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Journal articles on the topic 'Nerve-electrode interface'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Ackermann, D. Michael, Niloy Bhadra, Emily L. Foldes, and Kevin L. Kilgore. "Separated interface nerve electrode prevents direct current induced nerve damage." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 201, no. 1 (2011): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.01.016.

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2

Ly, Suw Young, Hyeon Jeong Park, Celina Jae Won Jang, et al. "Implanted Bioelectric Neuro Assay with Sensing Interface Circuit." Sensor Letters 18, no. 9 (2020): 686–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2020.4274.

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Neuromolecular glucose and dopamine assays were searched using a DNA immobilized onto a carbon nanotube paste electrode (PE). The analytical molecular detection limits of 0.13 ugL–1(6.855 × 10–10 M) Dopamine and 1.9 ugL–1 (1.06 × 10–8 M) glucose were attained using square wave stripping voltammetry. A handmade three-electrode system was implanted in the nerve network of a fish backbone, and two working electrodes were implanted in left and right pinna muscles. These were interfaced with a neuron electrochemical workstation and a nerve machine sensing circuit. This interface could be obtained f

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3

Lertmanorat, Z., F. W. Montague, and D. M. Durand. "A Flat Interface Nerve Electrode With Integrated Multiplexer." IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 17, no. 2 (2009): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnsre.2008.2009307.

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4

Tyler, D. J., and D. M. Durand. "Functionally selective peripheral nerve stimulation with a flat interface nerve electrode." IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 10, no. 4 (2002): 294–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnsre.2002.806840.

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5

Leventhal, Daniel K., Mark Cohen, and Dominique M. Durand. "Chronic histological effects of the flat interface nerve electrode." Journal of Neural Engineering 3, no. 2 (2006): 102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/3/2/004.

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6

Leventhal, Daniel K., and Dominique M. Durand. "Subfascicle Stimulation Selectivity with the Flat Interface Nerve Electrode." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 31, no. 6 (2003): 643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1114/1.1569266.

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7

Sando, Ian, Michelle Leach, Shoshana Woo, et al. "Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface for Prostheses Control: Electrode Comparison." Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery 32, no. 03 (2015): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1565248.

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8

Schiefer, M. A., K. H. Polasek, R. J. Triolo, G. C. J. Pinault, and D. J. Tyler. "Selective stimulation of the human femoral nerve with a flat interface nerve electrode." Journal of Neural Engineering 7, no. 2 (2010): 026006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/7/2/026006.

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9

Vrabec, Tina L., Jesse S. Wainright, Narendra Bhadra, Laura Shaw, Kevin L. Kilgore, and Niloy Bhadra. "A Carbon Slurry Separated Interface Nerve Electrode for Electrical Block of Nerve Conduction." IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 27, no. 5 (2019): 836–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnsre.2019.2909165.

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10

Tyler, Dustin J., and Dominique M. Durand. "Chronic Response of the Rat Sciatic Nerve to the Flat Interface Nerve Electrode." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 31, no. 6 (2003): 633–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1114/1.1569263.

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11

Liang, D. H., H. S. Lusted, and R. L. White. "The nerve-electrode interface of the cochlear implant: current spread." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 46, no. 1 (1999): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/10.736751.

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12

Yoo, P. B., and D. M. Durand. "Selective Recording of the Canine Hypoglossal Nerve Using a Multicontact Flat Interface Nerve Electrode." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 52, no. 8 (2005): 1461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2005.851482.

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13

Zhang, Xinuo, Chaoyang Chen, Guoxin Ni, et al. "Carbon multi‐electrode arrays as peripheral nerve interface for neural recording and nerve stimulation." MEDICAL DEVICES & SENSORS 2, no. 1 (2019): e10026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds3.10026.

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14

Schiefer, Matthew A., Dustin J. Tyler, and Ronald J. Triolo. "Probabilistic modeling of selective stimulation of the human sciatic nerve with a flat interface nerve electrode." Journal of Computational Neuroscience 33, no. 1 (2012): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10827-011-0381-5.

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15

Lee, Yi Jae, Han-Jun Kim, Sun Hee Do, Ji Yoon Kang, and Soo Hyun Lee. "Characterization of nerve-cuff electrode interface for biocompatible and chronic stimulating application." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 237 (December 2016): 924–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.06.169.

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16

Leventhal, D. K., and D. M. Durand. "Chronic Measurement of the Stimulation Selectivity of the Flat Interface Nerve Electrode." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 51, no. 9 (2004): 1649–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2004.827535.

