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1
Chik, Tai-wai David. "A numerical study of Hodgkin-Huxley neurons." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22424726.
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Nettleton, Jilda Suzanne. "Summation of AMPA-mediated EPSPs in rat neocortical pyramidal neurons /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10531.
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Ma, Pei. "OPTICAL IMAGING OF EMBRYONIC CARDIAC CONDUCTION." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1464714110.
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戚大衛 and Tai-wai David Chik. "A numerical study of Hodgkin-Huxley neurons." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31224210.
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Tanaka, Hisataka. "Conduction properties of identified neural pathways in the central nervous system of mice in vivo." Kyoto University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/145280.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(医学)
甲第11099号
医博第2779号
新制||医||877(附属図書館)
22649
UT51-2004-L896
京都大学大学院医学研究科脳統御医科学系専攻
(主査)教授 大森 治紀, 教授 金子 武嗣, 教授 橋本 信夫
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Nunnally, Stephens W. "A study of electrical aspects of neural conduction with an emphasis on the phenomenon of pain /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1992. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA260385.
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Nunnally, Stephens W. Jr. "A study of electrical aspects of neural conduction with an emphasis on the phenomenon of pain." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/38510.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.A study of the electrical nature of neural communication is performed. The study provides a background for the evaluation of an electrical mechanism, set forth by the author, as a possible explanation for the effect of acupuncture. The electrical and biological processes involved in the conduction of the nervous impulse, as well as the limits of understanding of those processes, are studied. The role of the arrangement of individual neurons into the human nervous system is examined. Also, the phenomena of pain and referred pain are investigated.
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Smart, Sharon Louise. "Involvement of shaker-like potassium channels in control of nervous system hyperexcitability /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6265.
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Reid, Michael Steven. "The Role of Heterogeneity in Rhythmic Networks of Neurons." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14565.
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Engineers often view variability as undesirable and seek to minimize it, such as when they employ transistor-matching techniques to improve circuit and system performance. Biology, however, makes no discernible attempt to avoid this variability, which is particularly evident in biological nervous systems whose neurons exhibit marked variability in their cellular properties. In previous studies, this heterogeneity has been shown to have mixed consequences on network rhythmicity, which is essential to locomotion and other oscillatory neural behaviors. The systems that produce and control these stereotyped movements have been optimized to be energy efficient and dependable, and one particularly well-studied rhythmic network is the central pattern generator (CPG), which is capable of generating a coordinated, rhythmic pattern of motor activity in the absence of phasic sensory input. Because they are ubiquitous in biological preparations and reveal a variety of physiological behaviors, these networks provide a platform for studying a critical set of biological control paradigms and inspire research into engineered systems that exploit these underlying principles. We are directing our efforts toward the implementation of applicable technologies and modeling to better understand the combination of these two concepts---the role of heterogeneity in rhythmic networks of neurons. The central engineering theme of our work is to use digital and analog platforms to design and build Hodgkin--Huxley conductance-based neuron models that will be used to implement a half-center oscillator (HCO) model of a CPG. The primary scientific question that we will address is to what extent this heterogeneity affects the rhythmicity of a network of neurons. To do so, we will first analyze the locations, continuities, and sizes of bursting regions using single-neuron models and will then use an FPGA model neuron to study parametric and topological heterogeneity in a fully-connected 36-neuron HCO. We found that heterogeneity can lead to more robust rhythmic networks of neurons, but the type and quantity of heterogeneity and the population-level metric that is used to analyze bursting are critical in determining when this occurs.
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Murnane, Owen D., Faith W. Akin, J. Kip Kelly, and Stephanie Byrd. "Effects of Stimulus and Recording Parameters on the Air Conduction Ocular Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1783.
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Background: Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) have been recorded from the sternocleidomastoid muscle (cervical VEMP or cVEMP) and more recently from the eye muscles (ocular VEMP or oVEMP) in response to air conduction and bone conduction stimuli. Both cVEMPs and oVEMPs are mediated by the otoliths and thereby provide diagnostic information that is complementary to videonystagmography and rotational chair tests. In contrast to the air conduction cVEMP, which originates from the saccule/inferior vestibular nerve, recent evidence suggests the possibility that the air conduction oVEMP may be mediated by the utricle/superior vestibular nerve. The oVEMP, therefore, may provide complementary diagnostic information relative to the cVEMP. There are relatively few studies, however, that have quantified the effects of stimulus and recording parameters on the air conduction oVEMP, and there is a paucity of normative data. Purpose: To evaluate the effects of several stimulus and recording parameters on the air conduction oVEMP and to establish normative data for clinical use.
Research Design: A prospective repeated measures design was utilized.
Study Sample: Forty-seven young adults with no history of neurologic disease, hearing loss, middle ear pathology, open or closed head injury, cervical injury, or audiovestibular disorder participated in the study.
Data Collection and Analysis: The effects of stimulus frequency, stimulus level, gaze elevation, and recording electrode location on the amplitude and latency of the oVEMP for monaural air conduction stimuli were assessed using repeated measures analyses of variance in an initial group of 17 participants. The optimal stimulus and recording parameters obtained in the initial group were used subsequently to obtain oVEMPs from 30 additional participants.
Results: The effects of stimulus frequency, stimulus level, gaze elevation, and electrode location on the response prevalence, amplitude, and latency of the oVEMP for monaural air conduction stimuli were significant. The maximum N1-P1 amplitude and response prevalence were obtained for contralateral oVEMPs using a 500 Hz tone burst presented at 125 dB peak SPL during upward gaze at an elevation of 30°.
Conclusions: The optimal stimulus and recording parameters quantified in this study were used to establish normative data that may be useful for the clinical application of the air conduction oVEMP.
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Brooks, Matthew Bryan. "Multistability in bursting patterns in a model of a multifunctional central pattern generator." Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia State University, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/math_theses/73/.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Georgia State University, 2009.Title from title page (Digital Archive@GSU, viewed July 20, 2010) Andrey Shilnikov, Robert Clewley, Gennady Cymbalyuk, committee co-chairs; Igor Belykh, Vladimir Bondarenko, Mukesh Dhamala, Michael Stewart, committee members. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-67).
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Le, Roux Peter David. "Neuron-glial interactions in dendrite growth." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27039.
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Interactions between neurons and glia occupy a central role in many aspects of development, maintenance, and function of the central nervous system (CNS). A fundamental event in CNS development is the elaboration of two distinct neuronal processes, axons and dendrites. The overall aim of this research was to characterize the interactions between central nervous system neurons and astroglial cells that regulate dendrite growth from cerebral cortical neurons. Embryonic (E18) mouse cerebral cortical neurons were cocultured with early postnatal (P4) rat astroglia derived from cerebral cortex, retina, olfactory bulb, mesencephalon, striatum and spinal cord. Axon and dendrite outgrowth from isolated neurons was quantified using morphological and double-labeling immunohistochemical techniques at 18 hours and 1, 3 and 5 days in vitro. Neurons initially extended the same number of neurites, regardless of the source of glial monolayer; however, astroglial cells differed in their ability to maintain primary dendrites. Homotypic cortical astroglia maintained the greatest number of primary dendrites. Astroglia derived from the olfactory bulb and retina maintained intermediate numbers of dendrites, whereas only a small number of primary dendrites were maintained by astroglia derived from striatum, spinal cord or mesencephalon. Initially longer axons were observed from neurons grown on astroglia that did not maintain dendrite number. After 5 days in vitro, axon growth was similar on the various monolayers, total primary dendrite outgrowth, however, was nearly threefold greater on astroglia derived from the cortex, retina and olfactory bulb than on astroglia derived from mesencephalon, striatum or spinal cord. This effect was principally on the number of primary dendrites rather than the elongation of individual dendrites and was independent of neuron survival. Similar morphological differences were observed after 5 days in vitro when cortical neurons were grown on polylysine in either a noncontact coculture system where astroglia continuously conditioned the culture medium or in astroglial conditioned medium. Preliminary biochemical analysis of the medium conditioned by cortical astroglia using heat and trypsin degradation, ultracentrifugation, dialysis, and heparin affinity chromatography suggested that a heparin binding protein with a molecular weight between 10 and 100kDa may be responsible for astroglial mediated dendrite growth. Neurons that were grown in medium conditioned by either mesencephalic or cortical astroglia for the first 24 hours followed by culture medium from astroglia of the alternate source for 4 days in vitro, confirmed that astroglia maintained, rather than initiated, the outgrowth of the primary dendritic arbor. In the next series of experiments, E18 mouse cortical neurons were cocultured with neonatal (P4) or mature (P12) rat astroglia derived from cortex and mesencephalon or astroglia derived from P4 and P12 lesioned cortex. After 5 days in vitro, the maturational age of astroglia did not appear to alter the extent of primary dendrite growth; instead dendrite growth reflected the region of the CNS from which the astroglia were derived. By contrast, a reduced ability to support axon growth from mouse cortical neurons in culture was observed on astroglia derived from mature rat cortex or mesencephalon. Reactive astroglia demonstrated similar neurite supporting characteristics to mature astroglia and were able to maintain dendrite growth, principally primary dendrite number. Axon elongation, however, was reduced on both neonatal and mature reactive astroglia. Neuron survival did not correlate with the ability of the various astroglia to support process outgrowth. Collectively these results indicate: 1) neuron-glial interactions are critical for the regulation of process outgrowth from embryonic cortical neurons in vitro, 2) axon and dendrite growth appear to be differently controlled by astroglia, 3) CNS astroglia demonstrate regional differences in maintaining, but not initiating growth of the primary dendritic arbor, 4) this effect may be due, in part, to release of a diffusible heparin binding protein factor, and 5) mature and reactive astroglia support primary dendrite, but limited axon growth. We propose therefore that the local astroglial environment maintains primary dendrite growth from neurons until synaptic contacts can be established. A mechanism that maintains the primary dendritic arbor and allows separate regulation of axon and dendrite growth, prior to the arrival of afferents, may be critical for establishing appropriate and specific synaptic connections. These findings have important implications in understanding development and function of the mammalian central nervous system and may lead to novel strategies for intervention in acute and chronic neurological disorders.
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Freitas, Fabiana Furtado 1988. "Evaluation of the effect of tooth movement on the development of diabetes-induced neuropathy in rats = Avaliação do efeito da movimentação ortodôntica no desenvolvimento de neuropatia decorrente do diabetes induzido em ratos." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/289487.
