Academic literature on the topic 'Net calorific value'
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Journal articles on the topic "Net calorific value"
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Motalo, Andrij, and Vasil Motalo. "ANALYSIS OF CALORIMETRIC METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF NATURAL GAS CALORIFIC VALUE." Measuring Equipment and Metrology 82, no. 3 (2021): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcmtm2021.03.032.
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The article considers the current methods of measuring the calorific value of natural gas which are valid in the upto-date gasometry. The procedure for measuring the gross and net volume-basis specific calorific value of natural gas by the calorimetric method is analyzed. It is shown that to increase the accuracy and validity of measurement results, the experiment to determine the values of gross and net volume-basis specific calorific should be performed for at least 5 samples of the investigated gas. A methodology for estimating the accuracy of measuring the gross and net volume-basis specific calorific values of natural gas by the calorimetric method by finding estimates of the uncertainty of the obtained measurement results taking into account both random and systematic influencing factors are developed. The uncertainty budgets for measuring the gross and net volumebasis-specific calorific values of natural gas have been developed for the practical implementation of the methodology. The results of experimental studies of samples of one of the natural gas fields are given and the objective values of the gross and net volumebasis specific calorific with estimates of extended uncertainty are obtained.
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Stefanovic, Predrag, Zoran Markovic, Vukman Bakic, Dejan Cvetinovic, Vuk Spasojevic, and Nikola Zivkovic. "Evaluation of Kolubara lignite carbon emission characteristics." Thermal Science 16, no. 3 (2012): 805–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120215130s.
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The revised Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines for national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories recommends that more comprehensive and thus more reliable characteristics of the local fossil fuels should be used for the national GHG inventory calculations. This paper deal with the carbon emission characteristics of low-calorific lignite recovered from the Kolubara open-pit mine. The samples of coal were carefully selected in order to cover the net calorific value, ash and water content of the broad spectrum of the quality of the raw lignite supplied to the Serbian thermal power plants. Correlation analysis of the laboratory analysis data gave a linear dependency of the net calorific value on the combustible content in the coal samples. Also, linear correlation between the carbon content and the net calorific value was found. The regression analysis of experimentally determined coal characteristics implies that the carbon emission factor is dependent on the net calorific value. For the subset of raw lignite samples with the net calorific value Qdr = 6 ? 10 MJ/kg, that is most representative for current and near future use for power generation in Serbian thermal power plants, the linear dependency CEFr (tC/TJ) = 34.407 - 0.5891?Qdr (MJ/kg) was proposed. Regarding the net calorific ranges of samples examined, the raw Kolubara lignite carbon emission factor is considerably higher than those recommended by IPCC Tier 1 method of 27.6 tC/TJ.
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Nepal, Saurav, Rupert Wimmer, and Volker Zelinski. "Analysing the effect of thermal modification on the calorific values of Eucalyptus nitens wood." Les/Wood 70, no. 2 (2021): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26614/les-wood.2021.v70n02a03.
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Gross and net calorific value of 13 samples of Eucalyptus nitens wood were determined at HAWK (Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaft und Kunst), Göttingen, Germany. Among 13 samples, 12 were thermally modified and one was unmodified. Calorific values of samples were determined by using a bomb calorimeter, and the wood components (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and extractives) already analysed by Wentzel et al. (2019). After determination of the values, samples were statistically analysed by R studio to find the relations among the calorific value, temperature, and wood components. The gross calorific value and net calorific value of the untreated sample of Eucalyptus nitens were found to be 18.83 MJ/kg and 17.48 MJ/kg, and after thermal modification these increased up to 20.24 MJ/kg and 18.84 MJ/kg. Upon statistical analysis, the results for lignin showed a strong correlation with the temperature of thermal treatment and calorific value.
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Lee, Jun, Shahab Sokhansanj, Anthony Lau, et al. "The effects of storage on the net calorific value of wood pellets." Canadian Biosystems Engineering 57, no. 1 (2015): 8.5–8.12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7451/cbe.2015.57.8.5.
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Khan, Junaid, Rafi Ullah Khan, and Abdullah Khan Durrani. "Characterization of Pakistani coal and biomass blends." Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers 47, no. 1 (2020): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54693/piche.04715.
