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1
Hollenbeck, Kevin. Net impact estimates of the workforce development system in Washington State. W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 2003.
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2
New Jersey. Governor's Management Review Commission. Operational review of state telecommunications. The Commission, 1990.
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3
Crescenzo, Ennio De. Integrazione fotovoltaica nel territorio: Progetti integrati in due contesti paesistici : cava a mezza costa e a fossa. Aracne, 2009.
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4
Zhukov, Aleksey, Ekaterina Bobrova, Igor' Bessonov, and Elizaveta Mednikova. Energy efficiency of building systems. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1856852.
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The monograph summarizes and systematizes the results of experimental and theoretical studies of thermal insulation systems of building structures, technological facilities, transport facilities, and cold preservation.
 The criterion for the effectiveness of system insulation solutions is energy efficiency as a criterion for a comprehensive assessment, including both taking into account the direct reduction of energy costs during the operation of insulation shells, and the costs of installation, maintenance of structures in working condition, evaluation of the operational resistance of materials and durability of system solutions as a whole.
 Modern types of thermal insulation materials based on gas-filled plastics, foamed glass, foamed rubber and products based on mineral fibers are considered: stone wool, glass wool and glass fiber, basalt fiber.
 It is intended for researchers, specialists in the field of materials science, technologists — developers of new types of thermal insulation materials and constructors, designing products from them, as well as for teachers and university students. It can be useful for a wide range of people interested in construction and energy saving problems.
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Lazareva, Marina. Dynamic stability of holdings. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1154382.
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The monograph attempts to rethink the theoretical and methodological approaches to building a management system for the dynamic stability of holdings. The author's view on the construction of such a system is justified, and a new combined model of dynamic stability management is proposed, which is based on the cost approach. The holding company is considered as a complex dynamic system. The conclusions are based on the author's empirical research. For practitioners, teachers, postgraduates and students, students of business schools.
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Ng, Kia, Atta Badii, and Pierfrancesco Bellini, eds. Axmedis 2006. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-channel Distribution. Volume for Workshops, Tutorials, Applications and Industrial (Leeds, UK, 13-15 December 2006). Firenze University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/88-8453-525-5.
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The AxMEDIS 2006 International Conference seeks to promote discussion and exchange of ideas amongst researchers, practitioners, developers and users of tools, technology transfer experts, and project managers. This conference series brings together a variety of participants from the academic, business and industrial worlds, to address the emergent research and technological issues as well as the engineering and commercial challenges of large-scale collaborative production and distribution of media as experienced by the associated industrial sectors in the emergent media markets. The conference focuses on the outstanding problems to be resolved in the new age of media computing including cross-domain production, protection, representation, formatting, aggregation, workflow, distribution and business and transaction models i.e. all lifecycle aspects of the new media value chain management. Additionally it explores the integration of new forms of content, content management systems and distribution chains, with particular emphasis on cost structures re-engineering to support the reduction of costs and the integration of innovative solutions to facilitate complex creative collaboration in cross-domain media production with benefit realisation to all stakeholders through optimised rights-protective multichannel distribution.
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New York (State). Dept. of Audit and Control. Division of Management Audit, ed. Department of Social Services, Medicaid Management Information System, management policies and procedures for controlling Medicaid reimbursed transportation costs. The Office, 1989.
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8
Dolzhenko, Ruslan. Economic grounds for the development of new forms of labor relations. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/977548.
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The monograph examines the key new forms of labor relations (outsourcing, crowdsourcing, and insourcing, freelancing), which by their nature and content have positive qualities for the subjects of labor. The methodological basis of research are the theory of neo-institutional Economics and the theory of transaction costs. The considered approach to the introduction of new practices in the system of labor relations of the organization with consideration of needs of subjects of labour to reduce transaction costs may serve as a guideline to determine promising areas of transformation of labor relations in the innovation economy. 
 For specialists in the Economics and sociology of labour, as well as all those interested in questions of introduction and use of innovation in the workplace.
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Demirhan, M. Fatih. Percorsi veneziani nel Mediterraneo: Sistemi di difesa, rotte commerciali e insediamenti = Akdenizdeki Venedik güzergahlari : savunma sistemleri, ticaret rotalari ve yerleşimler = Venetian itineraries in the Mediterranean : defence systems, trade routes and settlements. Terra ferma, 2010.
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10
Anthony, Robert Newton. Management control in nonprofit organizations. 4th ed. Irwin, 1988.
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Orlandini, Simone, and Pavol Nejedlik, eds. Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture in Europe. Firenze University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-207-9.