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Orientador: Juliana Trindade Clemente NapimogaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T14:35:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Freitas_FabianaFurtado_M.pdf: 645432 bytes, checksum: e82ee77ed413f662feeacfa6a76c4c23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: O diabetes induz resposta inflamatória acentuada resultando em maior movimentação dental por dispositivos ortodônticos. Sendo assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar se o aumento da resposta inflamatória, decorrente do tracionamento dental por um dispositivo ortodôntico, induzido pelo diabetes altera a excitabilidade neuronal no gânglio trigeminal. Para este estudo foram utilizados ratos Wistar (±150 g, n= 4-6/grupo) tratados com injeção intraperitoneal de tampão citrato (veículo; Normoglicêmicos ¿ NG), estreptozotocina 75 mg/kg (Diabético ¿ DG), ou estreptozotocina 75 mg/kg + injeção subcutânea de insulina (Diabético tratado com insulina ¿ IG). Vinte e oito dias após o tratamento foi instalado um dispositivo ortodôntico e a movimentação dentária foi avaliada nos dias 0, 1, 3, 6 ou 12. Após o tempo correspondente, os animais foram anestesiados e a maxila, gânglio trigeminal e tecido gengival removidos e submetidos à análise para quantificação da movimentação dentária e análise bioquímica (ELISA) para avaliação da liberação de glutamato, Fator de Necrose Tumoral-alfa (TNF-?), Interleucina 1-beta (IL-1?), Substância P (SP) e Peptídeo Relacionado ao Gene da Calcitonina (CGRP). Os resultados demonstraram que o diabetes aumentou significativamente o movimento dental induzido pelo tracionamento ortodôntico nos dias 1, 3 e 6 quando comparado aos animais NG e IG (p<0.05: Two-way ANOVA, Teste de Bonferroni). Corroborando com esses resultados, os animais DG demonstraram maior liberação de TNF-? e IL-1? no tecido gengival em relação aos animais NG e IG (p<0.05). No entanto, apesar do acentuado processo inflamatório nos animais DG, a liberação de glutamato (gânglio trigeminal), SP e CGRP (tecido gengival) foi significativamente reduzida (p<0.05). Os resultados sugerem que a ativação neuronal no gânglio trigeminal é reduzida no diabetes
Abstract: Diabetes is known to result in a greater inflammatory response that in turn accentuated orthodontic tooth movement. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate if the higher inflammatory response induced by the orthodontic tooth movement in diabetic animals changes the neuronal excitability in the trigeminal ganglia. For that, Wistar rats (± 150 g, n=4-6/group) were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of citrate buffer (vehicle; Normoglycemic ¿ NG), streptozotocin 75 mg/kg (Diabetic ¿ DG) or streptozotocin 75 mg/kg + subcutaneous injection of insulin (Diabetic treated with insulin ¿ IG). Twenty-eight days after the treatment, an orthodontic appliance was placed and the tooth movement was evaluated at days 0, 1, 3, 6 and 12. After the corresponding time, the animals were terminally anesthetized and their maxillae, trigeminal ganglia and gingival tissue were removed and submitted to analyze the amount of tooth movement and biochemical analysis (ELISA) to measure the release of glutamate, Tumor Necrose Factor-alpha (TNF-?), Interleukin 1-beta (IL-1?), Substance P (SP) and Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP). The results demonstrated that diabetes accentuated orthodontic tooth movement at days 1, 3 and 6 when compared with NG and IG (p<0.05: Two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni¿s test). Corroborating these results, DG rats demonstrated higher release of TNF-? and IL-1? than that observed for the NG and IG rats (p<0.05). Although the greater inflammatory response induced in DG rats, the release of glutamate, SP and CGRP were significantly reduced (p<0.05). The results suggest that neuronal activation in trigeminal ganglia is reduced in diabetes
Mestrado
Odontopediatria
Mestra em Odontologia
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Heise, Carlos Otto. "Avaliação prognóstica de pacientes com plexopatia braquial obstétrica: comparação entre a avaliação clínica e o estudo da condução motora." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5138/tde-23102007-114055/.
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O desenvolvimento de um método eficiente de avaliação prognóstica precoce seria de grande utilidade na seleção de lactentes com plexopatia braquial obstétrica para cirurgias de reconstrução do plexo braquial. Realizamos estudos de condução motora em 54 pacientes entre 10 e 60 dias de vida. Foram comparadas lado a lado as amplitudes dos potenciais de ação musculares compostos dos nervos axilar (músculo deltóde), musculocutâneo (músculo bíceps), radial proximal (músculo tríceps), radial distal (músculo extensor comum dos dedos), mediano (eminência tenar) e ulnar (eminência hipotenar). A relação entre a amplitude do potencial motor do lado lesado sobre o lado são foi chamada de Índice de Viabilidade Axonial (IVA), sendo este calculado tanto a partir da amplitude negativa como da amplitude pico-a-pico. Os pacientes foram seguidos clinicamente e classificados em três grupos: Grupo A, com recuperação total até os seis meses de vida; Grupo B, recuperação satisfatória até os doze meses de vida, e Grupo C, recuperação insatisfatória até os doze meses de vida. Analisamos a curva ROC (Receive Operator Characteristic Curve) de cada IVA para definir o melhor ponto de corte para detecção dos pacientes do Grupo C (mau prognóstico). Para o nervo axilar, o ponto de corte ideal foi IVA menor que 10%, com sensibilidade de 88,2% e especificidade de 89,2% ou 91,9%. Para o nervo musculocutâneo, o ponto de corte foi a ausência de potencial de ação motor, com sensibilidade de 88,2% e especificidade de 73,0%. Para o nervo radial proximal, o ponto de corte foi IVA menor que 20%, com sensibilidade de 82,4% ou 94,1% e especificidade de 97,3% ou 100%. Para o nervo radial distal, o ponto de corte foi IVA menor que 50%, com sensibilidade de 76,5% ou 82,4% e especificidade de 97,3%. Para o nervo ulnar, o ponto de corte foi IVA menor que 50%, com sensibilidade de 58,8% e especificidade de 97,3% ou 100%. O IVA do nervo mediano teve um desempenho ruim e seu uso não pode ser recomendado. Os IVAs dos nervos radial proximal, radial distal e ulnar apresentaram maior especificidade do que o critério clínico mais utilizado para a avaliação prognóstica, ou seja, ausência de função bicipital aos três meses de vida. A sensibilidade dos IVAs dos nervos axilar, musculocutâneo, radial proximal e radial distal foram equivalentes à do critério clínico. A utilização do estudo de condução motora entre 10 e 60 dias de vida forneceu uma avaliação prognóstica mais precoce e mais específica do que o critério clínico, podendo ser utilizada para indicação cirúrgica destes pacientes.Early prognostic assessment of obstetric brachial plexopathies would be a major step for rational selection of infants for brachial plexus surgery. We performed nerve conduction studies in 54 patients from 10 to 60 days of life. We compared sideto-side the compound muscle action potentials amplitudes from the axillary (deltoid muscle), musculocutaneous (biceps), proximal radial (triceps), distal radial (extensor digitorum communis), median (thenar eminence) and ulnar nerves (hypothenar eminence). The ratio between the amplitude of the affected limb and that of the healthy side was called Viability Axonal Index (VAI), which was calculated using both the negative and the peak-to-peak amplitudes. The patients were followed-up and classified in three groups: Group A, with full recovery at six months of age; Group B, with satisfactory recovery at twelve months of age, and Group C, with poor recovery at twelve months of age. We analyzed the ROC (Receive Operator Characteristic) curve of each VAI to define the best cut-off point for detection of Group C patients (bad prognosis). The best cut-off point for the axillary nerve was a VAI of less than 10%, whith sensibility of 88.2% and specificity of 89.2% or 91.9%. For the musculocutaneous nerve, the cut-off point was an absent motor action potential, with sensibility of 88.2% and specificity of 73.0%. For the proximal radial nerve, the cut-off point was a VAI of less than 20%, with sensibility of 82.4% or 94.1% and specificity of 97.3% or 100%. For the distal radial nerve, the cut-off point was a VAI of less than 50%, with sensibility of 76.5% or 82.4% and specificity of 97.3%. For the ulnar nerve, the cut-off point was a VAI of less than 50%, which sensibility of 58.8% and specificity of 97.3% or 100%. The VAI from the median nerve had a poor performance and its use could not be recommended. The VAIs from proximal radial, distal radial and ulnar nerves had better specificities compared to the most used clinical criterion: absence of biceps function at three months of age. The VAIs sensitivities from axillary, musculocutaneous, proximal radial and distal radial nerves were equivalent to the clinical criterion. The use of motor conduction studies between 10 and 60 days of age yielded an earlier and more specific prognostic estimation than the clinical criterion, and could be used for indication of surgery in these patients.
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Nilsson, Magdalena. "Amplitudskillnader vid antidrom och ortodrom nervimpulsmätning." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-92902.
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Bakgrund: Det perifera nervsystemets axon utgår från cellkroppar i ryggmärg eller hjärna och går ut till kroppens perifera delar. Det perifera nervsystemet undersöks med hjälp av elektroneurografi. Elektroneurografi kan utföras antingen antidromt, där mätningen sker i motsatt riktning till nervimpulsens naturliga, eller ortodromt, där nervimpulsmätningen sker i nervens naturliga riktning. Vid elektroneurografi används den nervledningshastighet, amplitud och kurvformation som undersökningen resulterar i för att sätta en diagnos. Studien syftade till att undersöka om det förelåg signifikant sensorisk amplitudskillnad beroende på om antidrom eller ortodrom elektroneurografi användes genom att undersöka nervus medianus och nervus ulnaris, detta för att bedöma om den metod som använts vid framtagandet av referensvärdena har betydelse. Material & Metod: 33 neurologiskt friska testindivider i åldrarna 18–80 år deltog i studien. Nerverna stimulerades i handledsnivå och registrering gjordes i fingrarna vid ortodrom elektroneurografi, det omvända gjordes vid antidrom elektroneurografi. Parat t- test användes. Signifikansnivån (α) sattes till 0,05 och normalfördelning ansågs föreligga då median och medelvärde hade en differens på ≤5. Resultat: Det fanns en signifikant amplitudskillnad mellan de båda metoderna vid samtliga mätningar. Diskussion: Referensvärdena bör baseras på samma metod som kliniken använder för att undvika felaktiga positiva eller negativa diagnoser.Background: The peripheral nervous system (PNS) goes from the soma in the spinal cord or brain out to the peripheral body parts. The PNS is studied using electroneurography. Electroneurography can be performed either by an antidrome method, which measures against the nerve impulses natural direction, or with an ortodromic method, in which the nerve impulses are measured in its natural direction. In electroneurography the nerve conduction velocity, amplitude and formation are used to make a diagnosis. The aim of the study was to examine if there was a significant difference in sensory amplitude when using an antidrome method compared to an ortodrome method by examining the median nerve and the ulnar nerve, this to be able to determine if the method used to achieve the reference values matters. Materials & Method: 33 neurologically healthy test subjects in the ages 18–80 participated in the study. The nerves were stimulated at the wrist and the registrating electrode was positioned on the fingers by the orthodromic method and the other way around by the antidromic method. Paired t- test was used. The level of significance (α) was placed at 0,05. The data was considered to be normally distributed when the median and mean had a difference of ≤5. Results: There were a significant difference in amplitudes in all of the measurements. Discussion: The reference values should be produced using the same method that is used in the clinic to avoid misdiagnosis.
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Ruddy, Bryan P. (Bryan Paul) 1983. "Conducting polymer wires for intravascular neural recording." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35308.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2006.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 32-34).
Brain-machine interfaces are a technology with the potential to fundamentally change the way people interact with their environment, but their adoption has been hampered by the invasiveness of conventional implanted cortical microelectrode arrays. Llinás et al. have proposed a novel design for intravascular nanowire electrode arrays, which promise to be less invasive than current technology. Early work utilizing platinum nanowires showed that metal wires are too stiff for this application. Conducting polymer nanowires could be used in place of metal to build electrodes with far lower stiffness and high conductivity. This thesis describes several all-polymer electrode architectures and the fabrication techniques used to build them. Polypyrrole microwire electrodes were first built in order to demonstrate the feasibility of an all-polymer neural recording electrode, and were shown to give high-fidelity intravascular recordings. Polyaniline nanowires were then fabricated by coaxial electrospinning, which was shown to be a viable technique for the manufacture of such wires. These wires will be integrated to form complete nanowire electrodes and tested in animals before moving towards human applications.
by Bryan P. Ruddy.
S.M.
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Pereira, Larissa Vilela. "Regeneração do ramo mandibular do nervo facial de ratos após transplante de células-tronco multipotentes de polpa dentária indiferenciadas: comparação com células-tronco multipotentes do estroma mesenquimal de medula óssea indiferenciadas e diferenciadas em Schwann-like." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5143/tde-12092018-102412/.
