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1

CATTANEO, E. "Radial glia and neural specification." Progress in Neurobiology 83, no. 1 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.07.002.

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2

Jiménez, Fernando, and Juan Modolell. "Neural fate specification in Drosophila." Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 3, no. 4 (1993): 626–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-437x(93)90099-b.

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3

Flanagan, John G. "Neural map specification by gradients." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 16, no. 1 (2006): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2006.01.010.

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4

Mayor, R. "Molecular specification of the neural crest." Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 16, no. 6 (2005): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2005.06.002.

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5

Barembaum, Meyer, and Marianne Bronner-Fraser. "Early steps in neural crest specification." Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 16, no. 6 (2005): 642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2005.06.006.

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6

Gammill, Laura S., and Marianne Bronner-Fraser. "Neural crest specification: migrating into genomics." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4, no. 10 (2003): 795–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1219.

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7

Smith, L. S. "A framework for neural net specification." IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 18, no. 7 (1992): 601–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/32.148478.

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8

English, Denis, and Paul R. Sanberg. "Neural Specification of Stem Cell Differentiation." Stem Cells and Development 15, no. 2 (2006): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/scd.2006.15.139.

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9

Prasad, Maneeshi S., Eileen Uribe-Querol, Jonathan Marquez, et al. "Blastula stage specification of avian neural crest." Developmental Biology 458, no. 1 (2020): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.10.007.

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10

Um, Ji Won, and Jaewon Ko. "Neural Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins in Synaptic Specification." Trends in Cell Biology 27, no. 12 (2017): 931–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2017.06.007.

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11

Rowitch, David H. "Glial specification in the vertebrate neural tube." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5, no. 5 (2004): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1389.

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12

Harris, Melissa L., and Carol A. Erickson. "Lineage specification in neural crest cell pathfinding." Developmental Dynamics 236, no. 1 (2006): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.20919.

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13

Germain, Noélle, Erin Banda, and Laura Grabel. "Embryonic stem cell neurogenesis and neural specification." Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 111, no. 3 (2010): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.22747.

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14

Zhang, Su-Chun. "Neural Subtype Specification from Embryonic Stem Cells." Brain Pathology 16, no. 2 (2006): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3639.2006.00008.x.

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15

Curry, Bruce, Peter Morgan, and Mick Silver. "Hedonic regressions: mis-specification and neural networks." Applied Economics 33, no. 5 (2001): 659–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840122335.

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16

Strobl-Mazzulla, Pablo Hernan, Tatjana Sauka-Spengler, and Marianne Bronner-Fraser. "Histone Demethylase JmjD2A Regulates Neural Crest Specification." Developmental Cell 19, no. 3 (2010): 460–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2010.08.009.

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17

Lake, Blue B., and Kenneth R. Kao. "Early Head Specification in Xenopus laevis." Scientific World JOURNAL 3 (2003): 655–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2003.54.

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The head represents the most dorsal and anterior extent of the body axis. InXenopus, the progressive determination of the head is an extremely complex process involving the activation and localized antagonism of a number of interdependent intracellular signaling pathways including the Wingless/Int-1 (Wnt), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), and nodal-related pathways. The sequence of events that specify the head are: dorsal-ventral polarization and head organizer specification in the blastula; gastrulation; neural induction; and patterning of the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral neuraxes.
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18

Liu, J. P., and T. M. Jessell. "A role for rhoB in the delamination of neural crest cells from the dorsal neural tube." Development 125, no. 24 (1998): 5055–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.24.5055.

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The differentiation of neural crest cells from progenitors located in the dorsal neural tube appears to involve three sequential steps: the specification of premigratory neural crest cell fate, the delamination of these cells from the neural epithelium and the migration of neural crest cells in the periphery. BMP signaling has been implicated in the specification of neural crest cell fate but the mechanisms that control the emergence of neural crest cells from the neural tube remain poorly understood. To identify molecules that might function at early steps of neural crest differentiation, we
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19

Tao, Yunlong, and Su-Chun Zhang. "Neural Subtype Specification from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells." Cell Stem Cell 19, no. 5 (2016): 573–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2016.10.015.

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20

Tropepe, Vincent, Seiji Hitoshi, Christian Sirard, Tak W. Mak, Janet Rossant, and Derek van der Kooy. "Direct Neural Fate Specification from Embryonic Stem Cells." Neuron 30, no. 1 (2001): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00263-x.

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21

Jurynec, Michael J., and David J. Grunwald. "Zebrafish paf1 is required for neural crest specification." Developmental Biology 344, no. 1 (2010): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.05.310.

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22

Prendergast, Andrew, Tor Linbo, Tanya Swarts, Josette Ungos, Hillary McGraw, and David Raible. "Sensory neuron specification in the neural crest lineage." Developmental Biology 356, no. 1 (2011): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.05.058.

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23

Smirnova, Lena, Anja Gräfe, Andrea Seiler, Stefan Schumacher, Robert Nitsch, and F. Gregory Wulczyn. "Regulation of miRNA expression during neural cell specification." European Journal of Neuroscience 21, no. 6 (2005): 1469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03978.x.

