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Brown, Caitlin C. "The Zero Energy Evolution." The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/337370.
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Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone ProjectThis study is an analysis and definition of green building design and zero energy building. This distinguishes the different components that go into net zero building, and the feasibility of making it happen on current buildings, as well as ones in design. The study identifies a building currently in construction on the University of Arizona campus, and identifies its possibility of zero energy and how zero energy would affect the cost and performance of the building. Ultimately it is found that net zero is feasible for the Environmental Natural Resources Building 2 and the University of Arizona, and should be a component in the design and building process of future buildings on campus.
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Kadam, Rohit. "Net Zero Building Energy Conservation." OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/825.
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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Rohit Kadam, for the Master of Science degree in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, presented on DECEMBER 2, 2011, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. (Do not use abbreviations.) TITLE: NET ZERO BUILIND ENERGY CONSERVATION MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Emmanuel Nsofor This research deals with energy studies performed as part of a net-zero energy study for buildings. Measured data of actual energy utilization by a building for a continuous period of 33 months was collected and studied. The peak design day on which the building consumes maximum energy was found. The averages of the energy consumption for the peak month were determined. The DOE EnergyPlus software was used to simulate the energy requirements for the building and also obtain peak energy requirements for the peak month. Alternative energy sources such as ground source heat pump, solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and day-lighting modifications were applied to redesign the energy consumption for the building towards meeting net-zero energy requirements. The present energy use by the building, DOE Energy software simulations for the building as well as the net-zero model for the building were studied. The extents of the contributions of the individual energy harvesting measures were studied. For meeting Net Zero Energy requirement, it was found that the total energy load for the building can be distributed between alternative energy methods as 5.4% to daylighting modifications, 58% to geothermal and 36.6% to solar photovoltaic panels for electricity supply and thermal energy. Thus the directions to proceed towards achieving complete net-zero energy status were identified.
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Brown, Carrie Ann Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Toward zero net energy buildings : optimized for energy use and cost." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/77776.
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Thesis (Ph. D. in Building Technology)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 119-125).
Recently, there has been a push toward zero net energy buildings (ZNEBs). While there are many options to reduce the energy used in buildings, it is often difficult to determine which are the most appropriate technologies to implement. To reach zero energy, some designs extensively rely on the use of photovoltaics (PV) to meet the building load, without first exploring the benefits of deep energy efficiency measures. To minimize energy use in a cost effective manner, a tool has been developed to help compare distributed generation (DG) alternatives with energy efficiency measures early in the design process. It was designed to be accessible to non-technical users and to allow them to set up and run simulations in just a few minutes. The tool was built on top of Design Advisor, which provides the capability to analyze a suite of energy efficiency measures such as insulation, window type, schedules, and HVAC types, as well as green and cool roofs. New modules that have been developed for Design Advisor include: heat pumps, absorption chillers, PV, cogeneration, and cost. Using capital cost above baseline as the independent variable, the tool outputs the net annual energy use and total cost (capital and energy) for each case analyzed in the optimization. This allows the user to understand the range of technologies and costs involved along the path from the basecase to a ZNEB.
by Carrie Ann Brown.
Ph.D.in Building Technology
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Dillon, Krystal Renee. "A simulation-optimization method for economic efficient design of net zero energy buildings." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/51909.
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Buildings have a significant impact on energy usage and the environment. Much of the research in architectural sustainability has centered on economically advanced countries because they consume the most energy and have the most resources. However, sustainable architecture is important in developing countries, where the energy consumption of the building sector is increasing significantly. Currently, developing countries struggle with vaccine storage because vaccines are typically warehoused in old buildings that are poorly designed and wasteful of energy. This thesis created and studied a decision support tool that can be used to aid in the design of economically feasible Net Zero Energy vaccine warehouses for the developing world. The decision support tool used a simulation-optimization approach to combine an optimization technique with two simulation softwares in order to determine the cost-optimal design solution. To test its effectiveness, a new national vaccine storage facility located in Tunis, Tunisia was used. Nine building parameters were investigated to see which have the most significant effect on the annual energy usage and initial construction cost of the building. First, tests were conducted for two construction techniques, five different climates in the developing world, and three photovoltaic system prices to gain insight on the design space of the optimal solution. The results showed the difference between an economically efficient and economically inefficient Net Zero Energy building and the results were used to provide generalized climatic recommendations for all the building parameters studied. The final test showed the benefits of combining two optimization techniques, a design of experiments and a genetic algorithm, to form a two-step process to aid in the building design in the early stages and final stages of the design process. The proposed decision support tool can efficiently and effectively aid in the design of an economically feasible Net Zero Energy vaccine warehouse for the developing world.
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Tiwari, Railesha. "A Decision-Support Framework for Design of Non-Residential Net-Zero Energy Buildings." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73301.
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Designing Net-Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) is a complex and collaborative team process involving knowledge sharing of experts leading to the common goal of meeting the Net-Zero Energy (NZE) project objectives. The decisions made in the early stages of design drastically affect the final outcome of design and energy goals. The Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry is pursuing ways to improve the current building design process and project delivery methods for NZEBs. To enable the building industry to improve the building design process, it is important to identify the gaps, ways of improvement and potential opportunities to structure the decision-making process for the purpose of NZE performance outcome. It is essential to identify the iterative phases of design decisions between the integrated team of experts for the design processes conducted in these early stages to facilitate the decision-making of NZEB design. The lack of a structured approach to help the AEC industry in making informed decisions for the NZEB context establishes the need to evaluate the argumentation of the NZEB design decision process. The first step in understanding the NZEB design decision process is to map the current processes in practice that have been successful in achieving the NZE goal. Since the energy use performance goal drives the design process, this research emphasizes first the need to document, in detail, and investigate the current NZEB design process with knowledge mapping techniques to develop an improved process specific to NZEB context.
In order to meet this first objective, this research qualitatively analyzed four NZEB case studies that informed decision-making in the early design phases. The four components that were studied in the early design phases included (1) key stakeholders involved (roles played), (2) phases of assessments (design approach, (3) processes (key processes, sub-processes and design activities affecting performance) and (4) technology (knowledge type and flow). A series of semi-structured, open-ended interviews were conducted with the key decision-makers and decision facilitators to identify their roles in the early design processes, the design approach adopted, rationale for decision-making, types of evaluations performed, and tools used for analysis. The qualitative data analysis was performed through content analysis and cognitive mapping techniques. Through this process, the key phases of decision-making were identified that resulted in understanding of the path to achieving NZE design goal and performance outcome.
The second objective of this research was to identify the NZE decision nodes through a comparative investigation of the case studies. This research also explored the key issues specific to each stakeholder group. The inter-relationships between the project objectives, decision context, occupants usage patterns, strategies and integrated systems, building operation and renewable energy production was identified through a series of knowledge maps and visual process models leading to the identification of the key performance indicators. This research reviewed the similarities and differences in the processes to identify significant opportunities that can improve the early building design process for NZEBs. This research identifies the key decision phases used by the integrated teams and describes the underlying structure that can change the order of key phases.
A process mapping technique was adapted to capture the practice-based complex NZEB design approach and draw insights of the teamwork and interdisciplinary communication to enable more comprehensive understanding of linkages between processes, sub-processes and design activities, knowledge exchange, and decision rationale. Ket performance indicators identified for early design of NZEBs resulted in developing a decision-support process model that can help the AEC industry in making informed decisions. This dissertation helps improve understanding of linkages between processes, decision nodes and decision rationale to enable industry-wide NZEB design process assessment and improvement. This dissertation discusses the benefits the proposed NZEB design process model brings to the AEC industry and explores future development efforts.Ph. D.
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Lenoir, Aurélie. "On Comfort in Tropical Climates. The design and operation of Net Zero Energy Buildings." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0038.
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Cette thèse propose une approche originale axée sur l’étude du confort pour la conception et l’exploitation de bâtiments « zéro énergie » en climat tropical. Elle fait partie d'un projet international porté par l’Agence Internationale de l’Énergie (AIE), la Tâche 40 / Annexe 52 qui concerne les bâtiments « zéro énergie ». Le bâtiment ENERPOS, situé à La Réunion et utilisé comme étude de cas dans cette thèse, est l'un des trente bâtiments sélectionnés par l'AIE pour créer une base de données internationale de projets pilotes. L’étude part du constat que l'un des défis auxquels fait aujourd'hui face la zone intertropicale est la demande croissante en énergie. La conception passive des bâtiments est proposée comme une alternative intéressante pour réduire leurs besoins en énergie. Dans ce cas, une étude approfondie du bâtiment dans son ensemble est indispensable pour garantir l’équilibre entre le confort des occupants et la réduction des consommations énergétiques. Bien que la notion de confort soit profondément subjective, il est nécessaire d’affiner les méthodes et outils existants pour le caractériser en fonction des paramètres physiques de l'environnement (température, humidité, vitesse d’air, éclairement). Différentes approches du confort thermique et visuel sont introduites dans le but de proposer des critères d'évaluation adaptés aux bureaux d'études. Une enquête sur le confort thermique des occupants du bâtiment ENERPOS, incluant plus de 2000 questionnaires, a été menée entre 2008 et 2011. Les résultats obtenus conduisent à recommander des modifications de la zone de confort de Givoni, en augmentant en particulier la limite supérieure de l’humidité, dans le cas d’un bâtiment passif naturellement ventilé et muni de brasseurs d’air. Une méthodologie de simulation innovante, prenant en compte le comportement passif des bâtiments, grâce à une étude couplée du confort thermique et visuel, par opposition à l'approche traditionnelle centrée sur la consommation d'énergie, est proposée pour aider à optimiser la conception des bâtiments passifs. L'étude se concentre sur le choix et le dimensionnement des protections solaires qui jouent un rôle essentiel en climat tropical et qui ont un impact direct sur le confort des usagers des bâtiments.Bien que la phase de conception vise à optimiser le bâtiment pour limiter à la fois l'inconfort et la consommation d'énergie, son exploitation reste la phase critique qui est souvent négligée ou oubliée par les équipes de conception. Un retour expérimental global du bâtiment ENERPOS depuis sa construction, tant au niveau énergétique que du point de vu de ses utilisateurs permet de montrer qu’il est possible de réduire considérablement la consommation d’énergie d’un bâtiment, et donc son impact environnemental, tout en maintenant un confort acceptable pour ses occupantsThis thesis investigates a comfort approach for the design and the operation of Net Zero Energy Buildings (Net ZEBs) in tropical climates. The work is part of an international research project, Task 40 / Annex 52 led by the International Energy Agency (IEA), that concerns net zero energy solar buildings. The case study of the ENERPOS building located in Reunion Island is one of the 30 Net ZEBs selected by the IEA to create a database of demonstration projects worldwide. The point of departure of the study is the observation that one of the challenges facing the intertropical zone today is the growing energy demand. Passive design is suggested as a possible solution to reduce the energydemand of buildings. This approach leads to dealing with comfort issues rather than energy issues, as is usually the case. In spite of the inherent subjective nature of occupant comfort, there is an essential need for methods and tools to characterise comfort in relation to the physical parameters of the environment, for instance, temperature, humidity, air speed and illuminance. Different approaches to thermal and visual comfort are introduced, with the aim of proposing comfort evaluation criteria that are adapted to the design offices. A thermal comfort survey of the occupants of the ENERPOS building, based on over 2,000 feedbacks was conducted from 2008 to 2011. The results have led to the recommendation of modifications in the Givoni comfort zones, notably by extending the maximum humidity level, for passive buildings combining the use of natural ventilation and ceiling fans. An innovative methodology using simulations and taking the passive behaviour of the building into account, as opposed to the conventional approach with regard to energy use, is proposed to facilitate the optimisation of the design of passive buildings. The study focuses on the design of solar shading, given the extensive role it plays in tropical climate, as well as the direct impact it has on both thermal and visual comfort of building occupants. Although the design phase aims to optimise the building to limit both discomfort and energy consumption, the operation of the building remains the critical phase that is often neglected or overlooked by design teams. A broad examination of the operation phase of the ENERPOS building, since its construction, from both energy and users’ point of view, illustrates that a building can reduce its energy consumption significantly, and thus, its environmental impact while maintaining an acceptable level of comfort for its users
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Rayegan, Rambod. "Exergoeconomic Analysis of Solar Organic Rankine Cycle for Geothermal Air Conditioned Net Zero Energy Buildings." FIU Digital Commons, 2011. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/470.