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COST Action 734 was launched thanks to the coordinated activity of 29 EU countries. The main objective of the Action was the evaluation of impacts from climate change and variability on agriculture for various European areas. Secondary objectives were: collection and review of existing agroclimatic indices and simulation models, to assess hazard impacts on European agricultural areas; to apply climate scenarios for the next few decades; the definition of harmonised criteria to evaluate the impacts of climate change and variability on agriculture; the definition of warning systems guidelines. Based on the result, possible actions (specific recommendations, suggestions, warning systems) were elaborated and proposed to the end-users, depending on their needs.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Amending the National Trails System Act by designating the Nez Perce (Nee-Me-Poo) Trails [sic] as a component of the national trails system: Report (to accompany S. 1542) (including the cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). U.S. G.P.O., 1986.
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13
Anthony, Robert Newton. Management control in nonprofit organizations. 5th ed. Irwin, 1994.
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Bruce, Johnstone D. Central administrations of public multi-campus college and university systems: Core functions and cost pressures, with reference to the central administration of the State University of New York. State University of New York, 1992.
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15
Campus, Mauro, Stefano Dorigo, Veronica Federico, and Nicole Lazzerini, eds. Pago, dunque sono (cittadino europeo). Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-591-2.
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The book collects the contributions of a group of scholars, with different scientific backgrounds, on the issue of the relationship between taxation, solidarity and citizenship within the EU. The common thread linking them is the inescapability of the tax duty in a community of rights and the incompleteness of the European system, which performs important functions of collective interest without claiming any cost for those who use it. What emerges is the need for a genuine EU own tax, which, without the intermediary of the Member States, would burden the users of European public goods, increasing awareness of the social value of the EU, amplifying its solidarity dimension, and outlining a new concept of citizenship. In short, I pay, therefore I am (European citizen).
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1942-, Light Donald, ed. Regulating prospective payment: An analysis of the New Jersey Hospital Rate-Setting Commission. Health Administration Press, 1988.
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17
Fedorovich, Tat'yana, Natal'ya Kubrak, S. K. Tevs, and A. V. Dmitrenko. Organization and management of a private fleet of freight cars: an economic approach. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1860935.
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The monograph discusses theoretical and practical issues related to the completion of the implementation of the introduction of new forms of ownership in the formation of the railway holding JSC "Russian Railways". The organizational and economic results of the structural reform of railway transport in Russia are analyzed in comparison with the experience of modern reform of foreign railway transport. The variants of transformation of the modern cargo transportation management system in the new economic conditions are proposed.
 The main results of the study of modern economic and organizational conditions of cargo transportation, taking into account the specifics of working with a private car fleet, are presented. Based on a large-scale analysis of the loading dynamics of the main directions of the Russian Railways network and the resulting unevenness of operational work, new approaches are proposed for the formation of the market of freight operators of rolling stock.
 An economic assessment of the implementation of scenario options for the introduction of technological outsourcing is given on the example of JSC "Federal Freight Company" with the justification of a methodological approach for the formation of a consolidated fleet of wagons based
 on the algorithm of the cost method for calculating the throughput during the consolidation of a fleet of freight wagons.
 For practitioners and researchers involved in cargo transportation management, forecasting and formation of private fleets of freight cars. It will be useful for graduate students, undergraduates and students of economic faculties of railway universities when studying courses in the economics of railway transport and the cost of freight transportation.
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W, Young David, ed. Management control in nonprofit organizations. 7th ed. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2003.
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W, Young Dawid, ed. Management control in nonprofit organizations. 6th ed. Irwin/McGraw-Hill, 1999.
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20
Veatch, Robert M., Amy Haddad, and E. J. Last. Health Insurance, Health System Planning, and Rationing. Edited by Robert M. Veatch, Amy Haddad, and E. J. Last. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190277000.003.0015.
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This chapter begins with a description of the various reasons for the accelerating costs of prescription drugs in the United States. It then discusses benefits and burdens of drug therapy within public and private insurance programs. Insurance risk pooling is examined in light of the requirement in the Affordable Care Act to buy health insurance and the consequences when people decide not to buy insurance. Disagreements between the personal beliefs of the owners of a privately held company and the Affordable Care Act’s requirement to cover contraceptives through employee insurance plans are discussed. The chapter also addresses co-pay coupons that encourage patients to ask for expensive, brand-name drugs and the increasing costs of specialty or biotechnology pharmaceuticals, highlighting the problems insurers face in their efforts to manage costs. Finally, the common problems of high-cost drugs that have marginal impact and off-label uses of drugs are examined.
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Harvey, Phil, and Lisa Conyers. The Human Cost of Welfare. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400667190.
