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Journal articles on the topic 'Nerve (Neuroscience)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Harrison, Paul J. "Neuroscience." British Journal of Psychiatry 159, no. 6 (1991): 891–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.159.6.891.

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Neuroscience, encouraged by the advent of approaches at the molecular level, is finally beginning to play an important part in the theoretical basis of psychiatry. Although its immediate effect on clinical practice remains limited, this too is likely to change within the near future. Psychiatrists, and Membership candidates in particular, are now expected to be au fait with everything from conduction of the nerve impulse to second messengers and linkage analysis. Unfortunately, the complexity and breadth of the underlying science is expanding at an ever-increasing rate, making it difficult to keep up to date with advances. The following are offered as readable overviews of the neuroscientific areas especially relevant to psychiatry, with an emphasis on publications or editions produced within the past three years, since the rate of progress renders most texts rapidly redundant. The broader question of how all this neuroscience is going to alter psychiatry – for better or worse – has also attracted considerable debate, if few conclusions (e.g. Pardes, 1986; Detre, 1987).

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2

Love, James M., Brian G. Bober, Elisabeth Orozco, et al. "mTOR regulates peripheral nerve response to tensile strain." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 5 (2017): 2075–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00257.2016.

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While excessive tensile strain can be detrimental to nerve function, strain can be a positive regulator of neuronal outgrowth. We used an in vivo rat model of sciatic nerve strain to investigate signaling mechanisms underlying peripheral nerve response to deformation. Nerves were deformed by 11% and did not demonstrate deficits in compound action potential latency or amplitude during or after 6 h of strain. As revealed by Western blotting, application of strain resulted in significant upregulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and S6 signaling in nerves, increased myelin basic protein (MBP) and β-actin levels, and increased phosphorylation of neurofilament subunit H (NF-H) compared with unstrained (sham) contralateral nerves ( P < 0.05 for all comparisons, paired two-tailed t-test). Strain did not alter neuron-specific β3-tubulin or overall nerve tubulin levels compared with unstrained controls. Systemic rapamycin treatment, thought to selectively target mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), suppressed mTOR/S6 signaling, reduced levels of MBP and overall tubulin, and decreased NF-H phosphorylation in nerves strained for 6 h, revealing a role for mTOR in increasing MBP expression and NF-H phosphorylation, and maintaining tubulin levels. Consistent with stretch-induced increases in MBP, immunolabeling revealed increased S6 signaling in Schwann cells of stretched nerves compared with unstretched nerves. In addition, application of strain to cultured adult dorsal root ganglion neurons showed an increase in axonal protein synthesis based on a puromycin incorporation assay, suggesting that neuronal translational pathways also respond to strain. This work has important implications for understanding mechanisms underlying nerve response to strain during development and regeneration.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Peripheral nerves experience tensile strain (stretch) during development and movement. Excessive strain impairs neuronal function, but moderate strains are accommodated by nerves and can promote neuronal growth; mechanisms underlying these phenomena are not well understood. We demonstrated that levels of several structural proteins increase following physiological levels of nerve strain and that expression of a subset of these proteins is regulated by mTOR. Our work has important implications for understanding nerve development and strain-based regenerative strategies.

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3

Whelan, P. J., G. W. Hiebert, and K. G. Pearson. "Plasticity of the extensor group I pathway controlling the stance to swing transition in the cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 6 (1995): 2782–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.6.2782.

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1. This study examines whether the efficacy of polysynaptic group I excitatory pathways to extensor motoneurons are modified after axotomy of a synergistic nerve. Previously, it has been shown that stimulation of extensor nerves at group I strength can extend the stance phase and delay swing. Stimulation of the lateral gastrocnemius and soleus (LG/S) nerve prolongs stance for the duration of the stimulus train, whereas stimulation of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) nerve moderately increases stance. Our hypothesis was that after axotomy of the LG/S nerve the efficacy of the MG group I input would increase. 2. This idea was tested in 10 adult cats that had their left LG/S nerves axotomized for 3-28 days. On the experimental day the cats were decerebrated and the left (experimental) and right (control) LG/S and MG nerves were stimulated during late stance as the animals were walking on a motorized treadmill. A significant increase in the efficacy of the left MG nerve occurred 5 days after axotomy of the LG/S nerve when compared with the control response. By contrast, the previously cut LG/S nerve showed a reduction in efficacy after 3 days compared with the control limb. 3. Functionally, this plasticity may be an important mechanism by which the strength of the group I pathway is calibrated to different loads on the extensor muscles.

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4

Sundman, Eva, and Peder S. Olofsson. "Neural control of the immune system." Advances in Physiology Education 38, no. 2 (2014): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00094.2013.

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Neural reflexes support homeostasis by modulating the function of organ systems. Recent advances in neuroscience and immunology have revealed that neural reflexes also regulate the immune system. Activation of the vagus nerve modulates leukocyte cytokine production and alleviates experimental shock and autoimmune disease, and recent data have suggested that vagus nerve stimulation can improve symptoms in human rheumatoid arthritis. These discoveries have generated an increased interest in bioelectronic medicine, i.e., therapeutic delivery of electrical impulses that activate nerves to regulate immune system function. Here, we discuss the physiology and potential therapeutic implications of neural immune control.

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5

Lennertz, Richard C., Karen A. Medler, James L. Bain, Douglas E. Wright, and Cheryl L. Stucky. "Impaired sensory nerve function and axon morphology in mice with diabetic neuropathy." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 2 (2011): 905–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01123.2010.

