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Journal articles on the topic 'Net calorific value'
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Motalo, Andrij, and Vasil Motalo. "ANALYSIS OF CALORIMETRIC METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF NATURAL GAS CALORIFIC VALUE." Measuring Equipment and Metrology 82, no. 3 (2021): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcmtm2021.03.032.
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The article considers the current methods of measuring the calorific value of natural gas which are valid in the upto-date gasometry. The procedure for measuring the gross and net volume-basis specific calorific value of natural gas by the calorimetric method is analyzed. It is shown that to increase the accuracy and validity of measurement results, the experiment to determine the values of gross and net volume-basis specific calorific should be performed for at least 5 samples of the investigated gas. A methodology for estimating the accuracy of measuring the gross and net volume-basis specific calorific values of natural gas by the calorimetric method by finding estimates of the uncertainty of the obtained measurement results taking into account both random and systematic influencing factors are developed. The uncertainty budgets for measuring the gross and net volumebasis-specific calorific values of natural gas have been developed for the practical implementation of the methodology. The results of experimental studies of samples of one of the natural gas fields are given and the objective values of the gross and net volumebasis specific calorific with estimates of extended uncertainty are obtained.
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Stefanovic, Predrag, Zoran Markovic, Vukman Bakic, Dejan Cvetinovic, Vuk Spasojevic, and Nikola Zivkovic. "Evaluation of Kolubara lignite carbon emission characteristics." Thermal Science 16, no. 3 (2012): 805–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120215130s.
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The revised Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines for national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories recommends that more comprehensive and thus more reliable characteristics of the local fossil fuels should be used for the national GHG inventory calculations. This paper deal with the carbon emission characteristics of low-calorific lignite recovered from the Kolubara open-pit mine. The samples of coal were carefully selected in order to cover the net calorific value, ash and water content of the broad spectrum of the quality of the raw lignite supplied to the Serbian thermal power plants. Correlation analysis of the laboratory analysis data gave a linear dependency of the net calorific value on the combustible content in the coal samples. Also, linear correlation between the carbon content and the net calorific value was found. The regression analysis of experimentally determined coal characteristics implies that the carbon emission factor is dependent on the net calorific value. For the subset of raw lignite samples with the net calorific value Qdr = 6 ? 10 MJ/kg, that is most representative for current and near future use for power generation in Serbian thermal power plants, the linear dependency CEFr (tC/TJ) = 34.407 - 0.5891?Qdr (MJ/kg) was proposed. Regarding the net calorific ranges of samples examined, the raw Kolubara lignite carbon emission factor is considerably higher than those recommended by IPCC Tier 1 method of 27.6 tC/TJ.
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Nepal, Saurav, Rupert Wimmer, and Volker Zelinski. "Analysing the effect of thermal modification on the calorific values of Eucalyptus nitens wood." Les/Wood 70, no. 2 (2021): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26614/les-wood.2021.v70n02a03.
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Gross and net calorific value of 13 samples of Eucalyptus nitens wood were determined at HAWK (Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaft und Kunst), Göttingen, Germany. Among 13 samples, 12 were thermally modified and one was unmodified. Calorific values of samples were determined by using a bomb calorimeter, and the wood components (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and extractives) already analysed by Wentzel et al. (2019). After determination of the values, samples were statistically analysed by R studio to find the relations among the calorific value, temperature, and wood components. The gross calorific value and net calorific value of the untreated sample of Eucalyptus nitens were found to be 18.83 MJ/kg and 17.48 MJ/kg, and after thermal modification these increased up to 20.24 MJ/kg and 18.84 MJ/kg. Upon statistical analysis, the results for lignin showed a strong correlation with the temperature of thermal treatment and calorific value.
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Lee, Jun, Shahab Sokhansanj, Anthony Lau, et al. "The effects of storage on the net calorific value of wood pellets." Canadian Biosystems Engineering 57, no. 1 (2015): 8.5–8.12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7451/cbe.2015.57.8.5.
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Khan, Junaid, Rafi Ullah Khan, and Abdullah Khan Durrani. "Characterization of Pakistani coal and biomass blends." Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers 47, no. 1 (2020): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54693/piche.04715.
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Coal is blackish color sedimentary rock which occurred in layer forms. There are certain ranks of Coal which can be found in different areas of World. It can extract from different mining techniques. The analysis of coal and biomass blends. By using this technology the low grade coal converts into a valuable material which is used as fuel for domestic, commercial and industrial purpose. Biomass blends are made of Pakistani coal with different biomass, bagasse, coconut shell, Coconut waste and saw dust i.e. High Gross calorific value coal is used to blend with biomass of high calorific value and low ash content. Purpose of low ash content is not to effect the environment. The technique was to determine whether which type either Biomass and coal blend to be used for the burning and to give an idea for their use in generating steam for energy production. Which can be used in different types of Gasifiers/boilers i.e circulating fluidized bed. Gross calorific value was determined on the basis of heat basis blends and weight basis blends with net calorific value determined in same heat basis blends and weight basis blends. Net calorific value was determined using Dulong formula.
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Zhang, Hong Liang, Dian Zhen Fu, Pan Zhang, and Wei Li. "The Prediction Model and Application for Net Calorific Value of Biomass Power Plant Fuel." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 2420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.2420.
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A quantitative multivariate linear regression equation is established with the net calorific value of woody biomass fuel as the dependent variable and proximate analysis indexes as the independent variables. The prediction effect of the regression model is evaluated by the error analysis method. Results show that within the variable application ranges, the prediction error of the multiple linear regression model developed is small, and it could provide basis and reference for the calorific value prediction of woody biomass.
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Orémusová, Emília, Ludmila Tereňová, and Roman Réh. "Evaluation of the Gross and Net Calorific Value of the Selected Wood Species." Advanced Materials Research 1001 (August 2014): 292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1001.292.
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The article deals with the important characteristics of the fuel energy parameters as the heat of combustion and ash contents of selected species of hardwoods and softwoods. In the research there were used the following wood of trees: pine, spruce, beech and maple, with calorific values ascertained separately for wood, bark, leaves and needles. Gross calorific value (another equivalent term is heat of combustion) was determined and calculated according to ISO 1928 “Heat of combustion of solid fuels”. Because the net calorific value of fuel significantly decreases with the moisture, the net calorific value of samples was determined not only in the absolutely dry state, but also at different percentage of moisture. The highest values of heat of combustion have been shown needles of pine wood (21.32 MJ.kg-1), bark of spruce wood (21.21 MJ.kg-1), leaves of beech wood (20.44 MJ.kg-1) and inner wood of spruce tree (20,54 MJ.kg-1). As other important energetic characteristic of wood a contents of ash have been measured and evaluated. Ash values from specimens of tested tree species were in the range from 0.78 up to 5 %. The average value of the residuum is 2.07 %. The lowest value was found for the field maple wood 0.78 % and the highest one for the bark of the same maple 5 %. The highest ash values were measured in most cases for needles and leaves; only for maple it was for the bark. On the other side, the lowest residuals were found for the wood itself.
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Stefanovic, Predrag, Nikola Zivkovic, Dragoslava Stojiljkovic, et al. "Pljevlja lignite carbon emission characteristics." Thermal Science 23, Suppl. 5 (2019): 1523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180726288s.