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This study is an attempt at achieving Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) using a solar Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) based on exergetic and economic measures. The working fluid, working conditions of the cycle, cycle configuration, and solar collector type are considered the optimization parameters for the solar ORC system.
In the first section, a procedure is developed to compare ORC working fluids based on their molecular components, temperature-entropy diagram and fluid effects on the thermal efficiency, net power generated, vapor expansion ratio, and exergy efficiency of the Rankine cycle. Fluids with the best cycle performance are recognized in two different temperature levels within two different categories of fluids: refrigerants and non-refrigerants. Important factors that could lead to irreversibility reduction of the solar ORC are also investigated in this study.
In the next section, the system requirements needed to maintain the electricity demand of a geothermal air-conditioned commercial building located in Pensacola of Florida is considered as the criteria to select the optimal components and optimal working condition of the system. The solar collector loop, building, and geothermal air conditioning system are modeled using TRNSYS. Available electricity bills of the building and the 3-week monitoring data on the performance of the geothermal system are employed to calibrate the simulation. The simulation is repeated for Miami and Houston in order to evaluate the effect of the different solar radiations on the system requirements.
The final section discusses the exergoeconomic analysis of the ORC system with the optimum performance. Exergoeconomics rests on the philosophy that exergy is the only rational basis for assigning monetary costs to a system’s interactions with its surroundings and to the sources of thermodynamic inefficiencies within it. Exergoeconomic analysis of the optimal ORC system shows that the ratio Rex of the annual exergy loss to the capital cost can be considered a key parameter in optimizing a solar ORC system from the thermodynamic and economic point of view. It also shows that there is a systematic correlation between the exergy loss and capital cost for the investigated solar ORC system.
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Kolanu, Hari Krishna. "Zero Net Energy Building| Feasibility study at California State University, Long Beach." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10251325.
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Zero Net Energy Buildings (ZNEB) are gaining popularity, and many governments want commercial ZNEB status in a decade from now. This project uses the energy consumption data of California State University, Long Beach (CSULB) to design a ZNEB system for the CSULB-Alumni Center. The campus energy data is taken and averaged by considering the number of buildings. Various Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) such as scheduled operation of equipment and advanced lighting were considered in designing the ZNEB Alumni Center. The ZNEB System building design is in two different configurations: 1) A system with solar Photo Voltaic (PV); 2) A system with solar PV and a Battery Energy Storage System. The Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) software simulates the ZNEB Alumni Center. Two configurations are compared in terms of payback and Net Present Value (NPV). The system with the highest NPV and early payback is considered the optimal system.
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Murphy, Kevin M. (Kevin Michael). "Sustainable and energy-efficient development interventions and their application toward net-zero or net-positive energy and water building development." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111401.
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Thesis: S.M. in Real Estate Development, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Real Estate Development in conjunction with the Center for Real Estate, June 2017."September 2016." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 94).
The built environment consumes more than 40% of the energy used around the world and nearly 70% of the electricity used in the United States. These same buildings use 25% of the world's fresh water resources and contribute 50% of global waste. In order to make the buildings we inhabit more resource-efficient, strategies are being employed through the use of technology, materials, and design in order to achieve a new standard of environmental impact, called net-zero buildings. To date, only a few dozen buildings in the United States have achieved net-zero or net-positive energy and water status, where they capture as much or more energy and water through renewable energy resources and water collection and reuse mechanisms as they use on an annual basis. This thesis examines the many energy- and water-efficient systems, design solutions, and materials that work together to create more sustainable structures and presents case studies for two highly-efficient developments. These net-zero interventions are then compared to the highest-scoring Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) buildings across the United States in an attempt to detail the similarities and differences in the goals of each system. Research of the top 10 highest-rated investor-owned buildings shows a significant gap in performance between the systems and design elements used to achieve LEED Platinum status and the energy and water interventions that are necessary to reach net-zero consumption goals. The gap in performance between LEED and net-zero design is related to regulatory hurdles, technological advancements, and the sophistication of design teams. Combined, these influence the commercial diffusion of net-zero development projects and can be used to understand how the built environment can start to meet sustainability goals.
by Kevin M. Murphy.
S.M. in Real Estate Development
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Field, Kristin Marcella. "Effects of variations in occupant behavior on residential building net zero energy performance." Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1447693.
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Pudleiner, David Burl. "Using uncertainty and sensitivity analysis to inform the design of net-zero energy vaccine warehouses." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52232.
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The vaccine cold chain is an integral part of the process of storing and distributing vaccines prior to administration. A key component of this cold chain for developing countries is the primary vaccine storage warehouse. As the starting point for the distribution of vaccines throughout the country, these buildings have a significant amount of refrigerated space and therefore consume large amounts of energy. Therefore, this thesis focuses on analyzing the relative importance of parameters for the design of an energy efficient primary vaccine storage warehouse with the end goal of achieving Net-Zero Energy operation. A total of 31 architectural design parameters, such as roof insulation U-Value and external wall thermal mass, along with 14 building control parameters, including evaporator coil defrost termination and thermostat set points, are examined. The analysis is conducted across five locations in the developing world with significant variations in climate conditions: Buenos Aires, Argentina; Tunis, Tunisia; Asuncion, Paraguay; Mombasa, Kenya; and Bangkok, Thailand. Variations in the parameters are examined through the implementation of a Monte Carlo-based global uncertainty and sensitivity analysis to a case study building layout. A regression-based sensitivity analysis is used to analyze both the main effects of each parameter as well as the interactions between parameter pairs. The results of this research indicate that for all climates examined, the building control parameters have a larger relative importance than the architectural design parameters in determining the warehouse energy consumption. This is due to the dominance of the most influential building control parameter examined, the Chilled Storage evaporator fan control strategy. The importance of building control parameters across all climates examined emphasizes the need for an integrated design method to ensure the delivery of an energy efficient primary vaccine warehouse.
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Ånestad, Astrid. "Net electricity load profiles of Zero Emission buildings : A Cost Optimization Investment Model for Investigating Zero Balances, Operational Strategies and Grid Restrictions." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elkraftteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-27253.
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On the way to meet the internationally sanctioned climate targets, zero emission buildings / zero energy buildings (ZEB) will be an important step. Research is ongoing on what a reasonable definition of ZEB will contain. In Norway, it is decided that the building code should be nearly zero energy buildings from the year 2020. In this master’s thesis, an optimization model for finding cost-optimal investment and operational strategies for ZEB is developed. The building modelled, is a passive school with a hydronic heat distribution system. Possible investments include photovoltaic solar cells (PV), solar collectors, heat pumps, biomass boilers, electric boiler, heat storage and connection to the district heating grid. The model is designed as a dynamic mixed integer programming model, and implemented in Mosel Xpress. The model minimizes the total discounted costs of operations and investments over the lifetime of the building. Different restrictions of zero CO2 emissions, zero primary energy consumption and level of grid burden can be applied. The analysis shows that if a zero CO2 restriction with Norwegian CO2 factors are applied, the least expensive way to reach ZEB is by investing in PV in combination with pellet biomass boiler as base load and district heating to cover peak demand. To reach the zero balance for the school with Norwegian CO2 factors, the highest hourly value for export of electricity per hour exceeds the maximum hourly value of imports by about 120%. If European factors for CO2 is applied, it will be more reasonable to reach ZEB than with Norwegian factors. If asymmetric primary energy factors are used instead of symmetric factors, investment in PV becomes higher, and the peak export values increases. The model is developed as a deterministic model, and does not take into account uncertainties in input data. To compensate for this, various sensitivity analyses are conducted. Future work includes testing the model with load profiles for other types of buildings.
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Horowitz, Scott. "Enhanced sequential search strategies for identifying cost-optimal building designs on the path to zero net energy." Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1446108.
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Humaidan, Omar Abdulmughni, and Omar Abdulmughni Humaidan. "Utilizing Energy Efficiency Strategies to Achieve a Net-Zero Energy Commercial Building in the Hot-Arid Region of Mecca, Saudi Arabia." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624131.