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Coal is blackish color sedimentary rock which occurred in layer forms. There are certain ranks of Coal which can be found in different areas of World. It can extract from different mining techniques. The analysis of coal and biomass blends. By using this technology the low grade coal converts into a valuable material which is used as fuel for domestic, commercial and industrial purpose. Biomass blends are made of Pakistani coal with different biomass, bagasse, coconut shell, Coconut waste and saw dust i.e. High Gross calorific value coal is used to blend with biomass of high calorific value and low ash content. Purpose of low ash content is not to effect the environment. The technique was to determine whether which type either Biomass and coal blend to be used for the burning and to give an idea for their use in generating steam for energy production. Which can be used in different types of Gasifiers/boilers i.e circulating fluidized bed. Gross calorific value was determined on the basis of heat basis blends and weight basis blends with net calorific value determined in same heat basis blends and weight basis blends. Net calorific value was determined using Dulong formula.
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Zhang, Hong Liang, Dian Zhen Fu, Pan Zhang, and Wei Li. "The Prediction Model and Application for Net Calorific Value of Biomass Power Plant Fuel." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 2420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.2420.
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A quantitative multivariate linear regression equation is established with the net calorific value of woody biomass fuel as the dependent variable and proximate analysis indexes as the independent variables. The prediction effect of the regression model is evaluated by the error analysis method. Results show that within the variable application ranges, the prediction error of the multiple linear regression model developed is small, and it could provide basis and reference for the calorific value prediction of woody biomass.
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Orémusová, Emília, Ludmila Tereňová, and Roman Réh. "Evaluation of the Gross and Net Calorific Value of the Selected Wood Species." Advanced Materials Research 1001 (August 2014): 292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1001.292.
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The article deals with the important characteristics of the fuel energy parameters as the heat of combustion and ash contents of selected species of hardwoods and softwoods. In the research there were used the following wood of trees: pine, spruce, beech and maple, with calorific values ascertained separately for wood, bark, leaves and needles. Gross calorific value (another equivalent term is heat of combustion) was determined and calculated according to ISO 1928 “Heat of combustion of solid fuels”. Because the net calorific value of fuel significantly decreases with the moisture, the net calorific value of samples was determined not only in the absolutely dry state, but also at different percentage of moisture. The highest values of heat of combustion have been shown needles of pine wood (21.32 MJ.kg-1), bark of spruce wood (21.21 MJ.kg-1), leaves of beech wood (20.44 MJ.kg-1) and inner wood of spruce tree (20,54 MJ.kg-1). As other important energetic characteristic of wood a contents of ash have been measured and evaluated. Ash values from specimens of tested tree species were in the range from 0.78 up to 5 %. The average value of the residuum is 2.07 %. The lowest value was found for the field maple wood 0.78 % and the highest one for the bark of the same maple 5 %. The highest ash values were measured in most cases for needles and leaves; only for maple it was for the bark. On the other side, the lowest residuals were found for the wood itself.
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Stefanovic, Predrag, Nikola Zivkovic, Dragoslava Stojiljkovic, et al. "Pljevlja lignite carbon emission characteristics." Thermal Science 23, Suppl. 5 (2019): 1523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180726288s.
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The anthropogenic emission of GHG especially CO has to be limited and reduced due to 2 their impact on global warming and climate change. Combustion of fossil fuels in the energy sector has a dominant share in total GHG emissions. In order to reduce GHG emission, European Union established a scheme for GHG allowance trading within the community, and the implementation of the European Union emission trading scheme, which is a key to GHG reduction in a cost-effective way. An important part of emission trading scheme is prescribed methodology for monitoring, reporting, and verification of the emission of GHG including characterization of the local fuels combusted by the energy sector. This paper presents lignite characteristics from open-pit mine Borovica- Pljevlja, which has highest coal production in Montenegro (>1.2 Mt per year), including evaluation of its carbon emission factor based on the laboratory analysis of 72 coal samples. Testing of the samples included proximate and ultimate analysis, as well as, net calorific value determination. In accordance with the obtained results, linear correlations between net calorific value and combustible matter content, carbon content and combustible matter content, hydrogen content and combustible matter content, carbon content and net calorific value, were established. Finally, the non-linear analytical correlation between carbon emission factor and net calorific value for Pljevlja lignite was proposed, as a base for the precise calculation of CO emission evaluation.
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Brand, Martha Andreia, Graciela Inês Bolzon de Muñiz, Waldir Ferreira Quirino, and José Otávio Brito. "Influence of storage time on the quality of biomass for energy production in humid subtropical regions." CERNE 16, no. 4 (2010): 531–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-77602010000400012.
