Journal articles: 'Nesting orientalism'

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Hetemi, MA Atdhe. "Orientalism, Balkanism and the Western Viewpoint in the Context of Former Yugoslavia." ILIRIA International Review 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2015): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v5i1.22.

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This research paper examines the role of the Orientalist and Balkanist discourse in the Former Yugoslavia with a particular focus on Albanians. Here, Western Orientalist and Balkanist stereotypes of the Former Yugoslavia are examined arguing that the Orientalism and Balkanism of people living in the Former Yugoslavia is and was viewed differently from the standard by the West and by the people living in the Former Yugoslavia in the way how they perceive each other. The first part of this research paper treats the Orientalism and Balkanism in the context of people living in the Former Yugoslavia, in general.The second part of this research paper analyzes the case study of the application of the Orientalist and Balkanist theoretical lenses on one of the nations living in the Former Yugoslavia, namely Albanians. Here, some explorations and thoughts are provided on how Albanians define themselves and how they were perceived by the South Slavic majority living in the Former Yugoslavia.There are three authors and, subsequently, three seminal works that shall serve as pillars of this theoretical analysis: concepts of Edward Said’s “Orientalism,” Bakic-Hayden’s theories on Orientalist variations and nesting Orientalism, and Maria Todorova’s ground-breaking analysis of the external practices of Balkans representation. These provide a useful theoretical framework through which to explore the distribution of the Orientalist and Balkanist discourses in Former Yugoslavia.

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Bakić-Hayden, Milica. "Nesting Orientalisms: The Case of Former Yugoslavia." Slavic Review 54, no. 4 (1995): 917–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2501399.

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This paper introduces the notion of “nesting orientalisms” to investigate some of the complexity of the east/west dichotomy which has underlain scholarship on “Orientalism” since the publication of Said's classic polemic, a discourse in which “East,” like “West,” is much more of a project than a place. While geographical boundaries of the “Orient“ shifted throughout history, the concept of “Orient” as “other” has remained more or less unchanged. Moreover, cultures and ideologies tacitly presuppose the valorized dichotomy between east and west, and have incorporated various “essences” into the patterns of representation used to describe them. Implied by this essentialism is that humans and their social or cultural institutions are “governed by determinate natures that inhere in them in the same way that they are supposed to inhere in the entities of the natural world.” Thus, eastern Europe has been commonly associated with “backwardness,” the Balkans with “violence,” India with “idealism” or “mysticism,” while the west has identified itself consistently with the “civilized world.“

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Glišić, Iva, and Tijana Vujošević. "Zenitism and orientalism." Zbornik Akademije umetnosti, no. 9 (2021): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zbaku2109029g.

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Reflecting on the centenary of the birth of Zenitism, this essay examines how the movement engaged with stereotypes about the Slavic Orient, and in particular the discourse on Balkanism. The European orientalist reading of the Balkans became especially profound in years surrounding the World War I. Seeking to invert derogatory characterisations of the Balkan Peninsula, Zenitists would embark on a mission to "Balkanise Europe" by presenting the artist from the East as a rejuvenating, revolutionary force emerging from a cultural tabula rasa. Zenitism sought to destabilise the dominant Orient-Occident discourse by establishing parallels between existing negative stereotypes of the Balkans and the aesthetic tropes of the European avantgarde. Specifically, Zenitists established the Balkan "Barbarogenius" as the archetypal modernist primitive - precisely the figure conjured by the European intelligentsia as the saviour for its listless modern condition. In addition, the Zenitist movement established an analogy between the hallmark fragmentation of the Balkans and the cultural cacophony of the avant-garde. The political and aesthetic strategies of the movement, the authors assert, bear a striking similarity with those of the Black Atlantic, and its 'in-betweenness'-its ambition to straddle two opposing worlds. Organised around its eponymous journal Zenit, which was conceptualised as "the first Balkan journal in Europe and the first European journal in the Balkans," Zenitism employed European avant-garde aesthetic strategies while simultaneously rejecting European claims to cultural supremacy. For Yugoslav, Soviet, and Western European audiences, the journal had two parallel goals: the creative "Balkanisation" of Europe, and a commitment to dismantling Yugoslav "nesting orientalisms" by fighting against the reproduction of negative stereotypes among the region's own inhabitants. Against a backdrop of European crisis and a global demand for a renewed emancipatory struggle, the ambition of Zenitism holds strong appeal today.