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The anthropogenic emission of GHG especially CO has to be limited and reduced due to 2 their impact on global warming and climate change. Combustion of fossil fuels in the energy sector has a dominant share in total GHG emissions. In order to reduce GHG emission, European Union established a scheme for GHG allowance trading within the community, and the implementation of the European Union emission trading scheme, which is a key to GHG reduction in a cost-effective way. An important part of emission trading scheme is prescribed methodology for monitoring, reporting, and verification of the emission of GHG including characterization of the local fuels combusted by the energy sector. This paper presents lignite characteristics from open-pit mine Borovica- Pljevlja, which has highest coal production in Montenegro (>1.2 Mt per year), including evaluation of its carbon emission factor based on the laboratory analysis of 72 coal samples. Testing of the samples included proximate and ultimate analysis, as well as, net calorific value determination. In accordance with the obtained results, linear correlations between net calorific value and combustible matter content, carbon content and combustible matter content, hydrogen content and combustible matter content, carbon content and net calorific value, were established. Finally, the non-linear analytical correlation between carbon emission factor and net calorific value for Pljevlja lignite was proposed, as a base for the precise calculation of CO emission evaluation.
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Brand, Martha Andreia, Graciela Inês Bolzon de Muñiz, Waldir Ferreira Quirino, and José Otávio Brito. "Influence of storage time on the quality of biomass for energy production in humid subtropical regions." CERNE 16, no. 4 (2010): 531–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-77602010000400012.
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This work aims to determine an optimal storage time of forest biomass for use in energy production, through analysis of variations in physical and chemical properties of with bark timber over the storage period. The study was conducted in the municipality of Lages, SC, over a span of 18 months. The experiment used with bark logs of Pinus taeda and Eucalyptus dunnii, with varying diameters, and slabs of Pinus spp., stored in piles. The material was sampled freshly harvested (control), after two, after four and after six months of storage. Four lots were used, harvested and stored at the spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons. Properties being assessed included moisture content (wet basis), gross calorific value, net calorific value and ash content. Results demonstrated that storage time influenced moisture content and net calorific value, yet it had no influence on gross calorific value and ash content. Optimal storage time ranged from two to four months, depending on the species, form of biomass and storage season. The best behavior regarding quality after storage was from Pinus slabs, followed by Eucalyptus logs and Pinus logs, the latter showing the worst behavior.
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Li, Lianming, Zhiwei Wang, and Defeng He. "U-Net Semantic Segmentation-Based Calorific Value Estimation of Straw Multifuels for Combined Heat and Power Generation Processes." Energies 17, no. 20 (2024): 5143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17205143.
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This paper proposes a system for real-time estimation of the calorific value of mixed straw fuels based on an improved U-Net semantic segmentation model. This system aims to address the uncertainty in heat and power generation per unit time in combined heat and power generation (CHPG) systems caused by fluctuations in the calorific value of straw fuels. The system integrates an industrial camera, moisture detector, and quality sensors to capture images of the multi-fuel straw. It applies the improved U-Net segmentation network for semantic segmentation of the images, accurately calculating the proportion of each type of straw. The improved U-Net network introduces a self-attention mechanism in the skip connections of the final layer of the encoder, replacing traditional convolutions by depthwise separable convolutions, as well as replacing the traditional convolutional bottleneck layers with Transformer encoder. These changes ensure that the model achieves high segmentation accuracy and strong generalization capability while maintaining good real-time performance. The semantic segmentation results of the straw images are used to calculate the proportions of different types of straw and, combined with moisture content and quality data, the calorific value of the mixed fuel is estimated in real time based on the elemental composition of each straw type. Validation using images captured from an actual thermal power plant shows that, under the same conditions, the proposed model has only a 0.2% decrease in accuracy compared to the traditional U-Net segmentation network, while the number of parameters is significantly reduced by 74%, and inference speed is improved 23%.
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Senthil, M. S., and E. S. M. Suresh. "Energy Recovery Analysis of Perungudi landfill Waste of Chennai, Tamilnadu." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 982, no. 1 (2022): 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/982/1/012038.
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Abstract From this study, the quantity, composition, and energy content of waste material in Perungudi dump yard of Chennai, Tamilnadu, India were examined. Based upon the past waste generation data from the documentary evidence and field data was used to predict the quantity of waste generated in future. This study reviews the potential uses of solid wastes generated at the perungudi dump yard as a sustainable energy source. Physical properties of waste sample like specific gravity (Sg), moisture content (MC), dry density, particle size distribution and unit weight of MSW are analyzed using ASTM guidelines. Proximate analysis (For Physical Characteristics) and Ultimate analysis (For elemental Analysis) were analysed in its ash content, volatile matter (Vm) and fixed carbon (Fc). The net calorific energy stored in solid waste was determined using empirical analysis. The element content like carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) value in the solid wastes are derived from standard value of material and this values was substituted into the “Modified Dulong’s” equation to determine the energy content (GCV) of solid waste. Final estimation of energy output was arrived using Gross Calorific Value (GCV) and Net Calorific Value (NCV).
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Patil, V.A., M.R. Pawar, D.V. Shinde, N.D. Gaikwad, V.R. Nalawade, and M.B. Katkar. "A REVIEW PAPER ON PLANNING OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANT – A CASE STUDY FOR INDAPUR CITY." JournalNX - a Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal TDCME-2k18 (May 10, 2018): 98–100. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1414119.
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In most sugar industry, sugarcane bagasse is used as fuel to generate steam for sugar Milling and electricity generation. It consists of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, ash and moisture Content. The bagasse Moisture content is an important parameter to control combustion in boilers. Simulated bagasse was used to monitor the effects of moisture content on gross calorific value (GCV) and net calorific Value (NCV) and equilibrium analysis. So burning of bagasse at suitable level of moisture is Essential from the viewpoint of boiler performance. https://journalnx.com/journal-article/20150730
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Würtz, M., R. Poggi, and Malcolm R. Clarke. "Cephalopods from the stomachs of a Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) from the Mediterranean." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 72, no. 4 (1992): 861–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400060094.
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Cephalopod remains from the stomachs of a Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus Cuvier, 1812, Cetacea) entangled in a fishing net off the Ligurian coast (central Mediterranean Sea) include squids Ancistroteuthis lichtensteini, Histioteuthis bonnellii, H. reversa and Todarodes sagittatus and the sepiolid Heteroteuthis dispar. All these cephalopods live in oceanic water including water over the steep continental slope where Risso's dolphin is frequently sighted. Histioteuthis reversa contributed 78% of the cephalopods by number, 81% of the wet weight and 73% of the dry weight and calorific value. The total calorific value of the cephalopods represented by lower beaks was 17,300 kj.
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Manuela, Mancini, and Rinnan Åsmund. "Near infrared technique as a tool for the rapid assessment of waste wood quality for energy applications." Renewable Energy 177 (May 26, 2021): 113/123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.05.137.
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Considering the focus of the current European policy in promoting the reuse of waste products and increasing the share of renewable energies, waste wood is becoming an appealing resource rather than a product to dispose of. End-life waste wood products could be used for the production of panel board or as feedstock in combustion units. In this study, waste wood samples have been collected in a big panel board company, and have been analyzed by means of Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Principal Component Analysis has been used in order to investigate the variability of the material, and Partial-Least Squares regression models have been developed for the prediction of moisture content and net calorific value. The results indicate that both models could be used in quality control applications, and Near Infrared Spectroscopy can be considered as a tool for the rapid evaluation of waste wood parameters for energy applications. Considering the high correlation between the two parameters it is also possible to analyze only the moisture content and have indications about the net calorific value using a simple linear regression, with positive effects in terms of quality control and the reuse of the waste wood material.
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Muspratt, A. Murray, T. Nakato, C. Niwagaba, et al. "Fuel potential of faecal sludge: calorific value results from Uganda, Ghana and Senegal." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4, no. 2 (2013): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.055.