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This work aims to determine an optimal storage time of forest biomass for use in energy production, through analysis of variations in physical and chemical properties of with bark timber over the storage period. The study was conducted in the municipality of Lages, SC, over a span of 18 months. The experiment used with bark logs of Pinus taeda and Eucalyptus dunnii, with varying diameters, and slabs of Pinus spp., stored in piles. The material was sampled freshly harvested (control), after two, after four and after six months of storage. Four lots were used, harvested and stored at the spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons. Properties being assessed included moisture content (wet basis), gross calorific value, net calorific value and ash content. Results demonstrated that storage time influenced moisture content and net calorific value, yet it had no influence on gross calorific value and ash content. Optimal storage time ranged from two to four months, depending on the species, form of biomass and storage season. The best behavior regarding quality after storage was from Pinus slabs, followed by Eucalyptus logs and Pinus logs, the latter showing the worst behavior.
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Li, Lianming, Zhiwei Wang, and Defeng He. "U-Net Semantic Segmentation-Based Calorific Value Estimation of Straw Multifuels for Combined Heat and Power Generation Processes." Energies 17, no. 20 (2024): 5143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17205143.
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This paper proposes a system for real-time estimation of the calorific value of mixed straw fuels based on an improved U-Net semantic segmentation model. This system aims to address the uncertainty in heat and power generation per unit time in combined heat and power generation (CHPG) systems caused by fluctuations in the calorific value of straw fuels. The system integrates an industrial camera, moisture detector, and quality sensors to capture images of the multi-fuel straw. It applies the improved U-Net segmentation network for semantic segmentation of the images, accurately calculating the proportion of each type of straw. The improved U-Net network introduces a self-attention mechanism in the skip connections of the final layer of the encoder, replacing traditional convolutions by depthwise separable convolutions, as well as replacing the traditional convolutional bottleneck layers with Transformer encoder. These changes ensure that the model achieves high segmentation accuracy and strong generalization capability while maintaining good real-time performance. The semantic segmentation results of the straw images are used to calculate the proportions of different types of straw and, combined with moisture content and quality data, the calorific value of the mixed fuel is estimated in real time based on the elemental composition of each straw type. Validation using images captured from an actual thermal power plant shows that, under the same conditions, the proposed model has only a 0.2% decrease in accuracy compared to the traditional U-Net segmentation network, while the number of parameters is significantly reduced by 74%, and inference speed is improved 23%.
Books on the topic "Net calorific value"
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Soghier, Lamia, Katherine Pham, and Sara Rooney, eds. Reference Range Values for Pediatric Care. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581108545.
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Here’s the one place to look for normal values and related need-to-know data! Now you no longer have to search through multiple resources for reference ranges and other critical values you need to optimize patient assessment and management. The new Reference Range Values for Pediatric Care brings all the most vital range data - plus diverse clinical evaluation and calculation tools - all together in one concise, compact handbook. Indispensable pediatric reference ranges - right at your fingertips Custom-designed for today’s busy practitioners, this quick-access resource provides commonly used ranges and values spanning birth through adolescence. Data needed for management of preterm newborns and other neonates is highlighted throughout. Look here for practice-focused help with: - Blood pressure ranges - Body surface area calculation - Bone age metrics - Hematology values - Cerebrospinal fluid values - Lymphocyte subset counts - Clinical chemistry ranges - Thyroid function - Umbilical vein and artery catheterization measurements - Caloric intake values - And more! Also includes assessment and management tools you’ll use again and again Save time and simplify clinical problem-solving with a full set of easy-to-use tools from the AAP and other authoritative sources: - APGAR and Ballard newborn screening - Growth charts - Metric conversion tables - Pain scales - Blood pressure nomograms - Hyperbilirubinemia nomograms - Enternal formulas - GIR calculators - AAP immunization schedules - AAP periodicity schedule Drug administration and monitoring guidelines The handbook includes must-know basics on commonly used antibiotics and antiseizure medications - complete with recommended dosages and serum target levels.
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Bouët, Antoine, Sunday Pierre Odjo, and Chahir Zaki, eds. 2022 Africa Agriculture Trade Monitor (AATM). AKADEMIYA2063 and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54067/9781737916437.