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Marzec, Wiktor, and Agata Zysiak. "“Journalists Discovered Łódź Like Columbus”." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 50, no. 2 (2016): 213–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22102396-05002007.

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This article examines Polish urban travelogue literature and reportage concerning the industrial city of Łódź in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Łódź, a rapidly growing textile production center, was one of the few places which paved the way to real industrial, capitalist modernization in the Russian-controlled Kingdom of Poland. It was inhabited by large non-Polish populations and came to be perceived as alien, hostile and even savage. We investigate the anti-urban discourse on Łódź from the background of the broader Polish debates and compare it with urban travel writing on England. Łódź, although located in Europe, was subjected to an almost touristic gaze and virtually orientalized. Drawing from concepts of orientalization and nesting orientalism and the strong program in cultural sociology, we argue that in this situation an unusual reversal occurred in the modernization debate. What was orientalized and excluded from the broader civic community, even denied civilization status, constituted precisely the components connected with industry, capitalism and modernization.

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Sokolić, Ivor. "Denying the Unknown. Everyday Narratives about Croatian Involvement in the 1992-1995 Bosnian Conflict." Südosteuropa 65, no. 4 (January 26, 2018): 632–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2017-0042.

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Abstract This article, based on the results of focus-group discussions, dyads, and interviews in Croatia, examines how Croatians construct their narrative of the 1992-1995 conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia’s role in it. Despite judgements at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) concluding that the Croatian state intervened in the Bosnian conflict, respondents in this study claimed to be ignorant of any such intervention. What was discussed worked in concert with the dominant Croatian war narrative of Croatian defence, victimhood, and sacrifice in the face of a larger, Serbian aggressor. By portraying the Bosnian conflict as chaotic and savage, respondents differentiated it from the Croatian one and relativised any illicit actions within a framework of nesting orientalism. Croatian involvement in Bosnia-Herzegovina was generally seen as positive: it was viewed in terms of Croatia welcoming Bosniak refugees and providing military assistance, which enabled moral licensing with regard to the rarely mentioned and marginalised negative aspects of Croatia’s involvement in the conflict.

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Iwasa, Mitsuhiro, Koji Hori, and Noriyuki Aoki. "FLY FAUNA OF BIRD NESTS IN HOKKAIDO, JAPAN (DIPTERA)." Canadian Entomologist 127, no. 5 (October 1995): 613–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent127613-5.

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AbstractThe Diptera occurring in various kinds of bird nests were investigated in the Japanese island of Hokkaido from 1985 to 1989. A total of 4623 Diptera, consisting of 23 species of eight families (Anthomyiidae, Fannidae, Muscidae, Calliphoridae, Heleomyzidae, Sphaeroceridae, Sepsidae, and Stratiomyiidae), was reared from 69 natural nests of 13 bird species of eight families (Strigidae, Picidae, Paridae, Sittidae, Sturnidae, Ploceidae, Laniidae, and Columbidae). Of 23 species of flies reared, 12 were new records from bird nests. An ectoparasite of birds, Protocalliphora maruyamensis Shinonaga and Kano, frequently emerged from the nests of hole-nesting birds of Paridae, Sturnidae, and Ploceidae, but it did not emerge from the nests of the hole-nesting birds Picoides major and P. minor of Picidae. The nests of Streptopelia orientalis yielded the most species of flies (12). Myospila meditabunda (Fabricius) and Mydaea urbana (Meigen), whose larvae are predacious, proved able to live in the bird nests. Among the scavengers, Potamia littoralis (R.-D.) was the most dominant and occurred in the nests of nine of 10 hole-nesting bird species. Sphaerocerid, sepsid, and stratiomid flies occurred in the nests of S. orientalis in which large quantities of bird feces had accumulated. The factors concerning the occurrence of flies in the nests are discussed.

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Kawaji, Noritomo. "Ground Nesting of the Eastern Turtle Dove Streptopelia orientalis." Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology 26, no. 2 (1994): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3312/jyio1952.26.137.