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INTRODUÇÃO: As lesões traumáticas graves do nervo facial, relativamente frequentes no cotidiano do otorrinolaringologista, mesmo que reparadas com as melhores técnicas microcirúrgicas, apresentam recuperação funcional extremamente limitada acarretando grande impacto na motricidade facial e, consequentemente, na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a recuperação funcional (eletroneuromiografia), histológica (quantitativa e qualitativa) e imunohistoquímica do ramo mandibular do nervo facial de ratos obtidas após autoenxerto combinado a transplante de células-tronco multipotentes de polpa dentária indiferenciadas (CTPD). Seguiu-se comparação com os resultados anteriormente obtidos pelos mesmos pesquisadores e utilizando mesma técnica cirúrgica após transplante de células-tronco de medula óssea indiferenciadas (CTMOi) e diferenciadas em Schwann-like (CTMOd). Realizou-se autoenxerto no ramo mandibular do nervo facial de ratos para reparo de GAP de 5mm provocado por duas neurotmeses sequenciais, reimplantação do próprio fragmento retirado, sendo o mesmo envolvido por tubo de ácido poliglicólico (Grupo A) e preenchido com gel acelular de lâmina basal purificada, com transplante de CTPD (grupo B). Após seis semanas, os animais foram sacrificados e as análises realizadas. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que, seis semanas após a cirurgia, os animais do grupo tratado com células-tronco apresentaram valores médios de amplitude do potencial de ação muscular composto (PAMC) (CTPD 3,79±1,74mV; CTMOd 2,7±0,53mV; CTMOi 1,81±0,77mV) estatisticamente superiores ao grupo controle (0,75±0,46mV, p < 0,001). Os diâmetros axonais médios, também, foram significativamente maiores nos grupos tratados com células-tronco (CTPD 3,04±0,49?m; CTMOd 3,5±0,16?m; CTMOi 3,15±0,32?m) do que no grupo controle (2,13±0,07?m), com valor de p < 0,001. A densidade axonal foi estatisticamente superior no grupo controle (0,021±0,003axônios/um2) quando comparada aos grupos tratados (CTPD 0,014±0,004 axônios/um2; CTMOd 0,017±0,003axônios/?m2; CTMOi 0,015±0,002axônios/um2, p=0,004).Ao ensaio de imunofluorescência, no grupo tratado com CTPD, observou-se células positivas para lamina humana A/C e para S100, evidenciando, assim, a presença de células humanas com fenótipo de Schwann no segmento distal do nervo analisado. No grupo tratado com CTMOi houve marcação em beta-galactosidade, mas não em S100, confirmando a presença de células exógenas, porém não diferenciadas em Schwann. Já no grupo tratado com CTMOd demonstrou a presença de células exógenas com fenótipo de Schwann ao observar a comarcação pelos marcadores beta-galactosidase e S100, mantendo, assim, o mesmo fenótipo do observado in vitro. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que, segundo critérios funcionais e histológicos, a regeneração do ramo mandibular do nervo facial de ratos foi superior quando associada ao transplante de CTPD comparativamente ao controle. O grupo tratado com CTPD apresentou melhores resultados funcionais e parâmetros histológicos similares aos obtidos com CTMOi e CTMOd. Nos três grupos tratados com células-tronco, as células exógenas foram observadas após 6 semanas de experimento, com evidência de integração ao tecido neural e evidência de diferenciação in vivo para o fenótipo de Schwann apenas no grupo tratado com CTPDINTRODUCTION: Traumatic lesions of the facial nerve, relatively frequent of the daily routine of the otorhinolaryngologist, even if when repaired with the best microsurgical techniques, have limited functional recovery causing great impact on facial motricity, consequently, on patients\' quality of life. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional and histological recovery (quantitative and qualitative) and immunohistochemistry of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve of rats obtained after autograft combined with transplantation of multipotent undifferentiated dental pulp stem cells (DPSC). We compared the results obtained previously by the same researchers and using the same surgical technique after transplantation of undifferentiated bone marrow stem cells (uBMSC) and differentiated to Schwann cell-like (dBMSC). METHODS: A 5mm gap in the mandibular branch of the facial nerve was perfomed by two sequencial neurotmesis, followed by autograft with reimplantation of the removed fragment itself, tubulization with a polyglycolic acid tube (Group A) and transplantation with DPSC (group B). After six weeks, the animals were sacrificed and analyzes performed. RESULTS: Six weeks after surgery, the animals in the stem cells group had mean values of the amplitude of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) (DPSC 3.79±1.74mV; dBMSC 2.7±0,53mV; uBMSC 1.81±0.77mV) statistically higher than the control group (0.75±0.46mV, p < 0.001). Medium axon diameters were also significantly higher in the stem cells treated groups (DPSC 3.04±0.49um, dBMSC 3.5±0.16um, uBMSC 3.15± 0.32um) than in the control group (2.13±0.07um), with a value of p < 0.001. The axonal density was statistically higher in the control group (0.021±0.003axons/um2) when compared to the treated groups (DPSC 0.014±0.004 axons/?m2, dBMSC 0.017±0.003 axons/?m2, uBMSC 0.015±0.002 axons/um2, p=0.004). In the immunofluorescence assay, cells positive for human laminA/C and for S100 were observed in the DPSC-treated group, thus evidencing the presence of human cells with Schwann cells phenotype in the distal segment of the nerve analyzed. In the group treated with uBMSC there was beta- galactosidase, but not in S100, confirming the presence of exogenous but undifferentiated cells. In the group treated with dBMSC, the presence of exogenous cells with Schwann cells phenotype was observed by observing the comarcation by beta-galactosidase and S100 markers, thus maintaining the same phenotype as that observed in vitro. CONCLUSION: According to functional and histological criteria, the regeneration of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve of rats was superior when associated with the DPSC transplant compared to the control. The DPSC treated group had better functional results and histological parameters similar to those obtained with uBMSC and dBMSC. In the stem cells-treated groups, exogenous cells were observed after 6 weeks of experiment with evidence of neural tissue integration and evidence of in vivo differentiation for the Schwann cells phenotype only in the DPSC-treated group
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Salomone, Raquel. "Regeneração do ramo mandibular do nervo facial de ratos após a implantação de células multipotentes do estroma mesenquimal indiferenciadas e diferenciadas in vitro que apresentam fenótipo de células de Schwann." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5143/tde-26112012-112234/.
Full textAbstract:
INTRODUÇÃO: O nervo facial desempenha um papel importante em diversas funções fisiológicas no organismo, no entanto, distúrbios funcionais desse nervo podem também afetar a psique do indivíduo, provocando mudanças significativas na autoimagem, interferindo no rendimento profissional e piorando a qualidade de vida. Lesões graves do nervo facial (neurotmeses) mesmo quando tratadas precocemente apresentam resultados funcionais pobres. Com a recente descoberta das células-tronco, as células multipotentes do estroma mesenquimal indiferenciadas (CMEMi) ou diferenciadas em células com fenótipo de células de Schwann (CMEMd) podem ser uma alternativa melhor para o tratamento de lesões graves do nervo facial. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a melhora funcional e histológica do ramo mandibular do nervo facial após neurotmese e implantação das CMEMi e CMEMd. MÉTODOS: Em 48 ratos Wistar realizou-se a neurotmese do ramo mandibular direito do nervo facial com a formação de um hiato de 3mm e a tubulização (conduíte de silicone) da região do nervo lesada. Foram criados quatro grupos de acordo com o método de reparo: conduíte de silicone vazio (grupo A, grupo controle); conduíte de silicone com gel acelular (grupo B); conduíte de silicone com gel acelular e CMEMi (grupo C), e conduíte de silicone com gel acelular e CMEMd (grupo D). Um quinto grupo, grupo N, foi criado a partir de segmentos do nervo normal para a avaliação histológica. Os resultados funcionais foram avaliados com o estudo de condução nervosa e os histológicos por avaliação qualitativa e quantitativa dos segmentos proximais e distais. RESULTADOS: Na avaliação funcional, após 6 semanas, os grupos C e D apresentaram amplitudes maiores que os grupos A e B (p<0,001). O grupo C apresentou duração menor que os grupos A, B e D (p<0,001). Na avaliação qualitativa dos segmentos proximais, houve pouca diferença entre os grupos, já nos segmentos distais, as diferenças dos grupos A e B em relação aos grupos C e D foram bem evidentes, no entanto, em ambos os segmentos, o grupo C foi o que mais se aproximou do nervo normal. Na avaliação histológica quantitativa do segmento proximal, não houve diferença no número total e na densidade axonal entre os grupos (p0,169), somente nos diâmetros axonais dos grupos A e B quando comparados ao nervo normal (p<0,001). No segmento distal, o número e a densidade axonal do grupo C foram maiores que os do grupo A e B (p=0,001) e iguais as do grupo D (p=0,711), porém, em todos os grupos, número e a densidade axonal foram menores que do grupo N (p0,003). Não houve diferença na média dos diâmetros entre os grupos operados (p0,007), somente quando comparados com o grupo N (p<0,001). CONCLUSÕES: As CMEMi assim como as CMEMd beneficiaram a regeneração do ramo mandibular do nervo facial de ratos Wistar, contudo, as CMEMi apresentaram resultados funcionais e histológicos melhores que as CMEMdINTRODUCTION: Facial nerve performs an important function in different physiological activities in the organism, however, functional disturbances of such nerve may also attack a persons mind, causing expressive changes in their self-image, interfering in professional life and aggravating their quality of life. Severe lesions in the facial nerve (neurotmesis) present poor functional results even when early treated. With recent discovering of the stem cells, undifferentiated multipotent stem cell (uMSC) from mesenchymal stroma or differentiated to Schwann cell-like (dMSC) can be a better perspective to treat severe lesion of the facial nerve. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to evaluate the functional and histological improvement of the mandibular branch after neurotmesis and implantation of the uMSC and dMSC. METHODS: The neurotmesis of the right mandibular branch of the facial nerve with a 3mm gap formation and tubulization (silicone tubing) of the wounded nerve area was performed in 48 Wistar rats. Four groups were divided according to the restoration method: empty silicone tubing (group A, control group); silicone tubing with non-cell gel (group B); silicone tubing with non-cell gel and uMSC (group C) and silicone tubing with non-cell gel and dMSC (group D). A fifth group (N) was created from the normal nerve segments to perform histological evaluation. The nerve conduction study evaluated the functional results; quantity and quality evaluation of the distal and proximal segment evaluated the histological results. RESULTS: After six weeks, regarding functional evaluation, groups C and D presented larger amplitude than groups A and B (p<0.001). Group C presented lesser duration than groups A, B and D (p<0.001). There was little difference among the groups in the quality evaluation of the proximal segments; on the other hand, the differences in groups A and B in relation to groups C and D were quite expressive in the distal segments. However, group C, in both segments, was the one that came closer to the normal nerve. Regarding quantity histological evaluation of the proximal segment, there was no difference in the total number and in the axonal density among the groups (p0.169); there was difference only in the axonal diameters in groups A and B when compared to normal nerve (p<0,001). Regarding distal segment, axonal density and number, in group C, were higher than in group A and B (p=0.001) and the same as in group D (p=0,711), but number and axonal density were lesser than in group N (p0,003). There was no difference in the diameter average among the operated groups (p0.007), when only compared to group N (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Both uMSC and dMSC benefited regeneration of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve in Wistar rats, although uMSC presented better functional and histological results
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Vilariño, Feltrer Guillermo. "Conductos de ácido hialurónico para el crecimiento axonal guiado." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/58778.
Full textAbstract:
[EN] Since a considerable number of factors limit or prevent the autonomous regeneration of injured or degenerated tracts in the nervous system, its effective restoration is a rare phenomenon. Therefore, conventional medicine has only succeeded in therapies aimed at treating the symptoms and effects of the damage. In order to revert them and to restore the functionality of a neuronal network, tissue engineering is currently researching about the synergic use of cells, bioactive molecules and three-dimensional biocompatible supports. More precisely, the regeneration of nervous system damaged structures is being studied through strategies like the so-called neural conduits.
In this thesis, a channeled porous scaffold based on hyaluronic acid, a hydrophilic natural polymer, has been designed, developed and characterized, both physicochemically and biologically. By chemically crosslinking this polymer through divinyl sulfone and next lyophilizing it, a degradable and millimeter-size conduit has been obtained, soft but stable in physiological medium. The conduit wall has a singular three-layer distribution, able to avoid glial cells migration through it, but entirely permeable to nutrients and proteins. Furthermore, if Schwann cells are cultured for 10 days within the conduit's lumen, they create a cell tube-like structure with several hundreds of microns in diameter, thin but dense, similar to those of nerve fascicles.