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Agricultural trade and global food security have been dramatically affected by a series of events. While the global economy is recovering in 2022 from the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russian invasion of Ukraine has sparked new and challenging problems. In a context where agricultural prices were recovering from a generalized surge throughout the pandemic, the war reversed these trends and opened an new episode of rising food prices, general inflationary pressures, and increased volatility. The combination of these shocks affects agricultural trade and food security throughout Africa, especially in countries highly dependent on food imports. The role of trade in creating resilience in this volatile environment is crucial and has been much discussed. From this perspective, the 2022 Africa Agriculture Trade Monitor (AATM) contributes to our understanding of African agricultural trade and its relationship with food and nutrition security in several important ways. First, it provides a thorough analysis of regional and continental trade in agriculture and selected value chains using accurate statistics developed for this report. This year, it adds an analysis of the nutritional content of African trade and looks closely at the trade in processed products. Second, it examines the potentially transformative impact of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) on the region’s economies. Third, at the regional level, it analyzes the evolution of intra- as well as extra-regional trade flows, and trade policy of one of Africa’s Regional Economic Communities (RECs), namely the Economic Community of Central Africa States (ECCAS). As in prior editions, this fifth AATM provides improved trade statistics and uses consistent indicators to monitor trends in Africa’s participation in global trade as well as the status of intra-African trade. The report highlights three main findings. First, the insertion of African countries in global and regional value chains is low but has recently improved. Indeed, both forward participation in value chains (that is, provision of inputs to other countries’ processing sectors) and backward participation (incorporation of imported intermediates into African traded products) have increased, although forward links have grown faster than backward links. Second, intra-African trade increased significantly prior to the pandemic in most RECs, especially in processed products. Yet, this trend was halted by the COVID-19 shock, especially in ECCAS and the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU). Third, the nutritional content of extra-African trade is concentrated in products with a high value and a low caloric content. In comparison, intra-African flows are more intensive in calories, fat, and protein. The report also examines a number of special topics. One chapter is devoted to modeling the impacts on trade, growth, and welfare of several potential approaches to AfCFTA implementation. The results confirm that there is a high opportunity cost associated with weak AfCFTA implementation, which is why it is crucial to take a more ambitious approach that fully liberalizes tariffs and reduces nontariff measures. The 2022 AATM also conducts a detailed analysis of trends and policy issues in value chains for stimulants (cocoa, coffee, and tea), demonstrating that trade in these sectors is still concentrated in unprocessed products. Finally, the report examines in-depth the patterns of trade integration within ECCAS. One important finding is that intraregional trade is still impeded by many tariffs, nontariff measures, and poor transport infrastructure. AKADEMIYA2063 and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) are pleased to present this collaborative report, which provides an insightful review of Africa’s progress in trade development, within and beyond the continent, and new analysis on critical topics for trade in Africa’s agrifood sector.
Book chapters on the topic "Net calorific value"
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Mkpadi, M. C., G. E. Andrews, and I. A. Khan. "Disposal of Low Calorific Value Waste Gas." In New and Renewable Technologies for Sustainable Development. Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0296-8_50.
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"Standard net calorific values." In Energy Balances and Electricity Profiles (Ser. W). UN, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/531c5218-en.
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"Net calorific values of energy products." In Energy Statistics Yearbook 2014. UN, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/a6dbd5f5-en.
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"Net calorific values of energy products." In Energy Statistics Yearbook (Ser. J). UN, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/32a602b1-en.
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"Net calorific values of energy products." In Energy Balances and Electricity Profiles (Ser. W). UN, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/34602e60-en.
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"Net calorific values of energy products." In Energy Statistics Yearbook 2013. UN, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/d10af342-en.
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"Net calorific values of energy products." In Energy Statistics Yearbook 2017. UN, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/b0b1d91f-en.
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"Net calorific values of energy products." In Energy Statistics Yearbook 2019. United Nations, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789210012850c010.
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"Net calorific values of energy products." In Energy Statistics Yearbook (Ser. J). UN, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/2577f496-en.
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"Net calorific values of energy products." In Energy Statistics Yearbook (Ser. J). UN, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/276c402a-en.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Net calorific value"
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Khan, Jobaidur Rahman, and Ting Wang. "Fog and Overspray Cooling for Gas Turbine Systems With Low Calorific Value Fuels." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90396.
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During the summer, power output and the efficiency of gas turbines deteriorate significantly. Gas turbine inlet air fog cooling is considered a simple and cost-effective method to increase power output as well as, sometimes, thermal efficiency. During fog cooling, water is atomized to micro-scaled droplets and introduced into the inlet airflow. In addition to cooling the inlet air, overspray can further enhance output power by intercooling the compressor. With continued increase of volatility of natural gas prices and concerns regarding national energy security, alternative fuels such as low calorific value (LCV) synthetic gases (syngas) derived from gasification of coal, petroleum coke, or biomass are considered as important common fuels in the future. The effect of fogging/overspray on LCV fuel fired gas turbine systems is not clear. This paper specifically investigates this issue by developing a wet compression thermodynamic model that considers additional water and LCV fuel mass flows, non-stoichiometric combustion, and the auxiliary fuel compressor power. An in-house computational program, FogGT, has been developed to study the theoretical gas turbine performance by fixing the pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature (TIT) assuming the gas turbine has been designed or modified to take in the additional mass flow rates from overspray and LCV fuels. Two LCV fuels of approximately 8% and 15% of the NG heating values, are considered respectively. Parametric studies have been performed to consider different ambient conditions and various overspray ratios with fuels of different low heating values. The results show, when LCV fuels are burned, the fuel compressor consumes about 10–18% of the turbine output power in comparison with 2% when NG is burned. LCV fueled GT is about 10–16% less efficient than NG fueled GT and produces 10–24% of net output power even though LCV fuels significantly increase fuel compressor power. When LCV fuels are burned, saturated fogging can achieve a net output power increases approximately 1–2%, while 2% overspray can achieve 20% net output enhancement. As the ambient temperature or relative humidity increases, the net output power decreases. Fog/overspray could either slightly increase or decrease the thermal efficiency depending on the ambient conditions.
