major journals and has published extensively.

AO-176 is a highly differentiated, humanized anti-CD47 IgG2 antibody that is unique among agents in this class of checkpoint inhibitors. AO-176 works by blocking the "don't eat me" signal, the standard mechanism of anti-CD47 antibodies, but also by directly killing tumor cells. Importantly, AO-176 binds preferentially to tumor cells, compared to normal cells, and binds even more potently to tumors in their acidic microenvironment (low pH). Hematological neoplasms are the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancers in both men and women and account for approximately 10% of all cancers. Here we describe AO-176, a highly differentiated anti-CD47 antibody that potently targets hematologic cancers in vitro and in vivo. As a single agent, AO-176 not only promotes phagocytosis (15-45%, EC50 = 0.33-4.1 µg/ml) of hematologic tumor cell lines (acute myeloid leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and T cell leukemia) but also directly targets and kills tumor cells (18-46% Annexin V positivity, EC50 = 0.63-10 µg/ml) in a non-ADCC manner. In combination with agents targeting CD20 (rituximab) or CD38 (daratumumab), AO-176 mediates enhanced phagocytosis of lymphoma and multiple myeloma cell lines, respectively. In vivo, AO-176 mediates potent monotherapy tumor growth inhibition of hematologic tumors including Raji B cell lymphoma and RPMI-8226 multiple myeloma xenograft models in a dose-dependent manner. Concomitant with tumor growth inhibition, immune cell infiltrates were observed with elevated numbers of macrophage and dendritic cells, along with increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in AO-176 treated animals. When combined with bortezomib, AO-176 was able to elicit complete tumor regression (100% CR in 10/10 animals treated with either 10 or 25 mg/kg AO-176 + 1 mg/kg bortezomib) with no detectable tumor out to 100 days at study termination. Overall survival was also greatly improved following combination therapy compared to animals treated with bortezomib or AO-176 alone. These data show that AO-176 exhibits promising monotherapy and combination therapy activity, both in vitro and in vivo, against hematologic cancers. These findings also add to the previously reported anti-tumor efficacy exhibited by AO-176 in solid tumor xenografts representing ovarian, gastric and breast cancer. With AO-176's highly differentiated MOA and binding characteristics, it may have the potential to improve upon the safety and efficacy profiles relative to other agents in this class. AO-176 is currently being evaluated in a Phase 1 clinical trial (NCT03834948) for the treatment of patients with select solid tumors. Disclosures Richards: Arch Oncology Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership, Other: Salary. Bouchlaka:Arch Oncology Inc.: Consultancy, Equity Ownership. Puro:Arch Oncology Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. Capoccia:Arch Oncology Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. Hiebsch:Arch Oncology Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. Donio:Arch Oncology Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. Wilson:Arch Oncology Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. Chakraborty:Arch Oncology Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. Sung:Arch Oncology Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. Pereira:Arch Oncology Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership.

Abstract Background: The myelodisplastic syndromes (MDS) is a heterogeneous group of hematological neoplasms secondary to a clonal alteration in the hematological stem cell. There is a relationship with the elderly and their major clinical manifestations reflect a status of progressive bone marrow failure with cytopenias and an elevated risk to transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The WHO 2008 classification for myeloid malignancies and the use of the revised international prognosis-scoring system (IPSS-R) had permitted to improve both therapy and prognosis approaches. The IPSS-R use the new cytogenetic risk scoring system, based in the presence of cytogenetic alterations clinically implicated in patients' outcomes. However more than 50% of patients with MDS are diagnosed without cytogenetic abnormalities (normal karyotype, NK) and they are classified mostly in the good and intermedium risk categories of IPSS-R, different to their counterparts with cytogenetic abnormalities that are more precisely classified. Epigenetic studies and innovative techniques like multiparameter karyotype, molecular biology or wide genetic sequencing can found biomarkers or alterations related with MDS status in these patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding regulatory molecules that act on the promoting or silencing different cellular processes. Few years ago, their relationship with hematological malignancies was evidenced. Here there is described an exploratory work of miRNAs implication on MDS patients and their utility on diagnosis and classification of NK-MDS patients. Aims: To explore the expression of a profile of miRNAs in patients with MDS and NK, assessing the role of them in the risk stratification. Patients and methods: Based on previous works of our group (Andres-Coduras, et al, ELN 2012; Andres-Codura, et al, SEHH 2013), a miRNAs profile, composed by 14 miRNAs over more than 7,000 miRNAs, was identified, on 40 patients with MDS compared to controls. This profile was analyzed in 243 plasma samples from patients with MDS at diagnosis from the INBIOMED group, previously ethic committee and board approval were required and patients signed an inform consent according the Helsinki declaration revised in 2013. Here, we are presenting a subanalysis including only patients with NK. The miRNA profile included: hsa-miR-26a, hsa-miR-451, hsa-miR-99b, hsa-miR-24, hsa-miR-625, hsa-miR-15b, hsa-miR-19b, hsa-let-7e, hsa-miR-16, hsa-miR-140-3p, hsa-miR361-3p, hsa-miR-378 and hsa-miR-942. Results: From 154 plasma of NK-MDS patients. All of them classified as very good, good and intermediate risk category by IPSS-R or low and intermedium-1 by IPSS, a total of 143 have associated follow-up information at 2 years of diagnosis. Thirty-seven patients evolved to AML or died in this time. 4 miRNAs differentially expressed (miRNA140-3p, miRNA-15b, miRNA-99b-5p and miRNA-361-3p) showed advantage to identified patients with MDS. Based in IPSS-R, patients were classified as good prognosis group (no candidates to therapy) and high risk group (candidates to therapy). An increase in both the expression of miR-140-3p and miR-99b-5p was able to identified patients with MDS and NK with good prognosis independently of IPSS-R risk category, improving the identification of patients with good outcomes (ROC curve for IPSS-R: 0,669 and for miRNAs model: 0,785), contrary, the underexpression of both miRNAs was a predictor of worse outcomes. Comments: Here we describe a non-previously described signature of miRNAs that can improve the classification of MDS patients without cytogenetic alterations, especially for patients with good or intermediate risk group. miRNAs could be a good biomarkers during follow-up considering their variations and easy assessment. Disclosures Ramos: Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria; GlaxoSmithKline: Honoraria; Janssen-Cilag: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celgene Corporation: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding.

