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Journal articles on the topic 'NETs'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Yang, Min, Lin Zeng, Sheng-zhong Hou, et al. "Clinical Features and Long-Term Survival of Metastatic Hepatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms Secondary to Gastroenteropancreatic Site: An Analysis by Applying the Grading Classification." Journal of Oncology 2020 (September 15, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6572398.

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Background and Purpose. Neuroendocrine neoplasms occurring in the liver are very rare, in which metastatic hepatic neuroendocrine neoplasms [(MH)-NENs] secondary to gastroenteropancreatic NENs [(GEP)-NENs] account for their majority. The clinical features and long-term survival of (MH)-NENs secondary to (GEP)-NENs were not clear, especially for each grading group of G1 neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), G2 NETs, and G3 NETs and G3 neuroendocrine carcinomas (G3 NECs). Method. Data of patients who were surgically treated and clinicopathologically diagnosed as (MH)-NENs secondary to (GEP)-NENs at West

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2

Ramage, John K., Juan W. Valle, Els J. M. Nieveen van Dijkum, et al. "Colorectal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Areas of Unmet Need." Neuroendocrinology 108, no. 1 (2018): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000493767.

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The subject of colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), subdivided into well-differentiated NENs, termed neuroendocrine tumours (NETs; grade (G) 1 and 2), and poorly differentiated NENs, termed neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs; G3) according to the 2010 World Health Organisation (WHO) classification, has arguably not had as much attention or study as NENs occurring in other sites. Colorectal NETs and NECs are however easier to study than many others since they are usually not difficult to remove and are increasingly detected because of intensified colorectal cancer screening and surveillance

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3

Tsang, Erica, Caroline Speers, and Hagen F. Kennecke. "Treatment and outcomes of neuroendocrine malignancies (NEMs) of the rectum." Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, no. 3_suppl (2014): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.3_suppl.594.

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594 Background: NEMs of the rectum are rare and standard therapy is not well defined. We sought to characterize the clinicopathologic features, locoregional, and systemic management of a series of rectal NEMs and correlated these with outcomes. Methods: Patients referred to the BC Cancer Agency with rectal NEMs between 2005-2011 were included. Well-differentiated tumors with a Ki67 ≤20% and/or mitotic count ≤ 20 per high power field were classified as neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) while poorly differentiated tumors with higher Ki67 and/or mitotic count were classified as neuroendocrine carcinom

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4

Zhang, Lin, Zhenjian Cai, and Hui Zhu. "Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms in the Liver: A 9-Year Retrospective, Single Institutional Study." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 152, Supplement_1 (2019): S94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqz118.005.

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Abstract Objectives Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are divided into two major categories according to the 2018 WHO expert consensus proposal: well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (NECs). Primary liver NENs are very rare and majority of NENs in the liver are metastatic. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed NENs in the liver diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). Methods We retrospectively reviewed malignant neoplasms diagnosed by imaging-guided liver FNAB performed between 2010 and 2018 in our institution. Patient

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5

La Rosa, Stefano, and Alessandro Vanoli. "Gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms and related precursor lesions." Journal of Clinical Pathology 67, no. 11 (2014): 938–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202515.

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Gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of tumours showing different clinicopathological features and behaviour, implying a wide spectrum of therapeutic options. They are currently classified using the 2010 WHO classification of digestive neuroendocrine neoplasms into G1-neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), G2-NETs, neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) and mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas (MANECs). However, most gastric NENs are composed of ECL-cells (ECL-cell NETs) that can be preceded by ECL-cell hyperplastic and dysplastic lesions, whose oncologic potential has not yet b

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6

Prachi and Hema Malini Aiyer. "A sneak peek into the diagnostic conundrum of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the breast: An updated review with a brief illustrative case series." Breast Global Journal 1, no. 3 (2023): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/bgj.bgj_13_23.

