Journal articles: 'Nepali Architecture'

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Sharma, Yam Prasad. "Nepali Art: Thoughts & Musings by Madan Chitrakar Review." SIRJANĀ – A Journal on Arts and Art Education 8, no. 1 (2022): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sirjana.v8i1.46663.

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Madan Chitrakar's Nepali Art: Thoughts & Musings presents a mosaic of Nepali art including research articles on Nepali paintings, sculptures and architecture. He has traced the native cultural roots and myths in the artworks including the connection of traditionand modernity. Thematic undercurrents along with stylistic innovation have been presented in flowing language of the veteran art writer and critic. The work points out the different dimensions of Nepali aesthetics. The essays are representative of certain genres, forms and issues. To have the view of holistic picture of Nepal art, more explorations in the uncovered issues are expected from the author.

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Shah, Krishna Bikram, Kiran Kumar Chaudhary, and Ashmita Ghimire. "Nepali Text to Speech Synthesis System using FreeTTS." SCITECH Nepal 13, no. 1 (2018): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/scitech.v13i1.23498.

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This paper confers the tools and methodology used in developing a Nepali Text to Speech Synthesis System using FreeTTS and is entirely developed in Java and uses FreeTTS synthesize1: Vocalized form of human communication is Speech. Here the Nepali Language is Synthetized based on formant approach and the use of one of the popular generic frameworks FreeTTS that is available in public domain for the development of a TTS system. The Text To Speech Architecture has been developed putting more emphasis on the Natural Language Processing (NLP) component rather than Digital Signal Processing (DSP) component. Nepali language being mostly used language in Nepal and some parts of India and abroad, a text-to-speech (TTS} synthesizer for this language will prove to be a convenient tool and communication technology (JCT) based system to aid to those majorities of people who are illiterate and also to those who are physical impairments like visually handicapped and vocally disabled persons. This ability to convert text to voice may reduce the dependency, frustration, and sense of helplessness of these people. The system can be extended to include more features such as emotions, improved tokenization, interactive options and the use of minimal database.

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MIYAUCHI, Anri, Naohiko YAMAMOTO, Masaya MASUI, Yuko SUZUKI, Yoichi MUKAI, and Ram SUWAL. "THE METHOD FOR REVEALING AND VERIFYING ON THE FORMATIONAL PROCESS OF URBAN BLOCKS IN NEPALI HISTORICAL CITIES." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 28, no. 70 (2022): 1414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.28.1414.

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Armengol-Estapé, Jordi, and Marta R. Costa-jussà. "Semantic and syntactic information for neural machine translation." Machine Translation 35, no. 1 (2021): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10590-021-09264-2.

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AbstractIntroducing factors such as linguistic features has long been proposed in machine translation to improve the quality of translations. More recently, factored machine translation has proven to still be useful in the case of sequence-to-sequence systems. In this work, we investigate whether this gains hold in the case of the state-of-the-art architecture in neural machine translation, the Transformer, instead of recurrent architectures. We propose a new model, the Factored Transformer, to introduce an arbitrary number of word features in the source sequence in an attentional system. Specifically, we suggest two variants depending on the level at which the features are injected. Moreover, we suggest two combination mechanisms for the word features and words themselves. We experiment both with classical linguistic features and semantic features extracted from a linked data database, and with two low-resource datasets. With the best-found configuration, we show improvements of 0.8 BLEU over the baseline Transformer in the IWSLT German-to-English task. Moreover, we experiment with the more challenging FLoRes English-to-Nepali benchmark, which includes both low-resource and very distant languages, and obtain an improvement of 1.2 BLEU. These improvements are achieved with linguistic and not with semantic information.

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Thapa, Rena. "Rhythm in Architecture: an Aesthetic Appeal." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 13, no. 1 (2018): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v13i1.20368.

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It is a discourse that exhibits the presence of rhythm in visual art, especially the architecture that holds strong aesthetic appeal. In this paper, the introduction part focuses on how rhythm generally reinforces aesthetic experiences in human sensory. Rhythm in architecture means recurrence of elements such as lines, shapes, forms or colors resulting on organized movement in space and time. I have taken the best analogy and examples of rhythm present in nature which has been formulated by scientist as Fibonacci number. I have tried to show architectures incorporating rhythm in different epoch of human civilization around the globe that have been popular and remarkable till the date. These architectural monuments have become aesthetic timeless entity, such as pyramids in Egypt, Parthenon in Greece, gothic architecture of medieval Europe, Tajmahal in India, Hindu temples and Buddha stupas in Nepal etc. Similarly modern architecture has been in equal focus in this article despite its unique and functional structures. The paper has been concluded with the strong statement that however the sense of beauty is shaped by cultural experience, rhythm is frequently desired with architectural compositions. These qualities are often universally admired and celebrated irrespective of time and place.Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2017, 13(1): 206-214

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Castilla, F. J., J. Agulló, and J. Castellote. "CHARACTERIZATION AND PROPOSALS FOR RECOVERY OF TRADITIONAL TAMANG CONSTRUCTION IN NORTHERN NEPAL." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-115-2020.