Can we go back to proving that drugs work in preventing, postponing, and ameliorating familial Alzheimer's disease (ad)? Ad is so devastating that there is a great public interest in the drug discovery process as evinced by the sheer number of articles in the serious popular press. The presently available, yet poorly performing, drugs have been approved despite their multiple peripheral side effects. The research on disease-modifying agents for the treatment of ad is largely focused on reducing amyloid plaques. However, it is now clear that companies and researchers alike are losing hope in finding an efficacious therapy rapidly that works in ad patients who are already cognitively impaired, and that people who staked their scientific and professional career on finding a cure for ad based on the amyloid hypothesis are shaken by the series of failed clinical trials within a short period of time. It is emerging that we may start to treat ad far too late to be able to make any significant slowing of the disease or postponing the onset of the symptoms of the disease. The history of drug development for other diseases should encourage us to focus on patients in whom we can identify the genetic markers associated with familial ad. Then when we have an efficacious and very safe drug, we will be able to establish its efficacy on, most importantly, cognition, but also at the level of plaques. This will provide the pharmacological evidence needed to show that it is worth fighting amyloidosis because it saves memory. We have a successful and lucrative history of preventive medicine on a large scale, all we need now is the foresight and will to switch strategy and no longer look for a magic bullet to fix ad, but to discover drugs that will delay and prevent the onset of ad, drugs that may be safely taken by symptom-free patients who are vulnerable and susceptible to ad. The initial population that might be preventatively treated against ad would indeed be those with genetic predisposition. While prevention trials are long and expensive as emphasized by the industry, the market for a safe and effective drug would be extended to the large number of patients susceptible to sporadic ad. Since the highest risk factor for sporadic ad is age, this would be an extraordinarily large market.

In this article an attempt is made to place Bakhtin’s case in the context of the Soviet 1960s with their specific mental world. The study question is why this almost forgotten figure of the 1920s has become a proper man in a proper place in time of transition from Stalin’s Great Fear to Khrushchov’s liberalization with its continuation till 1968 and how this resurrection from the dead occured. The virtues and scientific significance of Bakhtin’s works are doubtless and undeniable. But there is something else that helps to explain Bakhtin’s phenomenon and its popularity. His readers mentality determines the fate of books and the spreading of ideas. The sixties witnessed the unprecedented success of Bakhtin’s books. They changed the vocabulary of humanities and the mode of thinking in the generation of so-called Thaw. Bakhtin became one of the most influential figures of the sixties and greatly stimulated the emergence of the new trend known as culturology. Bakhtin’s Rabelais was a special success. This text can be read on different levels and interpreted in many ways. Its content combines such genres as literary criticism, the history of culture, and philosophy. The readers of the sixties paid special attention to Bakhtin’s vision of popular culture with its central image of carnival and were especially sensitive and receptive for the concept of Laughing Renaissance as a spiritual twin of Thaw which had Marxist roots, not Bakhtin’s. Thanks to the complexity of the text’s possible interpretation, Bakhtin was mistakenly considered as an ideologist of Thaw, and his Rabelais – as an intellectual product of this historical moment full of optimism, great expectations and hopes. Bakhtin was read by the generation of the 1960s in accordance with its mentality, its pursuit of a new form of “Socialism with human face” when left and even Marxist ideas dominated in the non-conformist discourse. But all of that had little in common with authentic Bakhtin who could share neither this philosophical worldview nor the illusions of the 1960s. The view of laughter as a kind of social therapy and as a means of emancipation in society was far from Bakhtin’s. He fully realized the demonic nature of carnival and saw it as his ambivalent ally from hell hostile to every kind of ideocracy. His readers who had invented Renaissance as a prototype of their time and the first Thaw in history misunderstood the inner intentions of Bakhtin himself. But doing this quite unconsciously, they gave the first and triumphant life for the outstanding scientific and philosophical text on Rabelais written by the person of a damaged life from the past.