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Abstract Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the breast are uncommon tumours that have been a hitherto poorly and variably defined entity. In the recent fifth Edition World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of breast tumour, NENs are dichotomously classified into neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) and neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), mirroring the classification of NENs in other organ systems. Both NETs and NECs are invasive tumours in the breast. However, the clinical significance of neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) in breast cancers, especially in NETs of the breast, is not yet fully u

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7

Zatelli, Maria Chiara, Elia Guadagno, Erika Messina, et al. "Open issues on G3 neuroendocrine neoplasms: back to the future." Endocrine-Related Cancer 25, no. 6 (2018): R375—R384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/erc-17-0507.

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The recent recognition that grade 3 (G3) neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) can be divided into two different categories according to the histopathological differentiation, that is G3 neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and G3 neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) has generated a lot of interest concerning not only the diagnosis, but also the differential management of such new group of NENs. However, several issues need to be fully clarified in order to put G3 NETs and G3 NECs in the right place. The aim of this review is to focus on those issues that are still undetermined starting from the current knowled

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8

Klöppel, Günter. "Classification and pathology of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms." Endocrine-Related Cancer 18, S1 (2011): S1—S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/erc-11-0013.

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Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are composed of cells with a neuroendocrine phenotype. The old and the new WHO classifications distinguish between well-differentiated and poorly differentiated neoplasms. All well-differentiated neoplasms, regardless of whether they behave benignly or develop metastases, will be called neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), and graded G1 (Ki67 <2%) or G2 (Ki67 2–20%). All poorly differentiated neoplasms will be termed neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) and graded G3 (Ki67 >20%). To stratify the GEP-NETs and GEP-NECs regarding their progno

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9

Thuillier, Philippe, Virginia Liberini, Osvaldo Rampado, et al. "Diagnostic Value of Conventional PET Parameters and Radiomic Features Extracted from 18F-FDG-PET/CT for Histologic Subtype Classification and Characterization of Lung Neuroendocrine Neoplasms." Biomedicines 9, no. 3 (2021): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9030281.

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Aim: To evaluate if conventional Positron emission tomography (PET) parameters and radiomic features (RFs) extracted by 18F-FDG-PET/CT can differentiate among different histological subtypes of lung neuroendocrine neoplasms (Lu-NENs). Methods: Forty-four naïve-treatment patients on whom 18F-FDG-PET/CT was performed for histologically confirmed Lu-NEN (n = 46) were retrospectively included. Manual segmentation was performed by two operators allowing for extraction of four conventional PET parameters (SUVmax, SUVmean, metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG)) and 41 RFs. L

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10

Mandys, Václav, and Tomáš Jirásek. "Spectrum of Gastroenteropancreatic NENs in Routine Histological Examinations of Bioptic and Surgical Specimen: A Study of 161 Cases Collected from 17 Departments of Pathology in the Czech Republic." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/373828.

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Objective.To characterize GEP-NENs in routine biopsies and surgical specimen in the Czech Republic and to evaluate how WHO Classification (2010) is acceptable in diagnostic practice.Methods.Paraffin-embedded blocks and bioptic reports were collected from 17 departments of pathology. Histologic slides were stained with H&E and immunohistologically for CgA, synaptophysin, and Ki-67.Results.Out of 28 gastric NENs, there were 22 NETs, G1, 5 NETs, G2, and 1 NEC. Ten duodenal NENs were NETs, G1. Among 27 NENs of jejunum and ileum, 23 were NETs, G1, 2 NETs, G2, and 1 NEC and 1 mixed adenoneuroend

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11

Metovic, Jasna, Marco Barella, Fabrizio Bianchi, et al. "Morphologic and molecular classification of lung neuroendocrine neoplasms." Virchows Archiv 478, no. 1 (2021): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00428-020-03015-z.

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AbstractNeuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the lung encompass neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) composed of typical (TC) and atypical (AC) carcinoids and full-fledged carcinomas (NECs) inclusive of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) and small cell carcinoma (SCLC). NETs and NECs are thought to represent distinct and separate lesions with neither molecular overlap nor common developmental continuum. Two perspectives were addressed regarding the morphologic and molecular classification of lung NENs: (i) a supervised approach by browsing the traditional classification, the relevant gene alter

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12

Kővári, Bence, Sándor Turkevi-Nagy, Ágnes Báthori, Zoltán Fekete, and László Krenács. "Syntaxin 1: A Novel Robust Immunophenotypic Marker of Neuroendocrine Tumors." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4 (2020): 1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041213.