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Diabetes is the most prevalent metabolic disorder in the United States, and between 50% and 70% of diabetic patients suffer from diabetes-induced neuropathy. Yet our current knowledge of the functional changes in sensory nerves and their distal terminals caused by diabetes is limited. Here, we set out to investigate the functional and morphological consequences of diabetes on specific subtypes of cutaneous sensory nerves in mice. Diabetes was induced in C57Bl/6 mice by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. After 6–8 wk, mice were characterized for behavioral sensitivity to mechanical and heat stimuli followed by analysis of sensory function using teased nerve fiber recordings and histological assessment of nerve fiber morphology. Diabetes produced severe functional impairment of C-fibers and rapidly adapting Aβ-fibers, leading to behavioral hyposensitivity to both mechanical and heat stimuli. Electron microscopy images showed that diabetic nerves have axoplasm with more concentrated organelles and frequent axon-myelin separations compared with control nerves. These changes were restricted to the distal nerve segments nearing their innervation territory. Furthermore, the relative proportion of Aβ-fibers was reduced in diabetic skin-nerve preparations compared with nondiabetic control mice. These data identify significant deficits in sensory nerve terminal function that are associated with distal fiber loss, morphological damage, and behavioral hyposensitivity in diabetic C57Bl/6 mice. These findings suggest that diabetes damages sensory nerves, leading to functional deficits in sensory signaling that underlie the loss of tactile acuity and pain sensation associated with insensate diabetic neuropathy.

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6

Zhang, Yingchao, Ning Zheng, Yu Cao, et al. "Climbing-inspired twining electrodes using shape memory for peripheral nerve stimulation and recording." Science Advances 5, no. 4 (2019): eaaw1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw1066.

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Peripheral neuromodulation has been widely used throughout clinical practices and basic neuroscience research. However, the mechanical and geometrical mismatches at current electrode-nerve interfaces and complicated surgical implantation often induce irreversible neural damage, such as axonal degradation. Here, compatible with traditional 2D planar processing, we propose a 3D twining electrode by integrating stretchable mesh serpentine wires onto a flexible shape memory substrate, which has permanent shape reconfigurability (from 2D to 3D), distinct elastic modulus controllability (from ~100 MPa to ~300 kPa), and shape memory recoverability at body temperature. Similar to the climbing process of twining plants, the temporarily flattened 2D stiff twining electrode can naturally self-climb onto nerves driven by 37°C normal saline and form 3D flexible neural interfaces with minimal constraint on the deforming nerves. In vivo animal experiments, including right vagus nerve stimulation for reducing the heart rate and action potential recording of the sciatic nerve, demonstrate the potential clinical utility.

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7

Hirata, Harumitsu, Kamila Mizerska, Valentina Dallacasagrande, Victor H. Guaiquil, and Mark I. Rosenblatt. "Acute corneal epithelial debridement unmasks the corneal stromal nerve responses to ocular stimulation in rats: implications for abnormal sensations of the eye." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 5 (2017): 1935–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00925.2016.

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It is widely accepted that the mechanisms for transducing sensory information reside in the nerve terminals. Occasionally, however, studies have appeared demonstrating that similar mechanisms may exist in the axon to which these terminals are connected. We examined this issue in the cornea, where nerve terminals in the epithelial cell layers are easily accessible for debridement, leaving the underlying stromal (axonal) nerves undisturbed. In isoflurane-anesthetized rats, we recorded extracellularly from single trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the cornea that are excited by ocular dryness and cooling: low-threshold (<2°C cooling) and high-threshold (>2°C) cold-sensitive plus dry-sensitive neurons playing possible roles in tearing and ocular pain. We found that the responses in both types of neurons to dryness, wetness, and menthol stimuli were effectively abolished by the debridement, indicating that their transduction mechanisms lie in the nerve terminals. However, some responses to the cold, heat, and hyperosmolar stimuli in low-threshold cold-sensitive plus dry-sensitive neurons still remained. Surprisingly, the responses to heat in approximately half of the neurons were augmented after the debridement. We were also able to evoke these residual responses and follow the trajectory of the stromal nerves, which we subsequently confirmed histologically. The residual responses always disappeared when the stromal nerves were cut at the limbus, suggesting that the additional transduction mechanisms for these sensory modalities originated most likely in stromal nerves. The functional significance of these residual and enhanced responses from stromal nerves may be related to the abnormal sensations observed in ocular disease. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In addition to the traditional view that the sensory transduction mechanisms exist in the nerve terminals, we report here that the proximal axons (stromal nerves in the cornea from which these nerve terminals originate) may also be capable of transducing sensory information. We arrived at this conclusion by removing the epithelial cell layers of the cornea in which the nerve terminals reside but leaving the underlying stromal nerves undisturbed.

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8

Berkley, K. J., A. Robbins, and Y. Sato. "Functional differences between afferent fibers in the hypogastric and pelvic nerves innervating female reproductive organs in the rat." Journal of Neurophysiology 69, no. 2 (1993): 533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.69.2.533.

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1. The uterus, cervix, and vaginal canal are innervated by afferent fibers in the hypogastric and pelvic nerves. Four studies compared the innervation territory and sensitivity to peripheral stimuli of the two sets of fibers in adult virgin rats. 2. Innervation territory was studied anatomically by injecting different fluorescent dyes into different parts of the reproductive, lower urinary, and lower digestive tracts and examining retrogradely labeled neurons in dorsal root ganglia. It was also studied electrophysiologically in anesthetized rats by summing potentials evoked in branches of the two nerves by electrical stimulation of different parts of the reproductive tract. 3. In both studies sensory innervation of the reproductive tract shifted from the pelvic to the hypogastric nerve (i.e., shifted entry into the spinal cord from the L6-S1 to the T13-L3 dorsal root ganglia, respectively) as the dye or stimulating electrode shifted from the vaginal entrance to the uterine horns, with fibers from both nerves densely innervating the cervix region (i.e., entering the spinal cord through both sets of ganglia). The anatomic results suggested that the regions innervated by fibers in one nerve might also be innervated by a small component of normally quiescent fibers in the other nerve. 4. Response sensitivity was studied electrophysiologically by simultaneously recording multiunit activity in branches of the hypogastric and pelvic nerves in two ways. First, in intact, anesthetized rats, activity was recorded during mechanical stimulation of the reproductive tract (distension of the vagina and uterus, probing the cervix). Second, in an in vitro organ preparation of the uterus and vagina, activity was recorded during chemical stimulation through the uterine artery with bradykinin, serotonin, NaCN, CO2, and KCl. 5. Pelvic nerve fibers were markedly more sensitive than hypogastric nerve fibers to uterine and cervical mechanostimulation. Similarly, pelvic nerve fibers were more likely to respond or responded more vigorously than hypogastric nerve fibers to all chemical stimuli (except KCl). 6. These results provide strong evidence that afferent fibers in the pelvic and hypogastric nerves of nulliparous adult rats subserve different functions in reproduction and sensation. Pelvic nerve fibers seem closely tied to sensory and behavioral processes associated with mating and conception, whereas hypogastric fibers seem closely tied to pregnancy and nociception, with fibers in both nerves serving functions during parturition.