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24

Rogers, C. D., C. S. Jayasena, S. Nie, and M. E. Bronner. "Neural crest specification: tissues, signals, and transcription factors." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology 1, no. 1 (2011): 52–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wdev.8.

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25

Patthey, Cédric, and Lena Gunhaga. "Specification and regionalisation of the neural plate border." European Journal of Neuroscience 34, no. 10 (2011): 1516–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07871.x.

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26

Green, J. B. A., T. L. Cook, J. C. Smith, and R. M. Grainger. "Anteroposterior neural tissue specification by activin-induced mesoderm." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94, no. 16 (1997): 8596–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.16.8596.

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27

Gaspard, Nicolas, and Pierre Vanderhaeghen. "Mechanisms of neural specification from embryonic stem cells." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 20, no. 1 (2010): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2009.12.001.

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28

Agossou, Valentin, Hyo-Won Suh, Heejung Lee, and Jae Hyun Lee. "Development of a Framework to Understand Tables in Engineering Specification Documents." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (2020): 6182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186182.

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Several works have been done in the last decades for understanding tables in documents, but most of them were not specifically designed to understand tables in engineering specification documents. Tables in engineering specifications have characteristics such as various table structures with restricted terms. A framework is developed to address the issues in understanding tables in engineering specification documents. The framework consists of three steps: (1) Identifying minimal tables, (2) classifying cells, and (3) extending a domain knowledge map. A modified XY-tree algorithm was developed
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29

Lupo, Giuseppe, Claire Novorol, Joseph R. Smith та ін. "Multiple roles of Activin/Nodal, bone morphogenetic protein, fibroblast growth factor and Wnt/β-catenin signalling in the anterior neural patterning of adherent human embryonic stem cell cultures". Open Biology 3, № 4 (2013): 120167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.120167.

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Several studies have successfully produced a variety of neural cell types from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), but there has been limited systematic analysis of how different regional identities are established using well-defined differentiation conditions. We have used adherent, chemically defined cultures to analyse the roles of Activin/Nodal, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and Wnt/β-catenin signalling in neural induction, anteroposterior patterning and eye field specification in hESCs. We show that either BMP inhibition or activation of FGF signalling i
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30

Namihira, Masakazu, Jun Kohyama, Masahiko Abematsu, and Kinichi Nakashima. "Epigenetic mechanisms regulating fate specification of neural stem cells." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1500 (2008): 2099–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.2262.

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Neural stem cells (NSCs) possess the ability to self-renew and to differentiate along neuronal and glial lineages. These processes are defined by the dynamic interplay between extracellular cues including cytokine signalling and intracellular programmes such as epigenetic modification. There is increasing evidence that epigenetic mechanisms involving, for example, changes in DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA expression are closely associated with fate specification of NSCs. These epigenetic alterations could provide coordinated systems for regulating gene expression at e
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31

Buffinger, N., and F. E. Stockdale. "Myogenic specification in somites: induction by axial structures." Development 120, no. 6 (1994): 1443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.6.1443.

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Specification of the myogenic phenotype in somites was examined in the early chick embryo using organotypic explant cultures stained with monoclonal antibodies to myosin heavy chain. It was found that myogenic specification (formation of muscle fibers in explants of somites or segmental plates cultured alone) does not occur until Hamburger and Hamilton stage 11 (12-14 somites). At this stage, only the somites in the rostral half of the embryo are myogenically specified. By Hamburger and Hamilton stage 12 (15-17 somites), the three most caudal somites were not specified to be myogenic while mos
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32

Borchers, Annette, Robert David, and Doris Wedlich. "Xenopus cadherin-11 restrains cranial neural crest migration and influences neural crest specification." Development 128, no. 16 (2001): 3049–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.128.16.3049.

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Cranial neural crest (CNC) cells migrate extensively, typically in a pattern of cell streams. In Xenopus, these cells express the adhesion molecule Xcadherin-11 (Xcad-11) as they begin to emigrate from the neural fold. In order to study the function of this molecule, we have overexpressed wild-type Xcad-11 as well as Xcad-11 mutants with cytoplasmic(ΔcXcad-11) or extracellular (ΔeXcad-11) deletions. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) was used to mark injected cells. We then transplanted parts of the fluorescent CNC at the premigratory stage into non-injected host embryos. This altered not only mi
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33

Jacques-Fricke, Bridget T., and Laura S. Gammill. "Neural crest specification and migration independently require NSD3-related lysine methyltransferase activity." Molecular Biology of the Cell 25, no. 25 (2014): 4174–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e13-12-0744.

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Neural crest precursors express genes that cause them to become migratory, multipotent cells, distinguishing them from adjacent stationary neural progenitors in the neurepithelium. Histone methylation spatiotemporally regulates neural crest gene expression; however, the protein methyltransferases active in neural crest precursors are unknown. Moreover, the regulation of methylation during the dynamic process of neural crest migration is unclear. Here we show that the lysine methyltransferase NSD3 is abundantly and specifically expressed in premigratory and migratory neural crest cells. NSD3 ex
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34

Briscoe, James, and Johan Ericson. "Specification of neuronal fates in the ventral neural tube." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 11, no. 1 (2001): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00172-0.