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Considering the specific clinical management of neuroendocrine (NE) neoplasms (NENs), immunohistochemistry (IHC) is required to confirm their diagnosis. Nowadays, synaptophysin (SYP), chromogranin A (CHGA), and CD56 are the most frequently used NE immunohistochemical markers; however, their sensitivity and specificity are less than optimal. Syntaxin 1 (STX1) is a member of a membrane-integrated protein family involved in neuromediator release, and its expression has been reported to be restricted to neuronal and NE tissues. In this study, we evaluated STX1 as an immunohistochemical marker of N

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13

Gorbunova, V. A., E. V. Evdokimova, and E. V. Artamonova. "Current and controversial issues in the neuroendocrine neoplasms treatment tactics." Medical alphabet, no. 27 (December 15, 2024): 28–32. https://doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2024-27-28-32.

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Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of diseases that include well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). The increase in the incidence of NETs in recent decades, especially in Russia – from 0.05 to 5.19% per 100 thousand population from 2001 to 2019, determines a significant increase in interest among doctors and scientists in this problem. Existing domestic and foreign recommendations raise a number of controversial issues that require informed decisions in the course of new clinical trials.

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14

Mohamed, Amr, Sylvia L. Asa, Thomas McCormick, et al. "The Role of the Microbiome in Gastroentero-Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (GEP-NENs)." Current Issues in Molecular Biology 44, no. 5 (2022): 2015–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb44050136.

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Gut microbiome balance plays a key role in human health and maintains gut barrier integrity. Dysbiosis, referring to impaired gut microbiome, is linked to a variety of diseases, including cancers, through modulation of the inflammatory process. Most studies concentrated on adenocarcinoma of different sites with very limited information on gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs). In this study, we have analyzed the gut microbiome (both fungal and bacterial communities) in patients with metastatic GEP-NENs. Fecal samples were collected and compared with matched healthy control

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15

Dinu, Alexandra, Mariana Aschie, Georgeta Camelia Cozaru, et al. "NET G3 vs NEC: p53 and Rb1 Immunolabeling in High-grade Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms - Is It Enough for the Differential Diagnosis?" Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases 32, no. 2 (2023): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15403/jgld-4654.

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Background and Aims: High-grade gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms (GI-NENs) are divided into well-differentiated G3 neuroendocrine tumors (NETs G3) and neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), having identical cut-offs of proliferation, but different biomolecular origins. This translates in distinct treatment choices. Our aim was to establish if p53/Rb1 immunohistochemical status in GI-NENs with Ki67 index >20% can predict the histopathological diagnosis. Methods: p53/Rb1 immunolabelling was performed on 42 cases of high-grade GI-NENs, diagnosed as NET G3, NEC and mixed neuroendocrin

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16

Zappi, Arianna, Irene Persano, Linda Galvani, et al. "Chemotherapy in Well Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors (NET) G1, G2, and G3: A Narrative Review." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 2 (2023): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12020717.

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Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare neoplasms with a wide spectrum of clinical behavior, from the long survival of well-differentiated NETs to the dismal prognosis of high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), being G3 NETs a recently recognized intermediate entity. While the role of chemotherapy is well established in NECs, data on NETs mostly derives from small studies, experts’ opinions, and extrapolating results from small-cell lung cancer studies. This narrative review aims to summarize available evidence about the use of chemotherapy in the setting of G1-2 NETs and G3 NETs. We perfor

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Kolomeytseva, A. A., V. A. Gorbunova, N. F. Orel, et al. "HIGH-GRADE GASTROENTEROPANCREATIC NEUROENDOCRINE NEOPLASMS. MODERN CLASSIFICATION, DIAGNOSTICS AND TREATMENT." Malignant tumours 8, no. 3 (2018): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18027/2224-5057-2018-8-3-13-20.