Relevance. Arrangement of the medical support for the EMERCOM of Russia specialists and employees needs constant monitoring and analysis of activities of the Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, EMERCOM of Russia (NRCERM) as the leading multidisciplinary medical institution of the EMERCOM of Russia.Intention – To analyze NRCERM activities (2012–2017) on specialized primary care, including high-tech care, at outpatient, day-time and inpatient hospitals.Methods. Results of health care and treatment in the NRCERM were assessed (2012–2017): 787,057 out-patient cases, 3,782 day-time cases, and 79,572 inpatient cases.Results and Discussion. In 2017, volumes of specialized primary care in outpatient hospitals was 156.6 % compared to that in 2012. The proportion of this type of health care paid for by the federal budget varied from 44.3 to 57.0 %. The most popular types of specialized primary care were internal medicine, neurology, gastroenterology, otolaryngology, ophthalmology, gynecology, surgery, urology and dentistry. The proportion of individuals who underwent preventive physical examinations in 2012–2017 amounted to 22–23 % among the whole number of outpatient visits, with 95.4 % of them were EMERCOM of Russia employees and 4.6 % – patients who paid themselves or were paid for. NRCERM mobile medical teams performed prevention physical examinations of employees of the EMERCOM of Russia in the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol: 1431 and 2070 individuals were examined in 2015 and 2016, respectively. The number of patients in the day-time NRCERM hospital increased to 1059 individuals in 2017. In 2017, volumes of specialized primary care increased to 191.9 % compared to 2012, with maximums in 2015 and 2016. Inpatient specialized primary care within the federal budget decreased from 63 % in 2012 to 28 % in 2017. Volume of inpatient care increased progressively due to programs of obligatory and voluntary medical insurance and self-paying. The proportion of surgery patients among all the in-patients increased from 35 % in 2012 to 58.4 % in 2017. In the NRCERM as a whole, the average duration of patient’s stay in a hospital decreased from 9.9 days in 2012 to 8.0 days in 2017, which is considerably less than in the Russian Federation (11.7 days) and Saint Petersburg (11.3 days). The bed turnover in the NRCERM increased owing to both therapy and surgery departments, with maximums in 2015 (29.0) and 2016 (28.8). This parameter increased in 2017 compared to 2012 (27.5 vs 13.9; 197.8 %). In 2017, number of operations increases compared to that in 2012 up to 258.6 %, with related increase in anesthesia procedures up to 274.1 %. High tech surgeries considerably increased (3.5-fold) in 2017 compared to 2012. The proportion of high tech surgeries was 14.2 % in 2012 and 18.7 % in 2017. The NRCERM mortality rates in 2012–2017 were 0.4–0.5 % which is considerably less than in the Russian Federation (1.77 %) and in Saint Petersburg (2.49 %). In cause-of-death structure, the following diseases dominated: circulatory diseases (40.3 %), neoplasms (29.8 %) and, third, traumas (10.4 %) – a total of 80.5 %.Conclusion. Within NRCERM activities, volumes of specialized primary care increased, including high tech care, in outpatient, day-time and inpatient settings. Besides, intensity of medical-diagnostic process increased, with low hospital mortality rate due to optimized organizational structure of medical institution, improved performance of outpatient and inpatient departments, introduction of innovative medical technologies.

Abstract Introduction: The Myelodisplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of clonal hematological neoplasms characterized by a progressive bone marrow failure with an increased risk for transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The WHO 2008 classification and the revised international prognosis-scoring system (IPSS-R) had improved prognosis assessment and therapy. The IPSS-R is based on the cytogenetic risk scoring system focus into the presence of cytogenetic alterations. However more than 50% of MDS patients are diagnosed without cytogenetic abnormalities (diploid Cytogenetics, DC-MDS), different to their counterparts with abnormal karyotype (AK-MDS) they face problems for prognostication. Epigenetic tests like microRNAs (miRNAs) studies can found biomarkers for diagnostic, prognosis and potentially target therapy. The miRNAs implications on hematopoiesis are wide recognized. After an exploratory work of miRNAs implication on MDS patients, a cluster located inside the chromosome region 19q13.2-19q13.4 appears to be related with the outcomes and risk for transformation. Here there is described novel data incorporated into a combined model to improve prognostication of patients with DC-MDS. Aims: To explore the usefulness of miRNAs determination to improve prognosis assessment in MDS patients. Patients and Methods: Based on previous works (Andres-Coduras, et al, ELN 2012, Andrade-Campos et al, Blood 2015: 126(23): 1642), a miRNAs profile, composed by 19 miRNAs identified in 40 patients with MDS compared to controls was analyzed in 242 plasma samples obtained at diagnosis from patients with MDS, ethic committee and inform consent according Helsinki declaration signature were required. The miRNA profile included: hsa-miR-26a, hsa-miR-451, hsa-miR-99b, hsa-miR-24, hsa-miR-625, hsa-miR-15b, hsa-miR-19b, hsa-let-7e, hsa-miR-16, hsa-miR-140-3p, hsa-miR361-3p, hsa-miR-378 and hsa-miR-942; The 2-d(dCT) method and expression over 1.3 (-10Log) times were considered as overexpression. Results: from 242 samples, 141 (62.4%) were males, mean age of the entire cohort: 73.3 (29-91 years). For DC-MDS patients (n=154), mean age 74 (33-91) years, 94 (61.0%) males. For WHO, Cytogenetic and IPSS-R risk classification see table 1. During follow-up (median 29 (2-76) months), 47 progressions (24 on DC-MDS group) and 108 deaths (64 in DC-MDS) were registered. For a median progression free survival (PFS) of 49.4 (42.4-56.3) months and 58.0 (52.0-64.5) months for AK-MDS and DC-MDS respectively, and overall survival (OS): 36.0 (29.6-42.6) months and 45.4 (40.9-49.8) months respectively. During the multivariate analysis with the objective to assess the risk of progression/death, the cytogenetic risk, IPSS-R and overexpression of miRNAs Let-7e-5p, miR-99b-5p and miR-140-3p showed significant differences among all subgroups. Regarding miRNAs only Let-7e and miR-99b showed a normal distribution into the entire cohort, and considering that both are part of a cluster, a combined expression model analysis was carried out. The hazard ratio (HR) for risk to progression of the combined overexpression (Let-7e + miR-99b) was 2.9 for the entire cohort, HR 1.3 for AK-MDS, but for the DC-MDS group: HR: 4.5 confirmed by Cox regression (p=0.034), for OS the results were also significant (p=0.008) for the DC-MDS, but not for the AK-MDS, in which IPSS-R remain as the more predictive tool. Considering the fact that >50% of patients present DC-MDS with problems for the stratification, a combined model adding the overexpression of Let-7e+miR-99b-information to the IPSS-R was created in order to split the categories as follows: 1. Very low with miRNAs overexpression 2-Very low without miRNAs overexpression, 3-Low with miRNAs overexpression, 4-Low without miRNAs overexpression, 5- Intermediate with miRNAs overexpression, 6- Intermediate without miRNAs overexpression (see table 2). With this approach the predictive value of the combined system (IPSS-R & miRNAs) improves the AUC for ROC analysis= 0,786 for PFS and AUC (ROC)=0.752 for OS (both p<0.001), identifying patients at risk for progression or death independently of the IPSS-R category, with especial repercussion among the low and intermediate risk groups. Conclusions: this model offers for the first time the possibility to improve the accuracy of IPSS-R and identified high-risk patients. This work has been partially supported by FEHHA. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Popular and professional psychology merge to produce novel forms on TikTok—a platform on which therapeutic content grew enormously during the pandemic, rendering it a productive site to examine mediated mental health subjectivities, including ways people come to understand themselves in terms of mental health pathologies. Examining the dynamic interplay of capacities and constraints of therapeutic and algorithmic frameworks reveals ways in which therapeutic roles and rituals are re-negotiated in this space. Therapists utilize memetic tropes of the platform to position themselves within its affective flows, while leveraging beliefs about the algorithm to connect with users. The affective engagement of users’ works to curate a stream of content against which mental health and therapeutic frameworks are evaluated, ultimately designating a diagnostic gaze to a charismatic algorithm—a potentially emergent social media case of automated forms becoming paradigmatic in the ways we conceive of mental health and therapy.