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DĄBROWSKA, Magdalena, Milena JAWOREK, Adam ŚWIĘTOCHOWSKI, and Aleksander LISOWSKI. "VALUABLE ENERGY OF BIOCHAR FROM AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST WASTE STREAMS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.011.
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Wastes from forest and agricultural industry are still insufficiently used. One of the ways of their preprocessing is a pyrolysis process. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the energetic properties of biochar made of walnut shells, forest wood chips and willow chips. The studies were performed according to standards. The moisture contents of the material, the ash contents, the net and gross calorific values were determined. Low moisture and ash content were found in each of the biochar species. For all tested samples the ash contents were lower than 6% and for forest wood chips it was 1.5% only. The way of processing the biomass in the pyrolysis process significantly increased the calorific value of the raw materials. It was found that the net calorific values of the tested materials were high and reached the amount of 26.58 MJ‧kg-1 for biochar made of walnut shells, 22.29 MJ‧kg-1 for biochar made of forest wood chips and 24.59 MJ‧kg-1 for biochar made of willow chips. Due to the good physical properties of biochar produced from waste and biological materials, it was found that these solid fuels can be used for energy purposes.
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STREIKUS, Dionizas, Algirdas JASINSKAS, Rolandas DOMEIKA, et al. "EVALUATION OF GIANT KNOTWEED AND MISCANTHUS AS PERSPECTIVE ENERGY PLANTS AND ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED BIOFUEL QUALITY INDICATORS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.004.
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Giant knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis) was chosen as a perspective energy plant because it is not a soil demanding plant and belongs to the most efficient herbs in Central Europe as regards high biomass yield. Miscanthus (Miscanthus sinensis) was chosen as a control one. Knotweeds are comparable to wood briquettes and pellets because of their similarparallel mechanical and thermal features. These plants grow in forest environment with an approximate yield productivity of 15 t ha-1 d.b. (dry basis). Experimental research investigations were performed in the laboratories of Aleksandras Stulginskis University. Giant knotweed and miscanthus biomass was cut, chopped, milled and granulated with a small capacity granulator (250–300 kg h-1). Quality parameters of plant preparative and use for energetical objectives were determined. Plant chaff and mill fraction compositions were determined, and quality indicators of the produced pellets were measured – moisture content, density, resistance to compression, elemental composition, ash content and calorific value, also bulk density, fall and natural slope angles. Moisture content reached 7.8 ± 0.8 %; pellet density was 1227.3 ± 48.6 kg m-3. Resistance to compression of giant knotweed pellet was 850 N. Determined ash content was 4.3 ± 0.01 %, and net calorific value of knotweed dry mass was of sufficient height and reached 18.96 ± 0.28 MJ kg-1. Bulk density reached 509.9 kg m-3, natural slope angle was 31.7 0 and fall angle was 49.3 0.
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Eriksson, Pontus, Steve Walsh, Rolf Gabrielsson, Lars Waldheim, and Fredrik Hermann. "Design and Evaluation of an LCV Combustor for the Volvo VT4400 Industrial Gas Turbine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30088.