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9

Pearce, Joanne, Kristin M. Krause, and C. K. Govind. "Muscle Fibers in Regenerating Crayfish Motor Nerves." Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 6 (1997): 3498–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.3498.

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Pearce, Joanne, Kristin M. Krause, and C. K. Govind. Muscle fibers in regenerating crayfish motor nerves. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3498–3501, 1997. Single discrete muscle fibers were found in regenerating motor nerves in adult crayfish. The regenerating nerves were from native or transplanted ganglia in the third abdominal segments and consisted of several motor axons. The proximal end of these motor axons showed numerous sprouts. Muscle fibers in these regenerating nerves appeared newly developed and were innervated by excitatory nerve terminals. A likely source of these novel muscle fibers may be blood cells in the nerve or satellite cells from neighboring muscle. Contacts made by axon sprouts with other axon sprouts, glia, and muscle fiber, in the form of a dense bar with clustered clear vesicles, characterized the regenerating nerve. These contacts may provide a possible signaling pathway for axon regeneration and myogenesis.

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10

Aloe, Luigi, Maria Rocco, Bijorn Balzamino, and Alessandra Micera. "Nerve Growth Factor: A Focus on Neuroscience and Therapy." Current Neuropharmacology 13, no. 3 (2015): 294–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159x13666150403231920.

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11

Crow, J. Lesley. "Nerve Cells and Nervous Systems: An introduction to neuroscience." Physiotherapy 78, no. 9 (1992): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(10)61606-9.

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12

Shepherd, Gordon M. "Nerve Cells and Nervous Systems: An Introduction to Neuroscience." Trends in Neurosciences 15, no. 1 (1992): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(92)90349-d.

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13

Rossini, Paolo M. "Nerve cells and nervous systems: an introduction to neuroscience." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 86, no. 2 (1993): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(93)90088-d.

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14

Dubuisson, Annie S., Marguerite Foidart-Dessalle, Michel Reznik, Jean-Claude Grosdent, and A. Stevenaert. "Predegenerated Nerve Allografts versus Fresh Nerve Allografts in Nerve Repair." Experimental Neurology 148, no. 1 (1997): 378–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1997.6667.

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15

Oh, S. J. "The near-nerve needle nerve conduction technique in the plantar nerves in the foot." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 75 (January 1990): S107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(90)92107-8.

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16

Archibald, SJ, J. Shefner, C. Krarup, and RD Madison. "Monkey median nerve repaired by nerve graft or collagen nerve guide tube." Journal of Neuroscience 15, no. 5 (1995): 4109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.15-05-04109.1995.

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17

Yogesh, AS, RR Marathe, and SV Pandit. "Musculocutaneous nerve substituting for the distal part of radial nerve: A case report and its embryological basis." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 02, no. 01 (2011): 074–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.80112.

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ABSTRACTIn the present case, we have reported a unilateral variation of the radial and musculocutaneous nerves on the left side in a 64-year-old male cadaver. The radial nerve supplied all the heads of the triceps brachii muscle and gave cutaneous branches such as lower lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm and posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm. The radial nerve ended without continuing further. The musculocutaneous nerve supplied the brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and extensor carpi radialis brevis muscles. The musculocutaneous nerve divided terminally into two branches, superfi cial and deep. The deep branch of musculocutaneous nerve corresponded to usual deep branch of the radial nerve while the superfi cial branch of musculocutaneous nerve corresponded to usual superfi cial branch of the radial nerve. The dissection was continued to expose the entire brachial plexus from its origin and it was found to be normal. The structures on the right upper limb were found to be normal. Surgeons should keep such variations in mind while performing the surgeries of the upper limb.

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18

Straka, H., S. Biesdorf, and N. Dieringer. "Canal-Specific Excitation and Inhibition of Frog Second-Order Vestibular Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 3 (1997): 1363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.3.1363.