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Abstract. This article is the result of the work of four years of field trips (2016-2019) to the village of Gatlang (Nepal) and visits to some of the surrounding villages in the Rasuwa district. This area is mainly inhabited by Tamang, of Buddhist culture and of distant Mongolian origin. The architecture of the Tamang ethnic group is unique although shares some common characteristics with other mountain or isolated architectures around the world. Due to its difficult access and remote location of these communities, the architecture uses mostly local materials (stone and wood). Although this characteristic is common to many other communities of the Himalayan mountain range, even today it is possible to differentiate architectural styles associated with ethnic groups in different regions. The primitive state of these constructions is progressively altered by the inclusion of new materials, especially in areas affected by earthquakes, such as this one, where the urgency and need to guarantee the safety of new constructions has resulted in disparate and uncontrolled reconstructions. The article aims to identify and analyze Tamang vernacular architecture constructions, their invariants, and gain in-depth knowledge of their general behavior when faced with environmental factors, as well as conservation possibilities. The final objective is to promote the recovery of this architecture, guaranteeing its structural safety and adapting it to the current habitability needs, but trying to maintain the typological invariants that preserve its value as a set of historical, cultural and tourist interests, which form part of the Tamang Heritage Trail.

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Adhikari, Surabhi, Surendrabikram Thapa, Usman Naseem, et al. "Exploiting linguistic information from Nepali transcripts for early detection of Alzheimer's disease using natural language processing and machine learning techniques." International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 160 (April 2022): 102761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2021.102761.

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Kumar Mishra, Anjay. "Managerial Roles in Architectural/ Engineering Consulting Firms of Nepal." Journal of Advanced Research in Civil and Environmental Engineering 06, no. 01 (2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2393.8307.201901.

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Khatri, Dil B. "Is REDD+ Redefining Forest Governance in Nepal?" Journal of Forest and Livelihood 10, no. 1 (2013): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v10i1.8602.

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In this paper, I argue that the Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and enhancing forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD)+ readiness process in Nepal has reconfigured forest governance in subtle ways and posed risks of its recentralization. Powerful actors, especially the government, consultants and donor entities, have influenced the REDD+ process and policy debates, and have jointly marginalized local communities and civil society organizations (CSOs). This paper reveals that Nepal’s REDD+ architecture is primarily shaped by imperatives and ambiguities in the international negotiations and funding mechanisms. Building on the theoretical frameworks of institutional interplay, cross-scale institutional linkages, and institutional design, this paper analyses how interplay and interactions of national institutions and stakeholders influence the REDD+ readiness process, its emerging institutional architecture, and decentralized forest governance. The analysis has been informed by evidence from the author's own research and engagement in REDD+ policy processes in Nepal. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v10i1.8602 Journal of Forestry and Livelihood Vol.10(1) 2012 74-87

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Paul, Robert A., and Katherine D. Blair. "Four Villages: Architecture in Nepal." Anthropologica 30, no. 1 (1988): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25605255.

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Keyal, Hema, and Yuan Shu Wan. "Shikhara Style Temples and its Importance in Nepal." Journal of Indian Philosophy and Religion 24 (2019): 108–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jipr2019245.

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The design of Hindu temple follows the design of vastupurusha-mandala as described in several Hindu texts on architecture. The design of temple is divided into ground plan and vertical alignment, the superstructure. Herein the present study, our focus is on architecture of the superstructure, especially Shikhara style of superstmcture, in the temple of Nepal. Shikhara style architecture came into Nepal from Lidia over a millennium ago. The purpose of this research is to understand the significance of Shikhara Style temples in the capital of Nepal, the Kathmandu valley. The first segment of the study reports the overall architecture of Hindu temple and then the common styles of architecture of superstructure (vertical alignment/tower) applied in building the temples in Nepal, which involves the Shikhara Style, the Pagoda Style, and the Stupa Style. The Shikhara style architecture is described in detail while other two are briefly discussed. The second segment of the study introduces some of the recognized temples of the Kathmandu valley that have Shikhara style architecture. And finally summing up everything, the conclusion of this research tries to recognize, acknowledge and bring to the fore the significance of Shikhara style temples in Nepal and also wrap the research by understanding the concept of architecture through pre-ancient perspective.

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Adhikary, Nripal. "Vernacular architecture in post-earthquake Nepal." International Journal of Environmental Studies 73, no. 4 (2016): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2016.1179011.

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Forbes, Catherine. "Rebuilding Nepal: traditional and modern approaches, building or diminishing resilience?" International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 9, no. 3 (2018): 218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-01-2017-0001.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of vernacular architecture and traditional knowledge to building resilience in Nepal and the impact of modernisation on that resilience and architectural diversity. Design/methodology/approach Using an action research approach, including field observations and discussions with local community members, artisans, architects, engineers and other international experts, the study examines the resilience of traditional building typologies to natural hazards in Nepal, including earthquake; the changes that have occurred over time leading to the failure and/or rejection of traditional construction; and a review of post-earthquake reconstruction options, both traditional and modern. Findings Although traditional approaches have been cyclically tested over time, this study found that changes in building materials, technologies, knowledge and skills, access to resources, maintenance practices, urban environments and societal aspirations have all contributed to the popular rejection of vernacular architecture following the earthquakes. Research limitations/implications The research is limited to traditional timber and masonry construction in the Kathmandu Valley and surrounding mountain areas. Practical implications To improve resilience the study identifies the need for capacity building in both traditional and modern construction technologies; adoption of approaches that use local materials, knowledge and skills, whilst addressing local timber shortages and access issues; a transparent construction certification system; good drainage; and regular maintenance. Originality/value The study critically evaluates the impact of technological, environmental, social and economic changes over time on the resilience of vernacular housing in Nepal.

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Khatiwoda, Naba Raj, and Babu R. Dawadi. "A study on FTTH implementation and migration in Nepal." Journal of Engineering Issues and Solutions 1, no. 1 (2021): 174–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/joeis.v1i1.36836.