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A combustor has been developed to burn a low calorific gas mixture reflecting a composition typically available from a bio-mass gasification plant. This reference composition contained (by volume) 11,7% H2, 15,4% CO, 5,9% CH4, 13,3% CO2, 46,7% N2 and 7% H2O. The combustor was subsequently tested with gas compositions having varying amounts of NH3, H2O and CO/H2 content. It was also tested with three compositions rich in CO, but lacking H2; these are typically available from blast furnace, or other metallurgical processes. The combustor is designed to be stoichiometric/lean and is suitable for up to 2,1 MW thermal input. The flame tube walls are predominantly effusion-cooled. A natural gas pilot is provided for ignition and operation up to 20% load. UHC emissions were only seen when operating on the reference LCV composition below 40% load. CO emissions were less than 20 ppmv between 40% and 100% load regardless of gas composition tested. Combined thermal and prompt NOX, when operating without ammonia addition, was found to be less than 9 ppmv at full load for the reference gas. When ammonia was introduced to the gas composition the molar ammonia conversion to NOX was approximately 60% for 2500 ppmv NH3 fuel concentration. This was seen to increase to 90% as the ammonia concentration was reduced to 500 ppmv. The combustor showed acceptable temperatures while operating on the reference composition. The compositions having higher net calorific value produced excessive flame tube temperatures. The combustor had excellent combustion stability regardless of gas composition and operating condition.
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Schubert, Jim, and Konrad Fichtner. "Gasification/Cogeneration Using MSW Residuals and Biomass." In 13th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec13-3154.
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The City of Edmonton presently collects and processes about 230,000 tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) and recyclables per year at the composting and materials recovery facilities located at the Edmonton Waste Management Centre. Over 60% of the waste materials that are brought to the facilities are recycled and composted. Remaining residuals from both the composting and materials recovery facilities have little value in terms of being further recycled and are currently being landfilled. The residuals do have a significant calorific value and have the potential to produce enough electricity to provide 100% of the power and heating for facilities at the Edmonton Waste Management Centre (EWMC), with remaining energy for adjacent developments. The City is considering advanced thermal treatment (not conventional incineration) of the residual waste (after recycling and composting) as a way to close the loop in waste management in terms of minimizing waste materials that are landfilled and reducing the net energy requirement for waste processing and disposal to nil. Other renewable biomass waste streams (e.g.: wood or agricultural waste) could complement operation of the facility and make it more economically viable (economies of scale). There are also other environmental benefits such as reductions in the overall greenhouse gas (GHG) and other harmful emissions by displacement of fossil fuel as an energy source.
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Tuccillo, R., G. Fontana, and E. Jannelli. "Coal-Derived Gas Utilization in Combined Gas-Steam Cycle Power Plants." In ASME 1990 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/90-gt-366.
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In this paper, a general analysis of combined gas-steam cycles for power plants firing with both hydrocarbons and coal derived gas is reported. The purpose of this paper is to study the influence on power plants performance of different kind of fuels and to evaluate the most significant parameters of both gas and combined cycle. Results are presented for plant overall efficiency and net specific work, steam to gas mass flow ratio, dimensionless gas turbine specific speed and diameter, CO2 emissions etc., as functions of gas cycle pressure ratio and of the combustion temperature. Furthermore, for an existing power plant with a 120 MW gas turbine, the authors try to establish in which measure the combined cycle characteristic parameters, the gas turbine operating conditions, and the heat recovery steam generator efficiency, are modified by using synthetic fuels of different composition and calorific value. The influence is also analyzed either of bottoming steam cycle saturation pressure or — in a dual pressure steam cycle — of dimensionless fraction of steam mass flow in high pressure stream. The acquired results seem to constitute useful information on the criteria for the optimal design of a new integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant.
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Koturbash, Taras, Maksym Karpash, Iryna Darvai, Ihor Rybitskyi, and Vladimir Kutcherov. "Development of New Instant Technology of Natural Gas Quality Determination." In ASME 2013 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2013-98089.
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World experience shows that important factor in the calculations for natural gas consumption between suppliers and consumers is not only the volume of natural gas, but the quality indicators. With gas market liberalization, gas properties are expected to vary more frequently and strongly (composition, heating value etc.). Quality of natural gas is currently a topical issue, considering the steady increase of gas consumption in the world in recent decades. Existent chromatographs and calorimeters are very accurate in gas quality determination, but general expenditure and maintenance costs are still considerable. Market demands alternative lower cost methods of natural gas quality determination for transparent energy billing and technological process control. Investigation results indicate that heating value (HV) is a nonlinear function of such parameters as sound velocity in gas, N2 and CO2 concentration. Those parameters show strong correlation with natural gas properties of interest (HV, density, Wobbe index), during analysis conducted on natural gas sample database. For solving nonlinear multivariable approximation task of HV determination, artificial neural networks were used. Proposed approach allowed excluding N2 concentration from input parameters with maintenance of sufficient accuracy of HV determination equal to 3.7% (with consideration of N2 concentration – 2.4%) on sample database. For validating of received results corresponding experimental investigation was conducted with reference analysis of physical and chemical parameters of natural gas samples by gas chromatography and followed superior HV calculation according to ISO 6976:1995. Developed experimental setup consist of measuring chamber with ultrasonic transducer, reflector, pressure, temperature and humidity sensors, ultrasonic inspection equipment for sound velocity measurements and CO2 concentration sensor with relevant instrument. The experimental setup allows measurement of sound velocity at 1MHz frequency and CO2 concentration in natural gas sample along with parameters control (temperature, humidity, pressure). The HV calculation algorithm was based on specially designed and trained artificial neural networks. Experimental investigation of proposed approach was conducted on 40 real samples of locally distributed natural gas. Obtained results, in comparison to reference values, showed absolute error in Lower HV (net calorific value) determination equal 166 kJ/m3, while relative error was equal 4.66%. Developed technology allows construction of autonomous instrument for instant natural gas quality determination, which can be combined with volume meters in order to provide transparent energy flow measurement and billing for gas consumers. Additionally it can be used for gas sensitive technological process control.