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Poorly differentiated gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP NENs) are rare malignancies, most of which are characterized by aggressiveness, a tendency to rapid metastasis and an unfavorable prognosis even when localized. In 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) updated classification of GEP NENs and recognized the category of well-differentiated pancreatic NET G3, associated with Ki‑67 index usually over 20%. The upper level of Ki‑67 is not defined. Usually it is 55%. Highgrade poorly differentiated pancreatic NENs are defined as pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas (panNECs). Al

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18

Georgescu, Tiberiu-Augustin, Roxana Elena Bohiltea, Octavian Munteanu, et al. "Emerging Therapeutic Concepts and Latest Diagnostic Advancements Regarding Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Gynecologic Tract." Medicina 57, no. 12 (2021): 1338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57121338.

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Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are particularly rare in all sites of the gynecological tract and include a variety of neoplasms with variable prognosis, dependent on histologic subtype and site of origin. Following the expert consensus proposal of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the approach in the latest World Health Organization (WHO) Classification System of the Female Genital Tumours is to use the same terminology for NENs at all body sites. The main concept of this novel classification framework is to align it to all other body sites and make a clear distinction b

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Espinosa-Olarte, Paula, Anna La Salvia, Maria C. Riesco-Martinez, Beatriz Anton-Pascual, and Rocio Garcia-Carbonero. "Chemotherapy in NEN: still has a role?" Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 22, no. 3 (2021): 595–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11154-021-09638-0.

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AbstractNeuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) comprise a broad spectrum of tumors with widely variable biological and clinical behavior. Primary tumor site, extent of disease, tumor differentiation and expression of so matostatin receptors, proliferation and growth rates are the major prognostic factors that determine the therapeutic strategy. Treatment options for advanced disease have considerably expanded in recent years, particularly for well differentiated tumors (NETs). Novel drugs approved over the past decade in this context include somatostatin analogues and 177Lu-oxodotreotide for somatost

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Stefàno, Erika, Federica De Castro, Antonella Ciccarese, et al. "An Overview of Altered Pathways Associated with Sensitivity to Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Neuroendocrine Tumors: Strengths and Prospects." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 16 (2024): 8568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168568.

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Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a diverse group of malignancies with a shared phenotype but varying prognosis and response to current treatments. Based on their morphological features and rate of proliferation, NENs can be classified into two main groups with a distinct clinical behavior and response to treatment: (i) well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) or carcinoids (with a low proliferation rate), and (ii) poorly differentiated small- or large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) (with a high proliferation rate). For certain NENs (such as pancreatic tumors, higher-grade tum

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Tăban, Sorina, Oana Popa, Marioara Cornianu, et al. "Somatostatin Receptor 2 (SSTR2) Expression in Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Gastro-intestinal Tract: Prognostic Significance and Potential Therapeutic Strategies." Timisoara Medical Journal 2024, no. 3 (2024): 1. https://doi.org/10.35995/tmj20240223.

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Objective of the study: Despite the similar morphological and immunohistochemical features, neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) present specific characteristics based on their tumor origin. Tumors of the digestive tract constitute the majority of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs, 55%), followed by bronchopulmonary NETs (25%). Material and methods: In our study, we analyzed all gastrointestinal NENs diagnosed in the Pathology Department of the Clinical County Hospital Timisoara from January 2008 to December 2017, including primary tumors and hepatic metastases. The study group consisted of 67 cases: 34

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Wang, Zhijie, Susheng Shi, Hongchang Ren, and Qian Liu. "Tumor Differentiation is the Dominant Prognostic Factor for Patients with Colorectal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms with Distant Metastasis." International Journal of Endocrinology 2022 (December 19, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1720624.

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Purpose. Colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are rare tumors. The prognosis and prognostic factors of metastatic colorectal NENs have not been fully elucidated. Methods. We retrospectively enrolled 77 consecutive patients diagnosed with colorectal NENs with synchronous distant metastases between 2000 and 2021. All patients were assigned to the neuroendocrine tumor (NET) group or the neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) group based on histological differentiation. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to minimize confounding bias. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to calculate the survi

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Tran, Catherine G., Luis C. Borbon, Jacqueline L. Mudd, et al. "Establishment of Novel Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Patient-Derived Xenograft Models for Receptor Peptide-Targeted Therapy." Cancers 14, no. 8 (2022): 1910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14081910.