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17

Kim, Ockchul, Wonsuk Choi, Woohyun Jung, et al. "Spirally Arrayed Electrode for Spatially Selective and Minimally Displacive Peripheral Nerve Interface." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 29, no. 4 (2020): 514–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jmems.2020.2996220.

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18

Kung, Theodore A., Nicholas B. Langhals, David C. Martin, Philip J. Johnson, Paul S. Cederna, and Melanie G. Urbanchek. "Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface Viability and Signal Transduction with an Implanted Electrode." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 133, no. 6 (2014): 1380–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/prs.0000000000000168.

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19

Boretius, Tim, Jordi Badia, Aran Pascual-Font, et al. "A transverse intrafascicular multichannel electrode (TIME) to interface with the peripheral nerve." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 26, no. 1 (2010): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2010.05.010.

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20

Coker, Robert A., Erik R. Zellmer, and Daniel W. Moran. "Micro-channel sieve electrode for concurrent bidirectional peripheral nerve interface. Part B: stimulation." Journal of Neural Engineering 16, no. 2 (2019): 026002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/aaefab.

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21

Coker, Robert A., Erik R. Zellmer, and Daniel W. Moran. "Micro-channel sieve electrode for concurrent bidirectional peripheral nerve interface. Part A: recording." Journal of Neural Engineering 16, no. 2 (2019): 026001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/aaefcf.

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22

Park, Hyun-Joo, and Dominique M. Durand. "Motion control of the rabbit ankle joint with a flat interface nerve electrode." Muscle & Nerve 52, no. 6 (2015): 1088–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.24654.

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23

Lacour, S. P., J. J. Fitzgerald, N. Lago, E. Tarte, S. McMahon, and J. Fawcett. "Long Micro-Channel Electrode Arrays: A Novel Type of Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface." IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 17, no. 5 (2009): 454–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnsre.2009.2031241.

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24

Durand, D. "Neural Engineering." Methods of Information in Medicine 46, no. 02 (2007): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1625395.

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Summary Objectives : The field of neural engineering focuses on an area of research at the interface between neuroscience and engineering. The area of neural engineering was first associated with the brain machine interface but is much broader and encompasses experimental, computational, and theoretical aspects of neural interfacing, neuroelectronics, neuromechanical systems, neuroinformatics, neuroimaging, neural prostheses, artificial and biological neural circuits, neural control, neural tissue regeneration, neural signal processing, neural modelling and neuro-computation. One of the goals

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25

Hadler, C., P. Aliuos, G. Brandes, et al. "Polymer Coatings of Cochlear Implant Electrode Surface – An Option for Improving Electrode-Nerve-Interface by Blocking Fibroblast Overgrowth." PLOS ONE 11, no. 7 (2016): e0157710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157710.

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26

Yaghouby, Farid, Benjamin Shafer, and Srikanth Vasudevan. "A rodent model for long-term vagus nerve stimulation experiments." Bioelectronics in Medicine 2, no. 2 (2019): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/bem-2019-0016.

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Aim: Investigations into the benefits of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) using rodents have led to promising findings for treating clinical disorders. However, the majority of research has been limited to acute timelines. We developed a rodent model for longitudinal assessment of VNS and validated it with a long-term experiment incorporating continuous physiological monitoring. While the primary aim was not to investigate the effects of VNS on the cardiovascular system, we analyzed cardiovascular parameters to demonstrate the model's capabilities in a long-term stimulation-and-recording setup. M

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27

Straka, Malgorzata, Benjamin Shafer, Srikanth Vasudevan, Cristin Welle, and Loren Rieth. "Characterizing Longitudinal Changes in the Impedance Spectra of In-Vivo Peripheral Nerve Electrodes." Micromachines 9, no. 11 (2018): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9110587.

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Characterizing the aging processes of electrodes in vivo is essential in order to elucidate the changes of the electrode–tissue interface and the device. However, commonly used impedance measurements at 1 kHz are insufficient for determining electrode viability, with measurements being prone to false positives. We implanted cohorts of five iridium oxide (IrOx) and six platinum (Pt) Utah arrays into the sciatic nerve of rats, and collected the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) up to 12 weeks or until array failure. We developed a method to classify the shapes of the magnitude and pha

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28

Branner, Almut, Richard B. Stein, and Richard A. Normann. "Selective Stimulation of Cat Sciatic Nerve Using an Array of Varying-Length Microelectrodes." Journal of Neurophysiology 85, no. 4 (2001): 1585–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.85.4.1585.