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Why is the welfare system failing to work for so many people? This book examines the problems with the current welfare system and proposes reforms to create a smarter, smaller system that helps people improve their lives through rewarding work. Unlike other books on welfare, this one draws on the stories of more than 100 welfare recipients who are trapped in a system that keeps them underemployed and unemployed. The authors present case studies that show that being a part of a welfare program can actively result in the recipient having to limit their job efforts for fear of losing government assistance. The book examines all major U.S. welfare systems, including Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, SNAP, Medicaid, and others. The authors begin by exploring the nation's basic poverty issues and examining the relationship between work and happiness. Next, they zero in on specific welfare programs, reporting both on their dollar costs and on the ways that they fail enrollees. The book then concludes with strategies for addressing the shortcomings of the current U.S. welfare system. This book is appropriate for readers interested in public policy, government programs, welfare, and cultural shifts in America. It adds a new perspective to the existing body of welfare scholarship by systematically assessing the impact of welfare on the receivers themselves.
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Birenbaum, Arnold. Wounded Profession. www.praeger.com, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216187523.
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This important new study explores how American health care evolved in the 1990s, as well as the changes in public support and policy. Birenbaum examines where the interests of consumers and professionals have dovetailed and where they differ. He considers the health care system's future and suggested ways the system must be adjusted to provide better and wider coverage at reasonable costs. This volume is essential reading for scholars, students, and professionals in the medical field, as well as general readers concerned with health care issues. The 90s saw the country moving toward a realization that health care had become unaffordable—or an enormous financial burden for people with otherwise adequate incomes. Health care providers and consumers alike worried that the problem was becoming uncontrollable. Doctors saw their autonomy and control eroded, employers saw their costs rising significantly, the costs began shifting to employees, and alternative approaches to cost containment were explored.
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Goodman, Lawrence R. Imaging the respiratory system in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0078.
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Routine radiographs are not cost effective in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. Most published guidelines agree that radiographs are worthwhile after insertion of tubes or catheters, and in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Otherwise, they are required only for change in the patient’s clinical status. Picture archiving and communication systems utilize digital imaging technology. They provide superior quality images, rapid image availability at multiple sites, and fewer repeat examinations, reducing both cost and patient radiation. Disadvantages of picture archiving and communication systems include expensive equipment and personnel required to keep them functioning. The majority of chest X-ray abnormalities in the ICU are best understood by paying careful attention to the initial appearance of the X-ray in relation to the patient’s onset of symptoms and the progression of abnormalities over the next few days.
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Overcoating Existing Coating Systems Applied to Steel Substrates. AMPP, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/sspc-tu_3-2017.
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Scope This technology update discusses the risks associated with the maintenance painting practice known as overcoating. Factors affecting overcoating application, service and costs are discussed. This document is intended to serve as a resource for facility owners and others charged with developing and implementing maintenance painting programs. Overcoating is one of several maintenance painting options. This document is not intended to provide a detailed description or comparison of the relative merit and cost considerations of overcoating versus other maintenance painting options. For a more complete and detailed discussion of maintenance painting practices, the reader should refer to SSPC-PA Guide 5, Guide to Maintenance Painting Programs. This document focuses primarily on overcoating of existing coating systems applied to steel substrates.
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Cook, Harry E. E., and Luke A. Wissmann. Value Driven Product Planning and Systems Engineering. Springer, 2010.
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Kurevska, Līga. Designing Regulatory Framework for Demand Response Service Integration in Baltic Electricity Markets. RTU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/9789934227974.
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Mitigating climate change is one our generation’s greatest challenges; however, similarly to many public goods where benefits are enjoyed by many while the costs are born by few, finding a balance between the pace of the change and cost borne by society can be complicated. To raise to this challenge, policy makers must reconcile naturally conflicting objectives – technical system reliability, uptake of new, climate-neutral technology, and low energy costs. The tools developed during the research as well as the findings can support policy makers in developing market regulation and decide on the necessity for additional stimulus to accelerate the pace of demand response service participation in electricity markets.
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Stewart, Andrew J. A Vulnerable System. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501758942.001.0001.
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As threats to the security of information pervade the fabric of everyday life, this book describes how, even as the demand for information security increases, the needs of society are not being met. The result is that the confidentiality of our personal data, the integrity of our elections, and the stability of foreign relations between countries are increasingly at risk. The book convincingly shows that emergency software patches and new security products cannot provide the solution to threats such as computer hacking, viruses, software vulnerabilities, and electronic spying. Profound underlying structural problems must first be understood, confronted, and then addressed. This book delivers a long view of the history of information security, beginning with the creation of the first digital computers during the Cold War. From the key institutions of the so-called military industrial complex in the 1950s to Silicon Valley start-ups in the 2020s, the relentless pursuit of new technologies has come at great cost. The absence of knowledge regarding the history of information security has caused the lessons of the past to be forsaken for the novelty of the present, and has led us to be collectively unable to meet the needs of the current day. From the very beginning of the information age, claims of secure systems have been crushed by practical reality. The myriad risks to technology, the book reveals, cannot be addressed without first understanding how we arrived at this moment. The book is an enlightening and sobering history of a topic that affects crucial aspects of our lives.