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Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP NENs) are rare cancers consisting of neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) and neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), which have been increasing in incidence in recent years. Few cell lines and pre-clinical models exist for studying GEP NECs and NETs, limiting the ability to discover novel imaging and treatment modalities. To address this gap, we isolated tumor cells from cryopreserved patient GEP NECs and NETs and injected them into the flanks of immunocompromised mice to establish patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Two of six mice developed tumors

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Vanoli, Alessandro, Stefano La Rosa, Emanuela Miceli, et al. "Prognostic Evaluations Tailored to Specific Gastric Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Analysis Of 200 Cases with Extended Follow-Up." Neuroendocrinology 107, no. 2 (2018): 114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000489902.

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Background: Gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are very heterogeneous, ranging from mostly indolent, atrophic gastritis-associated, type I neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), through highly malignant, poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (pdNECs), to sporadic type III NETs with intermediate prognosis, and various rare tumor types. Histologic differentiation, proliferative grade, size, level of gastric wall invasion, and local or distant metastases are used as prognostic markers. However, their value remains to be tailored to specific gastric NENs. Methods: Series of type I NETs (n =

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Evdokimova, E. V., E. V. Artamonova, V. V. Delectorskaya, et al. "Treatment tactics of new NET G3 subgroup in first line of therapy." Medical alphabet, no. 37 (January 2, 2022): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2021-37-20-24.

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Considering the fact that the group of neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) grade 3 is heterogenous, in the year of 2017 a new subgroup of welldifferentiated neuroendocrine tumors grade 3 (NETs G3) was described. NETs G3 are tumors with more favorable prognosis and less sensitive to platinum-based chemotherapy regimens than NECs, they also have peculiar morphogenetical qualities: lower ki‑67 index (mean 35.0 %), higher somatostatin receptors expression, absence of DAXX/ATRX/MEN 1 genes mutation, p53 expression in the absence of TP53 mutation. Nowadays treatment standard for NETs G3 subgroup is sti

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Li, Junjie, Jing Wang, Dan Su, et al. "p53 Immunohistochemistry Patterns Are Surrogate Biomarkers for TP53 Mutations in Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2021 (December 15, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2510195.

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Aims. The aim of this study was to establish p53 immunohistochemistry (IHC) patterns to predict TP53 mutations in gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms (GI-NENs) and to determine whether p53 IHC patterns could be used for the differential diagnosis of neuroendocrine neoplasms. Methods. TP53 gene sequencing and p53 IHC were performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples from 92 patients diagnosed with GI-NENs from five medical centers. Results. The cohort included 35 well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors and 57 poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. Gene s

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Szpyrka, Marcin. "Analysis of RTCP-nets with Reachability Graphs." Fundamenta Informaticae 74, no. 2-3 (2006): 375–90. https://doi.org/10.3233/fun-2006-742-310.

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RTCP-nets are a subclass of timed coloured Petri nets defined for modelling and analysis of embedded real-time systems. One of the main advantages of strongly bounded RTCP-nets is a possibility to present the set of reachable states of an RTCP-net using a finite reachability and/or coverability graph. These graphs can be used to verify most of the net's properties, including the timing ones. The paper discusses analysis methods based on these graphs. A formal definition of RTCP-nets and a survey of their properties are also presented in the paper.

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Shogbesan, Oluwaseun, Abdullateef Abdulkareem, Binu Pappachen, and John Altomare. "Primary Mesenteric Carcinoid Tumor Presenting with Carcinoid Syndrome." Case Reports in Gastroenterology 12, no. 2 (2018): 396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000490522.