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This research tested the viability of using faecal sludge (FS) as solid fuel – an end use that could unlock an environmentally and financially beneficial replacement for disposal-oriented FS management, while replacing fossil energy. FS samples were collected from pit latrines, septic tanks, drying beds and stabilization ponds in three cities, Kumasi, Dakar and Kampala. For each sample, the average calorific value, solids and water content, and their variation with source and age were determined. The average calorific value of untreated FS across the three cities was 17.3 MJ/kg total solids (TS), which compares well with other biomass fuels. The age of FS did not affect its calorific value, nor did the reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) that occurred while it was in drying beds. The TS content of FS depended on its source but ranged from 1 to 6% for sludge from septic tanks and pit latrines, respectively. Harnessing net energy from FS requires partial drying. The results indicate that sufficient drying occurs within two weeks in open-air drying beds, or in a matter of days with simple drying bed innovations.
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Toscano, Giuseppe, and Ester Foppa Pedretti. "CALORIFIC VALUE DETERMINATION OF SOLID BIOMASS FUEL BY SIMPLIFIED METHOD." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 40, no. 3 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2009.3.1.
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The gross calorific value (GCV) and, in particular, the net calorific value (NCV) are fundamental physical parameters in the use of energetic biomass. The method of measurement and the calculation of the GCV, defined by CEN/TS 14918, is rather complex and, in many cases, has a time and cost importance. In literature there are some studies in which the empirical correlations between GCV and the element composition have been calculated. In these contribution some of the most significant correlations in literature are tested and compared to others obtained from statistical processing of data from analysis on 200 samples of biomass carried out in the laboratory and with standard CEN methods. The study shows how the very simplified correlations based on the calculation of carbon and hydrogen content have performances that are similar to those of more complex ones based on the greater number of parameters. In particular, the empirical correlation (GCV = 297.6 + 389.7C) produced from this work has errors that are comparable to those of the better correlation highlighted by literature (GCV = 5.22C2-319C - 1647H + 38.6C·H + 133N + 21028).
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Jeníček, Lukáš, Barbora Tunklová, Jan Malaťák, Michal Neškudla, and Jan Velebil. "Use of Spent Coffee Ground as an Alternative Fuel and Possible Soil Amendment." Materials 15, no. 19 (2022): 6722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15196722.
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Spent coffee ground is a massively produced coffee industry waste product whose reusage is beneficial. Proximate and ultimate and stochiometric analysis of torrefied spent coffee ground were performed and results were analyzed and compared with other research and materials. Spent coffee ground is a material with high content of carbon (above 50%) and therefore high calorific value (above 20 MJ·kg−1). Torrefaction improves the properties of the material, raising its calorific value up to 32 MJ·kg−1. Next, the phytotoxicity of the aqueous extract was tested using the cress test. The non-torrefied sample and the sample treated at 250 °C were the most toxic. The sample treated at 250 °C adversely affected the germination of the cress seeds due to residual caffeine, tannins and sulfur release. The sample treated at 350 °C performed best of all the tested samples. The sample treated at 350 °C can be applied to the soil as the germination index was higher than 50% and can be used as an alternative fuel with net calorific value comparable to fossil fuels.
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Brand, Martha Andreia, Stephenson Ramalho Lacerda, Juliana de Oliveira, Gisele Paim Ribeiro Domingues Lopes, and Nayara Bergamo Casagrande. "Storage of caatinga forest biomass to improve the quality of wood for energy." Ciência Rural 46, no. 7 (2016): 1178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20130959.
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ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the quality of forest biomass energy, coming from the Caatinga, for different storage times in the field. The study was conducted in southern Piauí, between January and February (rainy season). Samples were collected containing branches and trunks of various species, and samples of branches and trunks separately in 5 sample units of 20x20m. Samples were evaluated in the general state freshly harvested and samples of branches and logs after 15 and 30 days of storage in piles in the field. The analyzes carried out were: moisture content on wet basis, ash content and calorific value. Moisture content of freshly harvested biomass ranged from 39% with two days after cutting to 79% in biomass cut and left distributed in the field for 10 days. After storage in piles for 15 days, branches showed moisture content of 18% and the logs 21%, and net calorific value of 3432kcal kg-1 and 3274kcal kg-1, respectively. After 30 days, moisture content for branches was 13% and the logs 21%, and net calorific value of 3672kcal kg-1 and 3240kcal kg-1, respectively. Ash content of the biomass was low. Cutting trees in the rainy season, with maintenance of biomass in the field for 10 days, resulted in an increment of moisture content. Branches had the best behaviour during the storage. Fifteen days of storage are sufficient for the caatinga biomass to achieve high-quality energy.
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Malaťák, J., L. Škarková, and A. Prošková. "Chemical, stoichiometric and thermal analysis of fatty acid methyl esters from processed animal fat." Research in Agricultural Engineering 59, No. 3 (2013): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/27/2010-rae.
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The paper focuses on liquid biofuel raised by transesterification of processed animal fat from rendering plant production suitable for energy use. The objective of the paper is to carry out an element analysis and stoichiometric analysis of selected samples of fuel from rendering plant production and to compare them with classic elements. The results of the analyses prove higher values of nitrogen concentration in the samples from rendering plant fat. In case of the samples of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from it a reduction of nitrogen was proved even if the values are still higher than at fatty acid methyl esters rape oil. Concerning the concentration of sulphur and chlorine in the samples of both rendering plant fat and FAME from it their concentration concerning the limiting values do not cause any problem. The net calorific value of the analysed samples is slightly lower. The net calorific value of the samples is particularly reduced by the higher amount of ash and by the oxygen concentration in the sample itself. Higher amount of ash in the fuel increases the amount of solid emissions.  
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Obradovic, Marko, Nikola Karlicic, Dusan Todorovic, Dejan Radic, and Aleksandar Jovovic. "Experimental studies of wood chips charactristics influence on boiler performance and pollutant emissions." Thermal Science 27, no. 1 Part A (2023): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci2301121o.
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Wood chips are often used as solid fuel in modern biomass boilers. Experiments were conducted on 22 boilers located in Serbia burning wood chips as fuel. The influence of wood chips characteristics is analyzed in relation to the flue gas losses and the thermal efficiency of the boiler. Measured useful heat output of the tested boilers was 460-2585 kW. Moisture content of the wood chips was 19.21-38.23% with a net calorific value of 10177-14139 kJ/kg and ash content of 0.84-3.59%. Thermal efficiency of the boilers was 88.78-94.06%, flue gas losses 5.84-11.13% and flue gas temperature 121.83-188.44?C. Experimental research and analysis of the results showed that an increase in moisture content of wood chips lead to a decrease of net calorific value i.e., decrease in flue gas temperature. Moisture content of wood chips has an influence on both useful heat output and boiler thermal efficiency. The experimental results showed that for a given boiler construction, this impact is not negative. Based on regression analysis, mathematical expressions were derived for the calculation of thermal efficiency and flue gas losses. Throughout the experiments, pollutant emissions were measured, NOx, CO, and particulate matter.
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Китаев, Д. Н., та М. С. Хомяков. "ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАТЕЛИ РАБОТЫ КОТЛОВ ТИПА КЕ ПРИ РАБОТЕ НА БУРОМ УГЛЕ". Housing and utilities infrastructure, № 2(33) (5 червня 2025): 50–57. https://doi.org/10.36622/2541-9110.2025.33.2.005.