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Webber, Desiree, and Andrew Peters. Integrated Library Systems. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400670794.
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This book offers everything you need to know about selecting and implementing the best integrated library system (ILS) for your library, whether you purchase and install it yourself or hire a consultant to assist you. This is the book you've been waiting for. Integrated Library Systems: Planning, Selecting, and Implementing is an all-inclusive guide to acquiring a new ILS. Detailed and practical, the book covers every step of the process, from cost-benefit analysis, to evaluating software, writing the request for proposal, and implementation and training. You'll learn about different types of integrated library systems�standalone, turnkey, hosted, software-as-a-service (cloud computing), and open-source�and how to assess your facility and staff to find the best fit. The book also covers evaluation of software and hardware; third-party add-ons, such as RFID; and writing successful budget proposals and justification statements. There is even specific, headache-saving advice on working with sales reps, such as the warning not to ever accept the statement: ""The vendor will not be held accountable to the contents of the RFP."" Even if you're working with a consultant, this book will help you understand the process and make informed decisions.
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Freudenberg, Nicholas. At What Cost. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190078621.001.0001.
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Every day people decide what to eat, how to educate their children, where to find health care, and how to connect to others. For many, freely choosing a lifestyle defines the American dream. But in the 21st century, these choices are increasingly constructed by corporations and designed not to promote well-being, happiness, and planetary health, but to increase corporate profits and power. As a result, the decisions that corporations encourage individuals to make can lead to premature death, illness, or psychological distress as well as environmental pollution and social conflict. At What Cost: Modern Capitalism and the Future of Health maps the landscape of the changing role of capitalism in shaping health in America, documenting the human costs of the dominant political and economic system. It describes how globalization, financial speculation, monopoly concentration, and business control of science and technology have enhanced the ability of corporations and their allies to overwhelm influences of government, family, and community. It analyses how 21st-century capitalism structures the choices that affect the well-being of individuals, families, communities, and the planet. The book also explores how people, governments, civil society, and social movements are challenging corporate domination and forging alternative paths to a healthier, more sustainable world. While other books have explored pieces of this story, At What Cost offers a comprehensive analysis of the health consequences of modern capitalism. It provides citizens, parents, activists, scholars, and policy makers with the evidence they need to construct a better world for current and future generations.
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Jouste, Maria, Milly I. Nalukwago, and Ronald Waiswa. Do tax administrative interventions targeted at small businesses improve tax compliance and revenue collection? Evidence from Ugandan administrative tax data. 17th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/951-8.
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This paper conducts an impact evaluation of the effects of two tax administration interventions—a taxpayer register expansion and education programme, and a new electronic filing system for presumptive tax—on the number of small business taxpayers and presumptive tax revenues in Uganda. Using a difference-in-differences approach and administrative data covering both presumptive taxpayers and comparable small corporate income taxpayers, we find that the number of small business taxpayers filing tax returns and presumptive tax revenues increased substantially after the interventions. We argue that the interventions complement each other because both interventions were established around the same years, and the taxpayer register expansion programme focused on not only registering but also educating taxpayers with regard to tax compliance. We analyse the cost-effectiveness of the taxpayer register expansion programme and find that the benefits outweigh the costs.
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Brooker, Paul, and Margaret Hayward. Toyota: Ohno’s Toyota Production System. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825395.003.0003.
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Taiichi Ohno was never CEO of Toyota—rather he was part of dual-leadership teams—but his pioneering version of ‘lean’ production made significant contributions to Toyota’s success and to global manufacturing. The chapter’s first section also describes the pioneering contribution of Toyota founder, Kiichiro Toyoda, who invented the notion of just-in-time production in the 1930s. In the 1950s–60s Ohno’s emphasis on innovative adaptation—his key rational method—to Japan’s distinctive car market and factory environments would lead to a new production system. It included the internationally famous ‘just-in-time’, ‘continuous flow’, and Kanban information-system aspects of his production system. Ohno also used both strategic and quantitative calculation, particularly in his grand strategy of reducing cost/waste in production. The final section on ‘Toyotaism versus Fordism’ echoes Chapter 2’s and describes a rivalry between the American and Japanese production systems.
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Butcher, Neil, and Andrew Moore. Understanding Open Educational Resources. Edited by Sanjaya Mishra. Commonwealth of Learning (COL), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/11599/1013.