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Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a diverse group of tumors arising throughout the body with a common origin from neuroendocrine cells. Well-differentiated NENs, also known as neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), are generally indolent and are often found incidentally, while poorly differentiated tumors are more aggressive. Carcinoid tumors are NETs arising from the gastrointestinal tract and less commonly from the lungs, thymus, and kidneys. NETs in the mesentery arise from metastasis from primary tumor, and carcinoid syndrome in this setting results from concomitant metastasis to the liver. Prima

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Marchese, Ugo, Martin Gaillard, Anna Pellat, et al. "Multimodal Management of Grade 1 and 2 Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors." Cancers 14, no. 2 (2022): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14020433.

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Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (p-NETs) are rare tumors with a recent growing incidence. In the 2017 WHO classification, p-NETs are classified into well-differentiated (i.e., p-NETs grade 1 to 3) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (i.e., p-NECs). P-NETs G1 and G2 are often non-functioning tumors, of which the prognosis depends on the metastatic status. In the localized setting, p-NETs should be surgically managed, as no benefit for adjuvant chemotherapy has been demonstrated. Parenchymal sparing resection, including both duodenum and pancreas, are safe procedures in selected

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Das, Satya, Taymeyah Al-Toubah, and Jonathan Strosberg. "Chemotherapy in Neuroendocrine Tumors." Cancers 13, no. 19 (2021): 4872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13194872.

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The role for cytotoxic chemotherapy in patients with well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) remains debated. Compared to patients with poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) where chemotherapy is utilized ubiquitously, chemotherapy may play a more select role in patients with certain types of NETs (e.g., pancreatic tumors, higher grade tumors, and tumors possessing DNA damage repair defects). The primary types of chemotherapy that have been tested in patients with NETs include alkylating agent- and platinum agent-based combinations. Across regimens, chemotherapy appea

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Pantelis, Athanasios G., Panagiota A. Panagopoulou, and Dimitris P. Lapatsanis. "Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms—A Scoping Review." Diagnostics 12, no. 4 (2022): 874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12040874.

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Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) and tumors (NETs) are rare neoplasms that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal system. In this scoping review, we attempt to map existing evidence on the role of artificial intelligence, machine learning and deep learning in the diagnosis and management of NENs of the gastrointestinal system. After implementation of inclusion and exclusion criteria, we retrieved 44 studies with 53 outcome analyses. We then classified the papers according to the type of studied NET (26 Pan-NETs, 59.1%; 3 metastatic liver NETs (6.8%), 2 small intestinal NETs, 4.5%; colorect

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Chmiel, Paulina, Paulina Rychcik-Pazyrska, and Rafał Stec. "Defining Tumor Microenvironment as a Possible Target for Effective GEP-NENs Immunotherapy—A Systematic Review." Cancers 15, no. 21 (2023): 5232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15215232.

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Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogenous and recurrent group of malignancies originating from neuroendocrine secretory cells diffused on all parts of the human body. Gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) account for most NENs. Considering the abundance of possible origins, locations, and tumor specifications, there is still no consensus about optimal treatment options for these neoplasms. In light of the escalating immunotherapeutic approaches, it is crucial to define indications for such therapy in GEP-NETs. Bearing in mind the significance of pathophysiological

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Klimstra, David S., Himisha Beltran, Rogerio Lilenbaum, and Emily Bergsland. "The Spectrum of Neuroendocrine Tumors: Histologic Classification, Unique Features and Areas of Overlap." American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, no. 35 (May 2015): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.14694/edbook_am.2015.35.92.

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Neuroendocrine neoplasms are diverse in terms of sites of origin, functional status, and degrees of aggressiveness. This review will introduce some of the common features of neuroendocrine neoplasms and will explore the differences in pathology, classification, biology, and clinical management between tumors of different anatomic sites, specifically, the lung, pancreas, and prostate. Despite sharing neuroendocrine differentiation and histologic evidence of the neuroendocrine phenotype in most organs, well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (WD-NETs) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine c

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Maryański, Jan, Agata Cyran-Chlebicka, Benedykt Szczepankiewicz, Włodzimierz Cebulski, Maciej Słodkowski, and Marek Wroński. "Surgical treatment of extra-appendiceal colorectal neuroendocrine tumors." Polish Journal of Surgery 90, no. 3 (2018): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.8164.