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Использование бурого угля в системах теплоснабжения страны получило широкое распространение. Элементарный состав бурого угля и его теплотворная способность значительно отличаются в зависимости от района добычи. Представлены результаты моделирования энергетических показателей паровых котлов серии КЕ при работе на буром угле, добываемом на территории РФ, во всем возможном диапазоне изменения низшей теплоты сгорания. На основе расчета теплового баланса котлов, использующих бурый уголь, установлены значения изменений основных энергетических параметров. Найдены проектные значения коэффициента полезного действия котлов на буром угле и их изменения по сравнению с каменным. Получены уравнения, позволяющие с высокой точностью рассчитать расход топлива и температуру продуктов сгорания на выходе из топочных устройств котлов серии КЕ при использовании бурого угля в зависимости от значений низшей теплоты сгорания топлива и паропроизводительности. The use of brown coal in housing and communal services systems of the country has become widespread. The elemental composition of brown coal and its calorific value vary significantly depending on the mining area. The article presents the results of modeling the energy performance of steam boilers of KE series operating on brown coal (mined in the Russian Federation) over the entire possible range of net calorific value. Based on the calculation of the heat balance of boilers using brown coal, we established the values of changes in the main energy parameters. We determined the design values of the efficiency of brown coal boilers and their changes in comparison with hard coal boilers. We obtained the equations that allow for highly accurate calculation of fuel consumption and the temperature of combustion products at the outlet of the furnace devices of KE boilers using brown coal depending on the values of the net calorific value of the fuel and steam capacity.
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Chen, Bao Kui, and Feng Zhong Sun. "A Method for Combustion Calculation Based on Proximate Analysis and Net Calorific Value of Coal." Advanced Materials Research 1092-1093 (March 2015): 479–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1092-1093.479.
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For the combustion calculation of coal fired boiler, a new concept of oxygen consumption for combustible material was proposed which was different from the traditional oxygen consumption for elements. A mathematical model was developed for the combustion calculation. The calculation formulas of theoretical air and flue gas volume were established through reasonable hypothesis and simplification, which were based on proximate analysis and net calorific value of coal. In contrast to the results of the elemental analysis for the 15 different kinds of coals which are typical in China, the average relative error of formulas is lower than 2%, the biggest relative error is 7.11%, which can be used for the control over boiler operation, testing and debugging, and calculation of heat transfer.
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Dymond, Caren C., and Adam Kamp. "Fibre use, net calorific value, and consumption of forest-derived bioenergy in British Columbia, Canada." Biomass and Bioenergy 70 (November 2014): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.08.023.
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Maj, Grzegorz, Agnieszka Najda, Kamila Klimek, and Sebastian Balant. "Estimation of Energy and Emissions Properties of Waste from Various Species of Mint in the Herbal Products Industry." Energies 13, no. 1 (2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010055.
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The paper presents the results of research on the physicochemical properties of plant biomass consisting of four mint species, these being Mentha × piperita L. var. citrata Ehrh.—‘Bergamot’, Mentha × rotundifolia L., Mentha spicata L., and Mentha crispa L. The research conducted consisted of the technical analysis of biofuels—determining the heat of combustion and the calorific value of the material under study, and the content of ash, volatile compounds, and humidity. In addition, elemental analysis was carried out for the biomass under study by determining the content of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur. The research demonstrated that Mentha × piperita L. var. citrata Ehrh.—‘Bergamot’ had the highest energy potential with a gross calorific value of 16.96 MJ·kg−1, and a net calorific value of 15.60 MJ·kg−1. Among the tested materials, Mentha × rotundifolia L. had the lowest content of ash at 7.23%, nitrogen at 0.23%, and sulfur at 0.03%, and at the same time had the highest content of volatile fraction at 70.36%. When compared to hard coal, the estimated emission factors indicated a CO reduction of 29–32%, CO2 reduction of 28–31%, NOx reduction of 40–80%, SO2 reduction of 92–98%, and dust reduction of 45–61%, depending on the type of biomass used.
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Ciolacu, Florin, Gelu Ianuș, Grigore Marian, et al. "A Qualitative Assessment of the Specific Woody Biomass of Fruit Trees." Forests 13, no. 3 (2022): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13030405.
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In the current context of environmental requirements, solid renewable biomass is becoming one of the main viable energy sources that can replace fossil fuels. This paper focuses on evaluating the morphological structure and properties of three fruit trees that are widely grown on the territory of Moldova, both on the left and the right banks of the Prut River: the apricot, the peach, and the plum. The wood biomass was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM Quanta 200 3D), X-ray analysis (Xpert PRO MPD), and FT-IR analysis. A chemical analysis including the determination of extractive substances, lignin content, and the detection of hemicelluloses content was carried out for all wood samples. In addition, the net calorific value was determined by measuring the calorific value at constant volume, in compliance with the requirements of the EN ISO 18125:2017 standard. According to the obtained results, in terms of maximum calorific output and lignin and minimum ash content, plum appeared to be the best solid biomass resource. However, the other two trees also showed promising results for becoming important sources of wood biomass for pellet production.
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Âriņa, Dace, Rūta Bendere, Gintaras Denafas, Jānis Kalnačs, and Mait Kriipsalu. "Characterization of Refuse Derived Fuel Production from Municipal Solid Waste: The Case Studies in Latvia and Lithuania." Environmental and Climate Technologies 24, no. 3 (2020): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0090.
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AbstractThe authors determined the morphological composition of refuse derived fuel (RDF) produced in Latvia and Lithuania by manually sorting. The parameters of RDF (moisture, net calorific value, ash content, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulphur, chlorine, metals) was determined using the EN standards. Comparing obtained results with data from literature, authors have found that the content of plastic is higher but paper and cardboard is lower than typical values. Results also show that the mean parameters for RDF can be classified with the class codes: Net heating value (3); chlorine (3); mercury (1), and responds to limits stated for 3rd class of solid recovered fuel. It is recommended to separate biological waste at source to lower moisture and ash content and increase heating value for potential fuel production from waste.
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Shcherbinina, Iuliia, Stepan Polygalov, Galina Ilinykh, et al. "Energy Potential Assessment of Excavated Landfill Material: A Case Study of the Perm Region, Russia." Recycling 7, no. 1 (2022): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling7010007.
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The paper presents results of field and laboratory studies of thermal characteristics to excavated landfill waste in Perm region, Russia. The peculiarity of the study includes the following aspects: waste composition with a high share of polymers, the climatic conditions of the territory and the lack of engineering infrastructure at the waste disposal facility. When determining the waste composition and thermal properties of waste, it is proposed to include a stage of removal of contamination from landfilled waste fraction, since their share of contamination can reach up to 33%. This stage will allow researchers to adjust the net calorific value of the excavated waste without overestimation, which may affect decision-making when implementing waste management technology. Among combustible components with the highest moisture content are waste paper (69.1%) and diapers (65.8%), whereas wood (11.2%), PET bottles (3.1%) and other 3D plastics (13.4%) have rather low ash content on a dry basis. Calculation of thermal properties and analysis of the energy potential of the waste samples was conducted based on the obtained data. The calorific value of the individual components and excavated waste depends not only on the moisture and ash content of the individual components, but also on the presence of contaminants. The average net calorific value of the excavated waste is 4.9 MJ/kg, and for the separate mixture of combustible components, it is 7.5 MJ/kg at a moisture content of 44%. Excavated landfill waste can be regarded as a resource for the manufacture of secondary fuel only after pretreatment that includes at least sorting and drying. The results of this study may be useful in developing technologies needed to eliminate old MSW dumps and old landfills, for the development of the concept of circular economy and prevention of environmental degradation problems.
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Arthur, Philomina Mamley Adantey, Yacouba Konaté, Boukary Sawadogo, et al. "Evaluating the Potential of Renewable Energy Sources in a Full-Scale Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor Treating Municipal Wastewater in Ghana." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (2023): 3743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043743.