In the past decade and a half, scientific discoveries brought to light the prospect that tackle football causes serious brain trauma. This raised questions about the sport’s ethical permissibility. By employing scientific, philosophical, sociological, and historical findings, I consider whether it is ethically defensible to permit adults to play the game. My approach works within the bounds of both the ethical theory of liberalism and incorporates several sociological theories focused on gender. I propose that external cultural influences deserve some credit for shaping decisions to participate in America’s most popular spectator sport and contend that societies must establish genuinely pluralistic and inclusive gender ideologies and structures to ensure football’s permissibility. In particular, I suggest that to ensure that tackle football is ethical for adults, the presence and prominence of gender pluralism and inclusivity in youth settings are necessary.

Telemedicine is healing at a distance, and it was under-utilized ever since its reintroduction till this COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 has moved the field of telemedicine and almost every health specialty has embraced it to provide remote, timely, safe health-care services to their patients from the comfort of their home and prevent undesired exposure to COVID-19 infection. With the reach of smart phones and cheaper internet data, this has reached tier II/III cities and is also making inroads in the rural areas. Telemedicine in hematology is becoming increasingly popular because many of the hematology patients are immunocompromised and are more prone to various infections including COVID-19. It is very beneficial in follow-up visits for benign disorders such as anemia, immune thrombocytopenia as well as certain chronic leukemias such as Myeloproliferative neoplasms and for the patients on oral therapy. Astronaut getting treated on NASA mission from the earth is ultimate telemedicine. COVID-19 pandemic has reinvented telemedicine which is helping not only patients in getting medical advice but also physicians and medical students in attending medical conferences and keep them up to date with advances in their field. After this pandemic end, telemedicine is here to stay along with the age-old personal visit like a hand in gloves.

AbstractSwimming is one of the world’s most popular recreational exercises and sports. Scholastic writings consistently demonstrate their physical and mental benefits. In contrast to earlier works, the current field experiment examined whether an ultrashort 50 m bout of swimming could yield positive changes in affect. It also tested whether swimming aided by steady and augmenting tempo (drumbeats) could generate additional psychological benefits, abbreviate swim time, and increase heart rate and perceived effort. Forty-eight adults completed freestyle or breaststroke 50 m laps in three counterbalanced conditions. The tempo manipulation did not influence any of the measures. However, simmers’ core affect increased as manifested in higher self-reported feeling states and arousal, regardless of the experimental condition. Similarly, participants’ positive affect was also increased after 50 m laps, and it was higher in breaststroke than freestyle swimmers throughout the study. No changes emerged in negative affect due to floor effects. These results show that core and positive affect improve after less than one minute of swimming, which might be the shortest ever exercise interval associated with positive psychological changes in recreational exercise. Several possible explanations could account for these findings. Therefore, further research is needed to identify the specific mechanism(s) responsible for the current results.

Purpose: Music therapy is increasingly being used to address physical, emotional, cognitive, and social needs of individuals. However, publications on the global trends of music therapy using bibliometric analysis are rare. The study aimed to use the CiteSpace software to provide global scientific research about music therapy from 2000 to 2019.Methods: Publications between 2000 and 2019 related to music therapy were searched from the Web of Science (WoS) database. The CiteSpace V software was used to perform co-citation analysis about authors, and visualize the collaborations between countries or regions into a network map. Linear regression was applied to analyze the overall publication trend.Results: In this study, a total of 1,004 studies met the inclusion criteria. These works were written by 2,531 authors from 1,219 institutions. The results revealed that music therapy publications had significant growth over time because the linear regression results revealed that the percentages had a notable increase from 2000 to 2019 (t = 14.621, P &lt; 0.001). The United States had the largest number of published studies (362 publications), along with the following outputs: citations on WoS (5,752), citations per study (15.89), and a high H-index value (37). The three keywords “efficacy,” “health,” and “older adults,” emphasized the research trends in terms of the strongest citation bursts.Conclusions: The overall trend in music therapy is positive. The findings provide useful information for music therapy researchers to identify new directions related to collaborators, popular issues, and research frontiers. The development prospects of music therapy could be expected, and future scholars could pay attention to the clinical significance of music therapy to improve the quality of life of people.

‘Kshar-sutra’ therapy in cases of fistula in ano, despite a long medical history of credentials & conduct, still possess a challenge to medical fraternity in terms of finding a satisfactory cure of the disease. ‘Ksharsutra’ is a popular treatment modality in India for the management of fistula in ano. It works by the action of excision, scraping, draining, penetrating, debridement & sclerosing as well as healing simultaneously without surgical excision. The conventional method to insert a ksharsutra by using a metallic probe through an external opening may cause pain and discomfort to the patients. In some cases, this intervention is not possible without general anesthesia. The Ksharsutra may be inserted through an external opening by using an infant feeding tube (no.5 or 6) with the metallic guide wire to finding out the track easily & keep it in the track steady without causing pain as a day care procedure.

