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1
Baumüller, Martin. Managing cultural diversity: An empirical examination of cultural networks and organizational structures as governance mechanisms in multinational corporations. Bern: P. Lang, 2007.
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2
The collegial phenomenon: The social mechanisms of cooperation among peers in a corporate law partnership. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
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3
Lazega, Emmanuel. The collegial phenomenon: The social mechanisms of co-operation among peers in a corporate law partnership. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
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4
Tulane University. Dept. of Mathematics, ed. Mathematical foundations of information flow: Clifford lectures on information flow in physics, geometry and logic and computation, March 12-15, 2008, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society, 2012.
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5
ZnO bao mo zhi bei ji qi guang, dian xing neng yan jiu. Shanghai Shi: Shanghai da xue chu ban she, 2010.
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McClurg, Scott D., Casey A. Klofstad, and Anand Edward Sokhey. Discussion Networks. Edited by Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery, and Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.21.
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While political network research is often a holistic enterprise, the network paradigm can also be used to study individual behavior. Specifically, rather than focusing on full network structures, a well-established area of research considers individuals’ “core” networks, their perceptions of interpersonal connections, and the consequences of said micro-social environments for myriad political outcomes and processes. This chapter examines this research tradition, tracing the history of its use in the study of political behavior. It begins with discussion of network research, paying specific attention to “egocentric” network name generator techniques. It then outlines several challenges to this research paradigm: (1) the difficulty of making causal inferences, (2) debates over concept and measurement, and (3) questions about mechanisms of influence. The chapter concludes by reviewing advances in the field that have developed from these challenges and points toward next steps in this research agenda, focused on the connected citizenry.
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Grant, Seth G. N. Synaptic Mechanisms of Psychotic Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0017.
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Synapses are the hallmark of the neuroanatomy of the brain. The million billion synapses of the human brain connect the nerve cells into the networks that underpin all behavior. The molecular anatomy of synapses is also remarkably complicated with ~2000 proteins in the synapse proteome. The proteins are physically organized into a hierarchy of molecular machines that control synapse biology. These proteins integrate and compute the information in patterns of nerve cell activity. Mutations in hundreds of genes that encode synaptic proteins contribute to over one hundred brain diseases, including common mental disorders. The synapse proteome is of fundamental importance to mental illness.
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Selverston, Allen. Rhythms and oscillations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0021.
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The study of identifiable neurons, a common feature of invertebrate nervous systems, has made it possible to construct a detailed cell-to-cell connectivity map using electrophysiological methods that can inspire the design of biomimetic systems. This chapter describes how the analysis of the neural circuitry in the lobster stomatogastric ganglion (STG) has provided some general principles underlying oscillatory and rhythmic behavior in all animals. The rhythmic and oscillatory patterns produced by the two STG central pattern generating (CPG) circuits are a result of two cooperative mechanisms, intrinsically bursting pacemaker neurons and synaptic network properties. Also covered are the major neuromodulatory and neural control mechanisms. The chapter discusses how a deep knowledge of the stomatogastric circuitry has led to the development of electronic neurons for biomimetic devices that can be used for experimental and prosthetic applications The chapter concludes with a section on new techniques that may help with unraveling oscillatory circuits in the brain.
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Theorell, Töres, Chantal Brisson, Michel Vézina, Alain Milot, and Mahée Gilbert-Ouimet. Psychosocial factors in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0018.
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The chapter starts with a theoretical sociological, psychological, and physiological framework for the relationships between psychosocial factors and coronary heart disease (CHD). This is followed by a review of the scientific evidence supporting such an association. Individual behaviours and coping mechanisms as well as environmental conditions of relevance for CHD are described. In particular, type A and D behaviour, depressive states, covert coping, social support and social network, socioeconomic conditions, as well as theoretical work environment models of relevance for CHD (job strain, effort-reward imbalance, organizational justice and leadership) are discussed. The remaining part of the chapter surveys the results from controlled studies of the effects of psychosocial interventions. There is accumulating evidence from such controlled studies that risk factors for CHD can be favourably influenced.