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Straka, H., S. Biesdorf, and N. Dieringer. Canal-specific excitation and inhibition of frog second-order vestibular neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 1363–1372, 1997. Second-order vestibular neurons (2°VNs) were identified in the in vitro frog brain by their monosynaptic excitation following electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral VIIIth nerve. Ipsilateral disynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials were revealed by bath application of the glycine antagonist strychnine or of the γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) antagonist bicuculline. Ipsilateral disynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were analyzed as well. The functional organization of convergent monosynaptic and disynaptic excitatory and inhibitory inputs onto 2°VNs was studied by separate electrical stimulation of individual semicircular canal nerves on the ipsilateral side. Most 2°VNs (88%) received a monosynaptic EPSP exclusively from one of the three semicircular canal nerves; fewer 2°VNs (10%) were monosynaptically excited from two semicircular canal nerves; and even fewer 2°VNs (2%) were monosynaptically excited from each of the three semicircular canal nerves. Disynaptic EPSPs were present in the majority of 2°VNs (68%) and originated from the same (homonymous) semicircular canal nerve that activated a monosynaptic EPSP in a given neuron (22%), from one or both of the other two (heteronymous) canal nerves (18%), or from all three canal nerves (28%). Homonymous activation of disynaptic EPSPs prevailed (74%) among those 2°VNs that exhibited disynaptic EPSPs. Disynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) were mediated in 90% of the tested 2°VNs by glycine, in 76% by GABA, and in 62% by GABA as well as by glycine. These IPSPs were activated almost exclusively from the same semicircular canal nerve that evoked the monosynaptic EPSP in a given 2°VN. Our results demonstrate a canal-specific, modular organization of vestibular nerve afferent fiber inputs onto 2°VNs that consists of a monosynaptic excitation from one semicircular canal nerve followed by disynaptic excitatory and inhibitory inputs originating from the homonymous canal nerve. Excitatory and inhibitory second-order (2°) vestibular interneurons are envisaged to form side loops that mediate spatially similar but dynamically different signals to 2° vestibular projection neurons. These feedforward side loops are suited to adjust the dynamic response properties of 2° vestibular projection neurons by facilitating or disfacilitating phasic and tonic input components.

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19

Christakos, C. N., M. I. Cohen, A. L. Sica, W. X. Huang, W. R. See, and R. Barnhardt. "Analysis of recurrent laryngeal inspiratory discharges in relation to fast rhythms." Journal of Neurophysiology 72, no. 3 (1994): 1304–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.72.3.1304.

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1. Inspiratory (I) activities of recurrent laryngeal (RL) motoneurons and efferent nerves were studied by autospectral, interval, and coherence analyses, with emphasis on fast rhythms of two types: medium-frequency oscillations (MFO, usual range 20-50 Hz for nerve autospectral peaks) and high-frequency oscillations (HFO, usual range 50-100 Hz). 2. In decerebrate, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated cats, recordings were taken from 27 isolated single RL fibers (14 cats) and 8 identified RL motoneurons in the medulla (6 cats), together with recordings of phrenic (PHR) and RL whole-nerve activities. In another 50 cats, RL and PHR nerve discharges were recorded simultaneously. 3. The autospectra of RL units showed prominent MFO peaks with frequencies close to that of the RL nerve MFO spectral peak, indicating presence of this type of fast rhythm in the units' discharges. Spectral analysis of RL unit activity in different segments of the I phase showed that the frequency of a unit's MFO was very close to the peak (maintained) firing rate of the unit during the portion of I analyzed. Thus a motoneuron's MFO spectral peak reflected its rhythmic discharge arising from the cell's refractoriness (and possibly with the rate changing in the course of I). 4. The coherences of motoneurons' MFOs to nerve MFOs were very low or 0, indicating that correlations between unitary MFOs of the RL population were rare and/or weak. 5. In those cats (19/20) that had discernible PHR nerve HFO autospectral peaks, about half of the recorded RL motoneurons (16/34) had HFO. For these motoneurons, the unit-nerve HFO coherences were substantial, indicating widespread correlations between unitary HFOs. 6. In a fraction of cats, coherence peaks in the MFO frequency range were observed between bilateral RL nerves, and between RL and PHR nerves, at frequencies that were subharmonics of the HFO frequency. 7. In light of theoretical considerations on the generation of aggregate rhythms from superposition of unitary rhythms, these observations indicate that, similarly, to the case of PHR motoneurons and nerves. 1) RL nerve MFO arises from superposition of uncorrelated, or at most partially correlated, MFOs of RL units, representing the rhythmic discharges of the cells. It is manifested therefore as a spectral deflection with a maximum in the band of peak firing rates of the units. 2) RL nerve HFO arises from correlated, common-frequency HFOs in a subpopulation of RL units, caused by HFO inputs from antecedent medullary I neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Schroeder, C. E., S. Seto, J. C. Arezzo, and P. E. Garraghty. "Electrophysiological evidence for overlapping dominant and latent inputs to somatosensory cortex in squirrel monkeys." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 2 (1995): 722–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.2.722.

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1. The pattern of reorganization in area 3b of adult primates after median or ulnar nerve section suggests that somatic afferents from the dorsum of the hand, carried by the radial nerve, have preferential access to the cortical territories normally expressing glabrous inputs carried by the median and ulnar nerves. A likely mechanism underlying preferential access is preexisting, but silent, radial nerve inputs to the glabrous region of cortex. 2. We tested this by comparing the effects of electrical stimulation of median or ulnar versus radial nerves, on responses in the hand representation of area 3b. Laminar current source density and multiunit activity profiles were sampled with the use of linear array multicontact electrodes spanning the laminae of area 3b. Data were obtained from three squirrel monkeys anesthetized during recording. 3. Compared with colocated median or ulnar nerve responses, the radial nerve response had 1) an initial short-latency response in the middle laminae that was subtle; there was a small transmembrane current flow component without a discernable multiunit activity correlate; and 2) a laminar sequence and distribution of activity that was similar to those of the median or ulnar nerve responses (i.e., initial activation of the middle, followed by upper and lower laminae), but the significant current flow and multiunit response to radial nerve stimulation occurs 12–15 ms later. 4. Normal corepresentation of nondominant dorsum hand (radial) inputs with the dominant (median or ulnar) inputs in the glabrous hand surface representation provides a clear vehicle for the biased patterns of reorganization occurring after peripheral nerve section. The initial, “subtle” activity phase in the nondominant response is believed to reflect intracortical inhibition, and the later “significant” response phase, a rebound excitation, possibly compounded by an indirect or extralemniscal input. The spatiotemporal pattern of nondominant input is proposed to play a role in normal somatosensory perception.

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21

Torsney, Carole. "Nerve injury." NeuroReport 11, no. 17 (2000): A11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200011270-00004.