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Wastewater management remains a major challenge in developing countries due to the lack of adequate infrastructure, making the need for economically viable and efficient technologies that can be sustained by emerging economies imperative. The upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor represents an efficient and low-cost technology that produces by-products from which valuable resources can be recovered. This study assessed the energy recovery potential in the form of electricity from biogas and sludge by-products produced by a full-scale UASB reactor. Biogas production rate and composition were monitored to determine the biogas energy recovery potential. Dehydrated sludge from sludge drying beds was likewise quantified and characterised for its elemental composition, immediate composition, gross calorific value and net calorific value to estimate sludge energy recovery potential. The average daily biogas production was found to be 611 ± 275 Nm3/d, with 65% methane in the biogas output. Average sludge dry matter production was determined to be 358.24 TS kg/d. The net energy recovery potential was estimated to be 534.1 MWh/yr, 36% more than the yearly energy demand (392.7 MWh/yr) of the entire plant. Conservative energy recovery at a UASB-based municipal wastewater treatment facility could serve as a self-supply energy option to support its operations.
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Alaa, Moalla, Soulayman Soulayman, Taan Abdelkarim, and Zgheib Walid. "Water/Heavy Fuel Oil Emulsion Production, Characterization and Combustion." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 3 (2021): 597–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.34873.
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In order to produce a water/heavy fuel oil emulsion (W/HFO) with different water contents to cover the daily needs of a fire tube boiler or a water tube boiler, a special homogenizer is designed, constructed and tested. The produced emulsion is characterized and compared with the pure HFO properties. It is found experimentally in fire tube boiler that, the use of W/HFO emulsion with 8% of water content (W0.08/HFO0.92) instead of HFO leads to a saving rate of 13.56% in HFO. For explaining the obtained energy saving the term “equivalent heat value (EHV) of the W/HFO emulsions”, defined as the ratio of the W/HFO emulsion net calorific value to the HFO content in the emulsion, is used. Based on direct measurements, provided in this work, it was found that the equivalent heat value (EHV) increases with the water content in the water/heavy fuel oil (W/HFO). It reaches 1.06 times of HFO net calorific value at water content of 22.24%. The obtained, in the present work, experimental results demonstrate the dependence of the emulsion EHV on its water content. These results are in agreement with the results of other authors. Therefore, the contribution of water droplets in the emulsion combustion is verified. It is found experimentally that, the emitted CO, SO2 and H2S gases from the fire tube boiler chimney decreases by 5.66%. 3.99% and 48.77% respectively in the case of (W0.08/HFO0.92) emulsion use instead of HFO.
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Vasilenkov, V., and Ya Zablotsky. "The use of biomass energy for heat supply of community and household facilities." Energy and automation, no. 3(49) (June 11, 2020): 138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/energiya2020.03.138.
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The rise in energy prices and the deterioration of the ecological state of the environment, as a result of the growing consumption of fossil fuels, are prompting humanity to use biomass for energy needs. The agricultural complex is the main biomass producing industry. The transition of the heat supply system to a new basis, namely, to the use of biomass energy for the needs of communal and household facilities of farms, requires new methods for calculating the volume of the energy yield of an alternative source of heat supply based on crop waste, will ensure their more rational use. One of the problems for the effective use of an alternative source of heat supply based on crop waste is the development of a methodological approach to determine its volume for the heating season, taking into account the calorific properties. The purpose of the work is the effective use of an alternative source of heat supply based on crop waste by developing a methodological approach to determine the potential of energy harvest from crop waste, their volumes for the heating season, taking into account the calorific properties and the selection of technological equipment. The effective use of an alternative source of heat supply was carried out due to the rational use of the structure of the cultivated areas of the farm and the determination of the volume of fuel for the heating period, taking into account its calorific value according to ISO 1928: 1995 IDT, DSTU ISO 1928: 2006 "Solid mineral fuels. Determination of the highest calorific value by the method of combustion in a calorimetric bomb and the calculation of the net calorific value". According to the research results, one of the promising and relevant directions for the effective use of the potential of an alternative source of heat supply is proposed, namely the combination of the use of straw and gas compressed into bales. The structure of the fields from which you can harvest 2 crops - food and energy - is presented. With the calorific value of straw 10501 kJ/kg and the volume of its combustion 12.130 centners, the heating period is 162 days, which leads to the replacement of natural gas in the amount of 42 thousand m3/year.
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Xia, W., W. He, and J. Sokolović. "Effect of pyrolysis temperature on desulfurization performance of high organic sulfur low rank coal." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy A: Mining 57, no. 1 (2021): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jmma2101027x.
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The sulfur in coal not only influences the coke quality but also pollutes the environment during the combustion. The desulfurization of high organic sulfur coal is a key issue in coal cleaning science. As the pyrolysis has been used in low-rank coal conversion to obtain gas/liquid products and coal char, the desulfurization effects of pyrolysis on the low-rank coal with high organic sulfur requires further studies. This study investigated the desulfurization performance of high organic sulfur low-rank coal by the pyrolysis and the changes in the coal calorific value and sulfur forms during the pyrolysis. The XPS was applied to analyze the changing regulation of sulfur that forms on coal surface. The results indicated certain amount of FeS was newly created during the pyrolysis and high amounts of sulfate sulfur was transferred to pyrite sulfur and formed more FeS2 when compared to the distribution of raw coal. The total sulfur content of coal was reduced from 2.32% for raw coal to 1.68% for 700 °C pyrolysis coal and then the pyrolysis temperature had little effect on the sulfur content. The net calorific value (at constant volume and air-dry basis) was increased from 17.38 kJ for raw coal to 24.35 kJ for 700 °C pyrolysis coal. The pyrolysis temperature of 700 °C may be the best pyrolysis temperature for both low sulfur content and high calorific value.
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Zhong, Xiao Hui, Zhen Huan Jin, and Bin Zhao. "Experimental Study of Yuzhou Danhou Long Flame Coal on Vibrating Mixed Flowing Drying System." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 1956–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.1956.
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According to the characteristic of Yuzhou Danhou Mine long flame coal, the drying process of the coal was studied on mixed flowing vibrating drying system. The parameter was tested, according to the drying effect, the drying process was optimized. The experimental result shows that mixed flowing vibrating drying system can reduce the moisture and improve the net calorific power of coal effectively, by which transportation cost was saved and the value of coal was increased.
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M.P.YADAV, J. RAI, S.P. KUSHWAHA, and G.K. SlNGH. "Production potential and economic analysis of various cropping systems for Central Plains Zone of Uttar Pradesh." Indian Journal of Agronomy 50, no. 2 (2001): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v50i2.5070.
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A field experiment with 9 crop sequences was conducted during 1997-2001 at Kanp\ur: Uttar Pradesh. All these cropping sequences were evaluated for their production potential, calorific value, product~on efficiencies, land-use efficiency and economics. Rice (Oryza sativa L.)-equivalent yield was recorded maximum (1 55.9 qlha) through maize (Zea mays L.)-potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)-wheat (Trificum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) sequential cropping, while high calorific value (46,857 k. cal) and production efficiency (65.96 kglhdday) were with maize-po- tato-sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and highest land-use efficiency (91.2%) was measured with rice-wheat- green manuring cropping systems. Economic ana!ysis revealed that the maximum net profit (Rs 30,617/ha), pro- duction efficiency (1 09.36 Rslhdday) and benefit : cost ratio (1.95) were recorded in rice-wheat crop sequence over other cropping systems. Hence maize-potato-wheat and rice-wheat sequences in the zone remained identi- fied as the most biologically efficient and profitable cropping systems respectively.
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Gaitán-Alvarez, Johanna, Róger Moya, Ana Rodríguez-Zúñiga, and Allen Puente-Urbina. "Characterization of torrefied biomass of five reforestation species (Cupressus lusitanica, Dipteryx panamensis, Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis, and Vochysia ferruginea) in Costa Rica." BioResources 12, no. 4 (2017): 7566–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.4.7566-7589.