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Ligafinza, A., N. Putra, S. Nurjanah, W. S. Kadarsih, Machfud _, and R. E. Natalie. "Calculating Indirect Emission for Business Support Activities by Using Emission Factor Improvement with Carbon Calculator Application." In Mediterranean Offshore Conference. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/223339-ms.
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Abstract As a company with a vision to become a global and sustainable energy company, we need to disclose several environmental aspects, one of which is emissions. Scope 1 & 2 emissions can easily be disclosed by the company as the data is within the company. However, for scope 3 emissions, particularly categories 6 & 7, which include business travel and employee commuting, calculation data resides with the employees. Therefore, a tool is needed to standardize the calculation methods for scope 3 categories 6 & 7 and also to accelerate data collection process. Hence, we have decided to develop an application called "Carbon Calculator." The basic design of this application refers to the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories 2006. In general, greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) are calculated by multiplying activity data with emission factors. Activity data refers to energy consumption data according to the type used, while emission factors are coefficients indicating the amount of emissions per activity. In the technical implementation of emission calculations in the Carbon Calculator application, calculations will be adjusted based on data availability and emission factors. To simplify emission calculations from vehicles, the company processes advanced data on Net Calorific Value (NCV), emission factors, and fuel economy to obtain emission load calculation results from the use of private vehicles. Carbon calculator is a web-based application for GHG inventory that will be used by all workers. PHE Carbon Calculator enhances emissions transparency for indirect emission (Scope 3 Category 6 & 7) and empowers PHE to proactively manage and reduce its environmental footprint and further indicates its commitment to global sustainability leadership. Currently, PHE is focused on familiarizing the use of the carbon calculator and conducting a campaign to disclose scope 3 emissions. At present, nearly all regions have participated in filling out the carbon calculator. IPCC has provided the methodology for calculating GHG, however in this study we improve the emission factor specification to have more specific result in employee commuting and business travel disclosure. Future development of PHE Carbon Calculator will focus on scalability and integration of advanced analytics to further optimize sustainability initiatives.
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Li, Ze, Tie Li, Run Chen, Shiyan Li, Xinyi Zhou, and Ning Wang. "Experimental Study on Thermo-Catalytic Ammonia Decomposition into Hydrogen." In 2024 Small Powertrains and Energy Systems Technology Conference. SAE International, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4271/2024-32-0118.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In order to rapidly achieve the goal of global net-zero carbon emissions, ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) has been deemed as a potential alternative fuel, and reforming partial ammonia to hydrogen using engine exhaust waste heat is a promising technology which can improve the combustion performance and reduce the emission of ammonia-fueled engines. However, so far, comprehensive research on the correlation between the reforming characteristic for accessible engineering applications of ammonia catalytic decomposition is not abundant. Moreover, relevant experimental studies are far from sufficient. In this paper, we conducted the experiments of catalytic decomposition of ammonia into hydrogen based on a fixed-bed reactor with Ru-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalysts to study the effects of reaction temperature, gas hour space velocity (GHSV) and reaction pressure on the decomposition characteristics. At the same time, energy flow analysis was carried out to explore the effects of various reaction conditions on system efficiency. The results show that both the ammonia catalytic conversion and decomposition efficiency increase with the reaction temperature increasing. However, these two parameters decrease with the increases of GHSV and reaction pressure, the former due to the reduction of ammonia retention time in the reactor as GHSV accelerates, and the latter due to the high-pressure environment inhibiting the overall reaction towards ammonia decomposition. In addition, the maximum conversion rate of 86% and a peak decomposition efficiency of 112% were achieved at 853 K, 2000 h<sup>-1</sup>, and 0.1 MPa. The energy flow analysis shows that increasing the reaction temperature increases the decomposition losses, but the total calorific value of the reformate increases, which is expected to improve the combustion efficiency of ammonia fueled engines and reduce the unburned ammonia emissions. Furthermore, GHSV has a negligible impact on decomposition losses. This paper contributes to the database of hydrogen production from the ammonia thermo-catalytic decomposition, analyze the energy flow distribution of the catalytic decomposition process, and provides important information for development of zero-carbon ammonia-hydrogen fueled engines.</div></div>