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Theorell, Töres, Chantal Brisson, Michel Vézina, Alain Milot, and Mahée Gilbert-Ouimet. Psychosocial factors in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0018_update_001.
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The chapter starts with a theoretical sociological, psychological, and physiological framework for the relationships between psychosocial factors and coronary heart disease (CHD). This is followed by a review of the scientific evidence supporting such an association. Individual behaviours and coping mechanisms as well as environmental conditions of relevance for CHD are described. In particular, type A and D behaviour, depressive states, covert coping, social support and social network, socioeconomic conditions, as well as theoretical work environment models of relevance for CHD (job strain, effort-reward imbalance, organizational justice and leadership) are discussed. The remaining part of the chapter surveys the results from controlled studies of the effects of psychosocial interventions. There is accumulating evidence from such controlled studies that risk factors for CHD can be favourably influenced.
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Papanicolaou, Andrew C., and Marina Kilintari. Imaging the Networks of Language. Edited by Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764228.013.15.
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Among the “higher” functions, language and its cerebral networks is the most intensively explored through behavioral or clinical studies and, more recently, through functional neuroimaging. From the former studies, several models (only partially congruent) have emerged during the past three centuries regarding the organization and topography of the brain mechanisms of the acoustic, phonological, semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic operations in which psycholinguists have divided the language function. The main task of this chapter is to extract from the vast functional neuroimaging literature of language reliable evidence that would be used to disconfirm the various hypotheses comprising the current language models. Most of these hypotheses concern the anatomical structures that could be considered nodes or hubs of the neuronal networks mediating the above-mentioned linguistic operations. Using the same criteria, the authors present neuroimaging evidence relevant to the issue of the neuronal mediation of sign languages, reading, and dyslexia.
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Managing Cultural Diversity: An Empirical Examination of Cultural Networks and Organizational Structures As Governance Mechanisms in Multinational Corporations (Europäische Hochschulschriften). Peter Lang Publishing, 2006.
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Managing Cultural Diversity: An Empirical Examination of Cultural Networks and Organizational Structures As Governance Mechanisms in Multinational Corporations (Europsische Hochschulschriften). Peter Lang Publishing, 2006.
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14
Rolfe, Meredith, and Stephanie Chan. Voting and Political Participation. Edited by Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery, and Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.15.
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This chapter reviews the current literature’s findings on how political and social interactions shape voter turnout and other forms of political participation. Current studies, which use a wide range of methodological approaches, from natural experiments and surveys to mathematical modeling, have demonstrated that political networks are a crucial component of any analysis of political behavior. Debates over the potentially negative impact of political disagreement on participation have differentiated the negative impact of political isolation from the neutral impact of heterogenous political discussion environments, while also exploring factors that might moderate an individual’s response to disagreement. Many of the studies reviewed in this chapter reflect an increasing interest in how research design and analysis may be used to disentangle the various mechanisms through which networks might shape political behavior, as well as to distinguish between the relative impact of selection and influence.
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Costa-Font, Joan, and Mario Macis, eds. Social Economics. The MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035651.001.0001.