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Torrefaction can increase the energy yield of biomass for better utilization in bioenergy, but chemical changes occur during the pretreatment process. Wood residues of Cupressus lusitanica, Dipteryx panamensis, Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis, and Vochysia ferruginea were torrefied for three different time periods (8, 10, and 12 min) and three different temperatures (200, 225, and 250 °C). The mass loss, net calorific value, ash, volatiles, lignin, cellulose, extractives, and infrared spectra were evaluated. The results showed that the mass loss in torrefied biomass varied between 10% and 70%, ash content varied between 0.19 and 7.00%, and volatiles content varied between 63 and 85%. Net calorific value values varied between 17 and 23 MJ/kg, increasing with the increased torrefaction temperature. Cellulose varied between 49.85 and 67.57%. Lignin varied between 27.33 and 41.09%. The extractives varied between 3.70 and 16.86%. The change in the ratio of intensity (RI) for the bands identified using FTIR analyses showed that large changes occurred in hemicellulose components. The multivariate analysis showed that lignin, ash, extractives in hot water, volatiles, and mass loss were the variables that contributed most. The analysis of all these variables showed that torrefaction at 250 °C for 12 min presented the greatest biomass degradation. Torrefaction at 200 °C and 225 °C for 8, 10, and 12 min was optimal for thermal treatment of the biomass of these woody species.
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Dremicheva, E. S. "Energetic properties of peat saturated with petroleum products." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 13, no. 2 (2020): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2020-13-2-105-109.
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This paper presents a method of sorption using peat for elimination of emergency spills of crude oil and petroleum products and the possibility of energy use of oil-saturated peat. The results of assessment of the sorbent capacity of peat are presented, with waste motor oil and diesel fuel chosen as petroleum products. Natural peat has been found to possess sorption properties in relation to petroleum products. The sorbent capacity of peat can be observed from the first minutes of contact with motor oil and diesel fuel, and significantly depends on their viscosity. For the evaluation of thermal properties of peat saturated with petroleum products, experimental studies have been conducted on determination of moisture and ash content of as-fired fuel. It is shown that adsorbed oil increases the moisture and ash content of peat in comparison with the initial sample. Therefore, when intended for energy use, peat saturated with petroleum products is to be subjected to additional drying. Simulation of net calorific value has been performed based on the calorific values of peat and petroleum products with different ratios of petroleum product content in peat and for a saturated peat sample. The obtained results are compared with those of experiments conducted in a calorimetric bomb and recalculated for net calorific value. A satisfactory discrepancy is obtained, which amounts to about 12%. Options have been considered providing for combustion of saturated peat as fuel (burnt per se and combined with a solid fuel) and processing it to produce liquid, gaseous and solid fuels. Peat can be used to solve environmental problems of elimination of emergency spills of crude oil and petroleum products and as an additional resource in solving the problem of finding affordable energy.
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Hossain, Nazia, and Rafidah Jalil. "Analyses of Bio-Energy Properties from Malaysian Local Plants: Sentang and Sesendok." Asia Pacific Journal of Energy and Environment 5, no. 1 (2018): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/apjee.v5i1.245.
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Various types of plants with several energy analysis methods have been experimented to produce bio-energy. In this study, two Malaysian local plants Sentang (Azadirachta excelsa) and Sesendok (Endospermum malaccense) have been used to determine their capability of bio-energy production. Our study focused on the analyses of bio-energy properties by using proximate analysis method separating moisture content (%), volatile matter (%), ash content (%), fixed carbon (%) and calorific value (MJ/kg) from Sentang and Sesendok. Proximate analyses of these plants proved lengthy flammability, very high amount of ignition, heat generation, net energy and negligible pollution effect. The calorific values for Sentang and Sesendok are 16.84 MJ/kg and 16.95 MJ/kg respectively. As Malaysia is tropical country mapping a large area of land with an evergreen plantation, so both trees Sentang and Sesendok species would be the efficient sources of bio-energy production.
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Brunerová, Anna, Hynek Roubík, Milan Brožek, et al. "Briquetting of sugarcane bagasse as a proper waste management technology in Vietnam." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 38, no. 11 (2020): 1239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x20938438.
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The present research describes an application of high-pressure briquetting technology to the waste management of sugarcane processing in Vietnam. The amount of generated sugarcane bagasse was monitored during sugarcane processing within the street juice production in Hue city, Vietnam. Generated sugarcane bagasse was subjected to fuel parameters analysis within its suitability for direct combustion. The obtained sugarcane bagasse was converted into bio-briquette fuel by a high-pressure briquetting press and its mechanical quality was determined. Results proved that the proportion of generated sugarcane bagasse from whole sugarcane stem mass was equal to 35.45%. This indicated generation of an abundant amount of sugarcane bagasse worldwide in general. Fuel parameters analysis proved high quality level of low ash content = 0.97% and high calorific values (gross calorific value = 18.35 MJ·kg-1, net calorific value = 17.06 MJ·kg-1), which indicated good suitability for direct combustion processes. Indicators of mechanical quality proved the following observations: mechanical durability = 99.29%, compressive strength = 150.82 N∙mm-1 and bulk density = 1022.44 kg·m-3, with all these indicators representing positive results. In general, the observed results indicated suitability of sugarcane bagasse valorization within the production of bio-briquette fuel by using high-pressure briquetting technology. Finally, analysis of such waste biomass proved its great potential for energy recovery, thus, the advantage of its valorization within the sustainable technologies.
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Romyen, Pensiri, Yutthapong Pianroj, Teerasak Punvichai, Seppo Karrila, Aujchariya Chotikhun, and Saysunee Jumrat. "Utilization of used bleaching clay in pellet fuel production with torrefied oil palm fronds." BioResources 18, no. 4 (2023): 6986–7002. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.4.6986-7002.
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Torrefaction oil palm fronds was studied as a renewable biomass resource for efficient and sustainable pellet fuel production. Employing microwave heating during torrefaction, the process optimized the conditions to enhance the fuel properties. At 300 °C for 40 minutes, the torrefied oil palm fronds exhibited a remarkable rise in net calorific value to 23 MJ/kg, accompanied by a substantial increase in fixed carbon content to 46%. These enhancements signify a significant boost in energy content and carbon richness, which is crucial for cleaner and greener energy solutions. Comparing pellet fuels derived from raw and torrefied biomass, a striking difference in calorific values was observed. While raw biomass pellets reached 12.24 MJ/kg, their torrefied counterparts achieved an impressive 18.40 MJ/kg. This undeniable advantage highlights the effectiveness of torrefaction in elevating energy output. To optimize the composition of the pellet fuel, an ideal mass proportion of torrefied oil palm fronds and used bleaching clay was identified as 70:30. This blend resulted in the highest recorded calorific value, further endorsing the viability of the approach. In conclusion, torrefaction at 300 °C for 40 minutes proved to be a potent technique for enhancing oil palm fronds as a valuable source of pellet fuel. These findings underscore its potential to revolutionize renewable energy production, promoting sustainability and mitigating environmental impact.
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Marta, Juliana Schmatz, Antonio Cruz Siqueira Jair, Eduardo Camargo Nogueira Carlos, et al. "Evaluation of the gross and net calorific value of residues of wood pine and araucaria from reforestation." African Journal of Agricultural Research 11, no. 41 (2016): 4157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar2016.11345.
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Wyszkowska, Jadwiga, Agata Borowik, Magdalena Zaborowska, and Jan Kucharski. "Calorific Value of Zea mays Biomass Derived from Soil Contaminated with Chromium (VI) Disrupting the Soil’s Biochemical Properties." Energies 16, no. 9 (2023): 3788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16093788.