The ability of the conduits, the Schwann cells macrosheath and a bundle of 30 um poly-L-lactic acid fibers to guide the growth of neurons in dorsal root ganglia explants has been evaluated as well. Only the biohybrid system, composed by the conduit, the stretched fibers within and the cells macrosheath, is a beneficial enough context to permit neurons grow at a similar rate to other promising strategies in tissue engineering of the nervous system.[ES] La regeneración de tractos dañados o degenerados del sistema nervioso de manera autónoma es un fenómeno infrecuente, ya que están implicados una considerable cantidad de factores que la limitan u obstaculizan. Por ello, la medicina convencional tan solo ha logrado limitados éxitos a este respecto, tratando únicamente los síntomas y los efectos del daño. Para intentar revertirlo y lograr la reconexión funcional de neuronas, en la actualidad la ingeniería tisular está investigando acerca de la aplicación sinérgica de células, moléculas bioactivas y soportes tridimensionales biocompatibles. Concretamente, para regenerar estructuras del sistema nervioso se trabaja en la estrategia conocida como conductos neurales. En esta tesis se ha diseñado, desarrollado y caracterizado tanto fisicoquímica como biológicamente un andamiaje acanalado poroso basado en ácido hialurónico, un polímero hidrófilo natural. Mediante el entrecruzamiento químico de este mediante divinil sulfona y su posterior liofilización, se ha logrado obtener un conducto milimétrico degradable, blando pero estable en medio fisiológico que, además, posee una pared con una singular distribución en tres capas capaz de evitar la migración de células de glía a su través, pero totalmente permeable a nutrientes y proteínas. Asimismo, las células de Schwann cultivadas en el interior del conducto proliferan confinadamente hasta formar al cabo de 10 días una estructura celular tubular de varios cientos de micras de diámetro, delgada pero densa, similar a las estructuras fasciculares de los nervios. Se ha evaluado, además, la capacidad tanto de los conductos acanalados como de la macrovaina de células de Schwann y de un haz de fibras de ácido poli-L-láctico de unos 30 um de diámetro para guiar el crecimiento de neuronas de explantes de ganglios de la raíz dorsal in vitro. Tan solo el sistema biohíbrido formado por el conjunto del conducto, las fibras estiradas en su interior y la vaina de células es capaz de aportar un contexto amigable tal para permitir a las neuronas crecer a tasas del mismo orden que en otras estrategias prometedoras en ingeniería tisular del sistema nervioso.
[CAT] La regeneració autònoma de tractes del sistema nerviós danyats o degenerats és un fenomen infreqüent, en tant que hi son implicats una considerable quantitat de factors que la limiten o obstaculitzen. Per aquesta causa, la medicina convencional tan sols ha assolit èxits limitats a aquest respecte, tractant únicament els símptomes i els efectes del dany. Per tractar de revertir-ho i aconseguir la reconnexió funcional de neurones, en l'actualitat l'enginyeria tissular està investigant sobre l'aplicació sinèrgica de cèl·lules, molècules bioactives i suports tridimensionals biocompatibles. Més concretament, per a regenerar estructures del sistema nerviós es treballa amb l'estratègia coneguda com conductes neurals. A aquesta tesi s'ha dissenyat, desenvolupat i caracteritzat, tant fisicoquímica com biològicament, una bastida acanalada porosa basada en àcid hialurònic, un polímer hidròfil natural. Mitjançant el seu entrecreuament químic amb divinil sulfona i la seua posterior liofilització, s'ha aconseguit obtenir un conducte mil·limètric degradable, tou però estable en medi fisiològic que, a més a més, posseeix una paret amb una singular distribució en tres capes capaç d'evitar la migració de cèl·lules glials al seu través, però totalment permeable a nutrients i proteïnes. Tanmateix, les cèl·lules de Schwann cultivades en l'interior del conducte proliferen confinades fins que formen, als 10 dies, una estructura cel·lular tubular de centenars de micres de diàmetre, prima però densa, semblant a les estructures fasciculars dels nervis. S'ha avaluat, a més, la capacitat dels conductes acanalats, de la baina de cèl·lules de Schwann i d'un feix de fibres d'àcid poli-L-làctic d'uns 30 um de diàmetre, per guiar el creixement in vitro de neurones d'explants de ganglis de l'arrel dorsal. Només el sistema biohíbrid format pel conjunt del conducte, les fibres estirades en el seu interior i la baina de cèl·lules aporta un context amigable tal que permet a les neurones créixer a taxes del mateix ordre que altres estratègies prometedores en enginyeria tissular del sistema nerviós.
Vilariño Feltrer, G. (2015). Conductos de ácido hialurónico para el crecimiento axonal guiado [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/58778
TESIS
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Green, Rylie Adelle Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Conducting polymers for neural interfaces: impact of physico-chemical properties on biological performance." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43337.
Full textAbstract:
This research investigates the use of conducting polymer coatings on platinum (Pt) electrodes for use in neuroprostheses. Conducting polymers aim to provide an environment conducive to neurite outgrowth and attachment at the electrode sites, producing intimate contact between neural cells and stimulating electrodes. Conducting polymers were electropolymerised onto model Pt electrodes. Conventional polymers polypyrrole (PPy) and poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiphene (PEDOT) doped with polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) and para-toluenesulfonate (pTS)were investigated. Improvement of material properties was assessed through the layering of polymers with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). The ability to incorporate cell attachment bioactivity into polymers was examined through the doping of PEDOT with anionic laminin peptides DCDPGYIGSR and DEDEDYFQRYLI. Finally, nerve growth factor (NGF), was entrapped in PEDOT during polymerisation and tested for neurite outgrowth bioactivity against the PC12 cell line. Each polymer modification was assessed for electrical performance over multiple reduction-oxidation cycles, conductivity and impedance spectroscopy, mechanical adherence and hardness, and biological response. Scanning electron microscopy was used to visualise film topography and x-ray photon spectroscopy was employed to examine chemical constitution of the polymers. For application of electrode coatings to neural prostheses, optimal bioactive conducting polymer PEDOT/pTS/NGF was deposited on electrode arrays intended for implantation. PC12s were used to assess the bioactivity of NGF functionalised PEDOT when electrode size was micronised. Flexibility of the design was tested by tailoring PEDOT bioactivity for the cloned retinal ganglion cell, RGC-5, differentiated via staurasporine. It was established that PEDOT films had superior electrical and cell growth characteristics, but only PPy was able to benefit from incorporation of MWNTs. Bioactive polymers were produced through inclusion of both laminin peptides and NGF, but the optimum film constitution was found to be PEDOT doped with pTS with NGF entrapped during electrodeposition. Application of this polymer to an implant device was confirmed through positive neurite outgrowth on vision prosthesis electrode arrays. The design was shown to be flexible when tailored for RGC-5s, with differentiation occurring on both PEDOT/pTS and PEDOT/DEDEDYFQRYLI. Conducting polymers demonstrate the potential to improve electrode-cell interactions. Future work will focus on the effect of electrical stimulation and design of bioactive polymers with improved cell attachment properties.
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Khodagholy, Araghy Dion. "Conducting polymer devices for biolectronics." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00847415.
Full textAbstract:
The emergence of organic electronics - a technology that relies on carbon-based semiconductors to deliver devices with unique properties - represents one of the most dramatic developments of the past two decades. A rapidly emerging new direction in the field involves the interface with biology. The "soft" nature of organics offers better mechanical compatibility with tissue than traditional electronic materials, while their natural compatibility with mechanically flexible substrates suits the non-planar form factors often required for implants. More importantly, their ability to conduct ions in addition to electrons and holes opens up a new communication channel with biology. The coupling of electronics with living tissue holds the key to a variety of important life-enhancing technologies. One example is bioelectronic implants that record neural signals and/or electrically stimulate neurons. These devices offer unique opportunities to understand and treat conditions such as hearing and vision loss, epilepsy, brain degenerative diseases, and spinal cord injury.The engineering aspect of the work includes the development of a photolithographic process to integrate the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene: poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) with parylene C supports to make an active device. The technology is used to fabricate electrocorticography (ECoG) probes, high-speed transistors and wearable biosensors. The experimental work explores the fundamentals of communication at the interface between conducting polymers and the brain. It is shown that conducting polymers outperform conventional metallic electrodes for brain signals recording.Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) represent a step beyond conducting polymer electrodes. They consist of a conducting polymer channel in contact with an electrolyte. When a gate electrode excites an ionic current in the electrolyte, ions enter the polymer film and change its conductivity. Since a small amount of ions can effectively "block" the transistor channel, these devices offer significant amplification in ion-to-electron transduction. Using the developed technology a high-speed and high-density OECTs array is presented. The dense architecture of the array improves the resolution of the recording from neural networks and the transistors temporal response are 100 μs, significantly faster than the action potential. The experimental transistor responses are fit and modeled in order to optimize the gain of the transistor. Using the model, an OECT with two orders of magnitude higher normalized transconductance per channel width is fabricated as compared to Silicon-based field effect transistors. Furthermore, the OECTs are integrated to a highly conformable ECoG probe. This is the first time that a transistor is used to record brain activities in vivo. It shows a far superior signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) compare to electrodes. The high SNR of the OECT recordings enables the observation of activities from the surface of the brain that only a perpetrating probe can record. Finally, the application of OECTs for biosensing is explored. The bulk of the currently available biosensors often require complex liquid handling, and thus suffer from problems associated with leakage and contamination. The use of an organic electrochemical transistor for detection of lactate by integration of a room temperature ionic liquid in a gel-format, as a solid-state electrolyte is demonstrated.
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Sunny, Mohammed Rabius. "Towards Structural Health Monitoring of Gossamer Structures Using Conductive Polymer Nanocomposite Sensors." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28797.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this research is to calibrate conductive polymer nanocomposite materials for
large strain sensing and develop a structural health monitoring algorithm for gossamer
structures by using nanocomposites as strain sensors. Any health monitoring system works
on the principle of sensing the response (strain, acceleration etc.) of the structure to an
external excitation and analyzing the response to find out the location and the extent of
the damage in the structure. A sensor network, a mathematical model of the structure, and
a damage detection algorithm are necessary components of a structural health monitoring
system. In normal operating conditions, a gossamer structure can experience normal strain
as high as 50%. But presently available sensors can measure strain up to 10% only, as
traditional strain sensor materials do not show low elastic modulus and high electrical
conductivity simultaneously. Conductive polymer nanocomposite which can be stretched
like rubber (up to 200%) and has high electrical conductivity (sheet resistance 100 Ohm/sq.)
can be a possible large strain sensor material. But these materials show hysteresis and
relaxation in the variation of electrical properties with mechanical strain. It makes the
calibration of these materials difficult. We have carried out experiments on conductive
polymer nanocomposite sensors to study the variation of electrical resistance with time
dependent strain. Two mathematical models, based on the modified fractional calculus and
the Preisach approaches, have been developed to model the variation of electrical resistance
with strain in a conductive polymer. After that, a compensator based on a modified Preisach
model has been developed. The compensator removes the effect of hysteresis and relaxation
from the output (electrical resistance) obtained from the conductive polymer nanocomposite
sensor. This helps in calibrating the material for its use in large strain sensing. Efficiency of
both the mathematical models and the compensator has been shown by comparison of their
results with the experimental data. A prestressed square membrane has been considered
as an example structure for structural health monitoring. Finite element analysis using
ABAQUS has been carried out to determine the response of the membrane to an uniform
transverse dynamic pressure for different damage conditions. A neuro-fuzzy system has been
designed to solve the inverse problem of detecting damages in the structure from the strain
history sensed at different points of the structure by a sensor that may have a significant
hysteresis. Damage feature index vector determined by wavelet analysis of the strain history at different points of the structure are taken by the neuro-fuzzy system as input. The neuro-fuzzy system detects the location and extent of the damage from the damage feature index
vector by using some fuzzy rules. Rules associated with the fuzzy system are determined
by a neural network training algorithm using a training dataset, containing a set of known
input and output (damage feature index vectors, location and extent of damage for different
damage conditions). This model is validated by using the sets of input-output other than
those which were used to train the neural network.Ph. D.
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Miranda, Medina Jose Miguel, and Cavigiolo Mateo Mario Barba. "Cambios electrofisiológicos y factores asociados en pacientes con diagnóstico de síndrome del túnel del carpo severo tratados con cirugía descompresiva del nervio mediano en un hospital de Lima, Perú." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/654718.
Full textAbstract:
Introducción. Existe controversia en el impacto de la cirugía descompresiva sobre los parámetros electrofisiológicos posteriores al procedimiento en pacientes con síndrome de túnel del carpo. (STC)
Objetivos. Evaluar los cambios de los patrones electrofisiológicos y evaluar los factores asociados a dichos cambios después de la descompresión quirúrgica del nervio mediano en pacientes con STC
Metodología. Estudio observacional analítico transversal de pacientes con STC severo sometidos a cirugía descompresiva que cuenten con estudios electrofisiológicos pre y post quirúrgicos realizado en el Hospital Kaelin de la Fuente EsSalud en Lima, Perú entre el 2015 al 2019. La comparación de los cambios electrofisiológicos pre y post quirúrgicos se evaluó utilizando la prueba de T de student para muestras pareadas. Los factores asociados al cambio se evaluaron la prueba de U-mann Whitney o correlación de Spearman, para variables categóricas y numéricas respectivamente. Para el análisis multivariado se utilizó un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple.