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The increasing demand of high speed data results into extensive enhancement on different telecommunication technologies through wireline and wireless technologies. Optical Fiber technology is being popular for fixed broadband technologies and for backhaul network data for network convergence and media device interaction. Fiber to the home (FTTH) is gaining momentum of deployments in many countries all around the world. Passive optical network (PON) utilizes point to multipoint (P2MP) topology and is becoming suitable, cost effective, and promising solutions as compared to existing copper based telecommunication infrastructure. PON architecture is cheaper than other architectures due to dynamic bandwidth allocation and common resources that can be used by different subscribers and especially for home subscribers. This paper presents a study on the effective deployment of PON based FTTH network at Nepal by referring the deployment scenario of Nepal Telecom (NT), while this network design, deployment, and implementation provides a lesson learn for cost effective deployment of such network to other stakeholders of developing countries having similar territory and implementation challenges.

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Monecke, Katrin, Jutta Winsemann, and Jörg Hanisch. "Facies architecture of Late Quaternary alluvial terraces, Upper Kali Gandaki Valley (West Nepal)." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 151, no. 1-2 (2000): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zdgg/151/2000/59.

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Bishwakarma, Kirpa Ram, and Yasoda Basnet. "Potentialities and Promotion of Tourism in Dailekh District, Nepal." Journal of Tourism & Adventure 1, no. 1 (2018): 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jota.v1i1.22752.

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This paper argues tourism represents dynamic mobility of persons from place to places to know lifestyle, culture and civility of the particular places of interests. It plays significant roles in transforming lifestyle and comprehension. It is a smokeless industry, which contributes abundance in recessive aspects of culture and economic enhancement. Comprehending one’s culture and access in basic human development infrastructures denote with the influx of tourists and their mobility. Advanced tourism discloses potentialities of inaccessible places and makes strong ties with dimensional social aspects promoting art, culture and architecture. Dailekh fosters valuable natural, architectural, religious and cultural heritages that remain undisclosed to the external societies. Th e methodology of study was focus group discussion and personal communication incorporated to the secondary sources. The creative capacity of people and the pilgrimage tourism can create best income opportunities to the fellow citizens with the rational blend of nature, human skills and social capital. Natural beauty with conglomeration of several caste and ethnicity tempts the visitors so that the rational management of the tourist sites, cultural heritages and the places of interests like Sheersthan, Navisthan, Dhuleshwor, Padukasthan and Kotila could foster pilgrimage tourism and contribute to state development.

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Badal, Bharat Prasad. "Cultural Tourism: A Review of Karnali." Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies 4, no. 2 (2021): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/rnjds.v4i2.42682.

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“Cultural Tourism: A review of Karnali” is the collection of facts of interesting cultural tourism attractions of Karnali province of Nepal. If there is heaven, it exists in Karnali. Its natural and cultural attractions accommodate a wonderland to visit. The paper is focused on the cultural attractions of Karnali Province. To generalize the facts of culture of Karnali from tourism perspective the study has been conducted. It is the scientific but descriptive literature review of available sources. The paper will be a perfect guideline for field researchers of cultural tourism in Karnali. In conclusion, Nepal is one of the pristine center of natural and cultural tourism attraction. Nepal’s most beautiful natural and cultural attraction is Karnali. There are around 30% of Khasaryan population in Nepal, literally originated from Khasasn kingdom. Karnali stakeholders must analyze the sentiment of Khasaryan of their ancestral kingdom with different programs and invitations. Karnali tourism is a set of distinctive material, intellectual, spiritual and emotional features of the society. It encompasses arts and architecture, historical and cultural heritage, literature, music, and the living cultures with their lifestyles, value systems, beliefs and traditions of Karnali. Specifically culture of Khasaryan, Mashto worship, Deuda, Himalayan Buddhism, Rara and pilgrimage to Kailash Mansarovar are the prominent cultural attractions of Karnali.

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Badal, B. P. "Karnali Tourism: Natural Attractions." Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies 5, no. 1 (2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/rnjds.v5i1.45949.

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“Karnali Tourism: Natural Attraction” is a general literature review of referenced sources. It is a collection of facts about pristine or virgin tourist attractions in the Karnali province of Nepal. Its natural attractions accommodate a wonderland to visit and enjoy life. The paper is focused on the natural attractions of Karnali Province. To generalize the facts of the Nature of Karnali from a tourism perspective a study has been conducted. It is the scientific but descriptive literature review of available sources. The paper will be a guideline for field researchers of tourism in Karnali. Nepal is one of the pristine centers of tourism attraction. Nepal’s most beautiful natural attraction is Karnali. Karnali tourism is a set of distinctive material, intellectual, spiritual, and emotional features of society. It encompasses arts and architecture, historical and cultural heritage, literature, music, and the living cultures with their lifestyles, value systems, beliefs, and traditions of Karnali. Karnali is one of the most beautiful landscapes. It is still a virgin in many aspects of exploration. It is one of the most visiting places in life.

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Meena, Sansar Raj, Lucas Pedrosa Soares, Carlos H. Grohmann, et al. "Landslide detection in the Himalayas using machine learning algorithms and U-Net." Landslides 19, no. 5 (2022): 1209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-022-01861-3.