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Restoration of motor function to individuals who have had spinal cord injuries or stroke has been hampered by the lack of an interface to the peripheral nervous system. A suitable interface should provide selective stimulation of a large number of individual muscle groups with graded recruitment of force. We have developed a new neural interface, the Utah Slanted Electrode Array (USEA), that was designed to be implanted into peripheral nerves. Its goal is to provide such an interface that could be useful in rehabilitation as well as neuroscience applications. In this study, the stimulation cap

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29

Ledbetter, Noah M., Christian Ethier, Emily R. Oby, et al. "Intrafascicular stimulation of monkey arm nerves evokes coordinated grasp and sensory responses." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 2 (2013): 580–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00688.2011.

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High-count microelectrode arrays implanted in peripheral nerves could restore motor function after spinal cord injury or sensory function after limb loss. In this study, we implanted Utah Slanted Electrode Arrays (USEAs) intrafascicularly at the elbow or shoulder in arm nerves of rhesus monkeys ( n = 4) under isoflurane anesthesia. Input-output curves indicated that pulse-width-modulated single-electrode stimulation in each arm nerve could recruit single muscles with little or no recruitment of other muscles. Stimulus trains evoked specific, natural, hand movements, which could be combined via

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30

Schiefer, M. A., R. J. Triolo, and D. J. Tyler. "A Model of Selective Activation of the Femoral Nerve With a Flat Interface Nerve Electrode for a Lower Extremity Neuroprosthesis." IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 16, no. 2 (2008): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnsre.2008.918425.

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31

Gielen, F. L., R. N. Friedman, and J. P. Wikswo. "In vivo magnetic and electric recordings from nerve bundles and single motor units in mammalian skeletal muscle. Correlations with muscle force." Journal of General Physiology 98, no. 5 (1991): 1043–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.98.5.1043.

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Recent advances in the technology of recording magnetic fields associated with electric current flow in biological tissues have provided a means of examining action currents that is more direct and possibly more accurate than conventional electrical recording. Magnetic recordings are relatively insensitive to muscle movement, and, because the recording probes are not directly connected to the tissue, distortions of the data due to changes in the electrochemical interface between the probes and the tissue are eliminated. In vivo magnetic recordings of action currents of rat common peroneal nerv

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32

Schiefer, M. A., M. Freeberg, G. J. C. Pinault, et al. "Selective activation of the human tibial and common peroneal nerves with a flat interface nerve electrode." Journal of Neural Engineering 10, no. 5 (2013): 056006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/10/5/056006.

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33

Lee, Yi Jae, Han-Jun Kim, Ji Yoon Kang, Sun Hee Do, and Soo Hyun Lee. "Biofunctionalization of Nerve Interface via Biocompatible Polymer-Roughened Pt Black on Cuff Electrode for Chronic Recording." Advanced Healthcare Materials 6, no. 6 (2017): 1601022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201601022.

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34

Gärtner, Lutz, Thomas Lenarz, and Andreas Büchner. "Measurements of the local evoked potential from the cochlear nucleus in patients with an auditory brainstem implant and its implication to auditory perception and audio processor programming." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (2021): e0249535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249535.

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The measurement of the electrically evoked compound action potential (ECAP) in cochlear implant (CI) patients is widely used to provide evidence of a functioning electrode-nerve interface, to confirm proper location of the electrode array and to program the sound processor. In patients with an auditory brainstem implant (ABI), a likewise versatile measurement would be desirable. The ECAP measurement paradigm “Alternating Polarity” was utilized to record responses via the implanted ABI electrode array placed on the cochlear nucleus. Emphasizing on the different location of stimulation and recor

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35

Bumbaširević, Marko, Aleksandar Lesic, Tomislav Palibrk, et al. "The current state of bionic limbs from the surgeon’s viewpoint." EFORT Open Reviews 5, no. 2 (2020): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2058-5241.5.180038.

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Amputations have a devastating impact on patients’ health with consequent psychological distress, economic loss, difficult reintegration into society, and often low embodiment of standard prosthetic replacement. The main characteristic of bionic limbs is that they establish an interface between the biological residuum and an electronic device, providing not only motor control of prosthesis but also sensitive feedback. Bionic limbs can be classified into three main groups, according to the type of the tissue interfaced: nerve-transferred muscle interfacing (targeted muscular reinnervation), dir

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36

Shon, Ahnsei, Jun-Uk Chu, Jiuk Jung, Hyungmin Kim, and Inchan Youn. "An Implantable Wireless Neural Interface System for Simultaneous Recording and Stimulation of Peripheral Nerve with a Single Cuff Electrode." Sensors 18, no. 2 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18010001.