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The fact that you are reading this lesson suggests that you have heard of open educational resources (OER). Currently, there is a lot of buzz about OER. Some see them as totally revolutionising how we bring learning materials into our education system and use them, while others see OER from a more pragmatic perspective. Before we start looking at OER, including their origin, benefits and challenges, it is important to consider the problems that we are facing today in education. While these problems range, in different countries, from lack of access to poor quality, there is a common thread in most: low availability of good-quality educational materials. Although learning materials are available, the cost of access in many locations is very high and increases each year. For example, the cost of college textbooks in the United States increased 82 per cent between 2002 and 2013— three times the rate of inflation.1 According to the College Board, in the 2014–15 academic year, students in the USA spent about USD 1200 each on textbooks.2 Another study indicated that 65 per cent of U.S. students do not buy textbooks due to prohibitive costs, despite being concerned about grades.3 Is this not alarming? While there are many other reasons to support OER, the cost issue is a primary factor in their growing popularity amongst students and teachers.
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Russell, Paul. Responsibility, Naturalism, and “The Morality System”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627607.003.0006.
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Even those who follow the general strategy of P. F. Strawson’s enormously influential “Freedom and Resentment” accept that his strong naturalist program needs to be substantially modified, if not rejected. An important effort to revise the Strawsonian program has been provided by R. Jay Wallace. This chapter argues that Wallace’s narrow construal of reactive attitudes, as they are involved in holding an agent responsible, comes at too high a cost. Related to this point, it is also argued that Wallace’s narrow conception of responsibility is a product of his effort to construct his account within the confines of the morality system and that this way of construing responsibility turns on a series of unnecessary and misleading oppositions. A more plausible middle path, it is maintained, can be found between Strawson’s excessively strong naturalist program and Wallace’s narrow and restrictive view of responsibility.
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Partington, Martin. Introduction to the English Legal System 2017-2018. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198802488.001.0001.
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Introduction to the English Legal System 2017-2018 has been fully updated to consider the latest developments in the English legal system. The theme which dominates the new edition is that of transformation. The criminal (Chapter 5), the administrative (Chapter 6), the family (Chapter 7), and the civil (Chapter 8) justice systems are all starting a process of structural reform designed to enable them to operate more efficiently; this will include major investment in the use of IT in the delivery of court and tribunal services. Major changes to the ways in which the legal profession is regulated are also discussed (Chapter 9), and new enquiries designed to control the cost of litigating are outlined (Chapter 10). The outcome of the referendum on leaving the European Union (Brexit), although noted, is not considered at length: although there will be major change in the future, its form currently not known and for the time being, things remain the same (Chapter 3). The book starts by introducing themes and structure, after which Part II looks at law society and authority and considers the purpose and functions of law. Part III examines the institutional framework and looks into the role of government, the criminal justice system, the administrative justice system, the family justice system, and the civil and commercial justice system; Part IV describes the delivery and funding of legal services; and Part V offers a reflection on the process of transformation and the challenges it should address.
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Clapp, Steve. Fixing the Food System. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400651762.
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America's broken food system has provoked an outcry from consumer advocates seeking to align food policies with public health objectives. This book examines both sides of the conflict for solutions. Many believe that America's food system is in dire need of reform, with concerns ranging from the obesity epidemic to exploitative labor practices and negative environmental impact. This eye-opening book answers provocative questions about what changes are needed, who is advocating the changes, what parties are opposing these changes (and why), and what a new food system would look like. Organized into three sections, the work identifies the problems with the current system, reviews the changing landscape of food policy, and suggests workable solutions for progress. Washington insider Steve Clapp takes a comprehensive look at the struggle over the future of food. He examines the vision for a reformed national food policy that includes calculating the true cost of food, providing universal access to healthful food, adopting farm policies supporting public health and environmental objectives, improving food safety, paying fair wages to food employees, treating food animals with compassion, and reducing the food system's carbon footprint. The book explores the ways in which these issues can be resolved, drawing upon lessons learned from the early food advocates of the 1960s and 1970s.
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Garoche, Pierre-Loïc. Formal Verification of Control System Software. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691181301.001.0001.
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The verification of control system software is critical to a host of technologies and industries, from aeronautics and medical technology to the cars we drive. The failure of controller software can cost people their lives. This book provides control engineers and computer scientists with an introduction to the formal techniques for analyzing and verifying this important class of software. Too often, control engineers are unaware of the issues surrounding the verification of software, while computer scientists tend to be unfamiliar with the specificities of controller software. The book provides a unified approach that is geared to graduate students in both fields, covering formal verification methods as well as the design and verification of controllers. It presents a wealth of new verification techniques for performing exhaustive analysis of controller software. These include new means to compute nonlinear invariants, the use of convex optimization tools, and methods for dealing with numerical imprecisions such as floating point computations occurring in the analyzed software. As the autonomy of critical systems continues to increase—as evidenced by autonomous cars, drones, and satellites and landers—the numerical functions in these systems are growing ever more advanced. The techniques presented here are essential to support the formal analysis of the controller software being used in these new and emerging technologies.