A slash manip is a photo remix that montages visual signs from popular media with those from gay pornography, creating a new cultural artefact. Slash (see Russ) is a fannish practice that homoeroticises the bonds between male media characters and personalities—female pairings are categorised separately as ‘femslash’. Slash has been defined almost exclusively as a female practice. While fandom is indeed “women-centred” (Bury 2), such definitions have a tendency to exclude male contributions. Remix has been well acknowledged in discussions on slash, most notably video remix in relation to slash vids (Kreisinger). Non-written slash forms such as slash vids (see Russo) and slash fanart (see Dennis) have received increased attention in recent years. This article continues the tradition of moving beyond fiction by considering the non-written form of slash manips, yet to receive sustained scholarly attention. Speaking as a practitioner—my slash manips can be found here—I perform textual analysis from an aca–fan (academic and fan) position of two Merlin slash manips by male Tumblr artist wandsinhand. My textual analysis is influenced by Barthes’s use of image semiotics, which he applies to the advertising image. Barthes notes that “all images are polysemous”, that underlying their signifiers they imply “a ‘floating chain’ of signifieds, the reader able to choose some and ignore others” (274). That said, the advertising image, he argues, constructs an “undoubtedly intentional […] signification”, making it ideally suited for analysis (270). By supplementing my analysis with excerpts from two interviews I conducted with wandsinhand in February and April 2013 (quoted here with permission), I support my readings with respect to the artist’s stated ‘intentional reading’. I then contextualise these readings with respect to canon (Merlin) representations and gay pornography—via the chosen sexual acts/positions, bukkake and doggystyle, of the pornographic base models, as selected by the artist. This approach allows me to examine the photo remix qualities of slash manips with respect to the artist’s intentions as well as how artistic choices of inclusion function to anchor meaning in the works. I describe these choices as the ‘semiotic significance of selection’. Together the readings and interviews in this article help illustrate the value of this form and the new avenues it opens for slash scholars, such as consideration of photo remix and male production, and the importance of gay pornography to slash. My interviews also reveal, via the artist’s own assessment of the ‘value’ of his practice, a tendency to devalue or overlook the significance of this particular slash form, affirming a real need for further critical engagement with this under-examined practice. Slash Photo Remix: Famous Faces, Porny Bodies Lessig defines remix culture as based on an activity of “rip, mix and burn” (12–5); while Navas describes it as a “practice of cut/copy and paste” (159)—the latter being more applicable to photo remix. Whereas Lessig is concerned primarily with issues of copyright, Navas is interested in remix’s role in aesthetics and the political economy. Within fan studies, slash vids—a form of video remix—has been a topic of considerable academic interest in recent years. Slash manips—a form of photo or image remix—however, has not attracted the same degree of interest. Stasi’s description of slash as “a non-hierarchical, rich layering of genres” points to the usefulness of slash manips as an embodiment of the process of slash; whereby artists combine, blend and mutate graphic layers from popular media with those from gay pornography. Aesthetics and the slash manip process are central concerns of this article’s consideration of slash photo remix. Slash manips, or slash photo montage, use image manipulation software (Adobe Photoshop being the community standard, see wandsinhand’s tutorial) to layer the heads of male fictional characters from stills or promotional images with scenes—static or moving—from gay pornography. Once an artist has selected pornographic ‘base models’ anatomically suited to canon characters, these models are often then repositioned into the canon universe, which in the case of Merlin means a medieval setting. (Works not repositioned and without added details from canon are generally categorised as ‘male celebrity fakes’ rather than ‘slash manips’.) Stedman contends that while many fan studies scholars are interested in remix, “studies commonly focus on examples of remixed objects rather than the compositional strategies used by remix composers themselves” (107). He advocates moving beyond an exclusive consideration of “text-centred approaches” to also consider “practice-” and “composer-centred” approaches. Such approaches offer insight into “the detailed choices composers actually make when composing” (107). He refers to recognition of the skills required by a remix composer as “remix literacy” (108). This article’s consideration of the various choices and skills that go into the composition of slash manips—what I term the ‘semiotic significance of selection’—is explored with respect to wandsinhand’s practice, coupling my reading—informed by my experience as a practitioner—with the interpretations of the artist himself. Jenkins defines slash as “reaction against” constructions of male sexuality in both popular media and pornography (189). By their very nature, slash manips also make clear the oft-overlooked connections between slash and gay pornography, and in turn the contributions of gay male participants, who are well represented by the form. This contrasts with a tendency within scholarship to compare slash with heterosexual female forms, such as the romance genre (Salmon and Symons). Gay pornography plays a visible role in slash manips—and slash vids, which often remix scenes from popular media with gay cinema and pornography. Slash as Romance, Slash as Pornography Early scholarship on slash (see Russ; Lamb and Veith) defines it as a form of erotica or pornography, by and for women; a reductive definition that fails to take into account men’s contribution, yet one that many researchers continue to adopt today. As stated above, there has also been a tendency within scholarship to align the practice with heterosexual female forms such as the romance genre. Such a tendency is by and large due to theorisation of slash as heterosexual female fantasy—and concerned primarily with romance and intimacy rather than sex (see Woledge). Weinstein describes slash as more a “fascination with” than a “representation of” homosexual relationships (615); while MacDonald makes the point that homosexuality is not a major political motivator for slash (28–9). There is no refuting that slash—along with most fannish practice—is female dominated, ethnographic work and fandom surveys reveal that is the case. However there is great need for research into male production of slash, particularly how such practices might challenge reigning definitions and assumptions of the practice. In similar Japanese practices, for example, gay male opposition to girls’ comics (shōjo) depicting love between ‘pretty boys’ (bishōunen) has been well documented (see Hori)—Men’s Love (or bara) is a subgenre of Boys’ Love (or shōnen’ai) predominately created by gay men seeking a greater connection with the lived