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The growing field of social economics explores how individual behavior is affected by group-level influences, extending the approach of mainstream economics to include broader social motivations and incentives. This book offers a rich and rigorous selection of current work in the field, focusing on some of the most active research areas. Topics covered include culture, gender, ethics, and philanthropic behavior. Social economics grows out of dissatisfaction with a purely individualistic model of human behavior. This book shows how mainstream economics is expanding its domain beyond market and price mechanisms to recognize a role for cultural and social factors. Some chapters, in the tradition of Gary Becker, attempt to extend the economics paradigm to explain other social phenomena; others, following George Akerlof’s approach, incorporate sociological and psychological assumptions to explain economic behavior. Loosely organized by theme—Social Preferences; Culture, Values, and Norms; and Networks and Social Interactions”—the chapters address a range of subjects, including gender differences in political decisions, “moral repugnance” as a constraint on markets, charitable giving by the super-rich, value diversity within a country, and the influence of children on their parents’ social networks. Contributors Mireia Borrell-Porta, Sjoerd Beugelsdijk, Joan Costa-Font, Elwyn Davies, Julio Jorge Elias, Marcel Fafchamps, Luigi Guiso, Odelia Heizler, Ayal Kimhi, Mariko J. Klasing, Martin Ljunge, Mario Macis, Mark Ottoni-Wilhelm, Abigail Payne, Kelly Ragan, Jana Sadeh, Azusa Sato, Kimberley Scharf, Sarah Smith, Mirco Tonin, Michael Vlassopoulos, Evguenia Winschel, Philipp Zahn
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Benarroch, Eduardo E. Neuroscience for Clinicians. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190948894.001.0001.
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The aim of this book is to provide the clinician with a comprehensive and clinical relevant survey of emerging concepts on the organization and function of the nervous system and neurologic disease mechanisms, at the molecular, cellular, and system levels. The content of is based on the review of information obtained from recent advances in genetic, molecular, and cell biology techniques; electrophysiological recordings; brain mapping; and mouse models, emphasizing the clinical and possible therapeutic implications. Many chapters of this book contain information that will be relevant not only to clinical neurologists but also to psychiatrists and physical therapists. The scope includes the mechanisms and abnormalities of DNA/RNA metabolism, proteostasis, vesicular biogenesis, and axonal transport and mechanisms of neurodegeneration; the role of the mitochondria in cell function and death mechanisms; ion channels, neurotransmission and mechanisms of channelopathies and synaptopathies; the functions of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia and their involvement in disease; the local circuits and synaptic interactions at the level of the cerebral cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord transmission regulating sensory processing, behavioral state, and motor functions; the peripheral and central mechanisms of pain and homeostasis; and networks involved in emotion, memory, language, and executive function.
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Nolte, David D. Introduction to Modern Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844624.001.0001.
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Introduction to Modern Dynamics: Chaos, Networks, Space and Time (2nd Edition) combines the topics of modern dynamics—chaos theory, dynamics on complex networks and the geometry of dynamical spaces—into a coherent framework. This text is divided into four parts: Geometric Mechanics, Nonlinear Dynamics, Complex Systems, and Relativity. These topics share a common and simple mathematical language that helps students gain a unified physical intuition. Geometric mechanics lays the foundation and sets the tone for the rest of the book by emphasizing dynamical spaces, like state space and phase space, whose geometric properties define the set of all trajectories through those spaces. The section on nonlinear dynamics has chapters on chaos theory, synchronization, and networks. Chaos theory provides the language and tools to understand nonlinear systems, introducing fixed points that are classified through stability analysis and nullclines that shepherd system trajectories. Synchronization and networks are central paradigms in this book because they demonstrate how collective behavior emerges from the interactions of many individual nonlinear elements. The section on complex systems contains chapters on neural dynamics, evolutionary dynamics, and economic dynamics. The final section contains chapters on metric spaces and the special and general theories of relativity. In the second edition, sections on conventional topics, like applications of Lagrangians, have been strengthened, as well as being updated to provide a modern perspective. Several of the introductory chapters have been rearranged for improved logical flow and there are expanded homework problems at the end of each chapter.
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Soto, David, and Glyn W. Humphreys. Working Memory Biases in Human Vision. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.038.
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The current conceptualization of working memory highlights its pivotal role in the cognitive control of goal-directed behaviour, for example, by keeping task-priorities and relevant information ‘online’. Evidence has accumulated, however, that working memory contents can automatically misdirect attention and observers can only exert little intentional control to overcome irrelevant contents held in memory that are known to be misleading for behaviour. The authors discuss extant evidence on this topic and argue that obligatory functional coupling between working memory and attentional selection reflects a default property of the brain which is hardwired in overlapping substrates for memory and perception. They further argue that the neuroanatomical substrates for working memory biases in vision are distinct from the classical fronto-parietal networks involved in attentional control and distinct from the mechanisms that mediate attention biases from long-term memory. Finally the authors present emerging evidence that working memory ‘guiding’ processes may operate outside conscious awareness.