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35

Wong, C. F., J. Shippen, and B. Jones. "Neural network control strategies for low specification servo actuators." International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 38, no. 9 (1998): 1109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0890-6955(97)00067-9.

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36

Betters, Erin, Rebekah M. Charney, and Martín I. Garcia-Castro. "Early specification and development of rabbit neural crest cells." Developmental Biology 444 (December 2018): S181—S192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.06.012.

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37

Uzgare, A. R., J. A. Uzman, H. M. El-Hodiri, and A. K. Sater. "Mitogen-activated protein kinase and neural specification in Xenopus." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95, no. 25 (1998): 14833–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.25.14833.

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38

Kohwi, Minoree, and Chris Q. Doe. "Temporal fate specification and neural progenitor competence during development." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 14, no. 12 (2013): 823–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3618.

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39

Bertrand, Nicolas, Diogo S. Castro, and François Guillemot. "Proneural genes and the specification of neural cell types." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3, no. 7 (2002): 517–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn874.

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40

Jacob, Claire. "Transcriptional control of neural crest specification into peripheral glia." Glia 63, no. 11 (2015): 1883–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/glia.22816.

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41

Mendell, Lorne M. "REVIEW ■ : Neurotrophic Factors and the Specification of Neural Function." Neuroscientist 1, no. 1 (1995): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107385849500100105.

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42

ITO, SEIJI, and SIGERU OMATU. "KEYWORDS SPECIFICATION FOR IMAGES USING SANDGLASS-TYPE NEURAL NETWORKS." International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications 04, no. 02 (2004): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1469026804001203.

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We propose a keyword specification method for images, which can be used to retrieve an image by a keyword. In order to specify a keyword for a sub-region of the image, images are segmented in some regions. Here, we consider ten keywords to specify the regions. The image segmentation method consists of the maximum-distance algorithm, labeling, and merging the small regions. We provide training regions for each keyword. Important features of the keyword are selected using the Factor Analysis (FA). The features are compressed into a two-dimensional space using a Sandglass-type Neural Network (SNN
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43

Dorffner, Georg, Herbert Wiklicky, and Erich Prem. "Formal neural network specification and its implications on standardization." Computer Standards & Interfaces 16, no. 3 (1994): 205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5489(94)90012-4.

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44

Yi, Siqi, Xiaotian Huang, Shixin Zhou, et al. "E2A regulates neural ectoderm fate specification in human embryonic stem cells." Development 147, no. 23 (2020): dev190298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.190298.

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ABSTRACTE protein transcription factors are crucial for many cell fate decisions. However, the roles of E proteins in the germ-layer specification of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are poorly understood. We disrupted the TCF3 gene locus to delete the E protein E2A in hESCs. E2A knockout (KO) hESCs retained key features of pluripotency, but displayed decreased neural ectoderm coupled with enhanced mesoendoderm outcomes. Genome-wide analyses showed that E2A directly regulates neural ectoderm and Nodal pathway genes. Accordingly, inhibition of Nodal or E2A overexpression partially rescued the
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45

Xiao, Zhang, Yu Tan, Xingxing Liu, and Shenghui Yang. "Classification Method of Plug Seedlings Based on Transfer Learning." Applied Sciences 9, no. 13 (2019): 2725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9132725.

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The classification of plug seedlings is important work in the replanting process. This paper proposed a classification method for plug seedlings based on transfer learning. Firstly, by extracting and graying the interest region of the original image acquired, a regional grayscale cumulative distribution curve is obtained. Calculating the number of peak points of the curve to identify the plug tray specification is then done. Secondly, the transfer learning method based on convolutional neural network is used to construct the classification model of plug seedlings. According to the growth chara
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46

Cho, Gun-Sik, Dong-Seok Park, Sun-Cheol Choi, and Jin-Kwan Han. "Tbx2 regulates anterior neural specification by repressing FGF signaling pathway." Developmental Biology 421, no. 2 (2017): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.11.020.

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47

Nakashima, Kinichi, Eriko Takatsuka, Toru Yamashita, et al. "Epigenetic mechanism regulating fate specification and plasticity of neural cells." Neuroscience Research 58 (January 2007): S19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2007.06.108.

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48

Jacques-Fricke, Bridget T., and Laura S. Gammill. "The methyltransferase NSD3 regulates neural crest cell specification and migration." Developmental Biology 344, no. 1 (2010): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.05.311.

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49

Pavan, William J., and David W. Raible. "Specification of neural crest into sensory neuron and melanocyte lineages." Developmental Biology 366, no. 1 (2012): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.02.038.

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50

Seo, Jeong-Han, Dong-Seok Park, Mina Hong, Eun-Ju Chang, and Sun-Cheol Choi. "Essential role of AWP1 in neural crest specification in Xenopus." International Journal of Developmental Biology 57, no. 11-12 (2013): 829–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.130109sc.

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