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Background: Extra-appendiceal colorectal neuroendocrine tumors are rare neoplasms with a variable biological behavior. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 15 patients with an extra-appendiceal colorectal neuroendocrine tumor who underwent surgical resection (M/F=3:12, mean age=62.9 years). Lower-grade neuroendocrine tumors and neuroendocrine carcinomas were recognized in 5 and 10 patients, respectively. Data were evaluated retrospectively with regard to clinical and pathologic characteristics and outcomes. Results: The median age of the patients with lower-grade NETs was signif

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Oka, Naomi, Atsuko Kasajima, Björn Konukiewitz, et al. "Classification and Prognostic Stratification of Bronchopulmonary Neuroendocrine Neoplasms." Neuroendocrinology 110, no. 5 (2019): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000502776.

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The accuracy and reproducibility of the World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 classification of bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms (BP-NENs) is disputed. The aim of this study is to classify and grade BP-NENs using the WHO 2019 classification of digestive system NENs (DiS-NEN-WHO 2019), and to analyze its accuracy and prognostic impact. Two BP-NEN cohorts from Japan and Germany, 393 tumors (88% surgically resected), were reviewed and the clinicopathological data of the resected tumors (n = 301) correlated to patients’ disease-free survival (DFS). The DiS-NEN-WHO 2019 stratified the 350 t

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Girod, Bradley, and Vikas Prasad. "Advances in Molecular Imaging for Neuroendocrine Neoplasms." Cancers 17, no. 12 (2025): 2013. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17122013.

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Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) represent a heterogenous group of tumors with significant inter- and intra-patient variability. Once considered to be rare, neuroendocrine neoplasms are being increasingly recognized through the advent of advanced diagnostic techniques, which may be contributing to the significant increase in the incidence and detection rate of these tumors. NENs can be classified into well differentiated and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) or neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). The proliferation rate of NETs can vary from Ki-67 1–55%. In addition, the SSTR expr

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Suraev, D. E., S. O. Zagagov, N. A. Savelov, A. A. Ajazova, D. Yu Kanner, and O. V. Paklina. "Neuroendocrine tumor of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Case report and literature review." Russian Journal of Archive of Pathology 87, no. 1 (2025): 41. https://doi.org/10.17116/patol20258701141.

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Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are heterogeneous tumors with a common phenotype. There are two fundamentally different groups of NENs: well differentiated with a low proliferative index, called neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and poorly differentiated with a high proliferative index, called neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). Extrahepatic bile duct NETs (EBNETs) account for 0.2% to 2% of all gastrointestinal NETs and up to 2% of all malignant neoplasms of the extrahepatic bile ducts. To date, 114 cases of EBNETs have been described, with disease-free survival ranging from 2 to 240 months. In most ca

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Mandair, Dalvinder, Leonidas-Nikolaos Diamantopoulos, George Demetriou, Faidon Laskaratos, Christos Toumpanakis, and Martyn E. Caplin. "Typical bronchial NETs as a misleading biology." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (2017): 8528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.8528.

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8528 Background: Bronchial Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are rare with an incidence of between 0.2 – 2 per 100,000 population. There has been an increase in prevalence due to increased awareness, enhanced immunohistochemistry and greater use of Computed tomography (CT). Bronchial NETs are classified according to the WHO guidelines developed in 2004 where they are graded by histological classification into ‘typical’, ‘atypical’ NETs or small and large neuroendocrine carcinoma’s (NECs). Typical NETs are regarded as being low-grade malignant however metastatic disease can still develop. Aims: We

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Peregorodiev, I. N., S. V. Vinokurova, V. Yu Bohyan, et al. "Role of microRNAs in neuroendocrine neoplasms of the stomach." Advances in Molecular Oncology 7, no. 3 (2020): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/2313-805x-2020-7-3-19-26.

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Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of rare epithelial tumors that arise from cells with a neuroendocrine phenotype. NENs are found in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas – 60 % of all localities. The incidence of gastric NENs is about 9 % of all neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and 0.3 % of all stomach tumors. Stomach neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are classified into three clinico-pathological types, based on etiology, pathogenesis and morphology. There are also separate neuroendocrine cancers: small- and large-cell. The prognosis and approach to tr

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Yoon, Susik, Jae-Gil Lee, and Byung Suk Lee. "NETS." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 12, no. 11 (2019): 1303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3342263.3342269.