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8

Kandori, Ikuo, Mayumi Tamaru, and Tomoyuki Yokoi. "Nesting Habits of a Pollinator: Osmia orientalis (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)." Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 54, no. 2 (2010): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1303/jjaez.2010.77.

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9

Wang, Jiaojiao, and Canchao Yang. "Specific responses of cuckoo hosts to different alarm signals according to breeding stage: a test of the offspring value hypothesis." Current Zoology 66, no. 6 (May 16, 2020): 649–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoaa021.

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Abstract The selective pressure exerted by avian brood parasites forces their hosts to evolve specific defense strategies. When subject to brood parasite attack, avian hosts will often emit alarm calls. To date, few studies have examined whether and how host responses to different alarm calls indicative of different enemies vary with the host’s breeding stage. We carried out alarm call playback experiments during both the egg and nestling stages of the oriental reed warbler Acrocephalus orientalis, a host of the common cuckoo Cuculus canorus. The playback exemplars were selected from recorded alarm calls of the warbler to the presence of common cuckoos, sparrowhawks Accipiter nisus, and oriental turtle doves Streptopelia orientalis, which represented brood parasite, predator, and harmless control, respectively. The results showed that the oriental reed warblers did not discriminate alarm calls issued to different intruder types, but the intensity of the response was significantly higher in the nestling stage than in the egg stage. Attack behavior related to sparrowhawk alarm calls was absent in the egg stage, but aggressive behavior increased dramatically and exceeded the attack frequency in response to the cuckoo alarm call in the nestling stage, implying a shift in the tradeoff between the parents’ own survival and the loss of offspring. Alarm calls attracted a larger number of conspecifics than members of other species. In general, the oriental reed warbler had consistently stronger responses to different alarm calls in the nestling stage than in the egg stage, supporting the offspring value hypothesis.

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10

NAKAMURA, Hiroshi, and Takahiro TABATA. "Food of the Nestling Broad-billed Roller Eurystomus orientalis." Japanese Journal of Ornithology 38, no. 3 (1990): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3838/jjo.38.131.

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11

Šetek, Nika. "Croatia’s self-colonization: Intra-national nesting orientalisms in Renato Baretić’s Osmi povjerenik." Journal of European Studies 46, no. 3-4 (September 24, 2016): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047244116664650.

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12

Hodges, Andrew. "The hooligan as ‘internal’ other? Football fans, ultras culture and nesting intra-orientalisms." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 51, no. 4 (March 24, 2014): 410–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690214526401.

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13

Eilam, D. "Postnatal development of body architecture and gait in several rodent species." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 9 (May 1, 1997): 1339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.9.1339.

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Observations on five species of rodents, vole (Microtus socialis), gerbil (Gerbillus dasyurus), jird (Meriones tristrami), dormouse (Eliomys melanurus) and jerboa (Jaculus orientalis), revealed that, during the period when their neonates share a matching morphology, they also share the same forms of quadruped locomotion (gaits). The order in which the different gaits develop is similar in all species, beginning with the basic gaits of lateral walk and trot. Gaits and body morphology do not undergo further changes in voles, whereas the other species incorporate more specialized gaits later in ontogeny, when the adult body morphology has been attained. Gerbils and jirds incorporate a bounding gait, dormice incorporate galloping and jerboas incorporate bipedal running. Species with more specialized locomotion thus undergo more developmental stages than those with less specialized locomotion. Except for the jerboa, the nesting period was roughly the same for all species, but those with more specialized locomotion exhibited earlier onset of the basic gaits as if condensing their development in order to reach the adult gait within the same nesting period. Consequently, the adult gait emerges approximately 10 days before the end of nesting, regardless of nesting duration. Since growth rate does not seem to account for the differences in morphology and onset of gaits, the heterochrony in the observed species probably stems from differences in the duration of growth, which seems to be the key factor in the diversion from the basic common morphology. The present results reconfirm the traditional generalities of functional morphology derived from cross-species comparisons. In addition, they provide another perspective by comparing form and function within the same individuals in the course of ontogeny.