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37

Choi, C. T. M., and Sih-Sian Lee. "A new flat interface nerve electrode design scheme based on finite element method, genetic algorithm and computational neuroscience method." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 42, no. 4 (2006): 1119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2006.872463.

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38

Ngan, Catherine G. Y., Rob M. I. Kapsa, and Peter F. M. Choong. "Strategies for neural control of prosthetic limbs: from electrode interfacing to 3D printing." Materials 12, no. 12 (2019): 1927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12121927.

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Limb amputation is a major cause of disability in our community, for which motorised prosthetic devices offer a return to function and independence. With the commercialisation and increasing availability of advanced motorised prosthetic technologies, there is a consumer need and clinical drive for intuitive user control. In this context, rapid additive fabrication/prototyping capacities and biofabrication protocols embrace a highly-personalised medicine doctrine that marries specific patient biology and anatomy to high-end prosthetic design, manufacture and functionality. Commercially-availabl

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39

Duncan, Christopher C., David T. Kluger, Tyler S. Davis, et al. "Selective Decrease in Allodynia With High‐Frequency Neuromodulation via High‐Electrode‐Count Intrafascicular Peripheral Nerve Interface After Brachial Plexus Injury." Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface 22, no. 5 (2018): 597–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ner.12802.

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40

Ackerley, Rochelle, Helena Backlund Wasling, Max Ortiz-Catalan, Rickard Brånemark, and Johan Wessberg. "Case Studies in Neuroscience: Sensations elicited and discrimination ability from nerve cuff stimulation in an amputee over time." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 1 (2018): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00909.2017.

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The present case study details sensations elicited by electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve axons using an implanted nerve cuff electrode, in a participant with a transhumeral amputation. The participant uses an osseointegrated electromechanical interface, which enables skeletal attachment of the prosthesis and long-term, stable, bidirectional communication between the implanted electrodes and prosthetic arm. We focused on evoking somatosensory percepts, where we tracked and quantified the evolution of perceived sensations in the missing hand, which were evoked from electrical stimulation

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41

Zeng, Fan-Gang, Matthew Richardson, Phillip Tran, Harrison Lin, and Hamid Djalilian. "Tinnitus Treatment Using Noninvasive and Minimally Invasive Electric Stimulation: Experimental Design and Feasibility." Trends in Hearing 23 (January 2019): 233121651882144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331216518821449.

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Noninvasive transcranial or minimally invasive transtympanic electric stimulation may offer a desirable treatment option for tinnitus because it can activate the deafferented auditory nerve fibers while posing little to no risk to hearing. Here, we built a flexible research interface to generate and control accurately charge-balanced current stimulation as well as a head-mounted instrument capable of holding a transtympanic electrode steady for hours. We then investigated the short-term effect of a limited set of electric stimulation parameters on tinnitus in 10 adults with chronic tinnitus. T

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42

Suhartono, Eko, Djaka Sasmita, and RHA Sahirul Alim. "The Multielectrodes Oscillation System Studied by Irreversible Thermodynamics." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 1, no. 1 (2010): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21958.

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Oscillation process that occurs in a system may be formed from non linear dynamic phenomena that far from equilibrium. Mechanism of oscillation in a chemical reaction system such as Belousov-Zhabotinski (B-Z) reaction is quite complex. For that reason, in order the irreversible thermodynamics that far from equilibrium can be more easily understood, the generation of oscillation in a system is tried to be investigated in this study. In this case, the author attempts to come up at the oscillation process coming from the potential difference between the couple of Pb and PbO2 electrodes which are

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43

Rembado, Irene, Elisa Castagnola, Luca Turella, et al. "Independent Component Decomposition of Human Somatosensory Evoked Potentials Recorded by Micro-Electrocorticography." International Journal of Neural Systems 27, no. 04 (2017): 1650052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065716500520.