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Sowada, Barbara J. A Call to Be Whole. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400622908.
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Examines the complex interrelationships that inform the health care system. Health care, like all social systems, is a product of thought. Up to now, our collective thinking has been based on trying to manage parts, not the whole. This book inquires into four age-old questions that shape all health care systems: What is health? What is care? Who is responsible? How much is enough? Americans have the wealthiest health care system in the world, yet the health status of Americans ranks in the lowest quartile among the world's 25 industrialized nations and 45 million Americans are without health insurance. Today's cost, quality, and access problems are inter-related and can be traced to taken-for-granted assumptions and health care's outmoded organizing concepts: reductionism and materialism. Greater fragmentation of care, an over-dependence on technology, inattention to social and environmental determinants of health, and serious economic and moral dilemmas are some of the results of the last 40 years of piecemeal political and economic reform. This book has three purposes. The first is to help the reader see healthcare as a complex system—a part in a larger whole—and to show how answers to the questions, What is health? What is care? Who is responsible? How much is enough? implicitly define the purpose, effectiveness, efficiency, and fairness of a health care system. The second is to show that today's access, cost, and quality problems are interrelated, and arise from outmoded concepts, unquestioned assumptions, and a long trail of inconsistent and contradictory answers to the four questions. The third purpose is to acquaint readers with both the personal and societal challenges of finding coherent answers to the four questions raised above and to describe some of the budding experimental solutions that challenge traditional conventions and assumptions.
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Fagan, Abigail A., J. David Hawkins, Richard F. Catalano, and David P. Farrington. The Future of CTC and Community-Based Prevention*. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190299217.003.0010.
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Although there is growing consensus that community-based prevention efforts have great potential to reduce youth behavioral health problems, few such systems have been well evaluated and demonstrated to produce such outcomes. This chapter begins by reviewing the impact of one such system, Communities That Care. Next, the components of CTC that are responsible for producing desired changes in community norms and processes, and for its effectiveness and cost effectiveness in reducing youth behavioral health problems. The challenges that may be faced by communities in the United States and internationally when implementing CTC and similar community-based interventions are reviewed and solutions to these challenges are provided. The chapter concludes by describing recent developments in the implementation and evaluation of CTC, including the development of an on-line training system and international replications of CTC.
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Buchanan, John, David Finegold, Ken Mayhew, and Chris Warhurst. Introduction. Edited by John Buchanan, David Finegold, Ken Mayhew, and Chris Warhurst. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199655366.013.33.
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While there are diverse perspectives on skills and training, the divergence in disciplinary outlooks is not as great as it once may have been. Important new knowledge has identified the nature and importance of demand side factors like skill utilisation and the social determinants of skill development and outcomes. Despite this analytical flourishing, the reality of who pays for skills is becoming more narrowly defined as a ‘personal benefit’, the cost burden of which is shifting from businesses and nation states to individuals. The chapter finishes by noting while huge structural shifts in skill demand and supply are intensifying, the outcomes of these developments will depend on how skills are defined and the costs of skill development distributed. These will be settled at national and sectoral/regional level. Consequently, while the forces of change appear to be converging around the globe, the diversity in skill systems is set to continue – but in different forms.
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Partington, Martin. Introduction to the English Legal System 2018-19. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198818861.001.0001.
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Introduction to the English Legal System 2018–2019 has been fully updated to consider the latest developments in the English legal system. The focus is on transformation. The criminal (Chapter 5), the administrative (Chapter 6), the family (Chapter 7), and the civil and commercial (Chapter 8) justice systems are all engaged in a process of change designed to enable them to operate more efficiently; this will include major investment in the use of IT in the delivery of court and tribunal services. Developments in the ways in which the legal profession is regulated are also discussed (Chapter 9), and the results of enquiries designed to control the cost of litigating are considered (Chapter 10). Progress with Brexit is noted, although its final form and its impact on the English legal system are not yet known (Chapter 3). The book starts by introducing themes and structure, after which Part II looks at law society and authority and considers the purpose and functions of law. Part III examines the institutional framework and looks into the role of government, the criminal justice system, the administrative justice system, the family justice system, and the civil and commercial justice systems; Part IV describes the delivery and funding of legal services; and Part V offers a reflection on the process of transformation and the challenges it should address.