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This thesis demonstrates achieving a net-zero energy commercial building in the hot, arid region of Saudi Arabia. The development process uses three main concepts: evaluating and assessing selected existing commercial buildings, incorporating energy efficiency strategies, and implementing renewable energy source technologies. This study has been divided into five chapters: Introduction and Problem Statement, The Net-Zero Approach, Background of Saudi Arabia and Its Climatic Variations, Case Studies, and Project Development and Demonstration. Initially, an assessment of the Umm Al-Qura University administration building was conducted in two steps: 1) collecting building data and creating a building simulation in eQUEST software to obtain accurate performance prediction results and 2) implementing energy efficient strategies for both passive and active systems to mitigate energy use in commercial buildings located in hot, arid climates. Finally, embracing renewable energy sources through adopting Photovoltaic (PV) Panels will meet remaining energy needs after energy efficiency strategies have been applied. To summarize, the main focus is on designing energy efficiency strategies rather than focusing on technologies. After conducting this research, the following results were achieved in the simulation and calculation:
1. The energy savings were beyond expectation at 150,036 kWh in remaining energy.
2. A utility bill savings of more than half the cost of building operations.
3. The simple payback on the entire solar panel system for the proposed design will be approximately 3.3 years.
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Didoné, Evelise Leite [Verfasser], and A. [Akademischer Betreuer] Wagner. "Parametric study for net zero energy building strategies in Brazil considering semi-transparent PV windows / Evelise Leite Didoné. Betreuer: A. Wagner." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1064003087/34.
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Kilkis, Siir. "A Rational Exergy Management Model to Curb CO2 Emissions in the Exergy-Aware Built Environments of the Future." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-42469.
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This thesis puts forth the means of a strategic approach to address a persistent problem in the energy system and in this way, to transition the built environment to a future state that is more exergy-aware to curb CO2 emissions. Such a vision is made possible by the six-fold contributions of the research work: I) An analytical model is developed, which for the first time, formulates the CO2 emissions that are compounded in the energy system as a function of the systematic failures to match the supply and demand of exergy. This model is namely the Rational Exergy Management Model or REMM. II) REMM is then applied to analyze the pathways in which it is possible to lead the built environment into addressing structural overshoots in its exergy supply to curb CO2 emissions. The cases that embody these pathways are also analyzed over a base case, including cases for sustainable heating and cooling. III) New tools are designed to augment decision-making and exemplify a paradigm shift in the more rational usage of exergy to curb CO2 emissions. These include a scenario-based analysis tool, new options for CO2 wedges, and a multi-fold solution space for CO2 mitigation strategies based on REMM. IV) The concept of a net-zero exergy building (NZEXB) is developed and related to REMM strategies as the building block of an exergy-aware energy system. The target of a NZEXB is further supported by key design principles, which address shortcomings in state-of-the-art net-zero design. V) A premier building that deployed the key design principles to integrate building technology in an innovative, exergy-aware design and received LEED Platinum is analyzed on the basis of the NZEXB target. The results validate that this building boosts net self-sufficiency and curbs compound CO2 emissions, which are then presented in a proposed scheme to benchmark and/or label future NZEXBs. VI) Based on the scalability of the best-practices of the NZEXB ready building, the means to realize a smarter energy system that has exergy-aware relations in each aspect of the value chain to curb CO2 emissions are discussed. This includes a target for such a network at the community level, namely a net-zero exergy community (NZEXC). As a whole, the results of the thesis indicate that the strategic approach as provided by REMM and the NZEXB target of the research work has the potential to steer the speed and direction of societal action to curb CO2 emissions. The thesis concludes with a roadmap that represents a cyclical series of actions that may be scaled-up at various levels of the built environment in a transition to be in better balance with the Planet.QC 20111014
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Ghalebani, Alireza. "Renewable Energy Investment Planning and Policy Design." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6243.
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In this dissertation, we leverage predictive and prescriptive analytics to develop decision support systems to promote the use of renewable energy in society. Since electricity from renewable energy sources is still relatively expensive, there are variety of financial incentive programs available in different regions. Our research focuses on financial incentive programs and tackles two main problem: 1) how to optimally design and control hybrid renewable energy systems for residential and commercial buildings given the capacity based and performance based incentives, and 2) how to develop a model-based system for policy makers for designing optimal financial incentive programs to promote investment in net zero energy (NZE) buildings.
In order to customize optimal investment and operational plans for buildings, we developed a mixed integer program (MIP). The optimization model considers the load profile and specifications of the buildings, local weather data, technology specifications and pricing, electricity tariff, and most importantly, the available financial incentives to assess the financial viability of investment in renewable energy. It is shown how the MIP model can be used in developing customized incentive policy designs and controls for renewable energy system.
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Aldajani, Waleed. "Towards Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings Renovation." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-244986.
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The objective of this thesis is to investigate the potential for a nearly Zero-Energy Building (nZEB) renovation, its benefits for real estate owners in Sweden, and their ability to comply with the current Swedish definition of nZEB. The study is carried out in co-operation with the Swedish real estate company Vasakronan, one of the country’s largest real estate owners. Several energy-efficiency and renewable energy measures are implemented in a case study at the building complex Telefonplan. The improvement measures chosen are based on their proven cost-optimality and potential to bring the buildings to nZEB energy consumption levels, and are calculated using an array of tools; PVSOL, EED and Excel. The results are analyzed using Boverket’s regulation for nZEB, which was set for new builds. The economic performance of the renovation is analyzed considering capital and operational expenses, energy savings, and the increase in property value. The results show that Telefonplan failed to reach the Swedish nZEB targets with pre-selected energy efficiency measures. However, the financial results in terms of annual savings as well as raised property value can stand as a strong motivation for real estate owners to consider such investments.Målet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka potentialen för renovering av en nära noll-energibyggnad (nZEB), deras fördelar för fastighetsägarna i Sverige och deras förmåga att rätta sig efter den svenska definitionen av nZEB. Studien är framtagen i samarbete med det svenska fastighetsföretaget Vasakronan, som är ett av Sveriges största fastighetsföretag. Ett flertal energieffektivare och förnybara energimetoder är implementerade i en fallstudie för ett byggnadskomplex i Telefonplan, Stockholm. Förbättringsmetoderna är valda baserat på deras kostoptimering och dess potential att få energikonsumtionen i byggnaden i nivå med nZEB. Beräkningarna är utförda med ett flertal verktyg så som; PVSOL, EED, SAM och Excel. Vidare är resultaten är analyserade genom användandet av Boverkets regulation för nZEB, som avsattes för nybyggen. Den ekonomiska prestandan av renoveringen är analyserad med hänsyn till kaptital- och operationskostnader, energisparande och ökning av fastighetsvärde. Resultaten visar att Telefonplan misslyckades med att nå de svenska nZEB-målen med förutvalda energieffektivare metoder. Däremot kan de finansiella resultaten i form av årligt sparande samt ökat fastighetsvärde ses som starka motivationer för fastighetsägare att överväga sådana investeringar.
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Chee, John. "Investigations on Energy Efficient Buildings : - the aim to reach zero energy buildings." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-33395.
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The European Parliament Buildings Directive (EPBD) obliges Sweden to develop plans to enhance the amount of NZEB. Define what NZEB for them exactly constitutes - technical definitions and system boundaries for energy performance calculations. The National Board of Housing, Building and Planning in Sweden has received an assignment from the Swedish government to propose the definition and quantitative approach on energy requirements for NZEB. NBHBP suggest the system boundary should be the delivered (bought) energy. The delivered energy divide into two different energy form. The set system boundary to calculate the specific energy performance with the introduced weighted factor. Makes it possible to compensate the specific energy performance by using renewable energy generators on site. The risk is inefficient buildings can use renewable energy technologies on site to compensate the delivered energy to achieve the 80 kWh/m2, year (the proposed energy requirements for NZEB). This results to high energy cost along with large investments in renewable technologies on site, or the need to add fossil fuels to make up the high-energy demand. The both reference houses Circuitus and Bright Living are NZEB, per the Swedish definition proposal of NZEB from NBHBP. The most significant difference is Circuitus has better heat exchanger and building envelope than Bright Living.
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Laborda, David. "“NET ZERO BUILDINGS” – APLICAÇÃO DO CONCEITO A UM EDIFÍCIO EXISTENTE." Master's thesis, ISPGAYA, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/20034.
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Os edifícios de balanço energético nulo (NZEB - Net-Zero Energy Building) e/ou quase nulo (nZEB), têm vindo a ganhar crescente atenção desde a publicação da diretiva europeia 2010/31/EU [34].
Em Portugal, com a introdução do Decreto-Lei n.º118/2013, dá o primeiro passo para os edifícios com necessidades quase nulas de energia. Os novos edifícios licenciados após 31 dezembro de 2020, ou após 31 de dezembro de 2018 no caso de edifícios públicos, serão edifícios com necessidades quase nulas de energia.
O objetivo do trabalho consiste na aplicação do conceito ”Net Zero Energy Building”, ao edifício existente do Instituto Superior Politécnico Gaya (ISPGaya), em Vila Nova de Gaia, com o intuito de analisar a viabilidade de otimização de energia e a metodologia deste conceito ao edifício, com recurso a ferramentas de simulação.
A dissertação está organizada em sete partes, começando por uma breve introdução, na segunda parte analisamos o estado da arte e recolha bibliográfica sobre o conceito em análise. Na terceira parte, é efetuado uma caraterização do edifício, com o levantamento das necessidades e consumos energéticos do edifício. Será efetuado uma simulação energética do edifício, através do DesignBuilder®, que servirá como termo de comparação para outras simulações. Na quarta e quinta partes, serão delineadas as especificações a implementar no edifício por forma a ser considerado Net Zero Energy Building, com alterações na simulação do mesmo de acordo com as novas especificações. Na sexta parte será feita a análise técnica e financeira das medidas preconizadas na quarta e quinta parte. Por último, será feita a comparação técnica, financeira e ambiental da solução NZEB encontrada com a regulamentação e práticas em vigor.
Através das várias simulações energéticas ao edifício, conclui-se que é possível baixar as necessidades energéticas do edifício através de medidas de eficiência energética, em especial na iluminação e que os resultados obtidos, apesar de ser viável a implementação do conceito Net Zero Energy Building, traduzem um esforço financeiro e algumas condicionantes para a sua concretização.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Lamb, Robert. "Analysis of net-zero energy homes and net-zero energy communities in hot and humid climates from the builders perspective." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0025018.
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Harkouss, Fatima. "Conception optimale de bâtiments à énergie nette nulle sous différents climats." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4044/document.