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Nanda, Subrat Kumar, Sita Jayalakshmi, Devashish Ruikar, and Mohandas Surath. "Twelfth cranial nerve involvement in Guillian Barre syndrome." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 04, no. 03 (2013): 338–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.118804.

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ABSTRACTGuillian Barre Syndrome (GBS) is associated with cranial nerve involvement. Commonest cranial nerves involved were the facial and bulbar (IXth and Xth). Involvement of twelfth cranial nerve is rare in GBS. We present a case of GBS in a thirteen years old boy who developed severe tongue weakness and wasting at two weeks after the onset of GBS. The wasting and weakness of tongue improved at three months of follow up. Brief review of the literature about XIIth cranial nerve involvement in GBS is discussed.

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Yamaguchi, Hidetoshi, Mitsuo Ochi, Ryuji Mori, et al. "Unilateral sciatic nerve injury stimulates contralateral nerve regeneration." NeuroReport 10, no. 6 (1999): 1359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199904260-00037.

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24

Gu, Yu-dong, Qing Yu, She-hong Zhang, Tao Wang, Feng Peng, and Dong Han. "End-to-side neurorrhaphy repairs peripheral nerve injury: sensory nerve induces motor nerve regeneration." Neural Regeneration Research 12, no. 10 (2017): 1703. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.217350.

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Larsen, Peter D., Craig D. Lewis, Gerard L. Gebber, and Sheng Zhong. "Partial Spectral Analysis of Cardiac-Related Sympathetic Nerve Discharge." Journal of Neurophysiology 84, no. 3 (2000): 1168–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.84.3.1168.

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We have studied the relationship between pulse synchronous baroreceptor input (represented by the arterial pulse, AP) and the cardiac-related rhythm in sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) of urethan-anesthetized cats by using partial autospectral and partial coherence analysis. Partial autospectral analysis was used to mathematically remove the portion of SND that can be directly attributed to the AP, while partial coherence analysis was used to removed the portion of the relationship between the discharges of sympathetic nerve pairs that can be attributed to linear AP-SND relationships that are common to the nerves. The ordinary autospectrum of SND (ASSND) and coherence functions relating the discharges of nerve pairs (CohSND-SND) contained a peak at the frequency of the heart beat. When the predominant mode of coordination between AP and SND was a phase walk, partialization of the autospectra of SND with AP (ASSND/AP) left considerable power in the cardiac-related band. In contrast, when the predominant mode of coordination between AP and SND was phase-locking, there was virtually no cardiac-related activity remaining in ASSND/AP. Partialization of CohSND-SND with AP reduced the peak coherence within the cardiac-related band in both modes of coordination but to a much greater extent during phase-locking. After baroreceptor denervation, CohSND-SND at the cardiac frequency remained significant, although a clear peak above background coherence was no longer apparent. These results are consistent with a model in which the central circuits controlling different sympathetic nerves share baroreceptor inputs and in addition are physically interconnected. The baroreceptor-sympathetic relationship contains both linear and nonlinear components, the former reflected by phase-locking and the latter by phase walk. The residual power in ASSND/AP during phase walk can be attributed to the nonlinear relationship, and the residual peak in partialized nerve-to-nerve coherence (CohSND-SND/AP) arises largely from nonlinearities that are common to the two nerves. During both phase walk and phase-locking, in addition to common nonlinear AP-SND relationships, coupling of the central circuits generating the nerve activities may contribute to CohSND-SND/APbecause significant CohSND-SND was still observed following baroreceptor denervation.

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26

Bolton, P. S., K. Endo, T. Goto, et al. "Connections between utricular nerve and dorsal neck motoneurons of the decerebrate cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 67, no. 6 (1992): 1695–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1992.67.6.1695.

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1. We studied connections between the utricular (UT) nerve and dorsal neck motoneurons in decerebrate cats. Electrodes were fixed in place on the UT nerve under visual observation; the other branches of the vestibular nerve were transected. 2. The N1 field potential evoked by UT nerve stimulation was recorded in the vestibular nuclei at the start of each experiment. The potential typically grew until it reached a plateau. Stimulus spread (if any) to the central ends of other nerve branches was revealed by an additional increase in N1 amplitude after the plateau was reached. 3. We recorded intracellularly from 55 motoneurons in C1-C3. Some were identified as having axons in the dorsal rami, which innervate dorsal neck muscles. Others projected in nerves that were not available for stimulation. 4. UT nerve stimulation evoked synaptic potentials in essentially all motoneurons studied. The predominant pattern consisted of disynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials in ipsilateral motoneurons and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials that were at least trisynaptic in contralateral motoneurons. 5. The results demonstrate the presence of short-latency connections between the utricular nerve and dorsal neck motoneurons. The functional role of this pathway remains to be investigated.

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Oh, S. J. "Nerve conduction studies of uncommonly tested sensory nerves." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 75 (January 1990): S107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(90)92108-9.

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Frantz, K. J., C. D. McNerney, and N. C. Spitzer. "We've Got NERVE: A Call to Arms for Neuroscience Education." Journal of Neuroscience 29, no. 11 (2009): 3337–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0001-09.2009.

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Bolzoni, Francesco, and Elzbieta Jankowska. "Ephaptic interactions between myelinated nerve fibres of rodent peripheral nerves." European Journal of Neuroscience 50, no. 7 (2019): 3101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14439.

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Kirillova, Irina, Vanessa H. Rausch, Jan Tode, Ralf Baron, and Wilfrid Jänig. "Mechano- and thermosensitivity of injured muscle afferents." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 5 (2011): 2058–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00938.2010.