Resultados. Se evaluaron 55 pacientes. La latencia distal motora del nervio mediano no presentó un cambio significativo luego de la cirugía (-0.47ms; p=0.211). Se encontraron mejorías significativas en la latencia distal sensitiva (-0.5ms; p=0.010), velocidad distal motora (2.53m/s; p=0.005), amplitud distal motora (en 0.9 mV/s; p=0.0048) y la amplitud distal sensitiva (4.9 mV/s; p=0.034). Se encontró asociación entre el género masculino y una evolución desfavorable de la latencia distal motora del nervio mediano. (Coeficiente β =2.85; IC 0.453 - 5.248; p=0.040).
Conclusiones. Se evidenció cambios electrofisiológicos favorables luego de la cirugía de descompresión del nervio mediano. El género masculino y el IMC se asociaron a una evolución electrofisiológica desfavorable.Introduction. There is controversy of the impact of the decompressive surgery in the electrophysiological parameters following the procedure in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Objectives. Evaluate the changes in the electrophysiological parameters and evaluate the factors associated to these changes after the surgical decompression of the median nerve in patients with CTS. Methodology. Cross-sectional analytical study of patients with severe CTS submitted to decompressive surgery that have pre and post-surgical electrophysiological studies in Kaelin de la Fuente hospital EsSalud in Lima, Peru between 2015 and 2019. The comparison between the pre and post-surgical changes was evaluated using T-student test for paired samples. The associated factors were analyzed using U-Mann Whitney test or spearman correlation, for categorical variables and numerical, respectively. For the multivariate analysis a multiple simple regression model was used. Results. 55 patients were analyzed. Median nerve´s distal motor latency did not show significant changes after the surgery (-0.47ms; p=0.211). Improvement was found in the distal sensitive latency (-0.5ms; p=0.010), distal motor velocity (2.53m/s; p=0.005), distal motor amplitude (0.9 mV/s; p=0.0048) and distal sensitive amplitude (4.9 mV/s; p=0.034). An association between male and an unfavorable evolution of the distal motor latency of the median nerve was found. (Coefficient β = 2.85, CI 0.453 - 5.248, p = 0.040). Conclusions. Favorable electrophysiological changes after the surgery where evidenced. Male gender and BMI where associated to an unfavorable electrophysiological evolution.
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Otake, Ken-ichi. "Studies on the Dimensional-Extended Halogen-Bridged Mixed-Valence Transition-Metal Complexes: Neutral-Chains and Nanotubes." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/217132.
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Prokopová, Ivona. "Detekce fibrilace síní v EKG." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-413170.
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Atrial fibrillation is one of the most common cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by ever-increasing prevalence and incidence in the Czech Republic and abroad. The incidence of atrial fibrillation is reported at 2-4 % of the population, but due to the often asymptomatic course, the real prevalence is even higher. The aim of this work is to design an algorithm for automatic detection of atrial fibrillation in the ECG record. In the practical part of this work, an algorithm for the detection of atrial fibrillation is proposed. For the detection itself, the k-nearest neighbor method, the support vector method and the multilayer neural network were used to classify ECG signals using features indicating the variability of RR intervals and the presence of the P wave in the ECG recordings. The best detection was achieved by a model using a multilayer neural network classification with two hidden layers. Results of success indicators: Sensitivity 91.23 %, Specificity 99.20 %, PPV 91.23 %, F-measure 91.23 % and Accuracy 98.53 %.
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Wietek, Jonas. "Anion Conducting Channelrhodopsins." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19325.
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Seit mehr als 10 Jahren kann biologische Aktivität durch eine Vielzahl photosensorischer Proteine beeinflusst werden. In diesem als Optogenetik bezeichneten Forschungsgebiet, werden Kationen leitende Kanalrhodopsine (CCRs) als lichtinduzierte neuronale Aktivatoren eingesetzt. Diese Arbeit soll zur Vervollständigung von optogenetischen Werkzeugen durch die Entwicklung Anionen leitender Kanalrhodopsine (ACRs) dienen, um die bestehenden Nachteile mikrobieller lichtgetriebener Ionenpumpen zu überwinden, die bislang zur neuronale Inhibition genutzt wurden.
Der Austausch von E90 in C. reinhardtii Kanalrhodopsin 2 (CrChR2) durch positiv geladene Aminosäuren führte zu Entwicklung Chlorid leitender ChRs (ChloCs), die jedoch eine Restkationen-permeabilität aufwiesen. Durch Substitution zweier weiterer negativen Ladungen innerhalb des Ionenpermeationsweges, konnte die Kationenleitung vollständig aufgehoben werden.
Parallel wurde durch A. Berndt et al. ein inhibitorisches C1C2 (iC1C2), basierend auf der CrChR1/2 Chimäre entwickelt. Wie auch bei den ChloCs, zeigte iC1C2 verbesserungswürdige biophysikalische Eigenschaften. Mutagenesestudien des Ionenpermeationsweges führten zur Entwicklung der verbesserten Nachfolgervariante iC++.
Um ausgehend von weiteren CCRs neuartige ACRs zu entwickeln (eACRs), wurden die zuvor angewandten Mutagenesestrategien auf weitere CCRs übertragen. Zwei neue eACRs, Phobos und Aurora, mit jeweils blau- und rotverschobenen Aktionsspektrum konnten generiert werden. Bistabile eACRs wurden erzeugt, die ein lichtgesteuertes Schalten zwischen offenen und geschlossenen Zuständen ermöglichen.
Schlussendlich wurde ein natürlich vorkommendes ACR (nACR) aus Proteomonas sulcata (PsACR1) identifiziert und charakterisiert. Die Maximalaktivität von PsACR1 zählt mit 540 nm zu den am stärksten rotverschobenen unter den nACRs. Elektrophysiologische und spektroskopische Untersuchungen ergaben, dass sich der Photozyklus von PsACR1 signifikant von jenen der CCRs unterscheidet.For more than 10 years, photosensory proteins have developed as powerful tools to manipulate biological activity. In this research field termed optogenetics, cation-conducting channelrhodopsins (CCRs) mainly are utilized as light-induced neural activators. This study aimed at a complementation of the optogenetic tool box by engineering anion-conducting channelrhodopsins (ACRs) to overcome the existing drawbacks of microbial light-driven ion pumps utilized for neural inhibition so far. Replacement of E90 in the cation-conducting C. reinhardtii channelrhodopsin 2 (CrChR2) with positively charged residues reversed the ion selectivity and yielded chloride-conducting ChRs (ChloCs). Applied in neuronal cell culture, ChloCs showed residual cation permeability occasionally leading to excitation instead of the desired inhibition. Further charge elimination within the ion permeation pathway completely abolished cation conduction. In parallel, an inhibitory C1C2 (iC1C2) was developed by A. Berndt et al. based on a CrChR1/2 chimera. Though, iC1C2 displayed unsatisfactory biophysical properties as well. Further mutational modifications of the ion permeation pathway led to the development of the improved successor variant iC++. A systematic transfer of both conversion strategies to other CCRs was conducted to create engineered ACRs (eACRs) with distinct biophysical properties. Two novel eACRs, Phobos and Aurora, with blue- and red-shifted action were obtained. Additionally, step-function mutations greatly enhanced the operational light sensitivity and enabled temporally precise toggling between open and closed states using two different light colors. Finally, a natural ACR (nACR) originating from Proteomonas sulcata (PsACR1) was identified and characterized. With a maximum activation at 540 nm it is one of most red-shifted nACRs. Single turnover electrophysiological measurements and spectroscopic investigations revealed an unusual photocycle compared to that of CCRs.
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Lima, John Paul Hempel. "Redes neurais artificiais aplicadas à otimização de processos de deposição de filmes finos poliméricos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3140/tde-05092006-130151/.
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Nesse trabalho é apresentado o estudo de redes neurais artificiais (RNAs) como sistemas de aprendizado, simulação e otimização de processos de deposição de filmes finos poliméricos. Duas técnicas de deposição comumente utilizadas para a fabricação de dispositivos eletrônicos e sensores poliméricos foram escolhidas: i) spin coating ou centrifugação e ii) automontagem. Na primeira técnica, a espessura final dos filmes finos obtidos foi a característica avaliada em função da velocidade de rotação, do tempo de rotação e da concentração da solução polimérica. Como material de deposição, utilizou-se a poli(o-metoxianilina) (POMA). Com a segunda técnica analisou-se a influência sobre a espessura, sobre a condutância elétrica e sobre o espectro de absorção, do número de bicamadas, do tempo de exposição dos filmes a uma solução dopante de ácido clorídrico (HCl) e do pH das mesmas. Os poliíons utilizados nessa técnica foram a polianilina (PAni) e o poli(vinil sulfato de sódio) (PVS). Os filmes obtidos pela segunda técnica de deposição constituem uma classe de sensores capazes de detectar e quantificar concentrações baixas de HCl diluído em água. Os treinamentos e simulações com redes neurais artificiais foram realizados apenas para a espessura dos filmes de POMA e a absorção dos filmes de PAni/PVS. Foram construídas redes neurais artificiais do tipo multilayer perceptron (MLP) utilizando o software MATLAB e o componente Neural Networks Toolbox. A reprodutibilidade e o número de neurônios contidos na camada intermediária foram avaliados. Os resultados mostram que as redes neurais artificiais treinadas fornecem boas respostas simuladas interpolando e extrapolando os valores experimentais utilizados. Como conclusão mostra-se que é possível a utilização dessa ferramenta para auxiliar a engenharia de processos, as técnicas e análises de deposições de filmes finos poliméricos.In this work it is shown a study of artificial neural networks used as learning and simulating systems to optimize polymeric thin films deposition processes. Two common layer deposition techniques to fabricate polymeric electronic devices and polymeric sensors were chosen: i) spin coating and ii) self-assembly. In the first technique the final thickness of obtained thin films was the analyzed characteristic as a function of spin speed, spin time and solution concentration. For the deposited layers we used poly(o-methoxyaniline) (POMA). In the second technique we analyzed the influence of the number of bilayers, the pH of deposition solutions and the dipping time in the final thickness, electrical resistance and UV-Vis absorption spectra. As polyions, we used polyaniline (PAni) and poly(vinyl sodium sulfate) (PVS). These films could be used as a sensor to detect low concentrations of HCl diluted in water. After obtaining the experimental data we constructed artificial neural networks using multilayer perceptrons (MLP) architecture with MATLAB and its component called Neural Networks Toolbox. The number of neurons in the hidden layer and the reproducibility were analyzed. The results show that the trained artificial neural networks used in this work provide good simulation responses interpolating and extrapolating the experimental data. As a conclusion we show that it is possible to utilize this tool to aid the process engineering and the polymeric thin film deposition techniques and analysis
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Asplund, Maria. "Conjugated Polymers for Neural Interfaces : Prospects, possibilities and future challenges." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Teknik och hälsa, Technology and Health, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9817.
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Pas, Jolien. "Flexible neural probes with a fast bioresorbable shuttle : From in vitro to in vivo electrophysiological recordings." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEM040/document.