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High-density surface microelectrodes for electrocorticography (ECoG) have become more common in recent years for recording electrical signals from the cortex. With an acceptable invasiveness/signal fidelity trade-off and high spatial resolution, micro-ECoG is a promising tool to resolve fine task-related spatial-temporal dynamics. However, volume conduction — not a negligible phenomenon — is likely to frustrate efforts to obtain reliable and resolved signals from a sub-millimeter electrode array. To address this issue, we performed an independent component analysis (ICA) on micro-ECoG recordin

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44

Jahn, Kelly N., and Julie G. Arenberg. "Polarity Sensitivity in Pediatric and Adult Cochlear Implant Listeners." Trends in Hearing 23 (January 2019): 233121651986298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331216519862987.

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Modeling data suggest that sensitivity to the polarity of an electrical stimulus may reflect the integrity of the peripheral processes of the spiral ganglion neurons. Specifically, better sensitivity to anodic (positive) current than to cathodic (negative) current could indicate peripheral process degeneration or demyelination. The goal of this study was to characterize polarity sensitivity in pediatric and adult cochlear implant listeners (41 ears). Relationships between polarity sensitivity at threshold and (a) polarity sensitivity at suprathreshold levels, (b) age-group, (c) preimplantation

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45

Rosahl, Steffen K., and Sybille Rosahl. "No Easy Target: Anatomic Constraints of Electrodes Interfacing the Human Cochlear Nucleus." Operative Neurosurgery 72, no. 1 (2012): ons58—ons65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e31826cde82.

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Abstract Background: Auditory brainstem implants have failed to produce consistent clinical results comparable to those with the cochlear implant, both with surface and penetrating electrodes. Objective: To determine neuromorphological constraints of the auditory brainstem implant interface. Methods: The size, shape, surface depth, and spatial orientation of 33 human cochlear nuclei in 20 brainstem specimens obtained at autopsy were systematically analyzed in 792 slices each with a thickness of 8 µm. Three-dimensional renderings of the cochlear nucleus complex were obtained from a true-to-scal

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46

Zhang, Yingchao, Ning Zheng, Yu Cao, et al. "Climbing-inspired twining electrodes using shape memory for peripheral nerve stimulation and recording." Science Advances 5, no. 4 (2019): eaaw1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw1066.

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Peripheral neuromodulation has been widely used throughout clinical practices and basic neuroscience research. However, the mechanical and geometrical mismatches at current electrode-nerve interfaces and complicated surgical implantation often induce irreversible neural damage, such as axonal degradation. Here, compatible with traditional 2D planar processing, we propose a 3D twining electrode by integrating stretchable mesh serpentine wires onto a flexible shape memory substrate, which has permanent shape reconfigurability (from 2D to 3D), distinct elastic modulus controllability (from ~100 M

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47

Song, Yong-Ak, Ahmed M. S. Ibrahim, Amr N. Rabie, Jongyoon Han, and Samuel J. Lin. "Microfabricated nerve–electrode interfaces in neural prosthetics and neural engineering." Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews 29, no. 2 (2013): 113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2013.801231.

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48

Heo, Dong Nyoung, Su-Jin Song, Han-Jun Kim, et al. "Multifunctional hydrogel coatings on the surface of neural cuff electrode for improving electrode-nerve tissue interfaces." Acta Biomaterialia 39 (July 2016): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.05.009.

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49

Mensinger, Allen F., David J. Anderson, Christopher J. Buchko, et al. "Chronic Recording of Regenerating VIIIth Nerve Axons With a Sieve Electrode." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 1 (2000): 611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.1.611.

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A micromachined silicon substrate sieve electrode was implanted within transected toadfish ( Opsanus tau) otolith nerves. High fidelity, single unit neural activity was recorded from seven alert and unrestrained fish 30 to 60 days after implantation. Fibrous coatings of genetically engineered bioactive protein polymers and nerve guide tubes increased the number of axons regenerating through the electrode pores when compared with controls. Sieve electrodes have potential as permanent interfaces to the nervous system and to bridge missing connections between severed or damaged nerves and muscles

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50

Xi, Ji, Guo, Li, and Liu. "Fabrication and Characterization of Micro-Nano Electrodes for Implantable BCI." Micromachines 10, no. 4 (2019): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10040242.

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Signal recording and stimulation with high spatial and temporal resolution are of increasing interest with the development of implantable brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). However, implantable BCI technology still faces challenges in the biocompatibility and long-term stability of devices after implantation. Due to the cone structure, needle electrodes have advantages in the biocompatibility and stability as nerve recording electrodes. This paper develops the fabrication of Ag needle micro/nano electrodes with a laser-assisted pulling method and modifies the electrode surface by electrochemica

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