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AbstractEvent-based landslide inventories are essential sources to broaden our understanding of the causal relationship between triggering events and the occurring landslides. Moreover, detailed inventories are crucial for the succeeding phases of landslide risk studies like susceptibility and hazard assessment. The openly available inventories differ in the quality and completeness levels. Event-based landslide inventories are created based on manual interpretation, and there can be significant differences in the mapping preferences among interpreters. To address this issue, we used two different datasets to analyze the potential of U-Net and machine learning approaches for automated landslide detection in the Himalayas. Dataset-1 is composed of five optical bands from the RapidEye satellite imagery. Dataset-2 is composed of the RapidEye optical data, and ALOS-PALSAR derived topographical data. We used a small dataset consisting of 239 samples acquired from several training zones and one testing zone to evaluate our models’ performance using the fully convolutional U-Net model, Support Vector Machines (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor, and the Random Forest (RF). We created thirty-two different maps to evaluate and understand the implications of different sample patch sizes and their effect on the accuracy of landslide detection in the study area. The results were then compared against the manually interpreted inventory compiled using fieldwork and visual interpretation of the RapidEye satellite image. We used accuracy assessment metrics such as F1-score, Precision, Recall, and Mathews Correlation Coefficient (MCC). In the context of the Nepali Himalayas, employing RapidEye images and machine learning models, a viable patch size was investigated. The U-Net model trained with 128 × 128 pixel patch size yields the best MCC results (76.59%) with the dataset-1. The added information from the digital elevation model benefited the overall detection of landslides. However, it does not improve the model’s overall accuracy but helps differentiate human settlement areas and river sand bars. In this study, the U-Net achieved slightly better results than other machine learning approaches. Although it can depend on architecture of the U-Net model and the complexity of the geographical features in the imagery, the U-Net model is still preliminary in the domain of landslide detection. There is very little literature available related to the use of U-Net for landslide detection. This study is one of the first efforts of using U-Net for landslide detection in the Himalayas. Nevertheless, U-Net has the potential to improve further automated landslide detection in the future for varied topographical and geomorphological scenes.

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Bernier, Ronald M., and Katherine D. Blair. "4 Villages: Architecture in Nepal. Studies of Village Life." Journal of the American Oriental Society 106, no. 4 (1986): 850. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/603572.

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Gmińska-Nowak, Barbara, Achyut Tiwari, and Tomasz Ważny. "Gönpa Gang—The First Application of Dendrochronological Dating to Study the Traditional Architecture of Upper Mustang (Nepal)." Forests 13, no. 1 (2022): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13010095.

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Gönpa Gang is an example of the traditional Buddhist architecture of Upper Mustang. It is also the first monument in Upper Mustang to be studied using the dendrochronological dating method. The gönpa is a two-story building of imposing size, made from simple elements of Tibetan architecture, namely masonry walls, timber posts, and beams. A total of 14 samples were collected from elements on both the ground and the first floor. The limited number of samples results from the cultural and religious character of the object under study. Only the elements consistent with the structure and the space arrangement, interpreted as original features, were examined. Microscopic observation and the analysis of the anatomical features of all 14 samples resulted in the identification of Himalayan pine (blue pine), Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks. Intra-annual density fluctuation, false rings, and missing rings were detected. From 14 samples collected in Gönpa Gang, 18 series were worked out. Thus, 15 series from 12 samples were synchronized and used for the development of the mean chronology, UMGG_m, with a total length of 160 rings. The chronology covers the period from 1524 to 1683. Examination of the Gang Gönpa wood resulted in the age determination of 13 elements. The results were compared with architectural stratification by Harrison and historical data from written sources. The timber used in the gönpa comes from the Southern Mustang area. The examined wood demonstrates a correlation with the timber used in the Upper Mustang historical buildings further north.

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Nyaupane, Bal Krishna, Rupesh Kumar Sah, and Kiran Chandra Dahal. "SVM, KNN, Random Forest, and Neural Network based Handwritten Nepali Barnamala Recognition." Journal of Innovations in Engineering Education 4, no. 2 (2021): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jiee.v4i2.38254.

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Nepali Barnamala consists 36 consonants, 12 vowels and 10 Nepali digits. Among them, this paper uses the 36 consonants and 10 Nepali digits for the recognition using machine learning based algorithm mainly: Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Random Forest (RF) and several architectures of neural networks. In this paper, different kernel tricks of SVM with different regularization parameters has been used to train model and has compared their accuracy and F1-score. In KNN, accuracy and F1-score are compared with different values of K and distance matric. In Neural Networks, training accuracy, training loss, validation accuracy, and validation loss are compared with different number of hidden layers regularization parameters and learning rate. Different hyperparameter of random forest are changed and compared to their corresponding result. This paper uses the Kaggle dataset of school students’ Nepali handwritten characters. The dataset is CSV format with 78,200 rows for forty-six different classes with 1024 (32*32 image size) columns plus one column for label of characters for training and 13,800 rows for testing. For handwritten Nepali Barnamala recognition, the best average accuracy is 93.51% of neural networks with four hidden layers.

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Thapa, Shree Hari. "School of Nepalese Architecture." Journal of Innovations in Engineering Education 2, no. 1 (2019): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jiee.v2i1.36674.

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Architecture is an art of creation for the shelter of human beings. The shelter is called a secured place by the fierce animals, natural calamity, and with complete privacy. The school of architecture is distinguished in its use of construction material, skill, techniques, technology, form including the aspiration of the human being on the geographical strata. The technology and tradition of the construction of a building with certain forms and pattern are influenced by the climate, time, situation, and native construction material. Similarly, the migrants, traders, pilgrimage and travelers had transferred knowledge of tradition and technology with the principle of design philosophy from one place to another. The local or indigenous peoples, who lived or inhabit in the region with climate and geological strata, house form and pattern is varied due to the availability of indigenous construction material. The settlement pattern and the design philosophy of the houses in Nepal are geographically divided into three different regions due to its distinctive ways of construction.

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Daryn, Gil. "Domestic mandala: architecture of lifeworlds in Nepal – By John Gray." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 14, no. 1 (2008): 202–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2007.00485_2.x.