reality of gay life (Lunsing). Dennis finds male slash fanart producers more committed to muscular representations and depiction of graphic male/male sex when compared with female-identifying artists (14, 16). He also observes that male fanart artists have a tendency of “valuing same-sex desire without a heterosexual default and placing it within the context of realistic gay relationships” (11). I have observed similar differences between male and female-identifying slash manip artists. Female-identifying Nicci Mac, for example, will often add trousers to her donor bodies, recoding them for a more romantic context. By contrast, male-identifying mythagowood is known for digitally enlarging the penises and rectums of his base models, exaggerating his work’s connection to the pornographic and the macabre. Consider, for example, mythagowood’s rationale for digitally enlarging and importing ‘lips’ for Sam’s (Supernatural) rectum in his work Ass-milk: 2012, which marks the third anniversary of the original: Originally I wasn’t going to give Sammy’s cunt any treatment (before I determined the theme) but when assmilk became the theme I had to go find a good set of lips to slap on him and I figured, it’s been three years, his hole is going to be MUCH bigger. (personal correspondence, used with permission) While mythagowood himself cautions against gendered romance/pornography slash arguments—“I find it annoying that people attribute certain specific aspects of my work to something ‘only a man’ would make.” (ibid.)—gay pornography occupies an important place in the lives of gay men as a means for entertainment, community engagement and identity-construction (see McKee). As one of the only cultural representations available to gay men, Fejes argues that gay pornography plays a crucial role in defining gay male desire and identity. This is confirmed by an Internet survey conducted by Duggan and McCreary that finds 98% of gay participants reporting exposure to pornographic material in the 30-day period prior to the survey. Further, the underground nature of gay pornographic film (see Dyer) aligns it with slash as a subcultural practice. I now analyse two Merlin slash manips with respect to the sexual positions of the pornographic base models, illustrating how gay pornography genres and ideologies referenced through these works enforce their intended meaning, as defined by the artist. A sexual act such as bukkake, as wandsinhand astutely notes, acts as a universal sign and “automatically generates a narrative for the image without anything really needing to be detailed”. Barthes argues that such a “relation between thing signified and image signifying in analogical representation” is unlike language, which has a much more ‘arbitrary’ relationship between signifier and signified (272). Bukkake and the Assertion of Masculine Power in Merlin Merlin (2008–12) is a BBC reimagining of the Arthurian legend that focuses on the coming-of-age of Arthur and his close bond with his manservant Merlin, who keeps his magical identity secret until Arthur’s final stand in the iconic Battle of Camlann. The homosexual potential of Merlin and Arthur’s story—and of magic as a metaphor for homosexuality—is something slash fans were quick to recognise. During question time at the first Merlin cast appearance at the London MCM Expo in October 2008—just one month after the show’s pilot first aired—a fan asked Morgan and James, who portray Merlin and Arthur, is Merlin “meant to be a love story between Arthur and Merlin?” James nods in jest. Wandsinhand, who is most active in the Teen Wolf (2011–present) fandom, has produced two Merlin slash manips to date, a 2013 Merlin/Arthur and a 2012 Arthur/Percival, both untitled. The Merlin/Arthur manip (see Figure 1) depicts Merlin bound and on his knees, Arthur ejaculating across his face and on his chest. Merlin is naked while Arthur is partially clothed in chainmail and armour. They are both bruised and dirty, Arthur’s injuries suggesting battle given his overall appearance, while Merlin’s suggesting abuse, given his subordinate position. The setting appears to be the royal stables, where we know Merlin spends much of his time mucking out Arthur’s horses. I am left to wonder if perhaps Merlin did not carry out this duty to Arthur’s satisfaction, and is now being punished for it; or if Arthur has returned from battle in need of sexual gratification and the endorsement of power that comes from debasing his manservant. Figure 1: wandsinhand, Untitled (Merlin/Arthur), 2013, photo montage. Courtesy the artist. Both readings are supported by Arthur’s ‘spent’ expression of disinterest or mild curiosity, while Merlin’s face emotes pain: crying and squinting through the semen obscuring his vision. The artist confirms this reading in our interview: “Arthur is using his pet Merlin to relieve some stress; Merlin of course not being too pleased about the aftermath, but obedient all the same.” The noun ‘pet’ evokes the sexual connotations of Merlin’s role as Arthur’s personal manservant, while also demoting Merlin even further than usual. He is, in Arthur’s eyes, less than human, a sexual plaything to use and abuse at will. The artist’s statement also confirms that Arthur is acting against Merlin’s will. Violence is certainly represented here, the base models having been ‘marked up’ to depict sexualisation of an already physically and emotionally abusive relationship, their relative positioning and the importation of semen heightening the humiliation. Wandsinhand’s work engages characters in sadomasochistic play, with semen and urine frequently employed to degrade and arouse—“peen wolf”, a reference to watersports, is used within his Teen Wolf practice. The two wandsinhand works analysed in this present article come without words, thus lacking a “linguistic message” (Barthes 273–6). However even so, the artist’s statement and Arthur’s stance over “his pet Merlin” mean we are still able to “skim off” (270) the meanings the image contains. The base models, for example, invite comparison with the ‘gay bukkake’ genre of gay pornography—admittedly with a single dominant male rather than a group. Gay bukkake has become a popular niche in North American gay pornography—it originated in Japan as a male–female act in the 1980s. It describes a ritualistic sexual act where a group of dominant men—often identifying as heterosexual—fuck and debase a homosexual, submissive male, commonly bareback (Durkin et al. 600). The aggression on display in this act—much like the homosocial insistency of men who partake in a ‘circle jerk’ (Mosher 318)—enables the participating men to affirm their masculinity and dominance by degrading the gay male, who is there to service (often on his knees) and receive—in any orifice of the group’s choosing—the men’s semen, and often urine as well. The equivalencies I have made here are based on the ‘performance’ of the bukkake fantasy in gay niche hazing and gay-for-pay pornography genres. These genres are fuelled by antigay sentiment, aggression and debasement of effeminate males (see Kendall). I wish here to resist the temptation of labelling the acts described above as deviant. As is a common problem with anti-pornography arguments, to attempt to fix a practice such as bukkake as deviant and abject—by, for example, equating it to rape (Franklin 24)—is to