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Partington, Martin. Introduction to the English Legal System 2019-2020. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198838838.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction to the English Legal System 2019–2020 has been fully updated to consider the latest developments in the English legal system. The underlying theme is transformation. The criminal (Chapter 5), the administrative (Chapter 6), the family (Chapter 7), and the civil and commercial (Chapter 8) justice systems are all engaged in a process of change designed to enable them to operate more efficiently; this involves major investment in the use of IT to deliver court and tribunal services. Developments in the ways in which the legal profession is regulated are also discussed (Chapter 9), and the results of enquiries designed to control the cost of litigating are considered (Chapter 10). Progress with Brexit is noted, although its final form and its impact on the English legal system are not yet known (Chapter 3). The book starts by introducing themes and structure, after which Part II looks at law, society, and authority and considers the purpose and functions of law. Part III examines the institutional framework and looks into the role of government, the criminal justice system, the administrative justice system, the family justice system, and the civil and commercial justice systems; Part IV describes the delivery and funding of legal services; and Part V offers a final reflection on the process of transformation and the challenges it should address.
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Mohd Hanefah, Mustafa. Tax systems taxpayer compliance and specific tax issues. UUM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9833282962.
Full textAbstract:
This book has eight chapters. Each chapter discusses one topic related to taxation. The topics covered in this book are tax systems, taxpayer compliance, compliance costs, transfer pricing, accounting malpractices and tax issues, taxation of ecommerce, and electronic tax administration. These topics are relevant to the advanced taxation course in the under-graduate and post-graduate programs (Masters and PhD). Each topic is discussed with relevant literature. The first three chapters touch on issues and problems related to the new tax administrative system i.e the self-assessment system, which is being implemented in developed countries including Malaysia, and is now being adopted for implementation in many developing countries worldwide. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 give an insight to issues related to tax systems, taxpayer compliance and compliance costs. The other four chapters 5, 6, 7 and 8 discuss topics that are categorised as selected tax issues. The selected tax issues include transfer pricing, accounting malpractices and tax issues, taxation of ecommerce and electronic tax administration. These issues have not been deliberated before, and it is timely that a book of this nature is published for tax authorities, researchers, students, lecturers, authorities and practitioners. Past literature and research findings are quoted to support the discussions in each chapter. The authors own research findings in certain topics found in this book are used to support the arguments and discussions.
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Birenbaum, Arnold. Remaking Chronic Care in the Age of Health Care Reform. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216007500.
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This revealing book tackles the daunting problem of increasing chronic illness in America, offering fresh ideas for the ways in which the challenge can be successfully managed. Remaking Chronic Care in the Age of Health Care Reform: Changes for Lower Cost, Higher Quality Treatment is nothing less than a blueprint for a new mode of chronic care. It depicts a current system in which there is little financial incentive to furnish coordinated services via appropriate primary care and few penalties for failure to deliver such care. Arguing that the current system is unsustainable, the book documents efforts that have been made to promote better coordination of care through patient-centered medical homes and accountable care organizations. Specifically, the book focuses on linking the ongoing innovations in health care practices with the supports for scaling up innovations found in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. It shows how expanding and improving primary care as the vehicle for care coordination will reduce costs for those with conditions such as arthritis, diabetes, hypertension, or other longstanding disorders, but also makes it clear that incentives have to be realigned if such improved primary care is to become a reality.
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Toby, Jackson. The Lowering of Higher Education in America. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400680915.
Full textAbstract:
A top educator looks at the causes and national costs of the lowering of college admission and academic standards in the United States, then proposes confronting the problem by tying federal student grants and loans to academic performance as well as to financial need. After a half-century of teaching, distinguished educator Jackson Toby concludes that all too often, our current system gives high school students the impression that college is an entitlement and not a challenge. The Lowering of Higher Education: Why Financial Aid Should be Based on Student Performance is Toby's unflinching look at this broken system and the ways it can be fixed. The Lowering of Higher Education documents just how far college admission standards have fallen, then measures the cost of remedial programs for underprepared high school students just to get them to where they should have been in the first place. Toby also pulls no punches on the issue of grade inflation, which rewards laziness while demoralizing hard-working students. In conclusion, Toby proposes an innovative solution: base financial aid solely on academic performance, creating a compelling incentive for students to develop serious attitudes and study approaches in high school.
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Gucci, Riccardo, and Claudio Cantini. Pruning and Training Systems for Modern Olive Growing. CSIRO Publishing, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643101302.
Full textAbstract:
Olive growing is expanding rapidly in many countries around the world in which olives have not previously been widely cultivated. Pruning olive trees is quite different from pruning other fruit trees of the temperate zone, because of their biological peculiarities. Errors in pruning may result in yield losses or higher cultivation costs. Pruning also determines the training system which, in turn, is one of the major factors for successful tree performance and orchard profitability.