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Abe, Jonathan D., Lawrence R. Alexander, Christopher F. Clark, and Richard A. Rosen. "NETS." Electricity Journal 12, no. 4 (1999): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1040-6190(99)00026-3.

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Kotsiopoulos, Dorian. "Nets." JAMA 312, no. 18 (2014): 1933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.8866.

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Bartels, Arthur, Christopher L. Douglas, and André Henriques. "Conformal Nets I: Coordinate-Free Nets." International Mathematics Research Notices 2015, no. 13 (2014): 4975–5052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imrn/rnu080.

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Bonazzi, Norma, Emilia Fortunati, Lucia Zanoni, et al. "Real-Life Use of [68Ga]Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT in Confirmed and Suspected NETs from a Prospective 5-Year Electronic Archive at an ENETS Center of Excellence: More Than 2000 Scans in More Than 1500 Patients." Cancers 16, no. 4 (2024): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers16040701.

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The recent introduction of novel treatments for advanced neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and the well-established impact of clinical case discussion within dedicated multidisciplinary teams indicates the need to promote the centralization of rare diseases, such as NENs (neuroendocrine neoplasms). Data on the real-life use of and indications for [68Ga]Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT were collected from a prospective monocentric 5-year electronic archive including consecutive patients with confirmed and suspected NETs (September 2017 to May 2022). Overall, 2082 [68Ga]Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT scans (1685 confirmed NETs,

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Wang, Song, Michael Barnes, Sheila Bheddah, et al. "Seizure-related homolog 6 (SEZ6) expression and ctDNA methylation profiles in patients with high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs)/neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) from a phase 1 study of ABBV-706 in advanced solid tumors." Journal of Clinical Oncology 43, no. 16_suppl (2025): 3085. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2025.43.16_suppl.3085.

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3085 Background: SEZ6 is a transmembrane protein with overexpression in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and other neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) and minimal expression in normal tissues, making it a promising therapeutic target for these NENs that have a significant unmet need for treatments. ABBV-706 is a novel SEZ6-targeting antibody-drug conjugate with a potent topoisomerase 1 inhibitor payload and is being evaluated in a phase 1 study (NCT05599984) in patients (pts) with advanced solid tumors. Preliminary data from ABBV-706 monotherapy dose escalation demonstrated a manageable safety profil

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Memmi, G., and A. Finkel. "An introduction to FIFO nets— monogeneous nets: A subclass of FIFO nets." Theoretical Computer Science 35 (1985): 191–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(85)90014-3.

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M. Pandian. "Habitats of House Sparrow Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Rameswaram Island, Tamil Nadu, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 15, no. 2 (2023): 22586–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7879.15.2.22586-22596.

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This paper pertains to the nesting habitats of House Sparrow Passer domesticus with specific reference to population dynamics, nesting-related habits, nests, behaviours and other threats faced by these birds in Rameswaram Island. A total of 2,988 adult House Sparrows and 407 active nests were counted during the study. Of nests counted, 19% (n = 77) were solitary. The highest number of nests observed in a cluster was 9 (2 clusters). 60% of nests (n = 244) were found in concrete buildings, 39% (n = 159) in artificial nest-boxes, and 35% (n = 144) in cavities/crevices within buildings. House Spar

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Lettrich, Jaroslav. "Anti-nets. II. (Collineations of anti-nets)." Časopis pro pěstování matematiky 112, no. 1 (1987): 32–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21136/cpm.1987.118293.

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Hobart, S. A., and D. R. Hughes. "Extended Partial Geometries: Nets and Dual Nets." European Journal of Combinatorics 11, no. 4 (1990): 357–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-6698(13)80138-2.

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Delgado Friedrichs, Olaf, Michael O'Keeffe, and Omar M. Yaghi. "Three-periodic nets and tilings: semiregular nets." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 59, no. 6 (2003): 515–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767303017100.

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