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Farhi, Kamilia, Saâd Hanane, Farid Mezerdi, Asma Kahli, and Mohamed Dhaya El Hak Khemis. "Disentangling the drivers of Black-bellied Sandgrouse Pterocles orientalis nesting habitat use in a Mediterranean arid environment." Bird Study 66, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 452–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2020.1724874.

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15

Goleşteanu, Raluca. "Representations of Central and Eastern Europe in Travelogues of Romanian and Polish Public Figures." Linguaculture 2015, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lincu-2015-0044.

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Abstract This article proposes a reading of Milica Bakić-Hayden’s concept of “nesting orientalisms” in a wider regional context, by showing some of its first manifestations, as employed one hundred years or so ago. The debut of this phenomenon is part of the nineteenth century trend of traveling to “Eastern Europe,” and of appropriating it as such, in the desire to compete with the previous century, especially with the latter’s attempt of designing the map according to the dichotomy: “enlightened-ignorant peoples.” Consequently, the adoption of the concept of “Eastern Europe” by western public opinion triggered reactions from the part of the local élites expressed in the establishment of a corpus of texts, which reflect on the nearby geographical area. This effort represented in fact the third stage of the west-east dynamics that accompanied modernization in the region. The texts to be discussed in this article, apart from the century’s blind faith in progress, display the obsession of being “in between,” raising it to a sine qua non condition of the region; their authors often found themselves in difficulties in relation to dilemmas like professional/national identities, local/central loyalties, religious/secular views.

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Li, Donglai, Hongwei Wei, Zhengwang Zhang, Wei Liang, and Bård G. Stokke. "Oriental reed warbler (Acrocephalus orientalis) nest defence behaviour towards brood parasites and nest predators." Behaviour 152, no. 12-13 (2015): 1601–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003295.

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Brood parasites and predators pose different threats to passerines that may favour the evolution of enemy-specific defence strategies. Furthermore, potential sex-specific variation in parental investment may be manifested in differences between male and female nest defence behaviour. We investigated these hypotheses in Oriental reed warblers (Acrocephalus orientalis), by recording sex- and stage-specific (nests with eggs or nestlings) responses to stuffed dummies placed at their nests. Warblers showed the highest level of aggression to the co-occurring parasite, the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), colour morph (grey), but showed reluctance to mob or attack the co-occurring nest predator, the magpie (Pica pica). There was a sex difference in rate of body attacks towards rufous morph common cuckoo, sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) (locally absent parasite and predator, respectively) and the spotted dove (Streptopelia chinensis) (locally present, harmless species), with females showing better ability to distinguish between these species than males.

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Park, Chan Ryul, Sohyeon Suk, and Sumin Choi. "The Functional Traits of Breeding Bird Communities at Traditional Folk Villages in Korea." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 10, 2020): 9344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229344.

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Interaction between nature and human has formulated unique biodiversity in temperate regions. People have conserved and maintained traditional folk villages (TFVs) dominated with houses made of natural materials, arable land and surrounding elements of landscape. Until now, little attention has been given to understand the traits of breeding birds in TFVs of Korea. The aim of this study was to reveal traits of breeding birds in TFVs and get conservative implications for biodiversity. We selected five TFVs: Hahoe maeul (HA), Wanggok maeul (WG), Nagan maeul (NA), Yangdong maeul (YD), and Hangae maeul (HG). We surveyed breeding birds with line transect methods, and analyzed functional traits (diet type and nest type) of birds in TFVs. Among 60 species recorded, Passer montanus (PM), Streptopelia orientalis (SO), Hirundo rustica (HR), Pica pica (PP), Phoenicuros auroreus (PA), Paradoxornis webbiana (PW), Microscelis amaurotis (MA), Carduelis sinica (CA) and Oriolus chinensis (OC) could be potential breeding birds that prefer diverse habitats of TFVs in Korea. Compared to the breeding birds of rural, urban and forest environments, the diversity of nesting types for birds was high in TFVs. The diverse nest types of breeding birds can be linked with habitat heterogeneity influenced by sustainable interaction between nature and human in TFVs in Korea.

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Dyrcz, Andrzej, and Heiner Flinks. "Potential food resources and nestling food in the Great Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus arundinaceus) and Eastern Great Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus orientalis)." Journal für Ornithologie 141, no. 3 (July 2000): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02462245.