 Pruning and Training Systems for Modern Olive Growing summarises the information available on current pruning techniques and training systems. It specifically addresses the problems faced by growers, professionals and students who are new to olive growing and provides information previously not available in English.
 The fundamental aim of this book is to explain the basic concepts at a practical level. It will allow the reader, whether experienced horticulturalist or beginner, to develop his or her own skills and pruning strategy.
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Herbst, Jeffrey. The Europeans and the African Problem. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164137.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines the persistence of what the Afro-Caribbean diplomat Edward W. Blyden called “the African Problem”—the inability of Europe to conquer Africa in the same manner as other regions—throughout the brief (by historical standards) period of formal European rule. European colonialism wrought changes in Africa that were so fundamental as to mark a new era in African politics, such as creating the immediate predecessors to today’s states. The chapter explores the broadcasting of European power in colonial Africa by focusing on the cost structure facing white leaders attempting to broadcast power, the nature of the boundaries established by the Europeans, and the state system that was created by the particular needs of state-builders and which, in turn, greatly affected the consolidation of power. The chapter shows that Europeans provided a set of answers to the African problem that allowed them to avoid the costs inherent to hegemony.
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Chaisty, Paul, Nic Cheeseman, and Timothy J. Power. The Exchange of Favours and Coalition Management. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817208.003.0009.
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This chapter examines the role of informal tools in coalition management. Informal tools are understood as the ‘exchange of favours’: access to electoral resources, favourable state treatment of allies’ business interests, the conferral of lucrative or influential positions outside of the legislature and the cabinet, and, in some cases, illicit forms of exchange. It discusses the costs associated with these tools (financial, political, personal, public), and the factors that exacerbate or mitigate these costs: system-level factors (rule of law and personal-vote electoral systems), coalition-level factors (coalition size and congruence with the cabinet coalition), and conjunctural factors (proximity to the next election). The ways in which presidents deploy this tool are illustrated with detailed examples from Ecuador, Armenia, and Kenya. Finally, data from surveys of MPs are analysed to illustrate the relative costs of deploying the exchange of favours under different country conditions.
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Schizer, David M. Tax and Corporate Governance. Edited by Jeffrey N. Gordon and Wolf-Georg Ringe. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743682.013.47.
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This chapter examines the influence of tax on managerial agency costs, with particular emphasis on public companies in the United States. Focusing on “C-corporations,” this chapter first considers why tax is an imperfect vehicle for mitigating managerial agency costs. It then discusses how tax influences the compensation of managers, both in ways policy makers intended, and in ways they did not. The chapter also considers how tax affects management decisions about capital structure, hedging, and acquisitions. In addition, this chapter explores the tax system’s influence on the ability and incentives of shareholders to monitor management. This chapter then concludes with an analysis of how the tax system itself monitors managers.
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Schweitzer, Stuart O., and Z. John Lu. Patent Protection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190623784.003.0012.
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Patent protection, innovation, and profitability are all intimately connected in the pharmaceutical industry. Without patent protection there would be no marketing exclusivity, and competitors would immediately enter any market where there was a new successful drug, eventually driving price down to the marginal production cost. Future R&D would never take place because there would be no way for firms to earn a yield on those investments in developing new pharmaceuticals. Patents, however, entail societal cost, because they raise the diffusion cost of knowledge and makes some innovative drugs prohibitively expensive in the short run. This chapter examines key patent laws applicable to the pharmaceutical industry, including category, duration, scope, infringement, and ground for challenge, both in the United States and in other advanced economies. Examples of strategic behavior by branded and generic firms are discussed. The chapter also provides a review of recent literature critical of the patent system.
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Klein, Michael. Infrastructure. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803720.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
Infrastructure services in energy, transport, water, and telecommunications services underpin the wealth of modern nations. Yet inefficiencies abound. In developing nations hundreds of millions of people lack access to modern infrastructure services. Globally, as much as 40 percent of expenditures on infrastructure may constitute waste, equivalent to some 1 to 2 percent of global GDP. Natural monopoly features and sunk costs provide incentives for the parties to infrastructure ventures to play ransom games. Particularly in developing economies prices are often well below cost. Hence investors shy away and access remains limited. Government involvement in project choice and implementation may lead to ‘white elephants’ and mismanagement. Where head-to-head competition can be introduced, such as in modern telecommunications systems, the syndrome can be kept in check. Yet where such competition is not feasible, policymaking and inevitable price and quality regulation remain a challenge, requiring patient effort at arm’s-length from day-to-day political pressures.