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Amzica, Florin, and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Cellular Substrates of Brain Rhythms. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0002.
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The purpose of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with the basic electrical patterns of the electroencephalogram (EEG). Brain cells (mainly neurons and glia) are organized in multiple levels of intricate networks. The cellular membranes are semipermeable media between extracellular and intracellular solutions, populated by ions and other electrically charged molecules. This represents the basis of electrical currents flowing across cellular membranes, further generating electromagnetic fields that radiate to the scalp electrodes, which record changes in the activity of brain cells. This chapter presents these concepts together with the mechanisms of building up the EEG signal. The chapter discusses the various behavioral conditions and neurophysiological mechanisms that modulate the activity of cells leading to the most common EEG patterns, such as the cellular interactions for alpha, beta, gamma, slow, delta, and theta oscillations, DC shifts, and some particular waveforms such as sleep spindles and K-complexes and nu-complexes.
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Levy, Brian, Robert Cameron, and Vinothan Naidoo. Context and Capability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824053.003.0007.
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This chapter explores how context influences bureaucracy. Bureaucratic behaviour and performance are interpreted as endogenous, shaped by decisions of political elites as to whether to direct their efforts towards providing public services or towards more narrowly political or private purposes. The chapter distinguishes among three broad contextual differences between the Western Cape and Eastern Cape—socio-economic, political, and institutional. It identifies the causal mechanisms through which these variables exert their influence, distinguishing between demand-side and supply-side influences. In the Eastern Cape, the consequence of an initially weak context is a low-level equilibrium trap in which incentives transmitted from the political to the bureaucratic levels reinforce factionalized loyalty within multiple patronage networks. By contrast, in the Western Cape, both demand-side and supply-side contextual variables support public service provision; however, weaknesses in ‘soft governance’ limit the positive impact.
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Tiwari, Sandip. Information mechanics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759874.003.0001.
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Information is physical, so its manipulation through devices is subject to its own mechanics: the science and engineering of behavioral description, which is intermingled with classical, quantum and statistical mechanics principles. This chapter is a unification of these principles and physical laws with their implications for nanoscale. Ideas of state machines, Church-Turing thesis and its embodiment in various state machines, probabilities, Bayesian principles and entropy in its various forms (Shannon, Boltzmann, von Neumann, algorithmic) with an eye on the principle of maximum entropy as an information manipulation tool. Notions of conservation and non-conservation are applied to example circuit forms folding in adiabatic, isothermal, reversible and irreversible processes. This brings out implications of fluctuation and transitions, the interplay of errors and stability and the energy cost of determinism. It concludes discussing networks as tools to understand information flow and decision making and with an introduction to entanglement in quantum computing.
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Luescher-Mamashela, Thierry M. The University in Africa and Democratic Citizenship. African Minds, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781920355678.
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Whether and how higher education in Africa contributes to democratisation beyond producing the professionals that are necessary for developing and sustaining a modern political system, remains an unresolved question. This report, then, represents an attempt to address the question of whether there are university specific mechanisms or pathways by which higher education contributes to the development of democratic attitudes and behaviours among students, and how these mechanisms operate and relate to politics both on and off campus. The research contained in this report shows that the potential of a university to act as training ground for democratic citizenship is best realised by supporting students' exercise of democratic leadership on campus. This, in turn, develops and fosters democratic leadership in civil society. Thus, the university's response to student political activity, student representation in university governance and other aspects of extra-curricular student life needs to be examined for ways in which African universities can instil and support democratic values and practices. Encouraging and facilitating student leadership in various forms of on-campus political activity and in a range of student organisations emerges as one of the most promising ways in which African universities can act as training grounds for democratic citizenship. The project on which this report is based forms part of a larger study on Higher Education and Democracy in Africa, undertaken by the Higher Education Research and Advocacy Network in Africa (HERANA). HERANA is coordinated by the Centre for Higher Education Transformation in South Africa.