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Goscombe, Ben, David Gray, and Martin Hand. "Crustal architecture of the Himalayan metamorphic front in eastern Nepal." Gondwana Research 10, no. 3-4 (2006): 232–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2006.05.003.

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Mosca, Pietro, Chiara Grappo, and Franco Rolfo. "Geological and Structural Architecture of the Kanchenjunga Region, Eastern Nepal." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 43 (November 1, 2011): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v43i0.24509.

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Alcázar, Iliana Ortega. "Domestic Mandala: Architecture of Lifeworlds in Nepal ? By J. Gray." British Journal of Sociology 58, no. 2 (2007): 324–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2007.00153_6.x.

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Bodach, Susanne, Werner Lang, and Johannes Hamhaber. "Climate responsive building design strategies of vernacular architecture in Nepal." Energy and Buildings 81 (October 2014): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.06.022.

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Mazereeuw, Miho, Aditya Barve, and Lizzie Yarina. "PrepHub Nepal." Journal of Architectural Education 74, no. 1 (2020): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10464883.2020.1693832.

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Bhujel, Susant, and Subarna Shakya. "Rice Leaf Diseases Classification Using Discriminative Fine Tuning and CLR on EfficientNet." Journal of Soft Computing Paradigm 4, no. 3 (2022): 172–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jscp.2022.3.006.

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Rice cultivation in Nepal is effect by many factors, one of the main factor is rice leaf diseases which limits the crops production. Image classification of rice leaf classify different rice leaf diseases. Image dataset of rice leaf diseases is taken from open source platform. Pre-processing of image is done which is followed by feature extraction and classification of images. This thesis presents image classification of rice leaf diseases into four classes, namely: Brown Spot, Healthy, Hispa, Leaf Blast using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture EfficicentNet-B0 and EfficicentNet-B3 based on fine-tuning with cyclical learning rate and based on discriminative fine-tuning. It is found that the test accuracy of EfficientNet-B0 is 81.96% and EfficientNet-B3 is 85.12% based on fine-tuning with cyclical learning rate and the test accuracy of EfficienNet-B0 is 83.99% and EfficientNet-B3 is 89.18% based on discriminative fine-tuning for 15 epochs. The results also conclude that the CNN architectures work better with discriminative fine-tuning than on fine-tuning with cyclical learning rate. The classification models of EfficicentNet-B0 and EfficicentNet-B3 are evaluated by recall, precision and F1-score metrics.

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Bhatta, Kishan Datta. "Exploring Socio-cultural Impacts of Ecotourism in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal." Journal of Engineering Technology and Planning 1 (December 1, 2019): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/joetp.v1i0.38245.

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Ecotourism is supposed to be culturally respectful and an agent to enhance indigenous values, culture and heritage conservation through ethical and responsible approach of development. Acknowledging its potential benefits, developing countries like Nepal have promoted ecotourism as a benign and alternative strategy to attract foreign capital particularly by showing indigenous culture, heritage and environmental resources to the tourists. However, in reality, ecotourism has also demonstrated its short-comings that have caused severe environmental damage and socio-cultural problems. In this regard, by adopting multiple techniques of data collection such as survey with households, interview with key informants, participant observation and archival study, this paper examines the role of ecotourism in the conservation of local culture and heritage, and explores the perceived socio-cultural impacts of ecotourism development in the Annapurna Sanctuary Trail in Annapurna region. Research Findings reveal that ecotourism has induced both positive and negative consequences on the local culture and social life. On one hand, social facilities and infrastructure such as road, school, health post, drinking water, and tele-communication have been improved in the settlements along the trail. On the other hand, local culture, traditions and architectural heritage have been threatened by the tourism development. The key objective of ecotourism i.e. conservation of local heritage and culture, is not fully achieved, however local people perceived significant benefits in terms of conservation of biodiversity and economic benefits. The lack of control on the construction of private buildings, and no specific attention on the vernacular architecture, and local cultural practices has pushed communities towards crisis of cultural identity. It recommends to the relevant stakeholders, specifically the government, for adopting comprehensive policies of ecotourism development particularly to promote cultural heritage conservation and sustainability in the region.

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Wilburn, Hugh. "The Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust: a Nepal architecture archive at Harvard University." Art Libraries Journal 32, no. 3 (2007): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200014929.

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The papers of the Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust are one result of the passion of Harvard University Professor Emeritus Eduard F. Sekler. In the 1960s he witnessed the encroachments of progress and the associated threat to buildings in the royal and religious centers of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal, and co-founded the Trust in 1990 with others interested in documenting the sites and restoring the buildings. The Trust has restored numerous temples, guesthouses, townhouses and shrines in Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur, and in the process has generated vital documentation including measured drawings, photographs, contextual materials, planning reports and feasibility studies. Threats to this material from the natural environment and political turmoil, as well as longstanding ties to Harvard of several of its members, led the Trust to approach the Frances Loeb Library at the University’s Graduate School of Design, where as a result the archive will be housed. The infrastructure developed by Harvard University Library will be used to create a virtual archive available worldwide on the web, as well as a parallel paper archive to be maintained by the Trust in Nepal.

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Mahato, Shiva Prasad. "Dynamic cluster management and resource utilization using JINI technology." Journal of Science and Engineering 5 (August 31, 2018): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jsce.v5i0.22367.