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Yu, Jiangping, Mingju E, Wei Sun, Wei Liang, Haitao Wang, and Anders Pape Møller. "Differently sized cuckoos pose different threats to hosts." Current Zoology 66, no. 3 (October 8, 2019): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoz049.

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Abstract Hole-nesting tits Parus spp. have been classified as “unsuitable” hosts for cuckoo parasitism because cuckoos cannot enter a cavity if the entrance is too small. However, Chinese tits could reject alien eggs and egg ejection rate increased with the local diversity of parasitic cuckoo species. Antiparasitic behavior among Chinese tits may have evolved due to greater size variation among sympatric cuckoo species. This raises the question of whether differently sized parasitic cuckoos pose different threats to Chinese tits. A green-backed tit Parus monticolus population that is sympatric with Asian emerald cuckoo Chrysococcyx maculatus (eme-cuckoo, small-sized parasite) and common cuckoo Cuculus canorus (com-cuckoo, large-sized parasite), and a cinereous tit P. cinereus population that is only sympatric with com-cuckoo were chosen as study organisms. We observed behavioral response and recorded alarm calls of the 2 tit species to eme-cuckoo, com-cuckoo, chipmunk Tamias sibiricus (a nest predator) and dove Streptopelia orientalis (a harmless control), and subsequently played back alarm calls to conspecific incubating females. In dummy experiments, both tit species performed intense response behavior to chipmunk, but rarely responded strongly to the 3 avian species. In playback experiments, both tit species responded strongly to conspecific chipmunk alarm calls, but rarely responded to dove alarm calls. The intensity of response of incubating female green-backed tits to eme-cuckoo and com-cuckoo alarm calls were similar to that of chipmunk alarm calls, while the intensity to eme-cuckoo alarm calls was higher than the intensity to dove alarm calls which was similar to that of com-cuckoo alarm calls. In contrast, few female cinereous tits responded to eme-cuckoo and com-cuckoo alarm calls. These findings indicated that the threat level of eme-cuckoo was slightly greater than that of com-cuckoo for sympatric green-backed tits, but not for allopatric cinereous tits.

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Wang, Jiaojiao, Laikun Ma, Xiangyang Chen, and Canchao Yang. "Behavioral and Acoustic Responses of the Oriental Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus orientalis), at Egg and Nestling Stages, to the Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus)." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9 (August 19, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.705748.

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Cuckoo nest parasites lay eggs in host nests and thereby transfer all reproduction costs to the hosts. This greatly reduces host fitness. Parasitism has selected for the evolution of anti-parasitic strategies in hosts, including nest defense. The dynamic risk assessment hypothesis holds that nest parasitism only threatens the nests during the egg stage, so hosts should reduce the level of defense against nest parasites after the egg stage. We studied the behavioral and acoustic responses of oriental reed warblers (Acrocephalus orientalis), during both the egg and nestling stages, toward the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus) and oriental turtle doves (Streptopelia orientalis). A. orientalis can visually distinguish cuckoos from sparrowhawks and doves, indicating that hawk mimicry did not work for the cuckoos. The behavioral response of hosts in the nestling stage was stronger than in the egg stage, which supports the offspring value hypothesis and suggests that cuckoos may also act as nest predators. However, there was no difference in the alarm calls A. orientalis produce in response to different invaders, indicating that different types of alarm calls may not contain specific information.

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Cemre Aydoğan. "Nesting Orientalisms: Case of Hungary, Its Imaginary Occidentalisation Process, and Inconsistencies." International Relations and Diplomacy 8, no. 1 (January 28, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.17265/2328-2134/2020.01.003.

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Wang, Jiaojiao, Laikun Ma, Xiangyang Chen, and Canchao Yang. "Common Cuckoo Nestling Adapts Its Begging Behavior to the Alarm Signaling System of a Host." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 10 (March 29, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.830441.