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La conception des bâtiments à consommation énergétique nette zéro (BCENN) a été introduite pour limiter la consommation d'énergie et les émissions polluantes dans les bâtiments. Le défi dans la conception de BCENN est de trouver la meilleure combinaison de stratégies de conception qui feront face aux problèmes de performance énergétique d'un bâtiment particulier. Cette thèse présente une méthodologie pour l'optimisation multicritères basée sur la simulation des BCENN. La méthodologie proposée est un outil utile pour améliorer la conception des BCENN et faciliter la prise de décision dans les premières phases de la conception des bâtiments. L’amélioration des bâtiments en matière d'efficacité énergétique nécessite une optimisation des paramètres passifs. Une étude complète sur la conception passive optimale pour les bâtiments résidentiels est présentée. Le confort thermique adaptatif des occupants est également amélioré en mettant en œuvre les stratégies de refroidissement passif appropriées telles que les dispositifs d’occultation et la ventilation naturelle. Les caractéristiques des systèmes de conditionnement de l’air et de production d’énergie mis en œuvre dans les BCENN doivent être sélectionnées avec soin pour garantir l'objectif de performance prévu. Dans cette thèse, six ensembles de systèmes énergétiques sont comparés et optimisés, pour la conception de BCENN dans des climats représentatifs choisis, à savoir Indore (besoin de froid dominant), Tromso (besoin de chaud dominant) et Beijing (climat mixte)The conception of net zero energy buildings (NZEB) has been introduced to limit energy consumption, global warming potentials, and pollution emissions in buildings. The challenge in NZEB design is to find the best combination of design strategies that will enhance the energy performance of a particular building. The aim of this thesis is to develop an understanding of NZEBs design concepts. Besides, it aims to assist NZEB designers to select the suitable design options of passive and RE systems based on a systemic evaluation in different climates. This thesis presents a methodology for the simulation-based multi-criteria optimization of NZEBs. The methodology is applied to investigate the cost-effectiveness potential for optimizing the design of NZEBs in different case studies taken as diverse climatic zones. The proposed methodology is a useful tool to enhance NZEBs design and to facilitate decision making in early phases of building design. A comprehensive study on optimal passive design for residential buildings is presented. The occupants’ adaptive thermal comfort is also improved by implementing the appropriate passive cooling strategies such as blinds and natural ventilation. The configurations and capacities of the implemented RE systems in NZEBs must be appropriately selected to ensure the intended performance objective. In the thesis, investigation, optimization and comparison of six RE solution sets for designing NZEBs is carried out in three typical climates: Indore (cooling dominant), Tromso (heating dominant) and Beijing (mixed climate)
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Gediz, Gamze İlken Zafer. "Design and optimization of a zero energy building/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2004. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/makinamuh/T000448.rar.
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Sundaram, Smitha. "Design of a net-zero energy community: Waalwijk." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-129529.
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Najafi, Mike. "Practical path to net-zero homes." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41121.
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As demand for energy is skyrocketing around the globe, environmental challenges are becoming more severe than ever before. Carbon dioxide, methane gas and other greenhouse gases are rapidly contributing to global warming and ozone depletion phenomenon.
Buildings are among major contributors of greenhouse gases. They are consuming more than 40% of total energy and three quarter of the total electricity in the United States. It is to some distance the responsibility of building design professionals to address the impacts of their practice on the environment by reducing the energy consumption and carbon emission of their projects. This thesis aims to create a practical design guideline to help architects design energy-neutral homes in North America.
The study's primary emphasis is on reducing building energy demand by implementing core principles of building physics into the design process throughout a case study project. What makes this process unique compared to other existing green design programs is its focus on architect's knowledge to implement core energy saving design strategies into design and evaluate their performance with a normative simulation tool. Selection and analysis of building systems, financial evaluation of cost effective systems and materials, uncertainty analysis of building systems, construction cost estimating and marketing analysis of the case study project, demonstrate simple strategies for designers to use in projects with higher sensitivity.
In conclusion, the idea behind this methodology is building marketable energy-neutral homes in the current market with existing materials and none-complex technologies. The success of this design method is depends on the knowledge and skills of architects in building science, architectural design, and building construction. Despite barriers and many uncertainties embedded in this process, moving toward energy-neutral homes will have positive impacts on environment even if it could not reach the Net-Zero balance.
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Clarke, Andrew Donald. "Steps toward a net-zero campus with renewable energy resources." Thesis, Clemson University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3680669.
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With the increasing attention and support behind plug in hybrid electric vehicles, research must be conducted to examine the impacts of vehicles on electric distribution and transmission systems. This research aims first to model the behavior of vehicle battery chargers during system disturbances and mitigate any impacts. A distribution test system example is modeled and several different vehicle charger topologies are added. Faults are applied to the distribution system with vehicle chargers connected and the results are examined. Based on these results, a control strategy to mitigate their negative impacts is suggested. Photovoltaic panels are then added to the system and the study is repeated.
Several services that plug in hybrid electric vehicles are capable of providing to the electric system are presented in order to allow electric vehicles to be seen as an asset to electric systems rather than a burden. These services are particularly focused on an electric system such as might be found on a college campus, which in this case is represented by the Clemson University electric distribution system. The first service presented is dynamic phase balancing of a distribution system using vehicle charging. Distribution systems typically face problems with unbalance. At most large car parks, a three phase electric supply is expected even though current standardized chargers are single phase. By monitoring system unbalance and choosing which phase a vehicle is allowed to charge from, unbalance between phases is reduced in a distribution system. The second service presented is a decentralized vehicle to campus control algorithm based on time of use rates. Using time of use electricity prices, discharging vehicle batteries during high prices and recharging at low prices is explored. Battery degradation as well as limits placed by required vehicle range availability are included in the decision on whether to charge or discharge. Electric utilities will also benefit from a reduction of load at peak times if vehicles discharge back to the campus. A comparison with stationary battery energy storage is included.
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ALDAJANI, WALEED. "Towards Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings Renovation : Case Study: Telefonplan." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-244297.
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The objective of this thesis is to investigate the potential for a nearly Zero-Energy Building (nZEB) renovation, its benefits for real estate owners in Sweden, and their ability to comply with the current Swedish definition of nZEB. The study is carried out in co-operation with the Swedish real estate company Vasakronan, one of the country’s largest real estate owners. Several energy-efficiency and renewable energy measures are implemented in a case study at the building complex Telefonplan. The improvement measures chosen are based on their proven cost-optimality and potential to bring the buildings to nZEB energy consumption levels, and are calculated using an array of tools; PVSOL, EED and Excel. The results are analyzed using Boverket’s regulation for nZEB, which was set for new builds. The economic performance of the renovation is analyzed considering capital and operational expenses, energy savings, and the increase in property value. The results show that Telefonplan failed to reach the Swedish nZEB targets with pre-selected energy efficiency measures. However, the financial results in terms of annual savings as well as raised property value can stand as a strong motivation for real estate owners to consider such investments.Målet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka potentialen för renovering av en nära noll energibyggnad (nZEB), deras fördelar för fastighetsägarna i Sverige och deras förmåga att rätta sig efter den svenska definitionen av nZEB. Studien är framtagen i samarbete med det svenska fastighetsföretaget Vasakronan, som är ett av Sveriges största fastighetsföretag. Ett flertal energieffektivare och förnybara energimetoder är implementerade i en fallstudie för ett byggnadskomplex i Telefonplan, Stockholm. Förbättringsmetoderna är valda baserat på deras kostoptimering och dess potential att få energikonsumtionen i byggnaden i nivå med nZEB. Beräkningarna är utförda med ett flertal verktyg så som; PVSOL, EED, SAM och Excel. Vidare är resultaten är analyserade genom användandet av Boverkets regulation för nZEB, som avsattes för nybyggen. Den ekonomiska prestandan av renoveringen är analyserad med hänsyn till kaptital- och operationskostnader, energisparande och ökning av fastighetsvärde. Resultaten visar att Telefonplan misslyckades med att nå de svenska nZEB-målen med förutvalda energieffektivare metoder. Däremot kan de finansiella resultaten i form av årligt sparande samt ökat fastighetsvärde ses som starka motivationer för fastighetsägare att överväga sådana investeringar.
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Toughchi, Mina Abbasi. "Sustainable buildings and renewable energy." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/16410.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Arquitetura apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre.Hoje em dia, as mudanças climáticas e o efeito estufa são questões globais importantes que precisam da cooperação entre os diferentes campos de estudo a serem resolvidos. A solução é bilateral, de um lado há um esforço significativo na União Européia para substituir os recursos convencionais de energia por energia renovável, como Solar, Eólica, Onda e Marés, enquanto outra solução é otimizar os consumos. Edifícios sustentáveis e edifícios com energia zero são as principais soluções em projetos de construção eficientes. Em caso de sustentabilidade na indústria de construção e arquitetura, o Zero Energy Building é uma tecnologia de última geração que aproveita os recursos locais de energia renovável enquanto é construída de forma otimizada com aquecimento, resfriamento e iluminação naturais para consumir água e energia no menor nível possível nível. Por outro lado, o roteiro europeu em diferentes campos do desenvolvimento urbano, cidade inteligente e cidades verdes, precisa de uma atenção considerável em edifícios sustentáveis e de energia zero. Neste projecto, um edifício sustentável foi concebido para funcionar como um centro de lazer público na antiga e turística região de Lisboa. Uma das principais questões da construção sustentável em pontos históricos é a morfologia da região e as situações geográficas que não podem ser alteradas devido ao impacto negativo que ela terá na aparência da região. Assim, nesta tese um lote vago da cidade é usado como o terreno do projeto e o desenho é realizado com base nas características, potenciais e restrições da zona. A funcionalidade do edifício inclui um health club, duas lojas e um restaurante, além de um espaço verde. Além disso, uma escadaria que passa pelo espaço verde aumenta a acessibilidade da região, que é um dos principais problemas nessa área de Lisboa.