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With the commencement of Electronic Transaction Act, Nepal has taken further step in the field of information and communication technology. With government offices nowadays starting to use computers; there lies ahead many challenges to maximize the utilization of computing resources offered by each computer and minimize the overall cost. With many computers, so many idle resources are being wasted unnecessarily. Jobs can be distributed out to idle servers or even to idle desktops. Many of these resources remain idle during office hours off or even during office hours with many users utilizing the computing as well as memory resources. The proposed model not only utilizes resources to optimum but also makes the architecture more modular, adaptive and then provides dynamic fail over recovery and linear scalability. This approach is useful in a place which requires clusters to set up to perform resource intensive works like data processing or computing works. This model can be realized using JINI/Java Space technology which is open source technology and hence, can be cost effective as compared to other proprietary solutions. The motivating factor of this paper is to understand and identify the architectural constraint in the existing distributed application.

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Häberle, Jonas Raphael, and Jagat Kumar Shrestha. "Architectural and Structural Analysis of the Tamang Houses in Haku, Rasuwa." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 15, no. 1 (2020): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i1.27720.

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This paper provides a summary of an architectural and structural analysis of traditional Tamang houses in Haku, Rasuwa and the best methods for integrating seismic resistant features and cultural preservation in the recovery after the 2015 Nepal earthquakes.

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Gmińska-Nowak, Barbara, and Tomasz Ważny. "Dendrochronological analysis of the ancient architecture of Kingdom of Lo. Upper Mustang, Nepal." Dendrochronologia 61 (June 2020): 125701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2020.125701.

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KUROTSU, TAKAYUKI, and KATSUHIKO WATANABE. "STRUCTURES OF CHOK : Quadrangle architecture of the Royal Buildings of Nepal Part 1." Journal of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 408 (1990): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijax.408.0_101.

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KUROTSU, Takayuki. "FUNCTIONS OF CHOK : Quadrangle Architecture of the Royal Buildings of Nepal Part 2." Journal of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 412 (1990): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijax.412.0_97.

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Bista, Diwakar, Aayush Bista, Ashish Shrestha, et al. "Lighting for Cultural and Heritage Site: An Innovative Approach for Lighting in the Distinct Pagoda-Style Architecture of Nepal." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (2021): 2720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052720.

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Nepal houses many traditional and cultural sites rich in historical cultural diversity. These sites are also economically important to the nation. These monuments show the culture and the living beliefs of the communities; hence, people from all over the world are attracted to such place to observe the beauty and to feel the spirit and the conservational perspectives behind these articulated edifices. In today’s context, artificial light is a basic necessity for human activities and has been used in various applications: one such application being night-time illumination of historical sites and monuments. Most of the historic monuments in Nepal were constructed during the 15th to 18th century and are designed to incorporate oil-based wick lamp as the light source. Recently with the availability of modern luminaires and lack of technical expertise and scientific approach, most of the historic sites are being filled up with uneven, exaggerated, and inappropriate illumination. This inappropriate illumination practice may lead to negative consequences that may create disturbance to human and the surrounding environment. Scope of this paper is to identify the special needs for illuminating cultural and heritage sites with Pagoda-style architecture and introduce a methodology for a case study in Nepal. As a first step, this paper analyzes lighting malpractices in the temples of Nepal at different geographical locations and cultural values. As a next step, a prototype LED luminaire that enhances the unique type of architecture of Nepalese heritage sites was built, installed, and demonstrated in one of the temples. The work presents the design process of the lighting system and the results of a new lighting installation. The study also discusses possible problems that may arise while designing lighting for cultural and heritage site and provides recommendations on considerations to be taken during the design.

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Bhattarai-Upadhyay, Vibha, and Urmi Sengupta. "Unsettling Modernity: Shifting Values and Changing Housing Styles in the Kathmandu Valley." Open House International 41, no. 2 (2016): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2016-b0011.

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Culture has always been important for the character of the cities, as have the civic and public institutions that sustain a lifestyle and provide an identity. Substantial evidence of the unique historical, urban civilisation remains within the traditional settlements in the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal, manifested in houses, palaces, temples, rest houses, open spaces, festivals, rituals, customs and cultural institutions. Indigenous knowledge and practices prescribed the arrangement of houses, roads, and urban spaces giving the city a distinctive physical form, character, and a unique oriental nativeness. In a technical sense, these societies did not have written rules for guiding development. In recent decades, the urban culture of the city has been changing with the forces of urbanisation and globalisation and the demand for new buildings and spaces. New residential design is increasingly dominated by distinctive patterns of Western suburban ideal comprising detached or semi-detached homes and high rise tower blocks. This architectural iconoclasm can be construed as a rather crude response to the indigenous culture and built form. The paper attempts to dismantle the current tension between traditional and contemporary ‘culture’ (and hence society) and housing (or built form) in the Kathmandu Valley by engaging in a discussion that cuts across space, time, and meaning of architecture as we know it.

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Bista, P. "Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of cell block with cytology smear in serous effusions." Journal of Pathology of Nepal 3, no. 6 (2013): 482–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v3i6.8998.

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Background: Differentiation between benign and malignant serous effusions always poses a great diagnostic dilemma. Differentiation often requires clinical findings, morphological evaluation and sometimes immunocytochemistry. Diagnostic possibility is enhanced if cell blocks are made along with the conventional cytology smears. This will help the clinicians in both treating the patient and determining the outcome of the disease process. Materials and methods: This hospital-based cross sectional analytical study was carried out in Department of Pathology in National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital for one year. The objective of this study was to compare the smears cytology with cell blocks sections in serous effusions. Results: The four criteria scored for each technique were volume of background blood, amount of diagnostic cellular material, degree of cellular degeneration and trauma and architectural preservation. Background blood, amount of diagnostic material present and retention of architecture was more in cell block sections compared with smears cytology; whereas cellular degeneration and trauma was less appreciated in cell block sections which scored more than the smears cytology. Conclusion: Cell block preparation is simple, rapid and inexpensive technique for serous fluids in which malignant cells can be reliably detected thus avoiding unnecessary invasive procedure in patient management. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v3i6.8998 Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2013) Vol. 3, 482-486

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Vegas, F., C. Mileto, L. García, and V. Cristini. "“HOUSE NEPAL” PROJECT: INITIAL RESULTS AND PERSPECTIVES FOR AN ANTI-SEISMIC COOPERATION PROJECT." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 719–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-719-2020.