negate a much more complex consideration of distinctions and ambiguities between force and consent; lived and fantasy; where pleasure is, where it is performed and where it is taken. I extend this desire not to label the manip in question, which by exploiting the masculine posturing of Arthur effectively sexualises canon debasement. This began with the pilot when Arthur says: “Tell me Merlin, do you know how to walk on your knees?” Of the imported imagery—semen, bruising, perspiration—the key signifier is Arthur’s armour which, while torn in places, still ensures the encoding of particular signifieds: masculinity, strength and power. Doggystyle and the Subversion of Arthur’s ‘Armoured Self’ Since the romanticism and chivalric tradition of the knight in shining armour (see Huizinga) men as armoured selves have become a stoic symbol of masculine power and the benchmark for aspirational masculinity. For the medieval knight, armour reflects in its shiny surface the mettle of the man enclosed, imparting a state of ‘bodilessness’ by containing any softness beneath its shielded exterior (Burns 140). Wandsinhand’s Arthur/Percival manip (see Figure 2) subverts Arthur and the symbolism of armour with the help of arguably the only man who can: Arthur’s largest knight Percival. While a minor character among the knights, Percival’s physical presence in the series looms large, and has endeared him to slash manip artists, particularly those with only a casual interest in the series, such as wandsinhand: Why Arthur and Percival were specifically chosen had really little to do with the show’s plot, and in point of fact, I don’t really follow Merlin that closely nor am I an avid fan. […] Choosing Arthur/Percival really was just a matter of taste rather than being contextually based on their characterisations in the television show. Figure 2: wandsinhand, Untitled (Arthur/Percival), 2012, photo montage. Courtesy the artist. Concerning motivation, the artist explains: “Sometimes one’s penis decides to pick the tv show Merlin, and specifically Arthur and Percival.” The popularity of Percival among manip artists illustrates the power of physicality as a visual sign, and the valorisation of size and muscle within the gay community (see Sánchez et al.). Having his armour modified to display his muscles, the implication is that Percival does not need armour, for his body is already hard, impenetrable. He is already suited up, simultaneously man and armoured. Wandsinhand uses the physicality of this character to strip Arthur of his symbolic, masculine power. The work depicts Arthur with a dishevelled expression, his armoured chest pressed against the ground, his chainmail hitched up at the back to expose his arse, Percival threading his unsheathed cock inside him, staring expressionless at the ‘viewer’. The artist explains he “was trying to show a shift of power”: I was also hinting at some sign of struggle, which is somewhat evident on Arthur’s face too. […] I think the expressions work in concert to suggest […] a power reversal that leaves Arthur on the bottom, a position he’s not entirely comfortable accepting. There is pleasure to be had in seeing the “cocky” Arthur forcefully penetrated, “cut down to size by a bigger man” (wandsinhand). The two assume the ‘doggystyle’ position, an impersonal sexual position, without eye contact and where the penetrator sets the rhythm and intensity of each thrust. Scholars have argued that the position is degrading to the passive party, who is dehumanised by the act, a ‘dog’ (Dworkin 27); and rapper Snoop ‘Doggy’ Dogg exploits the misogynistic connotations of the position on his record Doggystyle (see Armstrong). Wandsinhand is clear in his intent to depict forceful domination of Arthur. Struggle is signified through the addition of perspiration, a trademark device used by this artist to symbolise struggle. Domination in a sexual act involves the erasure of the wishes of the dominated partner (see Cowan and Dunn). To attune oneself to the pleasures of a sexual partner is to regard them as a subject. To ignore such pleasures is to degrade the other person. The artist’s choice of pairing embraces the physicality of the male/male bond and illustrates a tendency among manip producers to privilege conventional masculine identifiers—such as size and muscle—above symbolic, nonphysical identifiers, such as status and rank. It is worth noting that muscle is more readily available in the pornographic source material used in slash manips—muscularity being a recurrent component of gay pornography (see Duggan and McCreary). In my interview with manip artist simontheduck, he describes the difficulty he had sourcing a base image “that complimented the physicality of the [Merlin] characters. […] The actor that plays Merlin is fairly thin while Arthur is pretty built, it was difficult to find one. I even had to edit Merlin’s body down further in the end.” (personal correspondence, used with permission) As wandsinhand explains, “you’re basically limited by what’s available on the internet, and even then, only what you’re prepared to sift through or screencap yourself”. Wandsinhand’s Arthur/Percival pairing selection works in tandem with other artistic decisions and inclusions—sexual position, setting, expressions, effects (perspiration, lighting)—to ensure the intended reading of the work. Antithetical size and rank positions play out in the penetration/submission act of wandsinhand’s work, in which only the stronger of the two may come out ‘on top’. Percival subverts the symbolic power structures of prince/knight, asserting his physical, sexual dominance over the physically inferior Arthur. That such a construction of Percival is incongruent with the polite, impeded-by-my-size-and-muscle-density Percival of the series speaks to the circumstances of manip production, much of which is on a taste basis, as previously noted. There are of course exceptions to this, the Teen Wolf ‘Sterek’ (Stiles/Derek) pairing being wandsinhand’s, but even in this case, size tends to couple with penetration. Slash manips often privilege physicality of the characters in question—as well as the base models selected—above any particular canon-supported slash reading. (Of course, the ‘queering’ nature of slash practice means at times there is also a desire to see such identifiers subverted, however in this example, raw masculine power prevails.) This final point is in no way representative—my practice, for example, combines manips with ficlets to offer a clearer connection with canon, while LJ’s zdae69 integrates manips, fiction and comics. However, common across slash manip artists driven by taste—and requests—rather than connection with canon—the best known being LJ’s tw-31988, demon48180 and Tumblr’s lwoodsmalestarsfakes, all of whom work across many fandoms—is interest in the ‘aesthetics of canon’, the blue hues of Teen Wolf or the fluorescent greens of Arrow (2012–present), displayed in glossy magazine format using services such as ISSUU. In short, ‘the look’ of the work often takes precedent over canonical implications of any artistic decisions. “Nothing Too Serious”: Slash Manips as Objects Worth Studying It had long been believed that the popular was the transient, that of entertainment rather than enlightenment; that which is manufactured, “an appendage of the machinery”, consumed by