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Nous étudions l'utilisation de l'électronique organique à l'interface du tissu nerveux pour des applications in vitro et in vivo. Le principal objectif est la fabrication d’interfaces neuronales flexibles pour enregistrer l'activité électrophysiologique de cellules neuronales sur de longues durées. À cette fin, nous utilisons du parylène-C comme substrat et le polymère conducteur poly(3,4-éthylène dioxythiophène):poly(styrène sulfonate) pour réduire l'impédance de l'interface cellule/électrode. En utilisant nos matrices de microélectrodes, nous montrons comment améliorer le rendement d'enregistrement avec un modèle 3D in vitro. La formation de clusters cellulaires 3D augmente considérablement le nombre d’enregistrements de potentiels d’action unitaires. In vivo, nous démontrons la fabrication de sondes de support en polymères biodégradables sur nos capteurs flexibles en utilisant une combinaison de polymères alcool polyvinylique et poly(lactique-co-glycolique). Alors que notre support d’insertion en PVA fournit la rigidité nécessaire à la pénétration, le revêtement PLGA retarde la dissolution du support afin de placer précisément les capteurs à l'intérieur du cerveau. Cela nous permet d’enregistrer en profondeur et, dans les conditions idéales, de minimiser les lésions cérébrales par rapport à les sondes traditionnelles rigides. Dans l'ensemble, nous avons réussi à effectuer des enregistrements électrophysiologiques avec nos propres microélectrodes et sondes invasives, améliorant le rendement d'enregistrements in vitro et démontrant que nos support d’insertion biodégradables pénètrent le cerveau. Ces résultats annoncent de prometteuses applications médicales futuresNeural interfaces are designed to unravel the mysteries of the brain and to restore the functions of paralyzed patients. Despite the success of traditional neural interfaces, these rigid devices are prone to failure within months after surgery. Mechanical mismatch with the soft neural tissue is believed to be one of the main causes. In this thesis, we studied the use of soft organic electronics to interface with neural tissue for both in vitro and in vivo applications. Parylene-based microelectrode arrays (MEAs) and depth probes were made, employing the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) to reduce the impedance at the cell-electrode interface. In vitro, we thereby showed how to enhance the recording yield of MEAs by creating a three-dimensional model of neurospheres. We further report on the fabrication of a new biodegradable polymer shuttle for flexible depth probes based on the combination of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic) (PLGA). In vivo, the PVA/PLGA- shuttled probes were acutely tested in mice and revealed promising electrophysiological results. More research remains necessary to evaluate its long-term function in vivo. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that bioresorbable polymers are capable of providing the required stiffness to penetrate the brain, which shows much promise for future neural applications. This work thereby shows that a long-term functional neural interface is not far from being developed
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Johnson, Christopher M. "Investigating the Slow Axonal Transport of Neurofilaments: A Precursor for Optimal Neuronal Signaling." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1452018547.
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Glenn, L. Lee, and Jeff R. Knisley. "Use of Eigenslope to Estimate Fourier Coefficients for Passive Cable Models of the Neuron." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1997. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7540.
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Boundary conditions for the cable equation - such as voltage-clamped or sealed cable ends, branchpoints, somatic shunts, and current clamps - result in multi-exponential series representations of the voltage or current. Each term in the series expansion is characterized by a decay rate (eigenvalue) and an initial amplitude (Fourier coefficient). The eigenvalues are determined numerically and the Fourier coefficients are subsequently given by the residues at the eigenvalues of the Laplace transform of the solution. In this paper, we introduce an alternative method for estimating the Fourier coefficients which works for all types of boundary conditions and is practical even when analytic expressions for the Fourier coefficients become intractable. It is shown that terms in the analytic expressions for the Fourier coefficients result from derivatives of the equation for the eigenvalues, and that simple numerical estimates for the amplitude coefficients are easily derived by replacing analytical derivatives by numerical eigenslope. The physical quantity represented by the slope is identified as effective neuron capacitance.
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Fischer, Shain Ann. "A Three-Dimensional Anatomically Accurate Finite Element Model for Nerve Fiber Activation Simulation Coupling." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1365.
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Improved knowledge of human nerve function and recruitment would enable innovation in the Biomedical Engineering field. Better understanding holds the potential for greater integration between devices and the nervous system as well as the ability to develop therapeutic devices to treat conditions affecting the nervous system. This work presents a three-dimensional volume conductor model of the human arm for coupling with code describing nerve membrane characteristics. The model utilizes an inhomogeneous medium composed of bone, muscle, skin, nerve, artery, and vein. Dielectric properties of each tissue were collected from the literature and applied to corresponding material subdomains. Both a fully anatomical version and a simplified version are presented. The computational model for this study was developed in COMSOL and formatted to be coupled with SPICE netlist code. Limitations to this model due to computational power as well as future work are discussed. The final model incorporated both anatomically correct geometries and simplified geometries to enhance computational power. A stationary study was performed implementing a boundary current source through the surface of a conventionally placed electrode. Results from the volume conductor study are presented and validated through previous studies.
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Grangeray-Vilmint, Anais. "Modulation of cerebellar Purkinje cell discharge by subthreshold granule cell inputs." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ023/document.
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La décharge des cellules de Purkinje (CP), neurone de sortie du cortex cérébelleux, joue un rôle majeur dans le contrôle moteur. Les CP reçoivent des entrées excitatrices provenant des cellules des grains (CG), lesquelles génèrent également une inhibition antérograde sur les CP via l’activation d’interneurones de la couche moléculaire (IN). Lors de ma thèse, j’ai étudié l’influence simultanée de la balance excitation-inhibition (E/I) et des plasticités à court terme aux synapses CG-IN-CP sur la décharge des CP, par des techniques d’électrophysiologie, d’optogénétique et de simulation. Ces travaux démontrent l’existence d’une hétérogénéité d’E/I dans le cortex cérébelleux ainsi qu’une grande diversité de modulation des CP en réponse à la stimulation de CG. Le nombre de stimulation des CG influence fortement la direction et l’intensité de la modulation observée. Enfin, la combinaison de plasticités à court terme et d’E/I génère dans la décharge des CP des motifs de réponses complexes mais reproductibles, ayant sans doute un rôle essentiel dans l’encodage sensorielRate and temporal coding in Purkinje cells (PC), the sole output of the cerebellar cortex, play a major role in motor control. PC receives excitatory inputs from granule cells (GC) which also provide feedforward inhibition on PC through the activation of molecular layer interneurons (MLI). In this thesis, I studied the influence of the combined action of excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance and short-term plasticity of GC-MLI-PC synapses on PC discharge, by using electrophysiological recordings, optogenetic stimulation and modelling. This work demonstrates that E/I balances are not equalized in the cerebellar cortex and showed a wide distribution of PC discharge modulation in response to GC inputs, from an increase to a shut down of the discharge. The number of stims in GC bursts strongly controls the strength and sign of PC modulation. Lastly, the interplay between short-term plasticity and E/I balance implements complex but reproducible output patterns of PC responses to GC inputs that should play a key role in stimulus encoding by the cerebellar cortex
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Gupta, Sujasha. "Development and Utilization of a Novel Synaptic Transistor to Detect Dynamic Neuronal Processes." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1590765716831174.
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Usman, Muhammad. "Novel Methodologies for the Analysis and Management of Low Voltage Active Distribution Networks." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424891.
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The continuous proliferation of renewable Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in Medium Voltage (MV) and Low Voltage (LV) Distribution Networks (DNs) is playing a prominent role in reducing the carbon footprint of fossil-fuel-based electricity generation plants. However, the rapid integration of these resources has also changed the passive nature of these networks, and consequently, special attention is required to ensure their optimal, secure and reliable operation. Moreover, the installed DERs cannot be simply operated on the basis of a fit-and-forget policy due to the emergence of several technical problems caused by their interconnection. Issues such as voltage unbalance, reverse power flow, unintentional islanded operation etc. are frequently occurring in these networks which, in turn, require novel control and management schemes to ensure the continuous supply of electricity to end-users. In this context, several countries and network operators have updated their grid codes which put additional constraints on renewable DERs to participate in the provision of ancillary services in the context of maintaining network stability.
In view of this, multi-phase analysis of MV and, especially, LV networks gains unprecedented attention due to the non-capability of single-phase equivalent representation-based network analysis approach in depicting the true picture of system’s operating conditions and state variables. Such a detailed network analysis, in turn, sets the path for innovative solutions to effectively manage these networks. Furthermore, concerning LV DNs, neutral conductor must be treated like phases conductors due to the significant presence of current in it under highly unbalanced network loading scenario. Resultantly, the application of the Kron reduction methodology to these networks must be avoided because of its reliance upon the unrealistic assumption of an equipotential neutral conductor. Since LV active DNs will become a central pillar of a decentralized electrical grid in near-future, it is, therefore, incumbent to analyse and manage them by taking into account each aspect of their structure.
With a special emphasis and focus on LV active DNs, this thesis presents novel analysis and management techniques for such networks by taking into account the explicit representation of both phases and neutral conductors in the context of losses management, which includes both losses minimization and losses allocation concepts in its scope. Regarding the latter notion, a novel multi-phase losses allocation procedure is proposed which avoids allocating neutral losses to phases conductors and, consequently, provides explicit information about phase- and neutral-losses allocation factors. The proposed approach successfully takes into account the impact of unbalanced loading through self- and mutualvariable losses coefficients while allocating losses to end-users. Based on the information provided by positive neutral losses allocation factors, a novel unbalance reduction strategy is further developed which allows the commutation of loads from heavily loaded phases of a critical node to its lightly loaded phases and, therefore, improves network balancing significantly.
In the framework of losses reduction, a multi-phase Optimal Power Flow (OPF) model based on Semi-Definite Programming (SDP) technique is formulated which successfully incorporates neutral conductors as well as wye- and delta-connected loads in its formulation. Moreover, a novel complex voltage variable-based approach is proposed for the incorporation of a complete ZIP load in the proposed relaxation. However, due to excessively high computational requirements of this relaxation in the case of medium- and large-size DNs, a cheap SDP-based OPF model is additionally proposed and three novel propositions are developed in this context for the modelling of constant current loads. The proposed cheap relaxation can be practically realized due to its low computational requirements and provision of exact solution under a range of ZIP load parameters. However, due to the dominance of multi-phase SDP-based approach over cheap SDP-based relaxation, the latter relaxation is further tightened by imposing additional constraints in the form of convex envelopes. As a result, a tight solution is obtained without making any compromise on the computational benefits of cheap SDP-based OPF relaxation.
Finally, all the proposed strategies are simulated on several test cases to demonstrate their positive potential in the context of LV active DNs management.
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Freeman, Sean. "Mechanisms of central nervous system nodes of Ranvier assembly." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066425/document.
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L'agrégation des canaux sodium (Nav) aux nœuds de Ranvier est une étape importante pour la propagation électrique saltatoire rapide le long des axones myélinisés. L'assemblage des nœuds dépend d'interactions neurones-cellules gliales myélinisantes, les oligodendrocytes dans le système nerveux central (SNC) et les cellules de Schwann dans le système nerveux périphérique (SNP). Bien décrits dans le SNP, les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires restent à caractériser dans le SNC. Lors de ma thèse, je me suis focalisé sur les étapes précoces d'assemblage des nœuds dans le SNC. Ce travail montre que des agrégats de protéines nodales (ou pré-nœuds) sont formés le long des axones de neurones GABAergiques avant la myélinisation dans des cultures neurones-glies d'hippocampe et également au cours du développement chez les rongeurs. La formation de pré-nœuds dépend de protéines sécrétées par les oligodendrocytes et de la protéine axonale d'échafaudage, ankyrineG. En outre, la transition des isoformes de Nav le long des axones est régulée par la présence des cellules gliales. Enfin, les pré-nœuds permettent d'accélérer la vitesse de conduction de l'influx nerveux par un facteur 1,5, indépendamment de la myélinisation et du calibre axonal. Globalement, ces résultats renforcent notre connaissance des mécanismes d'assemblage des nœuds de Ranvier dans le SNC et suggèrent une fonction développementale de l'agrégation nodale avant le début de la myélinisation. Si la vitesse de conduction a été décrite comme liée aux propriétés isolantes de la gaine de myéline, les résultats de cette thèse apportent un concept novateur de régulation de la conduction axonale en l'absence de myélineThe clustering of sodium channels (Nav) at the nodes of Ranvier is an important step in permitting rapid saltatory conduction along myelinated axons. Nodal assembly is neuron-glia dependent, mediated by myelinating oligodendrocytes of the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). While the mechanisms of nodal assembly are currently best characterized in the PNS, cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying their assembly in the CNS are only partially understood. In the core of my PhD dissertation, I focused on the early developmental steps of nodal protein clustering in the CNS and show that clusters of nodal proteins, called prenodes, are detected before myelination along GABAergic axons in hippocampal neuron-glia cultures and also in the developing rodent hippocampus. Prenodal clustering requires extrinsic oligodendroglial secreted proteinaceous factors, and also the intrinsic axonal cytoskeletal scaffolding protein ankyrinG. Furthermore, the transition of sodium channels isoforms is tightly regulated along GABAergic axons during development, but this transition is lost in the absence of the physical presence of glial cells. Lastly, prenodes increase axonal conduction by a factor of 1.5x, independently of myelination and axonal caliber. Taken together, these results further our understanding of CNS nodes of Ranvier assembly mechanisms and the developmental function of nodal clustering prior to myelin ensheathment. While conduction velocity along axons has long been thought to mostly rely on the insulating properties of myelin, these results may shed light on a new concept of axonal conduction in the absence of myelination
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Millom, Fanny. "Normalvärden för sensorisk neurografi på n. medianus med stimulering proximalt och registrering från digitorum III." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-92909.