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Injury of limb nerves leading to neuropathic pain mostly affects deep somatic nerves including muscle nerves. Here, we investigated the functional properties of injured afferent fibers innervating the lateral gastrocnemius-soleus muscle 4–13 h [time period (TP) I] and 4–7 days (TP II) after nerve crush in anesthetized rats using neurophysiological recordings from either the sciatic nerve (165 A-, 137 C-fibers) or the dorsal root L5 (43 A-, 28 C-fibers). Ongoing activity and responses to mechanical or thermal stimulation of the injury site of the nerve were studied quantitatively. Of the electrically identified A- and C-fibers, 5 and 38% exhibited ectopic activity, respectively, in TP I and 51 and 61%, respectively, in TP II. Thus all afferent fibers in an injured muscle nerve developed ectopic activity since ∼50% of the fibers in a muscle nerve are somatomotor or sympathetic postganglionic. Ongoing activity was present in 50% of the afferent A-fibers (TP II) and in 53–56% of the afferent C-fibers (TP I and II). In TP II, mechanical, cold, and heat sensitivity were present in 91, 63, and 52% of the afferent A-fibers and in 50, 40, and 66% of the afferent C-fibers. The cold and heat activation thresholds were 5–27 and 35–48°C, respectively, covering the noxious and innocuous range. Most afferent fibers showed combinations of these sensitivities. Mechano- and cold sensitivity had a significantly higher representation in A- than in C-fibers, but heat sensitivity had a significantly higher representation in C- than in A-fibers. These functional differences between A- and C-fibers applied to large- as well as small-diameter A-fibers. Comparing the functional properties of injured muscle A- and C-afferents with those of injured cutaneous A- and C-afferents shows that both populations of injured afferent neurons behave differently in several aspects.

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Zhang, Pei-Xun, Ci Li, Song-Yang Liu, and Wei Pi. "Cortical plasticity and nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injury." Neural Regeneration Research 16, no. 8 (2021): 1518. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.303008.

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Zhang, Pei-Xun, Ci Li, Song-Yang Liu, and Wei Pi. "Cortical plasticity and nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injury." Neural Regeneration Research 16, no. 8 (2021): 1518. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.303008.

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Frigon, Alain, and Serge Rossignol. "Plasticity of Reflexes From the Foot During Locomotion After Denervating Ankle Extensors in Intact Cats." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 4 (2007): 2122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00490.2007.

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Although sensory feedback is important in regulating the timing and magnitude of muscle activity during locomotion few studies have evaluated how it changes after peripheral nerve lesions. To assess this, reflexes evoked by stimulating a nerve before and after denervating other nerves can be quantified to determine changes. The aim of this study was to investigate consequences of denervating ankle extensor muscles, the lateral gastrocnemius, and soleus (LGS) on reflexes from the plantar foot surface evoked by stimulating the tibialis (Tib) nerve. Three cats ( n = 3) were trained to walk on a treadmill and chronically implanted with electrodes in 14 hindlimb muscles bilaterally to record EMG activity. A stimulating cuff electrode was placed around the left Tib nerve (Tib) nerve at the ankle to evoke reflexes. Several control values of EMGs, limb kinematics, and Tib nerve reflexes were obtained during locomotion for at least 3 wk before the left LGS nerve was cut. We found that the locomotor EMG bursts of several muscles was altered, with a large increase in amplitude in the early days postneurectomy followed by a gradual decrease toward intact values later on. There were changes in the stimulated locomotor EMG bursts (Tib nerve reflexes) of ipsilateral flexors and extensors and of contralateral ankle extensors, which dissociated from changes in baseline locomotor EMG (e.g., nonstimulated bursts during reflex trials). The functional significance of these changes in muscle activity and reflex pathways on the recovery of locomotion after denervating ankle extensors is discussed.

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Tsuang, Fon-Yih, Ming-Hong Chen, Feng-Huei Lin, et al. "Partial enzyme digestion facilitates regeneration of crushed nerve in rat." Translational Neuroscience 11, no. 1 (2020): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2020-0112.

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AbstractPeripheral nerve injury is a life-changing disability with significant socioeconomic consequences. In this rat model, we propose that partial enzyme digestion can facilitate the functional recovery of a crushed nerve. The sciatic nerves were harvested and in vitro cultured with the addition of Liberase to determine the appropriate enzyme amount in the hyaluronic acid (HA) membrane. Then, the sciatic nerve of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats was exposed, crushed, and then treated with partial enzyme digestion (either 0.001 or 0.002 unit/mm2 Liberase-HA membrane). The sciatic function index (SFI) for functional recovery of the sciatic nerve was evaluated. After 2 h of in vitro digestion, fascicles and axons were separated from each other, with the cells mobilized. Greater destruction of histology structures occurred in the high enzyme (Liberase-HA membrane at 0.002 unit/mm2) group at 24 h than in the low enzyme (0.001 unit/mm2) group at 48 h. In the SFI evaluation, the improvement in 0.001 unit/mm2 Liberase group was significantly better than control and 0.002 unit/mm2 Liberase group. Our study demonstrated that appropriate enzyme digestion had a significantly faster and earlier recovery.

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Noury, Ahmed Osman. "Normal neurophysiologic parameters of the sural nerve among adult healthy Sudanese population." Journal of Neurology & Stroke 11, no. 1 (2021): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jnsk.2021.11.00446.

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Background: Nerve conduction studies (NCSs) are of central importance for the assessment of peripheral nervous system disorders. They help in the diagnosis, extent distribution of neural lesion as well as the prognosis of a disease process. The aim of this study is to establish normative NCS reference data of the sural nerve in Sudanese population for our EMG electrodiagnostic center; and to survey the effects of age, gender, height, weight and temperature on conduction Parameters. Methods: The study was conducted in Elmagzoub Neuroscience Electrodiagnostic Centre; supported by the Faculty of Medicine, National Ribat University, Khartoum, Sudan. NCSs were performed in 210 sural nerves of 105 adult healthy Sudanese subjects using standardized techniques. Results: The Right sural nerve SNAP parameters in the whole subjects were set as (mean ±standard deviation) for onset latency. peak latency, amplitude and conduction velocity. The values were 2.73±0.42 ms, 3.32±0.46 ms, 8.39±3.49 uV and 52.05±8.47 m/s, respectively. The Left sural nerve SNAP parameters in the whole study group were 2.71±0.50 ms, 3.29 ±0.52 ms, 8.54±4.56 uV and 52.66 ±8.95, respectively. Conclusion: The sural sensory nerve conduction parameters compared favorably with the existing literature. Age showed a positive correlation with latencies, and negative correlation with amplitude and velocity. Gender has conspicuous effect on all sural nerve conduction parameters. Height showed an effect on latency and conduction velocity whereas BMI revealed a negative correlation with amplitude and conduction velocity of sural nerve.