ABSTRACT:Nowadays climate change and the greenhouse effect are important global issues which need the cooperation between different fields of study to be solved. The solution is bilateral, on one side there is a significant effort in the European Union to replace conventional energy resources with renewable energy such as Solar, Wind, Wave and Tidal while another solution is to optimize the consumptions. Sustainable buildings and zero-energy buildings are the main solutions in efficient building designs. In case of sustainability in building and architectural industry, Zero Energy Building is a state of the art technology which takes the advantage of local renewable energy resources while it is built optimally with natural heating, cooling, and lighting to consume water and energy in lowest possible level. On the other hand, European road map in different fields of urban development, smart city and green cities, needs a considerable attention in sustainable and zero energy buildings. In this project, a sustainable building is designed to operate as a public leisure center in the old and touristic region of Lisbon. One of the main issues in sustainable construction in historical spots is the morphology of the region and the geographic situations that cannot be changed because of the negative impact that it will have in the appearance of the region. So, In this thesis a vacant lot of the city is used as the project land and the design is fulfilled based on the zone characteristics, potentials and constraints. The functionality of the building includes a health club, two shops, and a restaurant in addition to a green space. Also, a stairway passing through the green space increases the accessibility of the region which is one of the key problems in that area of Lisbon.
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Blondel, Paul. "Photovoltaics in positive energy buildings." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-181961.
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This paper deals with the usage of photovoltaics in positive energy buildings. The European Union published in 2010 a directive about the energy performance of buildings in which article 9 states that all member States shall ensure that by the end of 2020 all new buildings should be “nearly zero-energy” buildings (by the end of 2018 for public buildings). This kind of nearly zero-energy buildings is starting to develop in France under the name “BEPOS” (which stands for POSitive Energy Building, in French), and this is the name that will be used in this document. 288 projects have been certified “BEPOS” as of 2012, according to the ADEME which published a map of all the BEPOS buildings in France (the ADEME is a French agency for the environment and the energy utilization, which is a major actor in the French energy policy, often deciding where to allocate funds). To be a BEPOS, these buildings need to produce electricity on site and photovoltaics are often considered as one of the most mature and competitive technology to do so, also the most used. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that photovoltaics are an economically viable means to reach the BEPOS quality label, and to provide data to quantify the cost and performance of a photovoltaic system. To achieve that, the technological and market conditions of photovoltaics in France are reviewed, and techno-economic calculations are made using data provided by solar and construction companies.
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Pittakaras, Paris. "Zero energy buildings : theoretical investigation and applied analysis for the design of zero energy building in hot climate countries." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/zero-energy-buildings-theoretical-investigation-and-applied-analysis-for-the-design-of-zero-energy-building-in-hot-climate-countries(d3f74b5e-6bc4-4d5f-af86-9340bf87bfc4).html.
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Problem description: The buildings consume significant amounts of energy and are therefore major contributors to the overall CO2 emissions at the present time. The reduction of energy consumption in buildings is a major contribution to the overall control of global warming and to the improvement of sustainability. These reductions are essential as the world faces economic and energy crisis. An important key to the world’s energy problem is sustainable development. Taking the island of Cyprus as a case study, this thesis explores the different building categories and types, analyse building energy models and propose guidelines for the success development of Zero energy buildings in hot climates without compromising the comfort levels of the buildings. Purpose: The ultimate target is to be able to design and operate a building which requires no fossil fuel consumption – the so called “zero energy/carbon (emissions)” building. It is important for all countries to set a national goal in order to achieve zero energy consumption in the building sector and reduce the energy demands. Method: Through the theoretical research the project explored the causes of the problem of building energy, the different types of buildings, the definitions of zero energy buildings in various countries, regulations and standards concerning the buildings energy and all the available technology, methods and materials that can be used in the building sector. In this way the analysis presents the needs of the project and the point of focus during the practical part of the research with simulation of building models. The practical part of the project was the simulation of different building models in order to apply and check the theoretical findings and finally reach conclusions on the development of Zero energy buildings in hot climate countries. During the building simulation a variety of parameters such as the weather, the orientation, the shading methods, the insulation methods, the buildings materials, the glazing, the HVAC systems and building operation profiles were checked in order to find the appropriate combination of factors and achieve the zero energy building goals. Conclusions: This new approach to zero energy building, gives a new perspective to the energy consumption of the building and the indoor environment while also taking environmental impact from the building sector into account. This change in approach is a crucial part of the overall problem of how to achieve the ultimate goal of Zero Energy Buildings and how to convert buildings into “producers” of energy and help solve the world energy problem/crisis.
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Pfeiffer, Alexander Jan Lukas. "The decarbonization identity and pathways to net-zero." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:87945b50-1fef-4da1-9000-907237dcfd28.
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Success or failure of climate policies in limiting warming to beneath particular thresholds depends on several physical, economic and social uncertainties. Whilst scenario analysis can be informative as to the types of policies that are required to achieve these goals, the complexity of scenario analysis often masks the underlying fundamental choices. This dissertation introduces the concept of the âdecarbonization identity' to simply and systematically describe the mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive range of choices available in future climate policy decisions. The simple identity states that the remaining carbon budget [B] for a given level of warming can be partitioned into four areas: the already committed 'baked-in' emissions from existing capital stock [E]; new commitments arising from investments in additional capital stock yet to be made [N]; less the stranding of existing or future capital stock [S]; and the additional atmospheric space created by negative emissions technologies (NETs) [A]. This dissertation finds that currently operating electricity generators [E] would already emit more CO2 (~300 GtCO2) then is compatible with currently available generation-only carbon budgets [B] for a temperature rise of 1.5-2°C (~240 GtCO2). In addition, the current pipeline of planned fossil fuel power plants would add almost the same amount [N] of emission commitments (~270 GtCO2) to this capital stock again. Finally, these carbon budgets are inherently uncertain and depend on future, yet to be achieved, reductions of short-lived climate pollutant (SLCP) emissions. Should those reductions not be achieved today's remaining carbon budgets could be up to 37% smaller. Policymakers have now five choices to achieve the Paris climate goals: (1) protect and enhance carbon budgets by early and decisive action on SLCPs; (2) retrofit existing power generators with carbon capture and storage (3) ensure that no new polluting capital stock is added; (4) strand a considerable amount of global electricity generation capacity; and (5) create additional atmospheric space by scaling up NETs. Over the coming years and decades, the challenge will be to identify the most efficient balance of these options.
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Snowden, Sean Patrick. "Assessing the feasibility of net zero energy (NZE) facilities for Turnpike service plazas." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0041263.
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Fleming, Brock A. "Feasibility analysis for the development of affordable net-zero energy housing in Gainesville, Florida." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0025167.
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Løtveit, Sjur Vullum. "Cost Optimality of Energy Systems in Zero Emission Buildings in Early Design Phase." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for fysikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23249.
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The building sector accounts for a significant proportion of industrial countries total energy use, thus a cut in this sector has been regarded necessary to reach future climate goals. An important measure in this context is the introduction of zero emission buildings, buildings which can be defined as having a net zero annual energy demand. This master thesis is centered around finding cost optimal energy supply systems for zero emission buildings at an early stage of the building process. This thesis is closely linked to the Ådland project, currently the largest pilot project for the Research Center on Zero Emission Buildings. The testing was performed on a four floor building block located in Bergen. The ZEB-definition used was net zero primary energy consumption, where primary energy factors were used as weighting factors for the various energy carriers. Two types of primary energy factors were tested; total primary energy factors and non-renewable primary energy factors. Five different energy supply packages were investigated: Bio+PV, CHP+PV, DH+PV, HP+ST+PV and CHP+ST+PV. The base heating systems were dimensioned to cover the heating demand (space heating and domestic hot water), while PV was dimensioned so that the building reached the ZEB balance. Excess electricity was exported to the grid and sold to the local power company. The simulation tool IDA-ICE was used both for modeling the building and performing the energy simulations. The cost calculations followed the European Cost Optimal Methodology, calculating the net present value of all costs attributed to the implementation of the different packages (investments, annual costs and residual values) over a calculation period of 30 years. Both a pure financial and a macroeconomic calculation were performed for all packages. Sensitivity analyses were performed on the energy price escalation as well as investment costs.When total primary energy factors were used, the package HP+ST+PV proved to be the optimal package in all the different scenarios considered. The macroeconomic and the financial results were almost identical, mainly because of the low CO2-prices. The sensitivity analyses showed that the result is very stable with respect to uncertainties in both investment costs and future energy costs. For non-renewable primary energy factors the results showed that the package HP+ST+PV is best for both normal and high future energy price development, while the package Bio+PV was the best alternative for low energy price developments. The sensitivity analysis on investment cost showed the result for low energy price development was very sensitive for changes in investment costs, while for medium and high energy price development the result were more stable. Overall, for the energy supply packages considered and the primary energy factors used in this thesis, the conclusion is that HP+ST+PV is the cost optimal energy supply solution for the evaluated building.
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Barbado, Baranda Pablo. "Cost Optimality of Energy Systems in Zero Emission Buildings in Early Design Phase." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26088.
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Abstract During the uncontrolled consumption period the building sector has come to account one of the greatest proportions of greenhouse gas emissions and energy use in industrial countries. In this context, European countries have decided to address the environmental challenge by promoting the use of renewable energies and the implementation of low energy consumption requirements. For these reasons, zero emission buildings, which have a net zero annual energy demand, were regarded as a possible solution. And everything points to believe that they will continue to be crucial in a recent future. Consultants and contractors have shown the need towards a better understanding and knowledge regarding the selection of renewable energy supply solution for ZEBs. Accordingly, this Mater Thesis aims to explain how to use the new methodology for a cost-optimal selection of energy systems in early design phase analysis. It consists on a number of guidelines and Excel files that serve as templates for different calculations. The project is part of the development of a decision support method that automates the process of selecting the best system, in this particular case in office buildings. This early design phase study is not only focused on giving a cost-optimal alternative but also on performing a full analysis in terms of energy performance. It also shows the steps for both the energy systems dimension and the selection of office building parameters. A concept office building with four storeys is selected and modelled in connection with the Norwegian ZEB centre’s project report 8. Following the Norwegian NZEB definition, the simulation software IDA-ICE is used as a tool for modelling the building and simulating the energy demand. It analyses six different energy supply combinations which were selected between available renewable technologies in Norway. In comparison to the previous study applied in residential buildings, this project introduces the building’s cooling demand as a new feature of the analysis. Therefore, reversible heat pumps, free-cooling with the ground and chillers are also taken into account. Further, energy systems are economically compared by using global cost calculations, following the European Cost Optimal Methodology. Results are given in a graph where global costs and CO2 emissions produced by the energy balance of the building are shown in each axis. Finally the cost-optimal energy supply, the system with lower global costs, is selected like the most suitable option. In addition, the building energy performance is also discussed as an important parameter to be considered in the decision making process. At the end, the sensitivity analysis shows stable results with regard to changes in energy price development and PV area.