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Abstract. The “HouSe-Nepal” project is being developed within the framework of the ADSIDEO programme (Project for the Centre for Development Cooperation of Universitat Politècnica de València 2018–2020) in collaboration with the Nepalese foundation Abari: Bamboo and Earth Initiative. This action aims to provide the technological and scientific support needed for the construction of anti-seismic housing taking into consideration environmental, socio-cultural, and socio-economic sustainability as key factors for the project. Students from Kathmandu University are taking part in a series of experimental constructive actions in the town of Dhulikhel, aiming to provide a response to the major constructive problems and limitations of local housing (as starkly highlighted by the 2015 Ghorka earthquake). This paper aims to present the initial results of the project and some possible perspectives and actions to be specified in its final year. Basically, the design efforts are being aimed at the promotion of an architecture taking inspiration from local Nepalese architecture, as a sign of identity which is safer in the event of ground movement, and more sustainable in terms of production and execution than conventional constructions whose format and technology have been imported from Europe.

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Acharya, Suresh. "Home Stay Tourism in Nepal." Voice of Teacher 7, no. 01 (2022): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/vot.v7i01.51036.

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Tourism is the world's fastest growing industry. Nepal is one of the most beautiful countries in the world with lofty snowcapped mountains and scenic, peaceful settings. It has varieties of tourism resources, places of natural beauty, historical and cultural monuments, art, architecture, and festival set which are the best attractions to the foreign visitors in Nepal. Among various tourists are attractions in Nepal. Chitlang is one of the most scenic tourist destinations in Nepal. It is a land of natural scenery, the richbio-diversity, peaceful environment, and the ethnic diversity, the rich and diverse culture which attract visitors. The general objective of the study is to explore tourism prospect of rural tourism home stay. The respondents were selected by purposive sampling method in case of home stay survey and simple random sampling procedure was used for survey of visiting tourists and households. The sample size is selected 10 home stay owners selected from 18 home stay, and 18 different types of tourists (internal and external), 12 in Local people in total sampled data was 40 total. The study is based both on secondary and primary data collection from municipality profile, reports and direct fill up the structure questionnaire. The number of foreign tourists is found very low according to the local people. Local people were found very much interested and devoted for promoting tourism in the study area but there seems lack of co-ordination among the government authorities and local promoters and also lack of fund. In conclusion it can be said that deserves potentiality of becoming one of the best rural tourism destinations of the country and home stay was very effective to promote tourism. Therefore, package programs and tourism advertisement seem necessary to develop as a rural tourist destination.

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Mishra, Anjay Kumar. "Techno-Legal Provisions for Safer High-rise Apartment Construction in Nepal." Journal of Advanced Research in Geo Sciences & Remote Sensing 08, no. 01 (2021): 16–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2349.7661.202102.

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The paper aims to review the techno-legal provisions for safer high rise appartment construction in Nepal. The review of existing acts, rules, directives, guidelines, byelaws, codes and other unpublished documents were done for the research using content analysis followed by expert consultation as it needs to be viewed in different technical aspects which need expertise of different fields.The major provisions of the building code for seismic safety of apartment buildings are defined in Nepal National Building Code (NBC) 105:1994 and international codes are also used fulfilling the minimum requirements of the Nepal National Building Code as per NBC 000:1994. The architectural design parameters, fire fighting provisions, provisions of fire safety requirements are conformed as per the relevant NBC. At least eight government authorities are directly involved in the process of approval and building permit process. There is the provision of third party monitoring system also. Similarly the use approval to the earthquake damaged apartment is provided after repair, restore and retrofitting work according to the damage category and severity of the damages in structural and nonstructural members. For the effective compliance of the NBC and byelaws in apartments seismic safety of high rise buildings should be increased in NBC 105:1994 updating the seismic design parameters, building byelaws provisions should be updated for higher value of green open spaces, setbacks and access road. Effective coordination between all stakeholders and independent third party supervision and monitoring process should be done. For minimizing the issues raised by the neighbours after Gorkha Earthquake 2015, proper zoning for apartment construction, seismic vulnerability assessment of the existing apartments and Insurance of Neighbours of the apartments should be done. It is a review research to signify the role of NBC and bylaws for development of Nepal.

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Bhandari, Medani P., and Keshav Bhattarai. "Institutional Architecture For Sustainable Development (SD): A Case Study from Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan." SocioEconomic Challenges 1, no. 3 (2017): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/sec.1(3).6-21.2017.

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JOHNSON, PAMELA L., NATALIE EDWARDS, KEITH R. BURGESS, and COLIN E. SULLIVAN. "Sleep architecture changes during a trek from 1400 to 5000 m in the Nepal Himalaya." Journal of Sleep Research 19, no. 1p2 (2010): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2009.00745.x.

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Kunwar, Ramesh Raj, and Neeru Karki. "A Study of Dark (Disaster) Tourism in Reconstructed Barpak, Nepal." Gaze: Journal of Tourism and Hospitality 11, no. 1 (2020): 140–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gaze.v11i1.26637.