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Bakgrund: Nervus medianus är armens mittersta nerv med både efferenta och afferenta nervfibrer. För att undersöka perifera nerver används neurografi. N. medianus sensorik går att undersöka både ortodromt och antidromt där den antidroma metoden framförallt används vid karpaltunnelsyndromfrågeställning. Vanligtvis stimuleras nerven då 7 respektive 14 cm från registreringspunkten på digitorum III, men det finns fördelar med att istället för 7 cm-punkten använda sig av proximal stimulering ovanför armvecket. För denna metod finns dock ont om referensvärden. Syftet med denna studie var därför att samla in referensvärden för latenstider och amplituder. Metod: Försökspersonerna bestod av 34 personer mellan 22 och 65 år. N. medianus undersöktes sensoriskt med proximal stimulering och registrering på dig III med både 0,1 och 0,2 ms impulsduration. Resultat: Peaklatenstider varierade mellan 5,94 och 8,7 ms (x̄=7,00 ms) och amplituder varierade mellan 7,2 𝜇V och 72,6 𝜇V (x̄=35,6) vid 0,1 ms impulsduration. Det fanns ett signifikant bidrag av både längd och ålder på både latenstider och amplituder och en signifikant könsskillnad mellan män och kvinnor kunde uppmätas. Det fanns en signifikant, men mycket liten, skillnad i latenstid för impulsduration, men inga skillnader i amplituder. Variationskoefficienten för tre upprepade mätningar varierade mellan 0,9 och 5,3 % för peaklatens och 1,0 och 15,6 % för amplitud. Slutsats: Hos friska försökspersoner ses en viss variation för amplituder medan latenstider ligger mer samlat. Ålder och längd bör tas med i beräkning av individuella normalvärden och en könsaspekt kan inte heller uteslutas. Impulsduration bör inte ha någon klinisk relevans. Reliabiliteten är bättre för latenstider än amplituder.Background:. Sensory nerves can be examined both orthodromic and antidromic with nerve conduction studies. In the mixed median nerve is the antidromic method mainly used for evaluation of carpal tunnel syndrome. Usually the nerve is stimulated 7 and 14 cm from the recording at digitorum III, but there are some advantages in changing the 7 cm stimulation point to a more proximal one. The purpose of this study was to collect reference values for peak latency times and amplitudes with a proximal stimulation. Methods: 34 test subjects in the age of 22-65 years were recruited for the study. Sensory nerve conduction studies of the median nerve with proximal stimulation and recording at digitorum III were performed with both 0,1 and 0,2 ms stimulus duration. Results: Latency times varied between 5,94 and 8,7 ms (x̄=7,00 ms) and amplitudes varied between 7,2 𝜇V and 72,6 𝜇V (x̄=35,6) when 0,1 ms stimulus duration was used. There was a significant contribution by both length and age on latency times and amplitudes and a significant sex difference. There was a small difference in latency times by stimulus duration, but not in amplitudes. The coefficient of variation varied between 0,9 and 5,3 % for peak latency time and 1,0 and 15,6 % for amplitude. Conclusion: There was some variation in amplitudes, but the latency times were more gathered together. Age and length have to be taken in consideration while individually reference values are calculated and a sex difference cannot be ruled out. Stimulus duration probably does not have a clinically relevant impact. The reliability is better for latency times than for amplitudes.
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Ashoka, Sahadevan Suchithra. "Anilate-based molecular building blocks for metal-organic frameworks and molecular conductors Conducting Anilate-Based Mixed-Valence Fe(II)Fe(III) Coordination Polymer: Small-Polaron Hopping Model for Oxalate-Type Fe(II)Fe(III) 2D Networks Nanosheets of Two-Dimensional Neutral Coordination Polymers Based on Near-Infrared-Emitting Lanthanides and a Chlorocyananilate Ligand." Thesis, Angers, 2019. http://bu.univ-angers.fr/Contact.
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Ce travail porte sur la synthèse et la caractérisation de matériaux moléculaires fonctionnels basés sur la molécule anilate et présentant des propriétés de conductivité, de magnétisme et de luminescence. Les anilates sont des dérivés de la 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone substitués en positions 3 et 6 par une variété d’éléments (H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, etc). Parmi eux, le seul composé hétérosubstitué ClCNAn2- a été choisi pour préparer une nouvelle famille de polymères de coordination bidimensionnels (PC 2D) avec des métaux de transition ou des ions lanthanides : i) un PC à valence mixte FeIIFeIII, de formule [TAG][FeIIFeIII(ClCNAn)3], contient pour la première fois le cation triaminoguanidinium dans un réseau de coordination.ii) Des PC basés sur le ligand ClCNAn2- et des ions lanthanides émettant dans le proche infrarouge (YbIII, NdIII, ErIII). Ces composés ont été exfoliés en monocouches, et des études de photoluminescence ont été menées à la fois sur les cristaux et les monocouches. iii) Une famille de PC hétéroleptiques basés sur des ions lanthanides et sur deux types de ligands pontants, le ligand ClCNAn2- et des ligands de type carboxylates (DOBDC et F4-BDC). iv) Une famille de PC basés sur des ions DyIII ont été préparés afin d’étudier leur propriétés magnétiques. v) Finalement, la capacité des ligands anilates à se combiner à des conducteurs moléculaires basés sur le BEDT-TTF a été démontrée à travers la synthèse et l’électrocristallisation de semiconducteurs organiques et de conducteurs magnétiques hybrides avec l’anion [Fe(ClCNAn)3]3-This work reports on the design, synthesis and characterization of novel anilate-based functional molecular materials showing luminescent, magnetic and/or conducting properties. The family of anilate ligands comprises several derivatives obtained by introducing various substituents (H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, etc.) at the 3 and 6 positions of the common 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone framework. Among the anilate ligands, the only known heterosubstituted anilate with Cl/CN substituents at the 3,6 positions, ClCNAn2-, have been selected for preparing a novel family of 2D layered coordination polymers (2D CP) with both 3d metal ions and 4f lanthanide ions, through a general and straightforward synthetic strategy. i) Mixed-valence FeIIFeIII 2D CP, formulated as [TAG][FeIIFeIII(ClCNAn)3], containing, the tris(amino)-guanidinium (TAG) cation for the first time in such 2D networks has been synthesized and thoroughly characterized. ii) 2D CPs based on NIR-emitting lanthanides (YbIII, NdIII, ErIII) and the ClCNAn2- ligand, have been prepared and characterized. These layered compounds were exfoliated to nanosheets, by sonication-assisted solution synthesis. Time-resolved photoluminescence studies performed on both the bulk and nanosheets are also highlighted. iii) Novel family of heteroleptic 2D CPs based on NIR-emitting lanthanides and mixed ligands (ClCNAn2- and carboxylate ligands (DOBDC and F4-BDC)), were prepared and characterized. vi) Novel family of 2D CPs based on DyIII and ClCNAn2- were prepared in order to investigate their magnetic properties. v) Furthermore, the ability of anilate ligands to work as components of BEDT-TTF- based molecular conductors have been demonstrated through the synthesis, via electrocrystallization technique. vi) П-d hybrid multifunctional paramagnetic molecular conductors BEDT-TTF and [Fe(ClCNAn)3]3-) were also studied
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Montersino, Audrey. "Diversité des mécanismes de stabilisation du segment initial de l'axone." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5064.
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Le segment initial de l’axone (SIA) est un sous-domaine fonctionnel du neurone localisé dans l’axone proximal, qui assure deux fonctions : l’initiation du potentiel d’action et le maintien de l’identité axonale. Le maintien et la stabilité du SIA sont des éléments fondamentaux de l’excitabilité du neurone et la nature dynamique de l’organisation fonctionnelle du SIA a été mise en évidence. Les objectifs de mes travaux de thèse ont été d’étudier les mécanismes responsables du maintien du SIA, en condition physiologique ou pathologique et d’identifier de nouveaux acteurs impliqués dans ces mécanismes. Dans un premier temps, nous avons identifié et caractérisé l’expression d’une nouvelle protéine au SIA : la protéine Scrib1. En utilisant une approche par ARN interférent nous avons montré que Scrib1 est nécessaire au maintien de la morphologie du SIA. Les conséquences fonctionnelles de l’absence de Scrib1 sont une diminution de l’excitabilité neuronale. Dans un second temps, nous nous sommes intéressés aux mécanismes pouvant être à l’origine de l’expression ectopique du canal Nav1.8 observée dans certaines pathologies démyélinisantes. Nous avons montré que Nav1.8 possède un site d’interaction à l’ankyrine G. Ce motif d’interaction est suffisant pour adresser un canal chimérique au SIA et perturber l’expression des Nav1 endogènes. A l’inverse des Nav1 du système nerveux central, l’interaction entre Nav1.8 et l’ankyrine G n’est pas régulée par la CK2. Cette interaction constitutive entre Nav1.8 et l’ankyrine G pourrait expliquer son expression ectopique dans le système nerveux centralThe axonal initial segment (AIS) is a unique sub-domain that plays a central role in the physiology of the neuron, as it orchestrates both electrogenesis and the maintenance of neuronal polarity. The maintenance and the stability of the AIS after assembly ensure a reliable generation of action potentials. However, new mechanisms affecting AIS protein-protein interaction and composition have been shown to modulate the electrogenesis of the neuron. Moreover, recent findings highlight that the AIS is capable of homeostatic plasticity through an activity–dependent change either in its location along the proximal axon or in its length. The objectives of my thesis were to study the mechanisms responsible for AIS maintenance in physiological or pathological condition and to identify new players involved in these mechanisms.First we identified and characterized the expression of a novel protein in AIS: the protein Scrib1. Using an shRNA approach we showed that Scrib1 is necessary to maintain the AIS morphology. The functional consequence of the absence of Scrib1 is a decreased of neuronal excitability.Second, we are interested in the mechanisms that cause the ectopic expression of Nav1.8 channel observed in demyelinating diseases. We found that Nav1.8 constitutively interacts with ankG in contrast to Nav1.2, which requires CK2 phosphorylation to bind ankG. Furthermore, when Nav1.8 ankyrin-binding domain was expressed in hippocampal neuron, it clustered at the AIS where it acted as a dominant negative for endogenous Nav1. This constitutive interaction between Nav1.8 and ankG could explain the ectopic expression of Nav1.8 in the central nervous system
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Turco, Antonio. "Use of carbon nanotubes for novel approaches towards spinal network repairing." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/8663.