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Alhawas, Mosad Abdulaziz. "Toward Net-Zero Residential Buildings in the Arabian Gulf Region (Lessons Learned from the Arabian Gulf Vernacular Architecture)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/613498.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this research is to evaluate and assess the residential buildings energy consumption in the east cost of the Arabian Gulf region. After, conducting the energy performance assessment, the main goal is to reduce the energy consumption of those homes to reach the net-zero stage. Moreover, a net-zero strategies tree have been created. The tree has so many elements in order to help designing the Net-Zero prototype which going to reach the Net-Zero stage see fig.1: the strategies are :- renewable energy, passive technique and enhancing building quality. Furthermore, at the beginning of the research, a study was made for the Arabian Gulf vernacular architecture in order to help designing the net-zero prototype and learn some construction lessons from them since individuals were living in a net-zero homes at the time (no electricity).
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Larsen, Håkon Thorsås. "Early decision making tools in selecting renewable energy solutions for Zero Emission Buildings (ZEB)." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-13493.
Full textAbstract:
The current residential building stock in Norway is organized in to groups, and sorted after number of building units. The criteria used for sorting, are criteria that affect the viability and rationality of various energy supply systems. The results from this survey forms a database where it is possible to go in and find the number of buildings sorted after region, building type, urbanity and year of construction.Based on findings from the survey and other factors affecting the applicability, a set of four energy supply systems are introduced and studied closer as possible solutions in ZEBs; District heating (DH) + PV, Bio energy (BIO) + PV, Heat pump (HP) + PV, Combined heat and power (CHP) + PV. The Zero Emission Building balance is calculated for each solution and pre-defined energy level, to determine the required on-site electricity generation from the PVs. A model is then developed to study the potential of the proposed solutions in the Norwegian residential building stock. The analysis is performed on future scenarios, which represent different development of the building stock with regards to new buildings, refurbishment and demolition. The number of buildings that can be converted to ZEBs with the investigated energy supply systems and [available roof area/floor area] are quantified. Results show uptake potential for all of the technologies in buildings with energy demand lower than 94,5 kWh/m2year, but limitations occur as soon as [available roof area/floor area] decreases from the upper limit investigated in the study (1:2). The greatest potential is shown by CHP + PV, where ZEB conversion is possible in approximately 30% of the total residential stock in year 2050. It is also observed a relative growth in the potential of DH + PV and HP + PV in small houses after year 2025 due to the estimated upgrade of energy-efficiency in the stock. In multi dwelling buildings, it is only CHP + PV and BIO + PV that show potential in both current and future stock.
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Sankelo, Paula. "Optimal production and use of solar electricity in municipal nearly Zero Energy service buildings." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-200802.
Full textAbstract:
EU Energy Performance of Buildings direktivet (EPBD) kräver att alla nya byggnader skall vara närä-nollenergibyggnader från och med år 2021. Nya kommunala byggnader måste uppfylla detta nära-nollenergikrav redan från och med år 2019. Den här studien udersöker kommunala servicebyggnader, och speciellt hur egen solelproduktion kunde användas att förbättra kommunala servicebyggnader energieffektivitet, och därigenom uppnå de kommande nära-nollenergikraven.Tre kommunala servigebyggnader (daghem, en skola och ett åldringshem) från Tammerfors, Finland, valdes som fallstudier och deras energiförbrukning simulerades. Simuleringsbaserad optimering används för att hitta den optimala solpanelytan och panelinklinationen för varje fallstudiebyggnad. De kriterier som minimerades var nuvärdet av systemlivscykelkostnaden och byggnadens primärenergiförbrukning. I beräkningarna antogs en standard kommersiellt tillgänglig solpaneltyp, och elpris enligt aktuella priser i dagsläget.Resultaten visar att egen solelproduktion kan förbättra servicebyggnadens energieffektivitet avsevärt om det finns tillräckligt med takyta för solpanelinstallation. Med aktuella elpriser är egen solel ekonomiskt lönsamt endast i åldringshemmet, där det kan ge en maximal vinst på 2,7-3,6 €/m2, beroende på vilken teknik i huvudsak används för uppvärmning. Den högsta vinsten uppnås med 461 m2 solpaneler med en inklinationsvinkel på 48°, och i kombination med en luft-vattenvärmepump. Den här uppställningen sänker också byggnadens primärenergiförbrukning med 13%. Generellt är solel mer lönsamt med värmepump än med fjärrvärme.Egen solel skapar ingen nettovinst i daghemmet eller skolbyggnaden, eftersom dessa byggnader är stängda under sommaren. Den ekonomiska lönsamheten för solel beror också på huvudsaklig uppvärmning, elpriser, framtida beteende av realräntan och energipriser, och framtida prissättning av solpaneler. En känslighetsanalys visar att ekonomisk lönsamhet är nära att uppnås också för daghemmet och skolbyggnaden. Om man inkluderar elanvändningen från hela fastigheten av daghemmet, är det ekonomisk lönsamt att installera solel även vid nuvarande el- och installationspriser. Då kan de ge en maximal vinst på 1,6-1,8 €/m2.Studiens centrala rekommendation för kommuner är att planera nya vårdhem med tillräckligt söderriktad takyta för en stor solpanelinstallation. Solkraft bör främst genomföras i byggnader som är i bruk under hela året, och kan utnyttja så mycket som möjligt av den egna elproduktionen. När man överväger den ekonomiska lönsamheten av solkraft i servicebyggnader, är det nödvändigt att utreda den verkliga elförbrukningen i hela fastigheten och inte bara i byggnaden. För undervisningsbyggnader är de bästa kandidaterna för egen solelproduktion sådana byggnader som är öppna även på sommaren, t.ex. de daghem som inte stänger för sommaren. Även om de framtida nZEB-reglerna inte kräver elproduktion i kommunala servicebyggnader, kan egen solel både förbättra byggnadens energieffektivitet och vara ekonomiskt lönsamt., särskilt i vårdhem.Like other EU countries, Finland must implement the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), requiring all new buildings to be nearly Zero Energy Buildings from the year 2021. Municipal buildings are required to be nearly Zero Energy Buildings from the year 2019. This thesis investigates municipal service buildings and the role of solar photovoltaics (PV) in improving their energy performance, in view of the future nZEB regulation.Three case study municipal service buildings from Tampere, Finland, are modelled and their energy performance is simulated. The service buildings include a day-care centre, a school and a renovated old people’s home. Simulation-based optimization is employed to find the optimal solar panel areas and panel inclinations for each case study building. The objectives to be minimized are net present value (NPV) of system life-cycle cost for 20 years and building primary energy consumption. A standard commercially available solar panel type is assumed. Electricity pricing is based on current rates.It is found that own solar PV generation can lower the service building energy performance considerably, if there is enough roof space for panel installation. With current electricity tariffs, PV generation is financially profitable in the old people’s home, where it can bring a maximum profit of 2,7–3,6 €/m2, depending on the main heating solution. The maximum profit occurs with 461 m2 of solar panels, with inclination angle of 48°, and combined with an air-to-water heat pump. With this arrangement, the primary energy use of the building is lowered by 13%. Generally solar PV production is a more profitable combination with a heat pump solution than with district heating.Solar PV generation does not create a net profit in the day-care or school building, because unlike the old people’s home, they are closed during the summer. The profitability of solar PV generation also depends on the basic heating solution, electricity tariffs, the future behaviour of real interest rate, energy price escalation and solar panel pricing. Sensitivity analysis and additional optimization cases reveal that even for the day-care and school buildings, financial profitability is not far away. If considering the measured electricity use from the whole property of the day-care centre, installing solar PV is profitable even at current electricity tariffs and installation prices, creating a maximum profit of 1,6–1,8 €/m2.Key recommendation for municipalities is to design new care housing buildings with enough south-facing roof area for a large solar PV system. Solar PV production should be first implemented in buildings that are occupied throughout the year, and can utilize as much as possible of the own generation. When considering the profitability of the solar PV installation, it is necessary to know the actual electricity consumption arising from the whole property, and not just the building. For educational buildings, solar PV is the best candidate for the buildings that are open also in the summer, e.g. those day-care centres that do not close for the summer holiday. Even if the future nZEB targets do not necessitate own solar PV generation in municipal service buildings, both the financial profitability and the energy efficiency improvements should encourage municipal solar PV installations, especially in nursing homes.
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Sjöberg, Gina, and Bromander Kristina Nilsson. "Zero Energy Buildings : A concept review and case study of terraced houses in Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189502.