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Lubba, Carl H., Yann Le Guen, Sarah Jarvis, et al. "PyPNS: Multiscale Simulation of a Peripheral Nerve in Python." Neuroinformatics 17, no. 1 (2018): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12021-018-9383-z.

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Abstract Bioelectronic Medicines that modulate the activity patterns on peripheral nerves have promise as a new way of treating diverse medical conditions from epilepsy to rheumatism. Progress in the field builds upon time consuming and expensive experiments in living organisms. To reduce experimentation load and allow for a faster, more detailed analysis of peripheral nerve stimulation and recording, computational models incorporating experimental insights will be of great help. We present a peripheral nerve simulator that combines biophysical axon models and numerically solved and idealised extracellular space models in one environment. We modelled the extracellular space as a three-dimensional resistive continuum governed by the electro-quasistatic approximation of the Maxwell equations. Potential distributions were precomputed in finite element models for different media (homogeneous, nerve in saline, nerve in cuff) and imported into our simulator. Axons, on the other hand, were modelled more abstractly as one-dimensional chains of compartments. Unmyelinated fibres were based on the Hodgkin-Huxley model; for myelinated fibres, we adapted the model proposed by McIntyre et al. in 2002 to smaller diameters. To obtain realistic axon shapes, an iterative algorithm positioned fibres along the nerve with a variable tortuosity fit to imaged trajectories. We validated our model with data from the stimulated rat vagus nerve. Simulation results predicted that tortuosity alters recorded signal shapes and increases stimulation thresholds. The model we developed can easily be adapted to different nerves, and may be of use for Bioelectronic Medicine research in the future.

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English, Arthur W., Yi Chen, Jonathan S. Carp, Jonathan R. Wolpaw, and Xiang Yang Chen. "Recovery of Electromyographic Activity After Transection and Surgical Repair of the Rat Sciatic Nerve." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 2 (2007): 1127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01035.2006.

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The recovery of soleus (SOL), gastrocnemius (GAS), and tibialis anterior (TA) electromyographic activity (EMG) after transection and surgical repair of the sciatic nerve was studied in Sprague–Dawley rats using chronically implanted stimulation and recording electrodes. Spontaneous EMG activity in SOL and GAS and direct muscle (M) responses to posterior tibial nerve stimulation persisted for ≤2 days after sciatic nerve transection, but SOL and GAS H-reflexes disappeared immediately. Spontaneous EMG activity began to return 2–3 wk after transection, rose nearly to pretransection levels by 60 days, and persisted for the duration of the study period (120 days). Recovery of stimulus-evoked EMG responses began about 30 days after sciatic nerve transection as multiple small responses with a wide range of latencies. Over time, the latencies of these fractionated responses shortened, their amplitudes increased, and they merged into a distinct short-latency component (the putative M response) and a distinct long-latency component (the putative H-reflex). The extent of recovery of stimulation-evoked EMG was modest: even 100 days after sciatic nerve transection, the responses were still much smaller than those before transection. Similar gradual development of responses to posterior tibial nerve stimulation was also seen in TA, suggesting that some regenerating fibers sent branches into both tibial and common peroneal nerves.

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38

Rafuse, V. F., T. Gordon, and R. Orozco. "Proportional enlargement of motor units after partial denervation of cat triceps surae muscles." Journal of Neurophysiology 68, no. 4 (1992): 1261–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1992.68.4.1261.

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1. To determine the capacity of motoneurons to increase their motor unit (MU) size by collateral sprouting and to assess this capacity in relation to the size of the motor nerve, we partially denervated soleus, lateral gastrocnemius (LG), and medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles in adult and neonatal cats. Isometric force and extracellular nerve potentials were recorded from > or = 7% of the remaining MUs, 2.5-18 mo later. S1 or L7 roots were sectioned unilaterally and the number of remaining MUs was quantified by use of charge and force measurements. 2. The mean unit force increased inversely with MU number in partially denervated muscles, but the increase was less than predicted for extensive denervations (> or = 90%). The same enlargement of MU size occurred whether muscles were partially denervated in neonatal or adult animals. 3. The force distribution of MUs in partially denervated muscles was similar to normal but was shifted to larger force values in direct proportion to the extent of partial denervation (PD). All MUs increased in size by the same factor to preserve the normal force distribution. 4. Normal size relationships among force, contractile speed, and axon potential amplitude were observed for MUs in partially denervated muscles. Because changes in muscle fiber size could not account for the increase in unit force, these data show that increase in MU size, with respect to unit force and innervation ratio (muscle fibers per motoneuron), is proportional to the size of the motor nerve. 5. Enlargement of MU size in partially denervated muscles did not have a retrograde effect on nerve fiber caliber because axon potential amplitude and conduction velocity were not changed after PD. 6. Under conditions of extensive PD (> 85%), regenerated nerves from the cut spinal root reinnervated the gastrocnemius muscles. It is likely that nerves supplied muscle fibers that were not innervated by sprouts from nerves in the uncut root as well as displacing sprouts from terminals in extensively enlarged MUs. 7. We conclude that all motoneurons within a motor pool compensate for partial nerve injuries by collateral sprouting and that enlargement of MU size is a function of motor nerve size, consistent with Henneman's size principle.