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2011/2012Nanotechnology underwent a very rapid development in the last decades, thanks to the invention of different techniques that allow reaching the nanoscale. The great interest in this area arises from the variety of possible applications in different fields, such as electronics, where the miniaturization of components is a key factor, but also medicine. The creation of smart systems able to carry out a specific task in the body in a controlled way, either in diagnosis or therapy or tissue engineering, is the ultimate goal of a newborn area of research, called nanomedicine. In fact, to reach such an outstanding objective, a nanometer‐sized material is needed and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are among the most promising candidates. The aim of this thesis was to study this opportunity and, in particular, the possible application of carbon nanotubes for spinal network repairing. After a review of the main features of neuronal network systems and the most common techniques to study their functionality, possible applications of nanotechnology for nanomedicine purposes are considered, focusing the attention on CNTs as neuronal interface in nerve tissue engineering. The work can be divided into two big parts. In the first part the impact of carbon nanotubes on various neuronal systems was studied. Different form of carbonaceous materials (carbon nanotubes, nanohorns and graphene) were deposited in a homogeneous way on a glass surface playing with organic functionalization and different deposition techniques. Hippocampal neuronal cells were grown on their surface to better understand how morphology and conductivity of the material could influence the activity of the neuronal network evidencing how both these characteristics could affect the electrophysiological properties of neurons. Then, also spinal neurons were grown on carbon nanotubes network deposited on a glass substrate to evaluate, for the first time, the impact of carbon nanotubes on this kind of cells. The tight interaction between these two materials appeared to cause a faster maturation of the spinal neurons with respect II to the control grown on a glass substrate. The long-term impact on a complex tissue (spinal cord slice) grown on carbon nanotubes carpet was also studied. The intimate interaction between the two materials observed by TEM and SEM analysis caused an increase in dimensions and number of neuronal fibers that comes out from the body of a spinal cord slice. An increase in electrophysiological activity of all neuronal network of the slice was also reported. In the second part of the work different conductive biocompatible nanocomposite materials based on carbon nanotubes and “artificial” polymers (such as Nafion, PVA, PET, PEI, PDMS and PANI) were investigated. The idea is to test these materials as neuronal prosthesis to repair spinal cord damage. All the prepared scaffolds showed CNTs on the surface favoring CNTs-neurons interaction. To address this aim different techniques and different organic functionalizations of CNTs were utilized to control supramolecular interactions between the nanomaterial and polymers orienting the deposition of the CNTs and preventing their aggregation. After that, an innovative method to study the possible ability of this nanocomposite materials to transmit a neuronal signal between two portions of spinal cord was designed. Functionalization of gold surfaces with thiolated carbon nanotubes have been conducted in order to develop suitable devices for neuronal stimulation and consequent spinal cord lesions repairing. In particular thiol groups were introduced on the graphitic surface of carbon nanotubes by means of covalent functionalization. First of all, the interaction of CNTs with gold nanoparticles has been evaluated, then a gold surface has been coated by means of contact printing technique with a homogeneous film of CNTs. This hybrid material could be useful to produce innovative electrodes for neuronal stimulation
XXV Ciclo
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Ziebro, Thomas R. "In vivo PPy(DBS) sensors to quantify excitability of cells via sodium fluctuations in extracellular solution." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492031927557033.
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Suri, Manan. "Technologies émergentes de mémoire résistive pour les systèmes et application neuromorphique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00935190.
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La recherche dans le domaine de l'informatique neuro-inspirée suscite beaucoup d'intérêt depuis quelques années. Avec des applications potentielles dans des domaines tels que le traitement de données à grande échelle, la robotique ou encore les systèmes autonomes intelligents pour ne citer qu'eux, des paradigmes de calcul bio-inspirés sont étudies pour la prochaine génération solutions informatiques (post-Moore, non-Von Neumann) ultra-basse consommation. Dans ce travail, nous discutons les rôles que les différentes technologies de mémoire résistive non-volatiles émergentes (RRAM), notamment (i) Phase Change Memory (PCM), (ii) Conductive-Bridge Memory (CBRAM) et de la mémoire basée sur une structure Metal-Oxide (OXRAM) peuvent jouer dans des dispositifs neuromorphiques dédies. Nous nous concentrons sur l'émulation des effets de plasticité synaptique comme la potentialisation à long terme (Long Term Potentiation, LTP), la dépression à long terme (Long Term Depression, LTD) et la théorie STDP (Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity) avec des synapses RRAM. Nous avons développé à la fois de nouvelles architectures de faiblement énergivore, des méthodologies de programmation ainsi que des règles d'apprentissages simplifiées inspirées de la théorie STDP spécifiquement optimisées pour certaines technologies RRAM. Nous montrons l'implémentation de systèmes neuromorphiques a grande échelle et efficace énergétiquement selon deux approches différentes: (i) des synapses multi-niveaux déterministes et (ii) des synapses stochastiques binaires. Des prototypes d'applications telles que l'extraction de schéma visuel et auditif complexe sont également montres en utilisant des réseaux de neurones impulsionnels (Feed-forward Spiking Neural Network, SNN). Nous introduisons également une nouvelle méthodologie pour concevoir des neurones stochastiques très compacts qui exploitent les caractéristiques physiques intrinsèques des appareils CBRAM.
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Rose, Kathryn Ailsa. "Conduction in myelinated and demyelinated single optic axons." Phd thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/143805.
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Almeida, Sonia. "Motor unit firing rate and nerve conduction velocity in type I diabetes in response to a fatigue protocol /." 2005.
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Thesis (M.Sc.)--York University, 2005. Graduate Programme in Kinesiology and Health Science.Typescript. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url%5Fver=Z39.88-2004&res%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss &rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR11734
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Gjevre, R. M. Taylor. "A prospective questionnaire study of patients with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome referred to a university hospital electrodiagnostic laboratory : a comparison of self-reported symptoms and NCS findings /." 2004.
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Hwang, Yuchuan, and 黃宇川. "Solving the Weapon System in Heat Conduction Problems Using the Neural Network." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35154994343827441639.
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博士國防大學中正理工學院
國防科學研究所
95
This dissertation employs the Continuous-time analogue Hopfield Neural Network (CHNN) to compute the temperature distribution in various linear and nonlinear heat conductions problems and presents an efficient technique in which one- and two-dimensional inverse heat conduction problems (IHCP) are analyzed using a back propagation neural network (BPNN) and a Kalman Filter-enhanced Back Propagation Neural Network (KF-B2PNN) to identify the unknown boundary conditions, and applies binary and multi-class Support Vector Machine (SVM) schemes to estimate the unknown point (or points) of application of the heat flux. The BPNN is assumed to have a three-layered structure and is trained using eight different training algorithms. This study overcomes the weak generalization capacity of BPNN when applied to the solution of non-linear function approximations by employing the Bayesian regularization algorithm. The training data for the neural network are prepared by solving forward heat conduction problems using the CHNN method. The feasibility of the proposed method is examined in a series of numerical simulations, and furthermore to verify military facilities. The performance of the KF-B2PNN scheme is shown to be better than that of a stand-alone Back Propagation Neural Network trained using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Compared with a conventional Artificial Neural Network (ANN), the results show that the current SVM-based schemes achieve a superior classification performance; particularly as the number of training samples is reduced. Furthermore, the SVM schemes have an improved computational efficiency and avoid the requirement to pre-process the heat flux signal in order to extract its features. The results show that the proposed neural network analysis method successfully solves forward heat conduction problems and is capable of predicting the unknown parameters and the unknown point (or points) in inverse problems with acceptable errors.
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Lim, Christopher H. "Optic nerve conduction and the developmental onset of synaptic transmission in the mammalian superior colliculus." Phd thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/144690.
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(9178664), Maria I. Muzquiz, and Ivette M. Muzquiz (9178658). "Reversible Nerve Conduction Block Using Low Frequency Alternating Currents." Thesis, 2020.
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This thesis describes a novel method to reversibly and safely block nerve conduction using a low frequency alternating current (LFAC) waveform at 1 Hz applied through a bipolar extrafascicular electrode. This work follows up on observations made on excised mammalian peripheral nerves and earthworm nerve cords. An in-situ electrophysiology setup was used to assess the LFACwaveform on propagating action potentials (APs) within the cervical vagus nerve in anaesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 12). Two sets of bipolar cuff or hook electrodes were applied unilaterally to the cervical vagus nerve, which was crushed rostral to the electrodes to exclude reflex effects
on the animal. Pulse stimulation was applied to the rostral electrode, while the LFAC conditioning waveform was applied to the caudal electrode. The efferent volley, if unblocked, elicits acute bradycardia and hypotension. The degree of block of the vagal stimulation induced bradycardia
was used as a biomarker. Block was assessed by the ability to reduce the bradycardic drive by monitoring the heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) during LFAC alone, LFAC with vagal stimulation, and vagal stimulation alone. LFAC applied via a hook electrode (n = 7) achieved 86.6 +/- 11% block at current levels 95 +/- 38 uAp (current to peak). When applied via a cuff electrode (n = 5) 85.3 +/- 4.60% block was achieved using current levels of 110 +/- 65 uAp. Furthermore, LFAC was explored on larger vagal afferent fibers in larger human sized nerve bundles projecting to effects mediated by a reflex. The effectiveness of LFAC was assessed in an in-situ electrophysiological setup on the left cervical vagus in anaesthetized domestic swine (n = 5). Two bipolar cuff electrodes were applied unilaterally to the cervical vagus nerve, which was crushed caudal to the electrodes to eliminate cardiac effects. A tripolar extrafascicular cuff electrode was placed most rostral on the nerve for recording of propagating APs induced by
electrical stimulation and blocked via the LFAC waveform.
Standard pulse stimulation was applied to the left cervical vagus to induce the Hering-Breuer reflex. If unblocked, the activation of the Hering-Breuer reflex would cause breathing to slow down and potentially cease. Block was quantified by the ability to reduce the effect of the Hering-Breuer
reflex by monitoring the breathing rate during LFAC alone, LFAC and vagal stimulation, and vagal stimulation alone. LFAC achieved 87.2 +/- 8.8% (n = 5) block at current levels of 0.8 +/- 0.3 mAp. Compound nerve action potentials (CNAP) were monitored directly. They show changes
in nerve activity during LFAC, which manifests itself as the slowing and amplitude reduction of components of the CNAPs. Since the waveform is balanced, all forward reactions are reversed, leading to a blocking method that is similar in nature to DC block without the potential issues of
toxic byproduct production. These results suggest that LFAC can achieve a high degree of nerve block in both small and large nerve bundles, resulting in the change in behavior of a biomarker, in-vivo in the mammalian nervous system at low amplitudes of electrical stimulation that are within the water window of the electrode.
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Foss, Jennifer M. "Control of multistability in neural feedback systems with delay /." 1999. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:9951783.
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Lin, Chuang-Hao, and 林壯澔. "Germanium Dioxide Impairs the Central Neural Conduction in Rat and Its Molecular Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66390391505687641697.
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博士高雄醫學大學
醫學研究所博士班
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Germanium (Ge) is commonly used in the semiconductor industry. Biologically, germanium possesses erythropoietic, antimicrobial, anti-tumor, anti-amyloidosis and immunomodulative effects. Because of its biological activity, germanium also was used to promote health and to act as medicine. However, toxic effects of Ge-containing compounds on kidney, muscle, neuronal cells and nerves have been reported. To understand the relationship between GeO2-induced toxicity and its tissue accumulation effect, the kinetics of germanium dioxide (GeO2) in single dose and repeated exposures were investigated in male Wistar rats. The results revealed that the absorption half-life was 0.7 ± 0.1 hours and the elimination half-life was 2.3 ± 0.5 hours after Wistar rat was administrated 100 mg/kg GeO2. The tissue distribution study also showed that GeO2 was accumulated in some important organs or tissues in the body, including brain, peripheral nerves and kidney. This accumulation effect might explain the GeO2-induced toxicity on above organs. Furthermore, the brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) was performed to investigate the effect of GeO2 on nervous system function in rat. The result also revealed that GeO2 administration dose-dependently elevated the BAEPs threshold and prolonged BAEPs latencies and interpeak latencies (IPLs) in these GeO2-induced hearing loss rats, but the amplitudes did not obviously changeed. In addition, the whole cell patch clamp data also revealed that GeO2 could inhibit the voltage-gated sodium channel activation. These results suggested that GeO2 was toxic to the function of auditory system. The mitochondrial toxicity and inhibitory effect of GeO2 on voltage-gated sodium channel might be a part of the mechanism underlying abnormal BAEPs after GeO2 administration. Mitochondrial dysfunction was found to be involved in the pathogenesis of GeO2-induced nephropathy and myopathy. Since it is well known that mitochondria play a major role in apoptosis triggered by many stimuli, an effort was made to examine whether the Ge-induced neurotoxicity occurs through mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. The cell viability of Neuro-2A cells was inhibited in a dose- and time-dependent manner after treatmeny with various concentrations of GeO2. Further analysis showed that aside from the changes in the nuclear morphology responsible for apoptosis, the release of cytochrome c, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the translocation of Bax, and the reduction of Bcl-2 expression were also observed in Neuro-2A cells after GeO2 treatment. These results indicate that the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis is involved in this in vitro model of GeO2-induced neurotoxicity