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Barpak is one of the largest and self-reliant villages of Nepal, situated at an altitude of 1900m of Gorkha district the village is popularly known for home-stay based tourism destination in the mountainous region of Nepal. At present, Barpak has been garnering attention as epicenter of Earthquake 2015. The earthquake transformed the former traditional homogeneous architectural attraction into seeming architectural repulsion. There is confusion among the locals about their identity that was predominantly related with their homogeneity. There is an upsurge of cognitive dissonance and locals see the present context as tourism impossibility and are quite hopeless about post-disaster tourism development. This article adapts synchronic approach to highlight the tourism dynamics of Barpak in the aftermath by contemplating on the fact that disaster-led repulsion could be turned into attraction via an alternative paradigm. Developing both dark and non-dark (leisure) attractions that includes sociology of death, beliefs of death and disaster, commoditization of death, mortality mediation, memorials on one side and the landscapes, place, identity, socio-cultural diversity, instant culture in the Aftermath, reconstruction narratives from the locals, on the other side, respectively. A leap from leisure tourism destination to niche tourism destination and continuation of both by complimenting each other. This unique mixture of dark and non-dark products at one place could be a prototype for post-disaster tourist destinations.

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Dyck, Brendan, Marc St-Onge, Michael P. Searle, Nicole Rayner, David Waters, and Owen M. Weller. "Protolith lithostratigraphy of the Greater Himalayan Series in Langtang, Nepal: implications for the architecture of the northern Indian margin." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 483, no. 1 (2018): 281–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp483.9.

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AbstractReconstruction of the protolith lithostratigraphy of amphibolite-facies metasedimentary rocks of the Greater Himalayan Series (GHS) in Nepal documents a single, long-lived passive-margin succession that was deposited along the northern margin of the Indian Craton. In the Langtang area, Paleoproterozoic gneisses are unconformably overlain by a succession of upper Neoproterozoic–Ordovician fluvio-deltaic quartzite, basinal pelite and psammitic beds that grade upsection into micaceous semipelite and pelite. U–Pb zircon geochronology yields maximum depositional ages between c. 815 and 460 Ma for the GHS in Langtang. Regional variations in the composition and thickness of the GHS along the length of the Himalaya are attributed to siliciclastic depocentres centred on Zanskar in northern India, Langtang and Everest in central to western Nepal, which contrast with coeval marine carbonate shelf deposition in the Annapurna region. The protolith lithostratigraphy documented for Langtang provides a coherent framework for interpreting subsequent Cenozoic Himalayan deformation, specifically the homogeneously distributed layer-normal shortening (i.e. flattening) and layer-parallel stretching (i.e. transport-parallel stretching) that characterizes the GHS. Within the context of a single protracted northern Indian marginal sedimentary succession, the distinction between the Lesser, Greater and Tethyan Himalaya is structural rather than lithostratigraphic in origin.

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Coningham, R. A. E., K. P. Acharya, K. M. Strickland, et al. "The earliest Buddhist shrine: excavating the birthplace of the Buddha, Lumbini (Nepal)." Antiquity 87, no. 338 (2013): 1104–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00049899.

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Key locations identified with the lives of important religious founders have often been extensively remodelled in later periods, entraining the destruction of many of the earlier remains. Recent UNESCO-sponsored work at the major Buddhist centre of Lumbini in Nepal has sought to overcome these limitations, providing direct archaeological evidence of the nature of an early Buddhist shrine and a secure chronology. The excavations revealed a sequence of early structures preceding the major rebuilding by Asoka during the third century BC. The sequence of durable brick architecture supplanting non-durable timber was foreseen by British prehistorian Stuart Piggott when he was stationed in India over 70 years ago. Lumbini provides a rare and valuable insight into the structure and character of the earliest Buddhist shrines.

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Davis, Christopher, Robin Coningham, Kosh Prasad Acharya, et al. "Identifying archaeological evidence of past earthquakes in a contemporary disaster scenario: case studies of damage, resilience and risk reduction from the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake and past seismic events within the Kathmandu Valley UNESCO World Heritage Property (Nepal)." Journal of Seismology 24, no. 4 (2019): 729–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10950-019-09890-7.

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AbstractThe 2015 Gorkha Earthquake was a humanitarian disaster but also a cultural catastrophe that damaged and destroyed historic monuments across Nepal, including those within the Kathmandu Valley UNESCO World Heritage Property. In the rush to rebuild, traditionally constructed foundations are being removed and replaced with modern materials without assessments of whether these contributed to the collapse of a monument. Generally undertaken without scientific recording, these interventions have led to the irreversible destruction of earlier subsurface phases of cultural activity and the potential loss of evidence for successful traditional seismic adaptations and risk reduction strategies, with no research into whether modern materials, such as concrete and steel, would offer enhanced resilience. In response to this context, multidisciplinary post-disaster investigations were undertaken between 2015 and 2018, including archaeological excavation, geophysical survey, geoarchaeological analysis, linked to architectural and engineering studies, to begin to evaluate and assess the damage to, and seismic adaptations of, historic structures within Nepal’s Kathmandu Valley. Where possible, we draw on archaeoseismological approaches for the identification and classification of Earthquake Archaeological Effects (EAEs) at selected monuments damaged by the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake. Lessons learned from evidence of potential weaknesses, as well as historic ‘risk-sensitive tactics’ of hazard reduction within monuments, are now being incorporated into reconstruction and rehabilitation initiatives alongside the development of methods for the protection of heritage in the face of future earthquakes.

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KUROTSU, Takayuki. "GRID OF FLOOR PLANNING FOR CHOK : Quadrangle Architecture of the Royal Buildings of Nepal Part 3." Journal of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 426 (1991): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijax.426.0_149.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Nepali Architecture'

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