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Herman, James P. Limbic Pathways to Stress Control. Edited by Israel Liberzon and Kerry J. Ressler. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190215422.003.0008.
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Appropriate control of the HPA (hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis) is required for adaptation to physiological and environmental challenges. Inadequate control is linked to numerous stress-related pathologies, including PTSD, highlighting its importance in linking physiological stress responses with behavioral coping strategies. This chapter highlights neurocircuit mechanisms underlying HPA axis adaptation and pathology. Control of the HPA stress response is mediated by the coordinated activity of numerous limbic brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. In general, hippocampal output inhibits anticipatory HPA axis responses, whereas amygdala subnuclei participate in stress activation. The prefrontal cortex plays an important role in inhibition of context-dependent stress responses. These regions converge on subcortical structures that relay information to paraventricular nucleus corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons, controlling the magnitude and duration of HPA axis stress responses. The output of these neural networks determines the net effect on glucocorticoid secretion, both within the normal adaptive range and in pathological circumstances.
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Willig, Michael R., and Lawrence R. Walker, eds. Long-Term Ecological Research. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199380213.001.0001.
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The Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Program is, in a sense, an experiment to transform the nature of science, and represents one of the most effective mechanisms for catalyzing comprehensive site-based research that is collaborative, multidisciplinary, and long-term in nature. The scientific contributions of the Program are prodigious, but the broader impacts of participation have not been examined in a formal way. This book captures the consequences of participation in the Program on the perspectives, attitudes, and practices of environmental scientists. The edited volume comprises three sections. The first section includes two chapters that provide an overview of the history, goals, mission, and inner workings of the LTER network of sites. The second section comprises three dozen retrospective essays by scientists, data managers or educators who represent a broad spectrum of LTER sites from deserts to tropical forests and from arctic to marine ecosystems. Each essay addresses the same series of probing questions to uncover the extent to which participation has affected the ways that scientists conduct research, educate students, or provide outreach to the public. The final section encompasses 5 chapters, whose authors are biophysical scientists, historians, behavioral scientists, or social scientists. This section analyzes, integrates, or synthesizes the content of the previous chapters from multiple perspectives and uncovers emergent themes and future directions.
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Steane, Andrew. Science and Humanity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824589.001.0001.
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This volume offers an in-depth presentation of the structure of science and the nature of the physical world, with a view to showing how it complements and does not replace other types of human activity, such as the arts and humanities, spirituality and religion. The aim is to better inform scientists, science educators, and the general public. Many think that science can and does establish that the natural world is a vast machine, and this is the whole truth of ourselves and our environment. This is wrong. In fact, scientific models employ a rich network of interconnecting concepts, and the overall picture suggests the full validity of further forms of truth-seeking and truth-speaking, such as art, jurisprudence, and the like. In fundamental physics, the equations that describe physical behaviour interact in a subtle symbiotic way with symmetry principles which describe overarching guidelines. The relationship between physics and biology is similar, and so is the relationship between biology and the humanities. Darwinian evolution is an exploratory mechanism which allows richer patterns and truths to come to be expressed; it does not negate or replace those truths. The area of values, of what can or should command our allegiance, requires a different kind of response, a response that is not completely captured by logical argument, but which is central to human life. Religion, when it is understood correctly and done well, is the engagement with the idea that we have a meaningful role to play, and much to learn.
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(Editor), T. Kumazawa, L. Kruger (Editor), and K. Mizumura (Editor), eds. The Polymodal Receptor - A Gateway to Pathological Pain (Progress in Brain Research). Elsevier Science, 1996.
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Takao, Kumazawa, Kruger Lawrence, and Mizumura Kazue, eds. The polymodal receptor: A gateway to pathological pain. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1996.
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