Full textAbstract:
The building sector consumes about 40 % of the total global primary energy, 60 % of the total electricity and accounts for about 30 % of all greenhouse gas emissions (UNEP, 2015). The zero energy building (ZEB) concept is considered as a step towards reducing the environmental impact of the building sector (European Parliment, Council of the European Union, 2010). This work has reviewed the concept of ZEBs by looking at three different definitions available in Sweden: nearly ZEB by Boverket (the Swedish Board of Housing, Building and Planning), ZEB by Sveriges Centrum för Nollenergihus (SCNH), Swedish center for ZEBs, and net primary ZEB by Skanska. The proposal by Boverket may form a basis for the statutory requirements for all new buildings in Sweden after 2020. The work also comprised a performance analysis, as well as a review of the development process, of terraced houses in Sweden built by Skanska according to their net primary ZEB definition.The overall objective was to facilitate the implementation of future ZEB projects. This was done by highlighting differences among the three definitions and how the implementation of Boverket’s proposal will impact other definitions. The performance analysis and process review pinpointed problem areas, acknowledging both technical, social, and economic aspects linked to the ZEB concept, which can be improved in order to successfully implement ZEBs in the future.To compare the definitions, a framework developed by Sartori et al. was used (Sartori, et al., 2012). A deductive approach was then used where a numerical analysis of one the terraced houses energy system was compared to simulations. The focus for the definition and performance analysis was the energy use of the building. In order to take other perspectives into account, the occupant experience as well as the building development process were investigated. This was done using an inductive approach by conducting semi-structured qualitative interviews with occupants and employees of the construction company.The definition comparison showed that there are important differences among the three definitions. The main differences were the system boundaries, the net balance and the energy efficiency requirements. It also showed that Skanska’s definition is directly affected by Boverket’s proposal, while SCNH’s definition may be indirectly affected.The performance analysis together with the interviews with occupants showed that uncomfortable indoor temperatures were the main problem in the buildings of study. The conclusion was that the specifications of a ZEB has to be acknowledged when choosing technical installations in a building. Furtherly, information to the occupants is seen as an important aspect in order to help them maintain a comfortable indoor environment in their homes.Interviews with employees showed that some problems may have occurred due to a lack of understanding of and commitment to the ZEB concept. Furtherly, all involved in a ZEB project needs to be informed of the concept and energy targets and encouraged to successfully reach goals and to avoid miscommunication.For “pilot projects” like the one studied in this report, it is suggested to include detailed design earlier in the project, in order to include cost for specific solutions needed for a ZEB. Interviews with occupants indicated that some may be willing to pay more for a ZEB building, therefore it is recommended to investigate the value of marketing this.Byggnadssektorn står för runt 40 % av världens totala primärenergibehov, 60 % av elbehovet samt ger upphov till omkring 30 % av alla växtgasutsläpp (UNEP, 2015). Konceptet nollenergihus anses vara ett steg på vägen till att reducera byggnadssektorns miljöpåverkan (European Parliment, Council of the European Union, 2010). Detta arbete har granskat konceptet nollenergihus genom att utvärdera tre olika svenska definitioner för detta: nära nollenergihus enligt Boverket, nollenergihus enligt Sveriges Centrum för Nollenergihus (SCNH) och netto noll primärenergihus enligt Skanska. Förslaget för nära nollenergihus av Boverket kan komma att ligga till grund för de lagstadgade kraven för alla nya byggnader i Sverige från 2020. Detta arbete behandlar även en driftutvärdering samt en analys av utvecklingsprocessen av ett grupp radhus i Sverige byggda av Skanska enligt deras definition av netto noll primärenergihus.Det övergripande målet var att förenkla för nollenergiprojekt i framtiden. Detta gjordes genom att belysa skillnader mellan de tre definitionerna och hur implementeringen av Boverkets förslag kan komma att påverka de övriga. Driftsanalysen och granskningen av utvecklingsprocessen utfördes för att visa på problemområden med förbättringspotential, både vad gäller tekniska, sociala och ekonomiska aspekter, kopplade till konceptet nollenergihus.För att jämföra de tre nollenergidefinitionerna, användes ett ramverk utvecklat av Sartori et al. (Sartori, et al., 2012). För att driftsutvärdera byggnadens energisystem användes en deduktiv metod där uppmätt och normaliserad data jämfördes med simulerade värden. Fokus för definitions – och driftsutvärderingen var byggnadens energianvändning. För att få ett bredare perspektiv så undersöktes användarnas upplevelser samt utvecklingsprocessen. En induktiv metod användes för detta där semistrukturerade, kvalitativa intervjuer med boende och personer som arbetat i projektet genomfördes.Jämförelsen av de tre definitionerna visade att det finns viktiga skillnader mellan dessa. De huvudsakliga skillnaderna berör systemgränser, nettobalanser och krav på energieffektivitet. Jämförelsen visar också att Skanskas definition skulle bli direkt påverkat om Boverkets förslag skulle träda i kraft, medan SCNHs förslag kan komma att bli indirekt påverkat.Driftsutvärderingen tillsammans med boendeintervjuerna visade att obekväma inomhustemperaturer har utgjort huvudproblemet i de undersökta radhusen. Slutsatsen som kan dras av detta är att hänsyn måste tas till specifika förutsättningar för nollenergihus vid val av tekniska lösningar i en sådan byggnad. Vidare anses information till de boende vara en annan viktig aspekt för att de ska kunna bibehålla en behaglig inomhusmiljö i sina hem.Intervjuer med anställda i projektet visar att vissa problem har uppkommit p.g.a. en bristande förståelse och engagemang för konceptet nollenergihus. Således behöver alla involverade i ett nollenergihusprojekt informeras om koncept och energimål och uppmuntras att arbeta enligt dessa för att kunna säkerställa att målen av ett nollenergihus kan nås, samt för att undvika missförstånd.För “pilotprojekt”, likt det som studerats i detta arbete, föreslås det att projektering bör tidigareläggas i arbetsprocessen, så att kostnaden för de specifika lösningarna inkluderas tidigt. Intervjuer med boende har indikerat att vissa kan tänka sig att betala mer för ett nollenergihus, varför det också rekommenderas att denna marknadspotential undersöks vidare.
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Silva, Nuno Renato Pinto da. "Estratégias para atingir o objetivo de NZEB: Nearly Zero Energy Buildings num edifício de serviços." Master's thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal. Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Setúbal, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/19609.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação submetida como requisito parcial para
obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia
Eletrotécnica e de Computadores – Ramo das
Energias Renováveis e Sistemas de PotênciaUma das maiores inquietações mundiais atuais está diretamente relacionada com a tomada de consciência de que é insustentável a população mundial continuar a utilizar recursos energéticos de origem meramente fóssil. Sendo assumido de uma forma generalizada que os edifícios são os maiores responsáveis por uma enorme parte do consumo da energia mundial, tornou-se evidente a necessidade de desenvolver meios para que os consumos de energia se tornem mais reduzidos. Neste contexto surgiu o conceito Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) – Edifício de balanço energético quase zero. Esta ideia tem vindo a ser cada vez mais divulgada, representando uma das mais recentes tentativas levadas a cabo pela União Europeia (EU) para que o consumo energético de origem meramente fóssil nos edifícios seja reduzido. Este trabalho divide-se em três grandes blocos. Numa primeira fase, suporte teórico com recurso a várias leituras e consultas bibliográficas realizadas, serão abordadas temáticas afetas ao consumo de energia no Mundo, na Europa e mais concretamente, em Portugal. Neste contexto, serão abordados os conteúdos ligados aos documentos legislativos mais significativos que regulam a área da eficiência energética nos edifícios e será efetuada uma clarificação pormenorizada do conceito NZEB. No seguimento desta análise será abordado um caso real de um edifício existente. Para a sua análise e posteriores propostas de medidas no sentido de atingir o conceito NZEB, estabelece-se a construção do modelo de análise, onde é formulado o problema, definidos os objetivos do estudo e as hipóteses de trabalho; indicando-se o método escolhido, o procedimento de recolha de dados, os instrumentos utilizados e as características do meio onde se realiza a investigação. Proceder-se-á à descrição do edifício em estudo, à análise dos dados obtidos e à exposição de conteúdos afetos a diversas técnicas de melhorias, a diferentes tipos de soluções inovadoras e a um conjunto de estratégias, que poderão no contexto de uma reabilitação de um edifício proporcionar uma melhoria do seu desempenho energético.
Nowadays one of the world's greatest concerns is directly related to the understanding that it is impossible for the world population to continue consuming energy resources of pure fossil origin as a first option. It is generally assumed that buildings account for a large part of the world's energy consumption and therefore it is generally accepted that energy consumption must be reduced. It is in this context that the concept Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) arises. This idea has become increasingly popular, representing one of the most recent attempts of the European Union (EU) to reduce energy of pure fossil origin consumption in buildings. This work is divided into three major blocks. The first phase will be a theoretical support in which several summaries of bibliographical consultations will be presented, several themes related to the consumption of energy in the World, in Europe and, more specifically, in Portugal will be approached. In this context, content related to the most significant legislative documents regulating the area of energy efficiency in buildings will be addressed and a detailed clarification of the NZEB concept will be addressed. This analysis will be centred in a real case of an existing building. For its analysis and subsequent proposals to try to achieve a NZEB building, it will be developed an analysis model, from which the problem will be formulated, the objectives of the present study and the working hypotheses will be defined; the method, the data collection procedure, the instruments used and the characteristics of the environment where the research is carried out will also be mentioned. A description of the building under study, the analysis of the data obtained and the proposal of various improvement techniques, different types of innovative solutions and a set of strategies will be carried out. In the context of a rehabilitation these solutions may surely improve energy performance.
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Agee, Philip Ryan. "A Macroergonomics Path to Human-centered, Adaptive Buildings." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102751.
Full textAbstract:
Human-building relationships impact everyone in industrialized society. We spend approximately 90% of our lives in the built environment. Buildings have a large impact on the environment; consuming 20% of worldwide energy (40% of U.S. energy) annually. Buildings are complex systems, yet architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) professionals often perform their work without considering the human factors that affect the operational performance of the building system. The AEC industry currently employs a linear design and delivery approach, lacking verified performance standards and real-time feedback once a certificate of occupancy is issued. We rely on static monthly utility bills that lag and mask occupant behavior. We rely on lawsuits and anecdotal business development trends as our feedback mechanisms for the evaluation of a complex, system-based product. The omission of human factors in the design and delivery of high performance building systems creates risk for the AEC industry. Neglecting an iterative, human-centered design approach inhibits our ability to relinquish the building industry's position as the top energy consuming sector. Therefore, this research aims to explore, identify, and propose optimizations to critical human-building relationships in the multifamily housing system.
This work is grounded in Sociotechnical Systems theory (STS). STS provides the most appropriate theoretical construct for this work because 1) human-building interactions (HBI) are fundamentally, human-technology interactions, 2) understanding HBI will improve total system performance, and 3) the interrelationships among human-building subsystems and the potential for interventions to effect the dynamics of the system are not currently well understood. STS was developed in the 1940's as a result of work system design changes with coal mining in the United Kingdom. STS consists of four subsystems and provides a theoretical framework to approach the joint optimization of complex social and technical problems. In the context of this work, multidisciplinary approaches were leveraged from human factors engineering and building construction to explore relationships among the four STS subsystems. An exploratory case study transformed the work from theoretical construct toward an applied STS model. Data are gathered from each STS subsystem using a mixed-methods research design. Methods include Systematic Review (SR), a descriptive case study of zero energy housing, and the Macroergonomics Analysis and Design (MEAD) of three builder-developers. This work contributes to bridging the bodies of knowledge between human factors engineering and the AEC industry. An output of this work is a framework and work system recommendations to produce human-centered, adaptive buildings.
This work specifically examined the system inputs and outputs of multifamily housing in the United States. The findings are supportive of existing scientific society, government, and industry standards and goals. Relevant standards and goals include the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) Macroergonomics and Environmental Design Technical Groups, International Energy Agency's Energy in Buildings ANNEX 79 Occupant Behavior-Centric Building Design and Operation, the U.S. Department of Energy's Building America Research to Market Plan and zero energy building goals of the American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE).Doctor of Philosophy
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Agee, Philip. "A Macroergonomics Path to Human-centered, Adaptive Buildings." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102751.