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Rao, V. Pulagala, and Basava V. A. Rao. "Influence of Physical and Chemical Properties of Two Biodiesel Fuels on Performance, Combustion and Exhaust Emission Characteristics in a DI-CI Engine." In ASME 2008 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2008-1660.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of biodiesel (BD) fuel properties on different characteristics of the engine and to compare with the baseline petroleum diesel (PD) fuel. This study consists of two parts, first one is biodiesel characterization and the second one is testing in the engine. Two BD fuels namely, the medium chain (C6–C24) coconut oil methyl ester (COME) and the long chain (C16–C18) sesame seed oil methyl ester (SSME) were selected. It is observed that, the physical and chemical properties such as viscosity, density, bulk modulus, calorific value, C/H ratio, and iodine value of SSME are higher than that of COME, while the cetane number, saturation% and oxygen% of the COME is higher than that of SSME. Experiments were conducted in a naturally aspirated, single cylinder, four-stroke, stationary, water cooled, constant rpm (1500), in-line (pump-high pressure tube-fuel injector) direct injection compression ignition (DI–CI) engine with COME, SSME (with and without preheating), and PD as fuels. The performance was evaluated in terms of fuel consumption (FC), brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), and thermal efficiency (BTE). Except for COME at full load, the BTE of the esters over all load ranges were less than that of PD fuel. Also, a significant improvement in BTE was observed, when the SSME is tested at PD’s viscosity by using preheating technique. At full load, the BSFC of COME and SSME are increased by 16.61% and 18.24% respectively. The minimum BSEC (at full load) of COME is decreased by 1.3% and while that of SSME is increased by 4.5%, as compared to that of PD fuel. The full load peak pressures for COME, SSME and PD fuel are 63.8 bar, 65.8 bar, and 62.9 bar respectively. The high peak pressures of the methyl esters are probably due to dynamic injection advance, caused by their higher bulk modulus. The net heat release rate (HRR) and cumulative heat release (CHR) were calculated from the acquired data. The results show that, at all loads there is a slight increase in peak HRR for COME and large increase in peak HRR for SSME against PD fuel. The higher values of peak HRR indicate better premixed combustion with the methyl esters. However, the peak HRR for preheated SSME (SSME_H) decreases due to late injection and faster evaporation of the fuel. It was observed that, at full load the nitric oxide (NO) emission of SSME is increased by 12.9%, while that of COME is decreased by 13.8% as compared to that of PD fuel. The smoke is increasing linearly with the fuels ‘C/H’ ratio regardless of their molecular structure. The HC emissions of both the esters are very low and are reduced by up to 73%, as compared PD. Also, there is a significant reduction in all exhaust emissions, and in particular the NO emission is observed with preheated SSME, due to change in premixed combustion phase.
Reports on the topic "Net calorific value"
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VATIN, Alice, Yann COURTOIS, and Jean-Luc Fabre. PR-306-16602-R01 Effect of Calibration Gas Blend on Chromatograph Accuracy. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011507.
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This report describes the tests results carried out on five natural gas gross calorific value analyzers depending on the calibration model. Three analyzers were conventional gas chromatographs. Two analyzers were new generation gas chromatographs. Twenty-three gas blend were used for this study including three calibration gas blend. Therefore, the report enables the most suitable linear calibration model to be chosen, in order to minimize gross calorific value measurement errors with respect to methods.
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LOUVAT, Am�lie, Alice VATIN, and Jean-Luc Fabre. PR-306-16602-R02 Effects Calibration Blends on Chromatograph Accuracy - Unblinded. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011494.
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This report describes the tests results carried out on five natural gas gross calorific value analyzers depending on the calibration model. Three analyzers were conventional gas chromatographs. Two analyzers were new generation gas chromatographs. Twenty-three gas blend were used for this study including three calibration gas blend. Therefore, the report enables the most suitable linear calibration model to be chosen, in order to minimize gross calorific value measurement errors with respect to methods. This is an un-blinded report intended for members only. Please click here to view related webinar.