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One of the major challenges faced by contemporary agriculture is how to achieve better yields of crops and, consequently, higher biomass, even in unfavorable environmental conditions. This challenge corresponds to the assumptions of sustainable development, wherein it is envisaged that plant biomass should be used on a large scale for heat generation or conversion of biofuels. Keeping pace with observed trends, the following study was conducted in order to determine the effect of Cr(VI) on the net calorific value of Zea mays, to assess the impact of this element on soil enzymatic activity, and to identify the effectiveness of compost and humic acids in alleviating possible negative effects of Cr(VI) toxicity. These aims were pursued by setting up a pot experiment, in which soil either uncontaminated or contaminated with increasing doses of Cr(VI) of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 mg Cr kg−1 d.m. was submitted to biostimulation with compost and the preparation HumiAgra, a source of humic acids, and cropped with Zea mays. The plant height, yield, and net calorific value of the aerial parts of maize, as well as its root yield, were determined. Additionally, the activity of seven soil enzymes and the values of the impact indices of compost and HumiAgra relative to the analyzed parameters were determined. It was found that Cr(VI) decreased the amount of energy obtained from the plants by decreasing maize biomass, and additionally by distorting the biochemical balance of the soil. Dehydrogenases, urease, and arylsulfatase proved to be particularly sensitive to this element. It was demonstrated that HumiAgra was more effective than compost in mollifying the adverse effects of Cr(VI) on the activity of soil enzymes and, consequently, on the biomass of Zea mays.
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Imron Rosyadi, Yusvardi Yusuf, Nuryoto, et al. "The Impact of Temperature on the Production of High Calorific Value Syngas using Cogasification Technology." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 118, no. 1 (2024): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.118.1.1727.
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Cogasification represents a thermochemical reaction employed to transform by combining biomass or fossil carbonaceous materials into combustible matters. Widely acknowledged as the most appealing approach among various combustible material to useful energy. This method offers significant potential for environmentally friendly energy production, boasting low carbon emissions. This study conducted gasification tests utilizing an updraft gasifier, incorporating parameters variable at 650°C to 850°C. The materials utilized consisted of a blend of Municipal-Solid-Waste (MSW) and coconut shells, maintaining a steam to biomass at 1.3. Optimum temperature at 750°C, the syngas revealed 41.30% mol CO, 20.90 mol% CO2 37.25 mol% H2, and 0.55 mol% CH4. Notably. The highest H2 gas production was achieved at this temperature. Furthermore, the net caloric value at this temperature, surpassed other variations, reaching 374.67 kJ/mol, accompanied by the generation of 11.38% of tar and 21.1% char.
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Cascone, Giovanni, Alessandro D'Emilio, and Erika Buccellato. "CHARACTERIZATION OFWASTE BIOMASS FROM GREENHOUSE ROSE CULTIVATION AND PACKAGING." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 41, no. 2 (2010): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2010.2.29.
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In this work a characterization of the waste biomass originating from a rose cultivation under greenhouse was carried out. Two types of biomass were examined: one made of both branches and leaves, and the other made up only of branches. For each type of biomass the following properties were determined: percentage of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, content of moisture, volatile matter and ashes, gross and net calorific value. The results show that the biomass made of only branches has a better quality than the biomass with leaves for use in thermo-chemical processes.
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Ahmed, Nawzad. "Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) production and analysis in mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) plant from the municipal solid waste." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 25, no. 2 (2023): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10913.
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This study reports on the potential of refuse-derived fuels (RDF), which are produced from Sulaimani Municipal solid waste (MSW) using a biodrying process. Plastic, organic wastes, iron materials, and textiles were used in the formulation of RDF samples. A sample of raw MSW material was collected comprising of 40.6% organic, 29.3% plastic, 6.3% Textiles, 5.1% paper, 3.1% wood, 4.6% glass and stone, 5.2% iron containing materials, and 1.3% others. Physical and chemical properties of the RDF were investigated, including its moisture, ash, total chlorine, and heavy metal content with, calorific value. Based on the experimental results, RDF produced from MSW can be classified into net calorific and total chlorine content values NCV 2 and Cl 4 respectively. In accordance with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN standard), the results of this preliminary investigation of RDF samples made from non-biodegradable and non-recyclable MSW fractions, is necessary to analyze a larger pool of samples in order to project appropriate RDF energy-recovery-enhancing composition.
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Abilmagzhanov, Arlan Z., Nikolay S. Ivanov, Oleg S. Kholkin, and Iskander E. Adelbaev. "Assessment of the Energetical and Biological Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste from One of the Largest Landfills in Kazakhstan." Recycling 7, no. 5 (2022): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling7050080.
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Solid waste management is one of the main problems in large cities. The determination of the quantitative and qualitative composition of municipal solid waste is necessary for proper planning in the processing of such waste. This article presents the results of studies of the morphological composition, physico-chemical parameters and energetical potential of municipal solid waste (MSW) from the landfill of the city of Shymkent. Waste samples were taken from 10 different points of the landfill. The volume–mass parameters of the samples and their average density were determined. The combined waste samples mainly consisted of food waste, paper and cardboard, polymers and plastic, glass, metal, textiles, wood, leather, bones and rubber. Most of the waste, more than 30%, contains plastic products. The moisture of the combustible fraction of the samples is low and varies from 0.3% to 2.3%. The average ash content of the combustible fraction of the samples was determined and its average value is 18.4%. The yield of the volatile substances was determined and the average value per dry state is 78.7%. To determine the energetical potential of municipal solid waste, the gross calorific value was determined and the net calorific value was calculated, the average value of which is 24.15 MJ/kg. This shows the possibility of using solid waste as an energy source.
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Teka, Tesfaye, Tibesso Adem, and Aliyi Abduselam. "Development and Evaluation of a Coffee Husk Biomass Briquette Machine." Irish Interdisciplinary Journal of Science & Research (IIJSR) 7, no. 3 (2023): 22–37. https://doi.org/10.46759/IIJSR.2023.7303.
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Conventional methods for burning coffee husk biomass directly result in high levels of air pollution and very low thermal efficiency. These issues are alleviated, transportation and storage expenses are decreased, and energy production is improved by raising their net calorific values per unit when they are turned into briquettes. Minimizing the impact of coffee by-product constitutes and turning them into an income generation source for the local communities through the development of biomass briquette machines. The experiment used different ratios of carbonized coffee husk and Clay Soil as a binder. The capacity of the machine, Physical and mechanical properties and thermal characteristics of the briquettes were evaluated. Throughput capacity and Degree of Densification of the machine, bulk Density, Resistance to water penetration, Shatter, and Tumbling resistance of the Briquette were increasing with the increase of clay binder ratio with a significant difference at alpha 0.05. The average minimum and maximum throughput capacity and Degree of Densification of the machine were 1.117 and 1.273 kg/min and 290.4 and 308.7%, respectively, at 0 and 25% clay binder ratios. Increasing the clay soil binder ratio increases the percentage of Ash content but decreases the fixed carbon percent and Calorific value. The minimum and maximum Calorific values, Fixed carbon, and Ash content were 3856.89 cal/g, 12.5%, 24%, and 5001.78 cal/g, 30%, and 36%, respectively. Both ignition and water boiling time increase by the increase of clay soil binder ratio with a minimum of 6.5 and 14.3 minutes and a maximum of 7.6 and 18.5 minutes, respectively. It was discovered that clay was the best binding medium for coffee husk, with a clay content of 5% having the best calorific value of 4848.39 Cal/g and the least amount of ash.
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Ivanova, Tatiana, Amilkar Mendoza Hernández, Jiří Bradna, Eloy Fernández Cusimamani, Juan García Montoya, and Daniel Armas Espinel. "Assessment of Guava (Psidium Guajava L.) Wood Biomass for Briquettes’ Production." Forests 9, no. 10 (2018): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9100613.