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Gorodetskaya, Natalia, Lydia Grossmann, Cristina Constantin, and Wilfrid Jänig. "Functional Properties of Cutaneous A- and C-Fibers 1–15 Months After a Nerve Lesion." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 6 (2009): 3129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00203.2009.

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The functional properties of cutaneous afferent fibers were investigated 1–15 mo after nerve lesions, which allowed regeneration into denervated skin. After crushing or transection and resuturing the rat sural nerve, ongoing activity and responses to cold, heat, and mechanical stimuli presented to the denervated skin or to the nerve distal to the lesion were examined in 273 A-fibers and 211 C-fibers. Reinnervation of skin by A-fibers was largely complete by 1–4 mo after crushing but incomplete after transection and resuturing. A few A-fibers could be activated from the nerve trunk, even after 10–15 mo. Almost all regenerated A-fibers were mechanosensitive and about 6% were cold- or heat-sensitive. A few A-fibers had ongoing activity after nerve crush. Only 15–35% of C-fibers could be activated at 1–4 mo, but 60% were excited from the skin at 10–15 mo, when many also had receptive fields within the lesioned nerve. The remaining C-fibers had receptive fields only within the nerve trunk. Responses of both intraneural and intradermal endings of C-fibers could be classified into functional groups similar to those of C-fibers in control nerves to cutaneous stimuli. The frequency of afferent C-fibers with ongoing activity that were not highly cold sensitive was 45%. We conclude that the functional characteristics of afferent A- and C-fibers are expressed by regenerating nerve endings, even when they do not reinnervate their target tissue. The reinnervation of skin by afferent C-fibers is extremely slow and may never recover to normal.

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Turco, Claudia V., Jenin El-Sayes, Hunter J. Fassett, Robert Chen, and Aimee J. Nelson. "Modulation of long-latency afferent inhibition by the amplitude of sensory afferent volley." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 1 (2017): 610–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00118.2017.

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Long-latency afferent inhibition (LAI) is the inhibition of the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) motor-evoked potentials (MEP) by the sensory afferent volley following electrical stimulation of a peripheral nerve. It is unknown how the activation of sensory afferent fibers relates to the magnitude of LAI. This study investigated the relationship between LAI and the sensory nerve action potentials (SNAP) from the median nerve (MN) and the digital nerves (DN) of the second digit. LAI was obtained by delivering nerve stimulation 200 ms before a TMS pulse delivered over the motor cortex. Experiment 1 assessed the magnitude of LAI following stimulation of the contralateral MN or DN using nerve stimulus intensities relative to the maximum SNAP (SNAPmax) of that nerve and two TMS intensities (0.5- and 1-mV MEP). Results indicate that MN LAI is maximal at ~50% SNAPmax, when presumably all sensory afferents are recruited for TMS of 0.5-mV MEP. For DN, LAI appears at ~50% SNAPmax and does not increase with further recruitment of sensory afferents. Experiment 2 investigated the magnitude of LAI following ipsilateral nerve stimulation at intensities relative to SNAPmax. Results show minimal LAI evoked by ipsilateral MN and no LAI following ipsilateral DN stimulation. Implications for future studies investigating LAI include adjusting nerve stimulation to 50% SNAPmax to obtain maximal LAI. Additionally, MN LAI can be used as a marker for neurological disease or injury by using a nerve stimulation intensity that can evoke a depth of LAI capable of increasing or decreasing. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first investigation of the relationship between long-latency afferent inhibition (LAI) and the sensory afferent volley. Differences exist between median and digital nerve LAI. For the median nerve, LAI increases until all sensory fibers are presumably recruited. In contrast, digital nerve LAI does not increase with the recruitment of additional sensory fibers but rather is present when a given volume of sensory afferent fibers is recruited (~50% of maximum sensory nerve action potential). This novel data provide practical guidelines and contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying LAI.

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41

Balice-Gordon, Rita J., and Kirkwood E. Personius. "Nerve and Muscle." Neuron 31, no. 1 (2001): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00348-8.

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Urso-Baiarda, Fulvio, and Adriaan O. Grobbelaar. "Practical nerve morphometry." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 156, no. 1-2 (2006): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.02.014.

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43

Aguayo, Albert. "Nerve regeneration revisited." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7, no. 8 (2006): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1974.

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44

Labrador, Rafael O., Miquel Buti, and Xavier Navarro. "Peripheral nerve repair." NeuroReport 6, no. 15 (1995): 2022–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199510010-00017.

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45

Hatten, Mary E. "Culturing nerve cells." Trends in Neurosciences 15, no. 5 (1992): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(92)90176-9.

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Abe, Namiko, and Valeria Cavalli. "Nerve injury signaling." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 18, no. 3 (2008): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2008.06.005.

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Shin, AlexanderY, TiamM Saffari, Meiwand Bedar, CarolineA Hundepool, and AllenT Bishop. "The role of vascularization in nerve regeneration of nerve graft." Neural Regeneration Research 15, no. 9 (2020): 1573. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.276327.

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Hajosch, Reiner, Larissa Grupp, Susanne Nichterwitz, and Burkhard Schlosshauer. "A novel microsurgical nerve implantation technique preserving outer nerve layers." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 189, no. 2 (2010): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.04.007.

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Ackermann, D. Michael, Niloy Bhadra, Emily L. Foldes, and Kevin L. Kilgore. "Separated interface nerve electrode prevents direct current induced nerve damage." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 201, no. 1 (2011): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.01.016.

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Lorenzetto, Erika, Roger Panteri, Ramona Marino, Flavio Keller, and Mario Buffelli. "Impaired nerve regeneration in reeler mice after peripheral nerve injury." European Journal of Neuroscience 27, no. 1 (2007): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05978.x.

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