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Cuckoo nestlings thrive as avian brood parasites. To acquire sufficient food from the host parents, cuckoo nestlings generally make louder begging calls than host nestlings, but this may cause them to be more likely to attract the attention of predators. Studies have shown that nestlings would respond to the alarm calls of their parents by begging less, or crouching and remaining silent as an adaptation to reduce the risk of being heard by predators. Nevertheless, research is lacking on how parasite nestlings respond to alarm calls of their host parents. We studied the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) and one of the most common cuckoo host species, the oriental reed warbler (Acrocephalus orientalis), using a playback experiment in Yongnianwa National Wetland Park during the breeding seasons from June to July, 2020–2021. The begging behaviors of either cuckoo or host nestlings were quantified by playing back the alarm calls of host adults toward common cuckoo, sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), or oriental turtle doves (Streptopelia orientalis). Meanwhile, normal begging without playback, playback of the natural singing (NS) of host adults, and background noise (BN) were included as behavioral reference, non-threatening comparison, and playback control, respectively. The results showed that the cuckoo and host nestlings produced similar levels of begging with or without playback of NS and BN; however, both types of nestlings inhibited their begging intensity after hearing the playback of alarm calls, although they did not respond differently to the various alarm call playbacks. This study therefore elucidated that coevolution has selected the common cuckoo nestlings that adapt their begging behavior to the parent–offspring communication of alarm signaling in their host, oriental reed warblers.

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Couto, Antoine, Gérard Arnold, Hiroyuki Ai, and Jean-Christophe Sandoz. "Interspecific variation of antennal lobe composition among four hornet species." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (October 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00280-z.

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AbstractOlfaction is a crucial sensory modality underlying foraging, social and mating behaviors in many insects. Since the olfactory system is at the interface between the animal and its environment, it receives strong evolutionary pressures that promote neuronal adaptations and phenotypic variations across species. Hornets are large eusocial predatory wasps with a highly developed olfactory system, critical for foraging and intra-specific communication. In their natural range, hornet species display contrasting ecologies and olfactory-based behaviors, which might match to adaptive shifts in their olfactory system. The first olfactory processing center of the insect brain, the antennal lobe, is made of morphological and functional units called glomeruli. Using fluorescent staining, confocal microscopy and 3D reconstructions, we compared antennal lobe structure, glomerular numbers and volumes in four hornet species (Vespa crabro, Vespa velutina, Vespa mandarinia and Vespa orientalis) with marked differences in nesting site preferences and predatory behaviors. Despite a conserved organization of their antennal lobe compartments, glomeruli numbers varied strongly between species, including in a subsystem thought to process intraspecific cuticular signals. Moreover, specific adaptations involving enlarged glomeruli appeared in two species, V. crabro and V. mandarinia, but not in the others. We discuss the possible function of these adaptations based on species-specific behavioral differences.

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Abernathy, Virginia E., Laura E. Johnson, and Naomi E. Langmore. "An Experimental Test of Defenses Against Avian Brood Parasitism in a Recent Host." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9 (April 27, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.651733.

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Theoretical studies predict that hosts of avian brood parasites should evolve defenses against parasitism in a matter of decades. However, opportunities to test these predictions are limited because brood parasites rarely switch to naïve hosts. Here, we capitalize on a recent host switch by the brood-parasitic Pacific Koel (Eudynamys orientalis) in eastern Australia, to investigate how quickly the Red Wattlebird (Anthochaera carunculata), a recent host that has been annexed by the koel within the last 90 years, can learn to recognize and mob adult cuckoos and evolve the ability to eject parasite eggs. Pacific Koel nestlings kill all host young, so there should be strong selection for hosts to evolve defenses. However, low parasitism rates and high egg recognition costs might slow the spread of egg ejection in our study populations, while adult parasite recognition should be able to spread more rapidly, as this defense has been shown to be a learned trait rather than a genetically inherited defense. We tested Red Wattlebirds at two sites where parasitism rate differed. As predicted, we found that the Red Wattlebird showed little or no ability to eject foreign model eggs at either site, whereas two historical hosts showed high levels of egg ejection at both sites. However, Red Wattlebirds responded significantly more aggressively to a koel mount than to mounts of a harmless control and nest predator at the site with the higher parasitism rate and gave significantly more alarm calls overall toward the koel mount. Our results support previous evidence that recognition and mobbing of a brood parasite are learned traits and may be especially beneficial to naïve hosts that have not had enough time or a high enough selection pressure to evolve egg rejection.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Nesting orientalism'

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