the duped masses and a product not of culture but of a ‘culture industry’ (Adorno and Rabinbach 12). Scholars such as Radway, Ang pioneered a shift in scholarly practice, advancing the cultural studies project by challenging elitism and finding meaning in traditionally devalued cultural texts and practices. The most surprising outcome of my interviews with wandsinhand was hearing how he conceived of his practice, and the study of slash: If I knew I could get a PhD by writing a dissertation on Slash, I would probably drop out of my physics papers! […] I don’t really think too highly of faking/manip-making. I mean, it’s not like it’s high art, is it? … or is it? I guess if Duchamp’s toilet can be a masterpiece, then so can anything. But I mainly just do it to pass the time, materialise fantasies, and disperse my fantasies unto others. Nothing too serious. Wandsinhand erects various binaries—academic/fan, important/trivial, science/arts, high art/low art, profession/hobby, reality/fantasy, serious/frivolous—as justification to devalue his own artistic practice. Yet embracing the amateur, personal nature of his practice frees him to “materialise fantasies” that would perhaps not be possible without self-imposed, underground production. This is certainly supported by his body of work, which plays with taboos of the unseen, of bodily fluids and sadomasochism. My intention with this article is not to contravene views such as wandsinhand’s. Rather, it is to promote slash manips as a form of remix culture that encourages new perspectives on how slash has been defined, its connection with male producers and its symbiotic relationship with gay pornography. I have examined the ‘semiotic significance of selection’ that creates meaning in two contrary slash manips; how these works actualise and resist canon dominance, as it relates to the physical and the symbolic. This examination also offers insight into this form’s connection to and negotiation with certain ideologies of gay pornography, such as the valorisation of size and muscle. 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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is commonly a neurodevelopmental behavioural disorder in children and adolescents. Mainly characterized by symptoms like lack of attention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness, it can impact the overall mental development of the one affected. Several factors, both genetic and non-genetic, can be responsible for this disorder. Although several traditional treatment methods involve medication and other counselling techniques, they also come with different side effects. Hence, the choice is now shifting to alternative treatment techniques. Herbal treatments are considered one of the most popular complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) administered. However, issues related to the safety and efficacy of herbal remedies for the treatment of ADHD need to be investigated further. This study aims to find out the recent advancement in evidence-based use of herbal remedies for ADHD by a comprehensive and systematic review that depicts the results of the published works on herbal therapy for the disorder. The electronic databases and the references retrieved from the included studies present related randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and open-label studies. Seven RCTs involving children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD met the inclusion criteria. There is a fair indication of the efficacy and safety of Melissa officinalis L., Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst., Matricaria chamomilla L., and Valeriana officinalis L. from the studies evaluated in this systematic review for the treatment of various symptoms of ADHD. Limited evidence was found for Ginkgo biloba L. and pine bark extract. However, various other preparations from other plants did not show significant efficacy. There is inadequate proof to strongly support and recommend the administration of herbal medicines for ADHD, but more research is needed in the relevant field to popularize the alternative treatment approach.

Abstract Background Tea trees originated in southwest China 60 million or 70 million years ago. Written records show that Chinese ancestors had begun drinking tea over 3000 years ago. Nowadays, with the aging of populations worldwide and more people suffering from non-communicable diseases or poor health, tea beverages have become an inexpensive and fine complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapy. At present, there are 3 billion people who like to drink tea in the world, but few of them actually understand tea, especially on its development process and the spiritual and cultural connotations. Methods We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, CNKI, and other relevant platforms with the key word “tea”, and reviewed and analyzed tea-related literatures and pictures in the past 40 years about tea’s history, culture, customs, experimental studies, and markets. Results China is the hometown of tea, tea trees, tea drinking, and tea culture. China has the oldest wild and planted tea trees in the world, fossil of a tea leaf from 35,400,000 years ago, and abundant tea-related literatures and art works. Moreover, tea may be the first Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) used by Chinese people in ancient times. Tea drinking has many benefits to our physical health via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immuno-regulatory, anticancer, cardiovascular-protective, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity activities. At the moment, COVID-19 is wreaking havoc across the globe and causing severe damages to people’s health and lives. Tea has anti-COVID-19 functions via the enhancement of the innate immune response and inhibition of viral growth. Besides, drinking tea can allow people to acquire a peaceful, relaxed, refreshed and cheerful enjoyment, and even longevity. According to the meridian theory of traditional Chinese medicine, different kinds of tea can activate different meridian systems in the human body. At present, black tea (fermented tea) and green tea (non-fermented tea) are the most popular in the world. Black tea accounts for over 90% of all teas sold in western countries. The world’s top-grade black teas include Qi Men black in China, Darjeeling and Assam black tea in India, and Uva black tea in Sri Lanka. However, all top ten famous green teas in the world are produced in China, and Xi Hu Long Jing tea is the most famous among all green teas. More than 700 different kinds of components and 27 mineral elements can be found in tea. Tea polyphenols and theaflavin/thearubigins are considered to be the major bioactive components of black tea and green tea, respectively. Overly strong or overheated tea liquid should be avoided when drinking tea. Conclusions Today, CAM provides an array of treatment modalities for the health promotion in both developed and developing countries all over the world. Tea drinking, a simple herb-based CAM therapy, has become a popular man-made non-alcoholic beverage widely consumed worldwide, and it can improve the growth of economy as well. Tea can improve our physical and mental health and promote the harmonious development of society through its chemical and cultural elements.