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Residual biomass from guava (Psidium guajava L.), a common and widespread fruit tree native to Latin America, has been analyzed in the present research in order to determine the biomass quality and its potential use for energy purposes. Obtained biomass was grinded and compacted into the form of fuel briquettes. Determinations of solid biofuel parameters, i.e., physical, mechanical and chemical properties such as calorific value, moisture, ash content, volatile matter, mechanical durability, contents of the main chemical elements and heavy metals were performed according to international standards. As a result, not inconsiderable traces of heavy metals were found, with a concentration of zinc 4.57 mg kg−1 as the highest. Guava’s moisture content (9.8%) comfortably fulfilled the minimum standard requirements and the net calorific value as received (17.11 MJ kg−1) met the average value of a wood. However, measured sulphur content (0.063%) as well as ash content (3.74%) exceeded the maximum allowed limits for the graded wood briquettes and, therefore, guava wood briquettes should be rather categorized as non-woody A class briquettes. The results of the study can contribute significantly to the knowledge of guava wood properties and its potential as renewable solid fuel since there is little published data about it.
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Marian, Grigore, Tatiana Alexiou Ivanova, Andrei Gudîma, et al. "Biomass Resources from Vineyard Residues for the Production of Densified Solid Biofuels in the Republic of Moldova." Agronomy 14, no. 10 (2024): 2183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14102183.
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This paper explores the utilization of biomass resources derived from vineyard residues for producing densified solid biofuels in the Republic of Moldova, with the aim of quantitatively and qualitatively evaluating the residue from vine pruning, focusing on the feasibility of its use as raw material for the production of briquettes and pellets. The methodology includes the analysis of statistical data, as well as experimental investigations conducted at the Scientific Laboratory of Solid Biofuels of the Technical University of Moldova. Waste biomass samples were collected from various vineyards in the different districts of all three regions of the country, focusing on regions with significant plantations. Both quantitative and qualitative aspects of the biomass were assessed, considering the moisture content, calorific value, and ash content. It was found that about 1013 kg/ha of waste biomass is generated from the pruning of technical grape varieties with a net calorific value of 15.6 MJ/kg at a moisture content of 10 wt.% and about 1044 kg/ha with a calorific value of 16.4 MJ/kg from the table ones; both with an average ash content of 3 wt.%. The results indicated that vineyard pruning residues in the Republic of Moldova could provide a substantial biomass source, with an estimated total energy potential of approximately 370 TJ/y (80% located in the Southern region); they also highlighted the need for technological advancements and quality assurance procedures through which to ensure the efficiency and sustainability of biofuel production. The conclusions emphasize the numerous benefits of utilizing viticultural residue, both economically and ecologically, contributing to the sustainable development of the viticulture industry in the Republic of Moldova, as well as environmental protection.
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Wojtacha-Rychter, Karolina, Piotr Kucharski, and Adam Smolinski. "Conventional and Alternative Sources of Thermal Energy in the Production of Cement—An Impact on CO2 Emission." Energies 14, no. 6 (2021): 1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061539.
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The article evaluates the reduction of carbon dioxide emission due to the partial substitution of coal with alternative fuels in clinker manufacture. For this purpose, the calculations were performed for seventy waste-derived samples of alternative fuels with variable calorific value and variable share in the fuel mixture. Based on annual clinker production data of the Polish Cement Association and the laboratory analysis of fuels, it was estimated that the direct net CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion alone were 543 Mg of CO2 per hour. By contrast with the full substitution of coal with alternative fuels (including 30% of biomass), the emission ranged from 302 up to 438 Mg of CO2 per hour, depending on fuel properties. A reduction of 70% in the share of fossil fuels resulted in about a 23% decrease in net emissions. It was proved that the increased use of alternative fuels as an additive to the fuel mix is also of economic importance. It was determined that thanks to the combustion of 70% of alternative fuels of calorific value from 15 to 26 MJ/kg, the hourly financial profit gain due to avoided CO2 emission and saved 136 megatons of coal totaled an average of 9718 euros. The results confirmed that the co-incineration of waste in cement kilns can be an effective, long-term way to mitigate carbon emissions and to lower clinker production costs. This paper may constitute a starting point for future research activities and specific case studies in terms of reducing CO2 emissions.
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BAŞARAN, Anıl. "A study on the renewable energy potential of incineration of municipal solid wastes produced in Izmir province." International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal 6, no. 2 (under construction) (2022): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35860/iarej.1101046.
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The efficient use of existing energy sources along with the development and widespread use of alternative energy sources, especially renewable energy sources becoming important issues. At this point, the energy content of municipal solid wastes (MSW) can be considered a renewable energy source. MSWs contain a large fraction of renewable material and are continuously produced as a result of human activity. Therefore, international authorized institutions such as the U.S. Department of Energy (US DOE), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) assess MSWs as renewable and sustainable energy sources. Incineration is one of the options for energy recovery from MSW as a waste-to-energy (WTE) approach. The R1 energy efficiency is a criterion introduced by the European Union Waste Directive (Directive 2008/98/EC) to differentiate waste operation by incineration as either disposal or energy recovery. The paper focused on the evaluation of the MSW incineration potential of İzmir province in consideration of R1 energy efficiency criteria. According to the R1, the MSW energy recovery (both heat and electricity) potentials were investigated considering the amount, composition, and calorific value of MSW generated in İzmir province. The population growth, MSW generation, and calorific value alternation up to 2026 were estimated for İzmir. Based on MSW future projections of İzmir province, overall energy recovery potential was assessed. It is forecasted that the average net calorific value (NCV) of MSW generated in İzmir will exceed 6 MJ/kg. This NCV will be suitable for energy recovery from the İzmir MSW. Assuming R1=0.65, it is predicted that a minimum of 2231 GWh/year of heat energy or 932 GWh/year of electricity can be produced annually in the next years 2022.
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Mancini, M., D. Duca, and G. Toscano. "Laboratory customized online measurements for the prediction of the key-parameters of biomass quality control." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 27, no. 1 (2019): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967033518825341.
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The European target of ensuring reliable and sustainable energy has led to the increase in biofuel demand. This growth makes necessary the check of the product quality in order to prevent environmental and technical problems during combustion. Technical standard EN ISO 17225 divided the different biofuels into quality classes on the basis of their chemico-physical characteristics and the origin and source. In addition, they define the laboratory methodologies to be performed. These conventional analyses can determine these quality parameters but they are lengthy and expensive compared to the real need of the market. In this study, Vis-NIR spectroscopy coupled with partial least squares regression was used to predict the most important chemical-physical parameters of woodchip and pellet samples as a possible alternative to the conventional laboratory analysis. The results showed the possibility to use spectroscopy to obtain information about biofuel quality. In detail, moisture content and net calorific value of woodchip samples were predicted with RMSEP of 3.78% (r2(pred) = 0.97) and RMSECV of 0.37 MJ/kg (r2(CV) = 0.92), respectively. Ash content and gross calorific value of pellet samples were predicted with RMSECV of 0.44% (r2(CV) = 0.81) and 0.20 MJ/kg (r2(CV) = 0.78), respectively, while ash content and gross calorific value on ground pellet samples were predicted with RMSECV of 0.47% (r2(CV) = 0.78) and 0.19 MJ/kg (r2(CV) = 0.80), respectively. The best results were obtained considering only the near infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, suggesting that the visible part is not influential for the prediction of the parameters of this study. Having such a rapid and economic tool will be fundamental for the biofuel processors in order to check different quality characteristics of the products directly in real time without the time delay of the laboratory analysis and complications of sampling representation.