Full textAbstract:
Human-building relationships impact everyone in industrialized society. We spend approximately 90% of our lives in the built environment. Buildings have a large impact on the environment; consuming 20% of worldwide energy (40% of U.S. energy) annually. Buildings are complex systems, yet architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) professionals often perform their work without considering the human factors that affect the operational performance of the building system. The AEC industry currently employs a linear design and delivery approach, lacking verified performance standards and real-time feedback once a certificate of occupancy is issued. We rely on static monthly utility bills that lag and mask occupant behavior. We rely on lawsuits and anecdotal business development trends as our feedback mechanisms for the evaluation of a complex, system-based product. The omission of human factors in the design and delivery of high performance building systems creates risk for the AEC industry. Neglecting an iterative, human-centered design approach inhibits our ability to relinquish the building industry's position as the top energy consuming sector. Therefore, this research aims to explore, identify, and propose optimizations to critical human-building relationships in the multifamily housing system.
This work is grounded in Sociotechnical Systems theory (STS). STS provides the most appropriate theoretical construct for this work because 1) human-building interactions (HBI) are fundamentally, human-technology interactions, 2) understanding HBI will improve total system performance, and 3) the interrelationships among human-building subsystems and the potential for interventions to effect the dynamics of the system are not currently well understood. STS was developed in the 1940's as a result of work system design changes with coal mining in the United Kingdom. STS consists of four subsystems and provides a theoretical framework to approach the joint optimization of complex social and technical problems. In the context of this work, multidisciplinary approaches were leveraged from human factors engineering and building construction to explore relationships among the four STS subsystems. An exploratory case study transformed the work from theoretical construct toward an applied STS model. Data are gathered from each STS subsystem using a mixed-methods research design. Methods include Systematic Review (SR), a descriptive case study of zero energy housing, and the Macroergonomics Analysis and Design (MEAD) of three builder-developers. This work contributes to bridging the bodies of knowledge between human factors engineering and the AEC industry. An output of this work is a framework and work system recommendations to produce human-centered, adaptive buildings.
This work specifically examined the system inputs and outputs of multifamily housing in the United States. The findings are supportive of existing scientific society, government, and industry standards and goals. Relevant standards and goals include the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) Macroergonomics and Environmental Design Technical Groups, International Energy Agency's Energy in Buildings ANNEX 79 Occupant Behavior-Centric Building Design and Operation, the U.S. Department of Energy's Building America Research to Market Plan and zero energy building goals of the American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE).Doctor of Philosophy
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Birol, Kemal Ozgen. "Design And Analysis Of Energy Saving Buildings Using The Software Energy Plus." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614653/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Being the major energy consumer of electricity and natural gas, buildings consume more than 70% of electricity and 30% of natural gas. On the way to green buildings and zero energy buildings, investigation and improvement of energy efficiency of the buildings will result in significant reductions in energy
demands and CO2 emissionsmake cost savings and improve thermal comfort as well. Key steps of a successful green, energy efficient building can be summarized as whole building design, site design, building envelope design, lighting and day lighting design and HVAC system design. Energy Plus®
software is mainly developed to simulate the performance of the buildings in the view of the above listed points. The design of a building or the analysis of an existing building with the software will show how efficient the building is or will be, and also helps finding the best efficient choice of the whole building system. Thesis focuses on the effect of changes in building envelope properties. In Turkey, topic of green buildings has recently started to be studied. Therefore, this thesis aims to present efficient technologies providing energy savings in buildings, to present green building concept and alternative energy simulation software. In the context of this study, design, methods and material guidelines are introduced to reduce energy needs of buildings and to bring in the green building design concept. Building and system parameters to enhance building energy efficiency and energy savings together with green building principles are summarized. Moreover, whole building energy analysis methods and simulation steps are explained
year-round simulation is performed for a sample building
as a result, energy savings about 36% is achieved.
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Pradhan, Trishna Rani. "Zero-energy infill housing : front and back house options in Manhattan Kansas." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/989.
Full text
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LaMantia, Rachel Zoe, and Rachel Zoe LaMantia. "VERSAE: A Method for Developing Sustainable, Affordable and Energy Efficient Net-Zero Housing Linking Back to Vernacular Architecture." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/620726.
Full textAbstract:
The intent of this study was to design produce a comprehensible but user-friendly method that would provide a step-by-step process and guide in originating sustainable, affordable and energy efficient net-zero residential housing. The right-step procedure of the VERSAE Method was linked to the traditional vernacular architecture of the Hopi, a Native American people who still reside on part of their aboriginal lands in northeastern Arizona. The process combined traditional strategies identified in local vernacular Hopi architecture with modern strategies to successfully design sustainable, affordable and energy efficient (net-zero) housing specifically for contemporary Hopi housing. The process was documented in the capstone project, "Housing for the Hopi Community: Designing Sustainable, Affordable and Energy Efficient Housing in the Hopi Community, Linking to Cultural Patterns of Sustainability". For this thesis, the VERSAE method and process was replicate to create a sustainable, affordable and net-zero housing prototype for the Omaha Nation located in Nebraska with significantly different climate, environment, local materials and cultural patterns. Both case studies validated the VERSAE method as conductive to sustainable, affordable and energy efficient (net-zero) housing design.
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Thong, Paul. "The Energy+ Skyscraper: A Critical Investigation, Rethinking, and Redesign of the Sustainable Tower Typology." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1463130800.
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Zhang, Wei. "Energy Management System in DC Future Home." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56489.
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Making electricity grids smarter and facilitating them with integration of renewable energy sources (RES) and energy storage are fairly accepted as the necessary steps to achieve a sustainable and secure power industry. To enable Net-zero energy and optimize power management for future homes or buildings, DC electric distribution systems (DC Nano-grid) find feasibility and simplicity for integrating renewable energy sources and energy storage. However, integrating the sources and loads in a simple, robust and smart way is still challenging.
High voltage lithium-ion battery should be seriously considered concerning the overcharge/over-discharge risk. Dissipative cell equalization and its performance are studied. Non-dissipative equalization methods are reviewed using an energy flow chart. Typical charging schemes and the related over-charge risk are illustrated. A Lithium-ion battery charging profile based on VCell_Max/Min monitoring is proposed and validated with experimental results in an 8.4kW bidirectional battery charger for DC future home.
For the DC future home emulator testbed, a grid interface converter, i.e. energy control center (ECC) converter, is reviewed with functions identification. A PV system with different configurations is compared to further expand the common MPPT region, and a DC-DC converter is designed as the interface between PV panels and DC bus, facilitating maximum power point tracking (MPPT) as well as fulfill the system energy management requirement. An 8.4kW multi-phase bidirectional battery charger with Si IGBT in DCM operation is designed to achieve high efficiency and to be the interface converter between lithium-ion battery and DC bus, enhancing the battery system management as well as increasing the system reliability.
To integrate all the sources and loads in a simple, reliable and smart way, this thesis proposes a distributed droop control method and smart energy management strategy to enhance the Net-zero electric energy cost. All of the control strategies are applied to the DC future home with interactions among the energy control center (ECC), renewable energy sources, energy storage and load within a day/24 hours. System level energy management control strategies for Net-zero electric energy cost are examined and illustrated. A 10kW future home emulator testbed is built and introduced for concepts validation.Master of Science
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Abdulameer, Saif. "Field Validation of Zero Energy Lab Water-to-Water Ground Coupled Heat Pump Model." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc849702/.
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Heat pumps are a vital part of each building for their role in keeping the space conditioned for the occupant. This study focuses on developing a model for the ground-source heat pump at the Zero Energy lab at the University of North Texas, and finding the minimum data required for generating the model. The literature includes many models with different approaches to determine the performance of the heat pump. Each method has its pros and cons. In this research the equation-fit method was used to generate a model based on the data collected from the field. Two experiments were conducted for the cooling mode: the first one at the beginning of the season and the second one at the peak of the season to cover all the operation conditions. The same procedure was followed for the heating mode. The models generated based on the collected data were validated against the experiment data. The error of the models was within ±10%. The study showed that the error could be reduced by 20% to 42% when using the field data to generate the model instead of the manufacturer’s catalog data. Also it was found that the minimum period to generate the cooling mode model was two days and two hours from each experiment, while for the heating mode it was four days and two hours from each experiment.
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Alsalih, Hussein Ali Naser, and Hussein Ali Naser Alsalih. "Methodology for Daylight Optimization towards Net Zero Buildings in Hot Arid Climate Case Studies the Visitor Center at the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monuments, Ajo, Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626727.
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World energy consumption attends to increase in all sectors, which leads to more CO2 emissions and air pollution. In 2016, the Energy Information Administration (EIA) projects that world energy consumption will increase up to 48% by 2040. The building sector is the largest consumer of the energy. Consequently, the global needs a universal proposal to mitigate and reduce the impacts on the environment and the natural resources. The energy consumption is accumulative of different aspects, such as buildings, transportation, industrial and other sectors. The building sector is the largest consumer of the energy.
The energy consumption in the building is accumulative of different aspects of the annual usage, such as cooling, heating, lighting, and others. For instance, lighting consumes up to 22 % in the commercial buildings and 14% in the residential buildings in the hot-arid climate (Arizona). Therefore, this study focuses on proposing a method of daylight optimization that leads to Net-zero energy buildings in the hot-arid climate. Achieving Net Zero buildings needs high efficient buildings at the first step to make the task more affordable. By exploring and applying the daylight optimization strategies, energy consumption will be reduced in the way that cut down the CO2 emissions and the air pollution. These strategies attempt to turn off the artificial lighting during the useful daylight illuminance and provides a comfortable level for the occupancies. The Daylight passive technique usually categories under three main topics, which are the Sidelighting, Toplighting, and Corelighting. Furthermore, the daylight performance is assessed through different methods, such as daylight factor, daylight autonomy, glare index and the useful daylight illuminance. The method in this study is proposing passive daylight strategies and, testing how the new strategy would contribute to achieving the net-zero status, and validate the results (physical and digital experiments have been conducted to achieve the optimum proposal) to maintain the daylight through the building envelope (shading device, and fenestrations orientation sizes and materials).